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Huang ZL, Liu ZG, Lin Q, Tao YL, Li X, Baxter P, Su JM, Adesina AM, Man C, Chintagumpala M, Teo WY, Du YC, Xia YF, Li XN. Fractionated radiation therapy alters energy metabolism and induces cellular quiescence exit in patient-derived orthotopic xenograft models of high-grade glioma. Transl Oncol 2024; 45:101988. [PMID: 38733642 PMCID: PMC11101904 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.101988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiation is one of the standard therapies for pediatric high-grade glioma (pHGG), of which the prognosis remains poor. To gain an in-depth understanding of biological consequences beyond the classic DNA damage, we treated 9 patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) models, including one with DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency, with fractionated radiations (2 Gy/day x 5 days). Extension of survival time was noted in 5 PDOX models (P < 0.05) accompanied by γH2AX positivity in >95 % tumor cells in tumor core and >85 % in the invasive foci as well as ∼30 % apoptotic and mitotic catastrophic cell death. The model with DNA MMR (IC-1406HGG) was the most responsive to radiation with a reduction of Ki-67(+) cells. Altered metabolism, including mitochondria number elevation, COX IV activation and reactive oxygen species accumulation, were detected together with the enrichment of CD133+ tumor cells. The latter was caused by the entry of quiescent G0 cells into cell cycle and the activation of self-renewal (SOX2 and BMI1) and epithelial mesenchymal transition (fibronectin) genes. These novel insights about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of fractionated radiation in vivo should support the development of new radio-sensitizing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Lu Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China; Department of Pediatrics, Program of Precision Medicine PDOX Modeling of Pediatric Tumors, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- Cancer Center, The 10th Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Dongguan People's Hospital), Southern Medical University, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Tumors, The 10th Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, China; Texas Children's Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Qi Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Program of Precision Medicine PDOX Modeling of Pediatric Tumors, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Ya-Lan Tao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
| | - Xinzhuoyun Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Program of Precision Medicine PDOX Modeling of Pediatric Tumors, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Patricia Baxter
- Texas Children's Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jack Mf Su
- Texas Children's Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Adekunle M Adesina
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chris Man
- Texas Children's Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Murali Chintagumpala
- Texas Children's Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wan Yee Teo
- Texas Children's Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; The Laboratory of Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Office, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Center, 169856, Singapore; Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, A*STAR, KK Women's & Children's Hospital Singapore, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
| | - Yu-Chen Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Program of Precision Medicine PDOX Modeling of Pediatric Tumors, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States; Texas Children's Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
| | - Yun-Fei Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Program of Precision Medicine PDOX Modeling of Pediatric Tumors, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States; Texas Children's Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
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2
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Berg TJ, Pietras A. Radiotherapy-induced remodeling of the tumor microenvironment by stromal cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:846-856. [PMID: 35143991 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells reside amongst a complex milieu of stromal cells and structural features known as the tumor microenvironment. Often cancer cells divert and co-opt functions of stromal cells of the microenvironment to support tumor progression and treatment resistance. During therapy targeting cancer cells, the stromal cells of the microenvironment receive therapy to the same extent as cancer cells. Stromal cells therefore activate a variety of responses to the damage induced by these therapies, and some of those responses may support tumor progression and resistance. We review here the response of stromal cells to cancer therapy with a focus on radiotherapy in glioblastoma. We highlight the response of endothelial cells and the vasculature, macrophages and microglia, and astrocytes, as well as describing resulting changes in the extracellular matrix. We emphasize the complex interplay of these cellular factors in their dynamic responses. Finally, we discuss their resulting support of cancer cells in tumor progression and therapy resistance. Understanding the stromal cell response to therapy provides insight into complementary therapeutic targets to enhance tumor response to existing treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy J Berg
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexander Pietras
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Baar S, Kuragano M, Tokuraku K, Watanabe S. Towards a comprehensive approach for characterizing cell activity in bright-field microscopic images. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16884. [PMID: 36207347 PMCID: PMC9546915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
When studying physical cellular response observed by light microscopy, variations in cell behavior are difficult to quantitatively measure and are often only discussed on a subjective level. Hence, cell properties are described qualitatively based on a researcher’s impressions. In this study, we aim to define a comprehensive approach to estimate the physical cell activity based on migration and morphology based on statistical analysis of a cell population within a predefined field of view and timespan. We present quantitative measurements of the influence of drugs such as cytochalasin D and taxol on human neuroblastoma, SH-SY5Y cell populations. Both chemicals are well known to interact with the cytoskeleton and affect the cell morphology and motility. Being able to compute the physical properties of each cell for a given observation time, requires precise localization of each cell even when in an adhesive state, where cells are not visually differentiable. Also, the risk of confusion through contaminants is desired to be minimized. In relation to the cell detection process, we have developed a customized encoder-decoder based deep learning cell detection and tracking procedure. Further, we discuss the accuracy of our approach to quantify cell activity and its viability in regard to the cell detection accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Baar
- Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto-cho, Muroran, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kuragano
- Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto-cho, Muroran, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Tokuraku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto-cho, Muroran, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan
| | - Shinya Watanabe
- Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto-cho, Muroran, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan.
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4
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Cornelison RC, Yuan JX, Tate KM, Petrosky A, Beeghly GF, Bloomfield M, Schwager SC, Berr AL, Stine CA, Cimini D, Bafakih FF, Mandell JW, Purow BW, Horton BJ, Munson JM. A patient-designed tissue-engineered model of the infiltrative glioblastoma microenvironment. NPJ Precis Oncol 2022; 6:54. [PMID: 35906273 PMCID: PMC9338058 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-022-00290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive brain cancer characterized by diffuse infiltration. Infiltrated glioma cells persist in the brain post-resection where they interact with glial cells and experience interstitial fluid flow. We use patient-derived glioma stem cells and human glial cells (i.e., astrocytes and microglia) to create a four-component 3D model of this environment informed by resected patient tumors. We examine metrics for invasion, proliferation, and putative stemness in the context of glial cells, fluid forces, and chemotherapies. While the responses are heterogeneous across seven patient-derived lines, interstitial flow significantly increases glioma cell proliferation and stemness while glial cells affect invasion and stemness, potentially related to CCL2 expression and differential activation. In a screen of six drugs, we find in vitro expression of putative stemness marker CD71, but not viability at drug IC50, to predict murine xenograft survival. We posit this patient-informed, infiltrative tumor model as a novel advance toward precision medicine in glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Cornelison
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - J X Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - K M Tate
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - A Petrosky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - G F Beeghly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - M Bloomfield
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - S C Schwager
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - A L Berr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - C A Stine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - D Cimini
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - F F Bafakih
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - J W Mandell
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - B W Purow
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - B J Horton
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - J M Munson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA.
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5
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Tumor Cell Infiltration into the Brain in Glioblastoma: From Mechanisms to Clinical Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020443. [PMID: 35053605 PMCID: PMC8773542 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and malignant primary brain tumor, defined by its highly aggressive nature. Despite the advances in diagnostic and surgical techniques, and the development of novel therapies in the last decade, the prognosis for glioblastoma is still extremely poor. One major factor for the failure of existing therapeutic approaches is the highly invasive nature of glioblastomas. The extreme infiltrating capacity of tumor cells into the brain parenchyma makes complete surgical removal difficult; glioblastomas almost inevitably recur in a more therapy-resistant state, sometimes at distant sites in the brain. Therefore, there are major efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms underpinning glioblastoma invasion; however, there is no approved therapy directed against the invasive phenotype as of now. Here, we review the major molecular mechanisms of glioblastoma cell invasion, including the routes followed by glioblastoma cells, the interaction of tumor cells within the brain environment and the extracellular matrix components, and the roles of tumor cell adhesion and extracellular matrix remodeling. We also include a perspective of high-throughput approaches utilized to discover novel players for invasion and clinical targeting of invasive glioblastoma cells.
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Jensen SS, Meyer M, Petterson SA, Halle B, Rosager AM, Aaberg-Jessen C, Thomassen M, Burton M, Kruse TA, Kristensen BW. Establishment and Characterization of a Tumor Stem Cell-Based Glioblastoma Invasion Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159746. [PMID: 27454178 PMCID: PMC4959755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Glioblastoma is the most frequent and malignant brain tumor. Recurrence is inevitable and most likely connected to tumor invasion and presence of therapy resistant stem-like tumor cells. The aim was therefore to establish and characterize a three-dimensional in vivo-like in vitro model taking invasion and tumor stemness into account. Methods Glioblastoma stem cell-like containing spheroid (GSS) cultures derived from three different patients were established and characterized. The spheroids were implanted in vitro into rat brain slice cultures grown in stem cell medium and in vivo into brains of immuno-compromised mice. Invasion was followed in the slice cultures by confocal time-lapse microscopy. Using immunohistochemistry, we compared tumor cell invasion as well as expression of proliferation and stem cell markers between the models. Results We observed a pronounced invasion into brain slice cultures both by confocal time-lapse microscopy and immunohistochemistry. This invasion closely resembled the invasion in vivo. The Ki-67 proliferation indexes in spheroids implanted into brain slices were lower than in free-floating spheroids. The expression of stem cell markers varied between free-floating spheroids, spheroids implanted into brain slices and tumors in vivo. Conclusion The established invasion model kept in stem cell medium closely mimics tumor cell invasion into the brain in vivo preserving also to some extent the expression of stem cell markers. The model is feasible and robust and we suggest the model as an in vivo-like model with a great potential in glioma studies and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Skov Jensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Stine Asferg Petterson
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Bo Halle
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Ann Mari Rosager
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Aaberg-Jessen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Mark Burton
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Torben A. Kruse
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Winther Kristensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
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Ichikawa T, Otani Y, Kurozumi K, Date I. Phenotypic Transition as a Survival Strategy of Glioma. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2016; 56:387-95. [PMID: 27169497 PMCID: PMC4945597 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2016-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma is characterized by rapid proliferation, invasion into surrounding central nervous system tissues, and aberrant vascularization. There is increasing evidence that shows gliomas are more complex than previously thought, as each tumor comprises considerable intratumoral heterogeneity with mixtures of genetically and phenotypically distinct subclones. Heterogeneity within and across tumors is recognized as a critical factor that limits therapeutic progress for malignant glioma. Recent genotyping and expression profiling of gliomas has allowed for the creation of classification schemes that assign tumors to subtypes based on similarity to defined expression signatures. Also, malignant gliomas frequently shift their biological features upon recurrence and progression. The ability of glioma cells to resist adverse conditions such as hypoxia and metabolic stress is necessary for sustained tumor growth and strongly influences tumor behaviors. In general, glioma cells are in one of two phenotypic categories: higher proliferative activity with angiogenesis, or higher migratory activity with attenuated proliferative ability. Further, they switch phenotypic categories depending on the situation. To date, a multidimensional approach has been employed to clarify the mechanisms of phenotypic shift of glioma. Various molecular and signaling pathways are involved in phenotypic shifts of glioma, possibly with crosstalk between them. In this review, we discuss molecular and phenotypic heterogeneity of glioma cells and mechanisms of phenotypic shifts in regard to the glioma proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie phenotypic shifts of glioma may provide new insights into targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotsugu Ichikawa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
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Wnt/β-catenin pathway involvement in ionizing radiation-induced invasion of U87 glioblastoma cells. Strahlenther Onkol 2015; 191:672-80. [PMID: 26072169 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-015-0858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy has been reported to promote the invasion of glioblastoma cells; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in radiation-induced invasion of glioblastoma cells. METHODS U87 cells were irradiated with 3 Gy or sham irradiated in the presence or absence of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor XAV 939. Cell invasion was determined by an xCELLigence real-time cell analyser and matrigel invasion assays. The intracellular distribution of β-catenin in U87 cells with or without irradiation was examined by immunofluorescence and Western blotting of nuclear fractions. We next investigated the effect of irradiation on Wnt/β-catenin pathway activity using TOP/FOP flash luciferase assays and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of β-catenin target genes. The expression levels and activities of two target genes, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, were examined further by Western blotting and zymography. RESULTS U87 cell invasiveness was increased significantly by ionizing radiation. Interestingly, ionizing radiation induced nuclear translocation and accumulation of β-catenin. Moreover, we found increased β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activities, followed by up-regulation of downstream genes in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in irradiated U87 cells. Importantly, inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by XAV 939, which promotes degradation of β-catenin, significantly abrogated the pro-invasion effects of irradiation. Mechanistically, XAV 939 suppressed ionizing radiation-triggered up-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and inhibited the activities of these gelatinases. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate a pivotal role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in ionizing radiation-induced invasion of glioblastoma cells, and suggest that targeting β-catenin is a promising therapeutic approach to overcoming glioma radioresistance.
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Munson J, Bonner M, Fried L, Hofmekler J, Arbiser J, Bellamkonda R. Identifying new small molecule anti-invasive compounds for glioma treatment. Cell Cycle 2014; 12:2200-9. [PMID: 24067366 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a disease with poor survival rates after diagnosis. Treatment of the disease involves debulking of the tumor, which is limited by the degree of invasiveness of the disease. Therefore, a treatment to halt the invasion of glioma is desirable for clinical implementation. There have been several candidate compounds targeting specific aspects of invasion, including cell adhesions, matrix degradation, and cytoskeletal rearrangement, but they have failed clinically for a variety of reasons. New targets against glioma invasion include upstream mediators of these classical targets in an effort to better inhibit invasion with more specificity for cancer. Included in these treatments is a new class of compounds inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species by targeting the NADPH oxidases. These compounds stand to inhibit multiple pathways, including nuclear factor kappa B and Akt. By conducting a screen of compounds thought to inhibit these pathways, a new compound to halt invasion was found that may have a beneficial effect against glioma, based on recent publications. Further, there are still limitations to the treatment of glioblastoma regardless of the discovery of new targets and compounds that should be addressed to better the therapies against this deadly cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Munson
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta, GA, USA
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10
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Li T, Zeng ZC, Wang L, Qiu SJ, Zhou JW, Zhi XT, Yu HH, Tang ZY. Radiation enhances long-term metastasis potential of residual hepatocellular carcinoma in nude mice through TMPRSS4-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 18:617-26. [PMID: 21637307 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recurrence and metastasis are frequently observed after radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced by radiation has been claimed to be involved, the mechanism is not clarified yet. In the present study, by using MHCC97L, a human HCC cell line with metastatic potential, and its xenograft in nude mice, we found that radiation induced a 48- to 72-h temporary increase in the expression of MMP-2 and VEGF both in vitro and in vivo, but only the in vitro invasiveness of MHCC97L cells was enhanced, while the in vivo metastatic potential of tumors was suppressed. Whereas, 30 days after radiation, when the expression of MMP-2 and VEGF decreased to unirradiated control levels, the in vivo dissemination and metastatic potential of residual tumors have just begun to increase with overexpression of TMPRSS4, which induced loss of E-cadherin through induction of Smad-Interacting Protein 1 (SIP1), an E-cadherin transcriptional repressor, and led to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This process was blocked by treatment of siRNA-TMPRSS4. In conclusion, our study revealed novel findings regarding the biphasic effect of radiation on the metastatic potential of residual HCC. Overexpression of TMPRSS4 has a critical role in radiation-induced long-term dissemination and metastasis of residual HCC by facilitating EMT. These findings may provide new clues to suppress the radiation-induced dissemination and metastasis, thereby improve the prognosis of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Li
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, PRC
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11
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Statins induce apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells through activation of JNK and enhancement of Bim expression. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2008; 63:997-1005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-008-0830-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Object
An understanding of single glioma cell invasion has been limited by the static picture provided by histological studies. The ability to nondestructively assess cell invasion dynamically in a full 3D volume would improve the quality and quantity of information available from both in vivo and in vitro experiments. The purpose of this study was to observe glioma cell invasion in a 3D in vitro model using a microimaging protocol at 1.5 tesla and to assess the uptake of micron-sized particles of iron oxide (MPIO) and the consequent effects on cell function.
Methods
Rat C6 glioma cells were labeled with MPIO to a sufficient extent to allow single cell detection in vitro without significant effects on cell proliferation or plating efficiency. When placed on agar-coated plates, the cells formed stable multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs), which were embedded in collagen type I gel and serially visualized using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and phase-contrast microscopy over 8 days. The MCTSs initially appeared as large susceptibility artifacts on MR images, but within 2 days, as cells moved away from the main MCTS, small discrete areas of signal loss, possibly due to single cells, could be observed and tracked.
Conclusions
Glioma cell invasion can be nondestructively observed using MR imaging. The sensitivity of MR imaging, along with its ability to represent full 3D volumes noninvasively over time, makes it ideal for longitudinal in vivo cell tracking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Bernas
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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van Nifterik KA, Elkhuizen PHM, van Andel RJ, Stalpers LJA, Leenstra S, Lafleur MVM, Vandertop WP, Slotman BJ, Hulsebos TJM, Sminia P. Genetic profiling of a distant second glioblastoma multiforme after radiotherapy: Recurrence or second primary tumor? J Neurosurg 2006; 105:739-44. [PMID: 17121137 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2006.105.5.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT In nearly all patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) a local recurrence develops within a short period of time. In this paper the authors describe two patients in whom a second GBM developed after a relatively long time interval at a site remote from the primary tumor. The genetic profiles of the tumors were compared to discriminate between distant recurrence and a second primary tumor. METHODS Both patients harboring a supratentorial GBM were treated with surgery and local high-dose radiotherapy. Local control of the disease at the primary tumor site was achieved. Within 2 years, a second GBM developed in both patients, not only outside the previously irradiated target areas but infratentorially in one patient and in the opposite hemisphere in the other. The tumors were examined for the presence of several genetic alterations that are frequently found in GBMs--a loss of heterozygosity at chromosome regions 1p36, 10pl5, 19q13, and 22q13, and at the CDKN2A, PTEN, DMBT1, and TP53 gene regions; a TP53 mutation; and EGFR amplification. In the first patient, genetic profiling revealed that the primary tumor had an allelic imbalance for markers in several chromosome regions for which the second tumor displayed a complete loss. In the second patient, genetic profiling demonstrated the presence of genetic changes in the second tumor that were identical with and additional to those found in the primary tumor. CONCLUSIONS Based on the similarities between the genetic profiles of the primary and the second tumors in these patients, the authors decided that in each case the second distant GBM was a distant recurrence rather than a second independent primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista A van Nifterik
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiobiology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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14
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Thorsen F, Enger PØ, Wang J, Bjerkvig R, Pedersen PH. Human glioblastoma biopsy spheroids xenografted into the nude rat brain show growth inhibition after stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurooncol 2006; 82:1-10. [PMID: 16955221 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-006-9240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Gamma Knife is currently used to boost treatment of malignant gliomas. However, few experimental studies have focused on its radiobiological effects. In this work, the growth and invasiveness of human glioblastoma spheroids xenografted into nude rat brains were assessed after radiosurgery. Temporary in vitro as well as long-term in vivo radiation effects were studied. METHODS Glioblastoma biopsy spheroids were irradiated with 12 or 24 Gy. Short-term in vitro spheroid viability and tumour cell migration was determined by microscopic techniques. Pre-irradiated glioblastoma spheroids were implanted into brains of immunosuppressed rats. Long-term tumour development was assessed by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and animal survival was recorded. An immunohistochemical analysis was performed on the sectioned rat brains. RESULTS Both un-irradiated and irradiated spheroids remained viable during 2 months in culture, but a dose-dependent inhibition of tumour growth and migration was seen. MR imaging 4 weeks after implantation also showed a dose-dependent inhibition in tumour development. Median animal survival times were 25.5 days (control group), 43 days (12 Gy group) and 96 days (24 Gy group). The study of in vivo long-term radiation effects on the remaining viable tumour population showed no difference in Ki-67 labelling index and microvascular density before and after radiosurgery. CONCLUSIONS A dose-dependent inhibition of tumour growth and invasion, as well as a dose-dependent increase in animal survival was observed. The model system described is well suited for assessing the radiobiological effects of Gamma Knife radiosurgery. The results indicate that radiosurgery of malignant gliomas might be effective in controlling tumour progression in selected glioblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frits Thorsen
- Department of Oncology and Medical Physics, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021, Bergen, Norway.
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15
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Fehlauer F, Muench M, Rades D, Stalpers LJA, Leenstra S, van der Valk P, Slotman B, Smid EJ, Sminia P. Effects of irradiation and cisplatin on human glioma spheroids: inhibition of cell proliferation and cell migration. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005; 131:723-32. [PMID: 16096850 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-005-0014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Investigation of cell migration and proliferation of human glioma cell line spheroids (CLS) and evaluation of morphology, apoptosis, and immunohistochemical expression of MIB-1, p53, and p21 of organotypic muticellular spheroids (OMS) following cisplatin (CDDP) and irradiation (RT). MATERIAL AND METHODS Spheroids of the GaMg glioma cell line and OMS prepared from biopsy tissue of six glioblastoma patients were used. Radiochemosensitvity (5 microg/ml CDDP followed by RT) was determined using migration and proliferation assays on CLS. In OMS, histology and immunohistochemical studies of MIB-1, p53, and p21 expression were examined 24 and 48 h following treatment. RESULTS Combination treatment led to a migration inhibition of 38% (CDDP 13%; RT 27%) and specific growth delay of 2.6 (CDDP 1.3; RT 2.1) in CLS. Cell cycle analysis after combination treatment showed an accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase. In OMS, apoptosis increased, cell proliferation decreased, and p53/p21 expression increased more pronounced following CDDP+RT. No morphological damage was observed. CONCLUSION CDDP can lead to enhancement of the RT effect in spheroids of both human glioma cell line spheroids and biopsy spheroids from glioblastoma specimens. The exerted effect is additive rather than synergistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Fehlauer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, 20254, Hamburg, Germany.
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16
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Bauréus-Koch C, Nyberg G, Widegren B, Salford LG, Persson BRR. Radiation sterilisation of cultured human brain tumour cells for clinical immune tumour therapy. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:48-54. [PMID: 14710205 PMCID: PMC2395324 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim is to investigate the radiosensitivity of noninfected cultured human glioma cells to ascertain that intracutaneously administered cells are viable enough to produce interferon-γ but not able to proliferate. Cell cultures were established from five patients undergoing brain tumour surgery. By karyotyping, we found four malignant (three glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), one giant cell glioma) and one normal. The cells were irradiated with 137Cs-γ rays at absorbed dose levels of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 Gy. The fraction of viable cells was examined by MTT incorporation assay. The average of the data obtained from three GBM cell cultures was fitted to an exponential model. The parameters were: extrapolation number n=0.85±0.10, mean lethal dose D0=12.4±3.2 Gy and an additional uncertainty parameter δS=0.14±0.03. By setting δS=0, the corresponding values of the parameters were n=0.86±0.16 and D0=30.0±8.1 Gy. The rate of proliferation was examined by 3H-thymidine incorporation. The average of the proliferation data obtained from three GBM cell cultures was fitted to an exponential model yielding n=0.943±0.005 and D0=5.8±0.5 Gy for δS=0.057±0.005, and by setting δS=0, n=1.00±0.02 and D0=8.4±1.6 Gy. No outgrowth of plated cells was observed after 4 weeks at an absorbed dose of 100 Gy. This absorbed dose is recommended for irradiation of 2 × 106 glioma cells used for clinical immunisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bauréus-Koch
- Department of Radiation Physics, Lund University Hospital, Klinikgatan 7, SE 221 85 Lund, Sweden
- The Rausing Laboratory, Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - G Nyberg
- Tumour Immunology, Lund University Box 7031, SE 22007, Lund, Sweden
| | - B Widegren
- Tumour Immunology, Lund University Box 7031, SE 22007, Lund, Sweden
- The Rausing Laboratory, Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - L G Salford
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lund University Hospital, SE 221 85 Lund, Sweden
- The Rausing Laboratory, Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - B R R Persson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Lund University Hospital, Klinikgatan 7, SE 221 85 Lund, Sweden
- The Rausing Laboratory, Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Physics, Lund University Hospital, Klinikgatan 7, SE 221 85 Lund, Sweden. E mail:
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