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Systematics of Ditaxinae and Related Lineages within the Subfamily Acalyphoideae (Euphorbiaceae) Based on Molecular Phylogenetics. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020173. [PMID: 36829452 PMCID: PMC9952443 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The subtribe Ditaxinae in the plant family Euphorbiaceae is composed of five genera (Argythamnia, Caperonia, Chiropetalum, Ditaxis and Philyra) and approximately 120 species of perennial herbs (rarely annual) to treelets. The subtribe is distributed throughout the Americas, with the exception of Caperonia, which also occurs in tropical Africa and Madagascar. Under the current classification, Ditaxinae includes genera with a questionable morphology-based taxonomy, especially Argythamnia, Chiropetalum and Ditaxis. Moreover, phylogenetic relationships among genera are largely unexplored, with previous works sampling <10% of taxa, showing Ditaxinae as paraphyletic. In this study, we inferred the phylogenetic relationships within Ditaxinae and related taxa using a dataset of nuclear (ETS, ITS) and plastid (petD, trnLF, trnTL) DNA sequences and a wide taxon sampling (60%). We confirmed the paraphyly of Ditaxinae and Ditaxis, both with high support. Following our phylogenetic results, we combined Ditaxis in Argythamnia and upgraded Ditaxinae to the tribe level (Ditaxeae). We also established and described the tribe Caperonieae based on Caperonia, and transferred Philyra to the tribe Adelieae, along with Adelia, Garciadelia, Lasiocroton and Leucocroton. Finally, we discuss the main morphological synapomorphies for the genera and tribes and provide a taxonomic treatment, including all species recognized under each genus.
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Young SNR, Dunning LT, Liu H, Stevens CJ, Lundgren MR. C4 trees have a broader niche than their close C3 relatives. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3189-3204. [PMID: 35293994 PMCID: PMC9126736 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the ecological sorting of herbaceous C3 and C4 species along gradients of precipitation and temperature: C4 herbaceous species typically occupy drier and warmer environments than their C3 relatives. However, it is unclear if this pattern holds true for C4 tree species, which are unique to Euphorbiaceae and found only on the Hawaiian Islands. Here, we combine occurrence data with local environmental and soil datasets to, for the first time, distinguish the ecological factors associated with photosynthetic diversification in the tree life form. These data are presented within a phylogenetic framework. We show that C3 and C4 trees inhabit similar environments, but that C4 photosynthesis expands the ecological niche in trees relative to that of C3 tree species. In particular, when compared with C3 trees, C4 trees moved into higher elevation habitats with characteristically sparse vegetation (and thus greater sunlight) and cooler temperatures, a pattern which contrasts with that of herbaceous species. Understanding the relationship between C4 photosynthesis and ecological niche in tree species has implications for establishing how C4 photosynthesis has, in this rare instance, evolved in trees, and whether this unique combination of traits could be exploited from an engineering perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N R Young
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Luke T Dunning
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Carly J Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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de Brito JAG, Pinto LDS, Chaves CF, Ribeiro da Silva AJ, da Silva MFDGF, Cotinguiba F. Chemophenetic Significance of Anomalocalyx uleanus Metabolites are Revealed by Dereplication Using Molecular Networking Tools. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040925. [PMID: 33572445 PMCID: PMC7916253 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anomalocalyx uleanus (Pax & K. Hoffm.) Ducke (Euphorbiaceae) is a singular species in the genus and is restricted and exclusive to the Brazilian Amazon. A phytochemical study of A. uleanus leaves was performed, yielding the isolation of five major compounds: catechin/epicatechin, afzelin, quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, and astilbin. The phytochemical compositions of the methanolic extracts of leaves, roots, bark, and stem bark were determined using a dereplication approach. Forty-six compounds were annotated from the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) data, while four lipids were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In total, fifty compounds were detected, and they belonged to the primary metabolism and several classes of natural products such as flavonoids, flavonoids O-glycosides, flavonoids C-glycosides, biflavonoids, procyanidin, triterpene, triterpenes esterified with phenylpropanoids, phenylpropanoid derivatives, flavonolignans, coumarins, quinic acid derivatives, and benzoic acid derivatives. This is the first report on the phytochemical data of the genus Anomalocalyx, and the results of this study will contribute to the chemosystematic knowledge of the Euphorbiaceae family and justify the need for investigation of the pharmacological potential of the species A. uleanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Assis Gomes de Brito
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais “Walter Mors”, Centro de Ciencas da Saude, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco H, Cidade Universitaria, CEP 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (J.A.G.d.B.); (C.F.C.); (A.J.R.d.S.)
- Instituto Federal de Rondônia, Campus de Ji-Parana, Rua Rio Amazonas, 151, Jardim dos Migrantes, CEP 78960-000 Ji-Paraná-RO, Brazil
| | - Luciano da Silva Pinto
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos-SP, Brazil; (L.d.S.P.); (M.F.d.G.F.d.S.)
| | - Cintia Folly Chaves
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais “Walter Mors”, Centro de Ciencas da Saude, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco H, Cidade Universitaria, CEP 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (J.A.G.d.B.); (C.F.C.); (A.J.R.d.S.)
| | - Antônio Jorge Ribeiro da Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais “Walter Mors”, Centro de Ciencas da Saude, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco H, Cidade Universitaria, CEP 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (J.A.G.d.B.); (C.F.C.); (A.J.R.d.S.)
| | | | - Fernando Cotinguiba
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais “Walter Mors”, Centro de Ciencas da Saude, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco H, Cidade Universitaria, CEP 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (J.A.G.d.B.); (C.F.C.); (A.J.R.d.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-3938-6791
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Wei N, Pérez-Escobar OA, Musili PM, Huang WC, Yang JB, Hu AQ, Hu GW, Grace OM, Wang QF. Plastome Evolution in the Hyperdiverse Genus Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) Using Phylogenomic and Comparative Analyses: Large-Scale Expansion and Contraction of the Inverted Repeat Region. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:712064. [PMID: 34421963 PMCID: PMC8372406 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.712064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
With c. 2,000 species, Euphorbia is one of the largest angiosperm genera, yet a lack of chloroplast genome (plastome) resources impedes a better understanding of its evolution. In this study, we assembled and annotated 28 plastomes from Euphorbiaceae, of which 15 were newly sequenced. Phylogenomic and comparative analyses of 22 plastome sequences from all four recognized subgenera within Euphorbia revealed that plastome length in Euphorbia is labile, presenting a range of variation c. 42 kb. Large-scale expansions of the inverted repeat (IR) region were identified, and at the extreme opposite, the near-complete loss of the IR region (with only 355 bp left) was detected for the first time in Euphorbiaceae. Other structural variations, including gene inversion and duplication, and gene loss/pseudogenization, were also observed. We screened the most promising molecular markers from both intergenic and coding regions for phylogeny-based utilities, and estimated maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenies from four datasets including whole plastome sequences. The monophyly of Euphorbia is supported, and its four subgenera are recovered in a successive sister relationship. Our study constitutes the first comprehensive investigation on the plastome structural variation in Euphorbia and it provides resources for phylogenetic research in the genus, facilitating further studies on its taxonomy, evolution, and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Paul M. Musili
- East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wei-Chang Huang
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Bo Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ai-Qun Hu
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
| | - Guang-Wan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Olwen M. Grace
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Olwen M. Grace,
| | - Qing-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Qing-Feng Wang,
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Steinmann VW, Ricker M. Tree and tree-like species of Mexico: Euphorbiaceae, Peraceae, Phyllanthaceae, Picrodendraceae, Putranjivaceae, and Urticaceae. REV MEX BIODIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.22201/ib.20078706e.2020.91.3339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Montero-Muñoz I, Levin GA, Cardiel JM. Four new species of Acalypha L. (Euphorbiaceae, Acalyphoideae) from the West Indian Ocean Region. PHYTOKEYS 2020; 140:57-73. [PMID: 32148432 PMCID: PMC7052020 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.140.50229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Four new species of Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae, Acalyphoideae) from the Western Indian Ocean Region, based on morphological and molecular evidence, are described, illustrated, and mapped. Acalypha gillespieae sp. nov., A. leandrii sp. nov. and A. nusbaumeri sp. nov. are endemic to Madagascar, and A. mayottensis sp. nov. is known only from Mbouzi islet (Mayotte), in the Comoros Archipelago. We also describe for the first time in Acalypha the presence of membranous or chartaceous perules covering the axillary buds. Preliminary conservation assessments of the new species are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Montero-Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Postal Code 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Geoffrey A. Levin
- Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, Illinois, 61820, United States of America
| | - José M. Cardiel
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Postal Code 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Postal Code 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Ha J, Shim S, Lee T, Kang YJ, Hwang WJ, Jeong H, Laosatit K, Lee J, Kim SK, Satyawan D, Lestari P, Yoon MY, Kim MY, Chitikineni A, Tanya P, Somta P, Srinives P, Varshney RK, Lee S. Genome sequence of Jatropha curcas L., a non-edible biodiesel plant, provides a resource to improve seed-related traits. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:517-530. [PMID: 30059608 PMCID: PMC6335072 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha curcas (physic nut), a non-edible oilseed crop, represents one of the most promising alternative energy sources due to its high seed oil content, rapid growth and adaptability to various environments. We report ~339 Mbp draft whole genome sequence of J. curcas var. Chai Nat using both the PacBio and Illumina sequencing platforms. We identified and categorized differentially expressed genes related to biosynthesis of lipid and toxic compound among four stages of seed development. Triacylglycerol (TAG), the major component of seed storage oil, is mainly synthesized by phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase in Jatropha, and continuous high expression of homologs of oleosin over seed development contributes to accumulation of high level of oil in kernels by preventing the breakdown of TAG. A physical cluster of genes for diterpenoid biosynthetic enzymes, including casbene synthases highly responsible for a toxic compound, phorbol ester, in seed cake, was syntenically highly conserved between Jatropha and castor bean. Transcriptomic analysis of female and male flowers revealed the up-regulation of a dozen family of TFs in female flower. Additionally, we constructed a robust species tree enabling estimation of divergence times among nine Jatropha species and five commercial crops in Malpighiales order. Our results will help researchers and breeders increase energy efficiency of this important oil seed crop by improving yield and oil content, and eliminating toxic compound in seed cake for animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Ha
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Sangrea Shim
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Taeyoung Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Yang J. Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus program) DepartmentGyeongsang National UniversityPMBBRCJinju‐siKorea
- Division of Life Science DepartmentGyeongsang National UniversityJinju‐siKorea
| | | | - Haneul Jeong
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Kularb Laosatit
- Department of AgronomyFaculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng SaenKasetsart UniversityNakhon PathomThailand
| | - Jayern Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Sue K. Kim
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Natural ScienceDankook UniversityCheonanSouth Korea
| | - Dani Satyawan
- Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD‐IAARD)BogorIndonesia
| | - Puji Lestari
- Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD‐IAARD)BogorIndonesia
| | - Min Y. Yoon
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Moon Y. Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Annapurna Chitikineni
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems BiologyInternational Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)HyderabadTelangana StateIndia
| | - Patcharin Tanya
- Department of AgronomyFaculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng SaenKasetsart UniversityNakhon PathomThailand
| | - Prakit Somta
- Department of AgronomyFaculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng SaenKasetsart UniversityNakhon PathomThailand
| | - Peerasak Srinives
- Department of AgronomyFaculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng SaenKasetsart UniversityNakhon PathomThailand
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems BiologyInternational Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)HyderabadTelangana StateIndia
| | - Suk‐Ha Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
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8
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Zhou X, Wu JJ, Gao J, Qian YX, Zhang C, Xu L, Wang RH, Qi ZC. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Chinese tallow Triadica sebifera (Linnaeus) Small (Euphorbiaceae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1586493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Xi Qian
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Hong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe-Chen Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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Gagliardi KB, Cordeiro I, Demarco D. Structure and development of flowers and inflorescences in Peraceae and Euphorbiaceae and the evolution of pseudanthia in Malpighiales. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203954. [PMID: 30281673 PMCID: PMC6169873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudanthia are reduced and compact inflorescences which apparently had independent evolution in Euphorbiaceae and Peraceae within Malpighiales. In order to analyze the hypothesis that the different pseudanthia found in Malpighiales have non-homologous developmental steps, we studied the inflorescence and flower development in the three Malpighiales genera that present this type of inflorescence–Dalechampia (Acalyphoideae/Euphorbiaceae), Euphorbia (Euphorbioideae/Euphorbiaceae), and Pera (Peraceae)–and compared them to that of Joannesia (Crotonoideae/Euphorbiaceae), which does not present a pseudanthium. Inflorescences and flowers were analyzed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Dalechampia and Euphorbia have protogynic bisexual pseudanthia, with unisexual perianthed flowers in Dalechampia, and achlamydeous flowers in Euphorbia. Pera has unisexual pseudanthia and the male flowers have a vestigial calyx and the female flowers are achlamydeous. Joannesia flowers are very distinct when compared to the pseudanthia flowers, as they are composed of all the whorls and there is no reduction. In the early stages of development, the first structures to be formed in the pseudanthia are the different series of bracts, including outer, involucral and involucel bracts. The floral primordia are initiated almost simultaneously with the involucre. Although the different morphology, the early inflorescence followed the same branching pattern in all studied genera, and the number and elongation of the branches were affected by the early female flower development in the terminal position. We suggest that the different pseudanthia evolved via process of floral whorl reduction and reorganization of flowers in the inflorescence axes, especially the position of female and male flowers and elongation or shortening of the branches. The sex of the terminal flower is a developmental key, i.e., the protogynic development deeply affects the pseudanthia growth, reducing the ramification and elongation of the axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Bertechine Gagliardi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Inês Cordeiro
- Centro de Pesquisa em Plantas Vasculares, Núcleo de Pesquisa Curadoria do Herbário, Instituto de Botânica, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Demarco
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Wang S, Chen Y, Yang Y, Wu W, Liu Y, Fan Q, Zhou R. Phylogenetic relationships and natural hybridization in Triadica inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA analyses. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Winter K, Holtum JAM. Cryptic crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in Jatropha curcas. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:711-717. [PMID: 32480714 DOI: 10.1071/fp15021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha curcas L. is a drought-tolerant shrub or small tree that is a candidate bioenergy feedstock. It is a member of the family Euphorbiaceae in which both CAM and C4 photosynthesis have evolved. Here, we report that J. curcas exhibits features diagnostic of low-level CAM. Small increases in nocturnal acid content were consistently observed in photosynthetic stems and occasionally in leaves. Acidification was associated with transient contractions in CO2 loss at night rather than with net CO2 dark fixation. Although the CAM-type nocturnal CO2 uptake signal was masked by background respiration, estimates of dark CO2 fixation based upon the 2:1 stoichiometric relationship between H+ accumulated and CO2 fixed indicated substantial carbon retention in the stems via the CAM cycle. It is proposed that under conditions of drought, low-level CAM in J. curcas stems serves primarily to conserve carbon rather than water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Joseph A M Holtum
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
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13
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Sanz JMC, Rodríguez PM. Synopsis of Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae) of continental Ecuador. PHYTOKEYS 2012; 17:1-17. [PMID: 23233813 PMCID: PMC3502785 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.17.3190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of the Ecuadorian species of Acalypha L. (Euphorbiaceae) is presented; 20 of the 38 previously recognized species are accepted, 9 are considered synonyms and 9 are based on misidentifications. Comprehensive nomenclatural information is supplied and 13 lectotypes are designated. An identification key is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Cardiel Sanz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Postal Code 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Muñoz Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Postal Code 28049, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Tokuoka T. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Passifloraceae sensu lato (Malpighiales) based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2012; 125:489-497. [PMID: 22274921 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-011-0472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A phylogenetic analysis of Passifloraceae sensu lato was performed using rbcL, atpB, matK, and 18S rDNA sequences from 25 genera and 42 species. Parsimony analyses of combined data sets resulted in a single most parsimonious tree, which was very similar to the 50% majority consensus tree from the Bayesian analysis. All nodes except three were supported by more than 50% bootstrap. The monophyly of Passifloraceae s.l. as well as the former families, Malesherbiaceae, Passifloraceae sensu stricto, and Turneraceae were strongly supported. Passifloraceae s.s. and the Turneraceae are sisters, and form a strongly supported clade. Within Passifloraceae s.s., the tribes Passifloreae and Paropsieae are both monophyletic. The intergeneric relationships within Passifloraceae s.s. and Turneraceae are roughly correlated with previous classification systems. The morphological character of an androgynophore/gynophore is better used for characterizing genera grouping within Passifloraceae s.s. Other morphological characters such as the corona and aril are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Tokuoka
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
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MATAMORO-VIDAL A, FURNESS CA, GOUYON PH, WURDACK KJ, ALBERT B. Evolutionary stasis in Euphorbiaceae pollen: selection and constraints. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1077-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Horn JW, van Ee BW, Morawetz JJ, Riina R, Steinmann VW, Berry PE, Wurdack KJ. Phylogenetics and the evolution of major structural characters in the giant genus Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 63:305-26. [PMID: 22273597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Euphorbia is among the largest genera of angiosperms, with about 2000 species that are renowned for their remarkably diverse growth forms. To clarify phylogenetic relationships in the genus, we used maximum likelihood, bayesian, and parsimony analyses of DNA sequence data from 10 markers representing all three plant genomes, averaging more than 16kbp for each accession. Taxon sampling included 176 representatives from Euphorbioideae (including 161 of Euphorbia). Analyses of these data robustly resolve a backbone topology of four major, subgeneric clades--Esula, Rhizanthium, Euphorbia, and Chamaesyce--that are successively sister lineages. Ancestral state reconstructions of six reproductive and growth form characters indicate that the earliest Euphorbia species were likely woody, non-succulent plants with helically arranged leaves and 5-glanded cyathia in terminal inflorescences. The highly modified growth forms and reproductive features in Euphorbia have independent origins within the subgeneric clades. Examples of extreme parallelism in trait evolution include at least 14 origins of xeromorphic growth forms and at least 13 origins of seed caruncles. The evolution of growth form and inflorescence position are significantly correlated, and a pathway of evolutionary transitions is supported that has implications for the evolution of Euphorbia xerophytes of large stature. Such xerophytes total more than 400 species and are dominants of vegetation types throughout much of arid Africa and Madagascar.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Horn
- Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, NMNH MRC-166, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
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17
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Tobe H, Raven PH. Embryology of the Irvingiaceae, a family with uncertain relationships among the Malpighiales. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2011; 124:577-591. [PMID: 21116833 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-010-0393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Irvingiaceae, one of 40 families of the Malpighiales, comprise a small woody family of 10 species in three genera distributed in Old World tropics. Its relationships with other families are unclear, although recent molecular analyses suggest affinities with Linaceae, Caryocaraceae, Erythroxylaceae, and Rhizophoraceae. To gain insight into family relationships, we investigated 63 embryological characters of two previously unstudied African species, Irvingia gabonensis and I. smithii, and compared them with other Malpighiales and the sister group Oxalidales. Embryologically, Irvingia is characterized by the absence of an integumentary tapetum and by having a non-multiplicative inner integument, a multiplicative testa, many discrete fascicles of vascular bundles running in the testa from the raphe to antiraphe (each fascicle comprised several strands arranged in a concentric manner), and a fibrous exotegmen. Comparisons showed that Irvingia did not resemble any of the Linaceae, Caryocaraceae, Erythroxylaceae, Rhizophoraceae, or any of the other malpighialean families for which embryological data are available. The genus rather resembled Huaceae and Connaraceae (Oxalidales) in seed coat structure. However, 18 families (45%) of the Malpighiales are still poorly understood embryologically, and therefore additional studies are required for further critical comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tobe
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan.
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Fan DY, Jie SL, Liu CC, Zhang XY, Xu XW, Zhang SR, Xie ZQ. The trade-off between safety and efficiency in hydraulic architecture in 31 woody species in a karst area. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:865-877. [PMID: 21865304 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Karst topography is a special landscape shaped by the dissolution of one or more layers of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite. Due to subterranean drainage, overland flow, extraction of water by plants and evapotranspiration, there may be very limited surface water. The hydraulic architecture that plants use to adapt to karst topography is very interesting, but few systematic reports exist. The karst area in southwestern China is unique when compared with other karst areas at similar latitudes, because of its abundant precipitation, with rainfall concentrated in the growing season. In theory, resistance to water-stress-induced cavitation via air seeding should be accompanied by decreased pore hydraulic conductivity and stem hydraulic conductivity. However, evidence for such trade-offs across species is ambiguous. We measured the hydraulic structure and foliar stable carbon isotope ratios of 31 karst woody plants at three locations in Guizhou Province, China, to evaluate the functional coordination between resistance to cavitation and specific conductivity. We also applied phylogenetically independent contrast (PIC) analysis in situations where the inter-species correlations of functional traits may be biased on the potential similarity of closely related species. The average xylem tension measurement, at which 50% of hydraulic conductivity of the plants was lost (Ψ(50)), was only -1.27 MPa. Stem Ψ(50) was positively associated with specific conductance (K(s)) (P < 0.05) and leaf specific conductance (K(l)) (P < 0.05). However, the PIC correlation for both relationships was not statistically significant. δ(13)C was positively related to K(l) in both the traditional cross-species correlation analysis and the corresponding PIC correlations (P < 0.05). The Huber value (sapwood area:leaf area ratio) was negatively correlated with K(s) in both the traditional cross-species correlation and the corresponding PIC correlations (P < 0.01). The characteristics of hydraulic architecture measured in this study showed that karst plants in China are not highly cavitation-resistant species. This study also supports the idea that there may not be an evolutionary trade-off between resistance to cavitation and specific conductivity in woody plants. Whole-plant hydraulic adjustment may decouple the trade-off relationship between safety and efficiency at the branch level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Yong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Implications of rbcL phylogeny for historical biogeography of genus Mercurialis L.: Estimating age and center of origin. ARCH BIOL SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.2298/abs1003603j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to address questions concerning the historical biogeography of the genus Mercurialis in the subfamily Acalyphoideae. Applying a molecular clock to obtained rbcL phylogeny, we estimated the minimal age of divergence of genus Mercurialis to ~65-66 Ma, placing it at the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. We used ancestral area analysis and dispersal-vicariance analysis to infer the center of origin of the genus. Contrary to previous hypothesis, our results show that Mercurialis originated in Indomalaya and migrated westward, while the Mediterranean area was most probably the center of ecological diversification and further speciation. Evolutionary events of vicariance and dispersals were reconstructed in a proposed scenario of divergence of Mercurialis within Acalyphoideae. .
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Wurdack KJ, Davis CC. Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2009; 96:1551-1570. [PMID: 21628300 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The eudicot order Malpighiales contains ∼16000 species and is the most poorly resolved large rosid clade. To clarify phylogenetic relationships in the order, we used maximum likelihood, Bayesian, and parsimony analyses of DNA sequence data from 13 gene regions, totaling 15604 bp, and representing all three genomic compartments (i.e., plastid: atpB, matK, ndhF, and rbcL; mitochondrial: ccmB, cob, matR, nad1B-C, nad6, and rps3; and nuclear: 18S rDNA, PHYC, and newly developed low-copy EMB2765). Our sampling of 190 taxa includes representatives from all families of Malpighiales. These data provide greatly increased support for the recent additions of Aneulophus, Bhesa, Centroplacus, Ploiarium, and Rafflesiaceae to Malpighiales; sister relations of Phyllanthaceae + Picrodendraceae, monophyly of Hypericaceae, and polyphyly of Clusiaceae. Oxalidales + Huaceae, followed by Celastrales are successive sisters to Malpighiales. Parasitic Rafflesiaceae, which produce the world's largest flowers, are confirmed as embedded within a paraphyletic Euphorbiaceae. Novel findings show a well-supported placement of Ctenolophonaceae with Erythroxylaceae + Rhizophoraceae, sister-group relationships of Bhesa + Centroplacus, and the exclusion of Medusandra from Malpighiales. New taxonomic circumscriptions include the addition of Bhesa to Centroplacaceae, Medusandra to Peridiscaceae (Saxifragales), Calophyllaceae applied to Clusiaceae subfamily Kielmeyeroideae, Peraceae applied to Euphorbiaceae subfamily Peroideae, and Huaceae included in Oxalidales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Wurdack
- Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012 NMNH MRC-166, Washington, District of Columbia 20013-7012 USA
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Ménard L, McKey D, Rowe N. Developmental plasticity and biomechanics of treelets and lianas in Manihot aff. quinquepartita (Euphorbiaceae): a branch-angle climber of French Guiana. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 103:1249-59. [PMID: 19351684 PMCID: PMC2685309 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most tropical lianas have specialized organs of attachment such as twining stems, hooks or tendrils but some do not. Many climbers also have an early self-supporting phase of growth and in some species this can produce treelet-sized individuals. This study focuses on how a liana can climb without specialized attachment organs and how biomechanical properties of the stem are modulated between self-supporting treelets and canopy-climbing lianas. METHODS Biomechanics and stem development were investigated in self-supporting to climbing individuals of Manihot aff. quinquepartita (Euphorbiaceae) from tropical rain forest at Saül, central French Guiana. Bending tests were carried out close to the site of growth. Mechanical properties, including Young's elastic modulus, were observed with reference to habit type and changes in stem anatomy during development. KEY RESULTS This liana species can show a remarkably long phase of self-supporting growth as treelets with stiff, juvenile wood characterizing the branches and main stem. During the early phase of climbing, stiff but unstable stem segments are loosely held in a vertical position to host plants via petiole bases. The stiffest stems--those having the highest values of Young's modulus measured in bending--belonged to young, leaning and climbing stems. Only when climbing stems are securely anchored into the surrounding vegetation by a system of wide-angled branches, does the plant develop highly flexible stem properties. As in many specialized lianas, the change in stiffness is linked to the development of wood with numerous large vessels and thin-walled fibres. CONCLUSIONS Some angiosperms can develop highly effective climbing behaviour and specialized flexible stems without highly specialized organs of attachment. This is linked to a high degree of developmental plasticity in early stages of growth. Young individuals in either open or closed marginal forest conditions can grow as substantial treelets or as leaning/climbing plants, depending on the availability of host supports. The species of liana studied differs both in terms of development and biomechanics from many other lianas that climb via twining, tendrils or other specialized attachment organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Ménard
- University of Montpellier 2, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, F-34000 France; CNRS, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, F-3400France
| | - Doyle McKey
- University of Montpellier 2, UMR 5175 CEFE, Centre for Functional and Evolutionary Ecology (CEFE, UMR 5175 CNRS), 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Nick Rowe
- University of Montpellier 2, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, F-34000 France; CNRS, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, F-3400France
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Madrid EN, Friedman WE. The developmental basis of an evolutionary diversification of female gametophyte structure in Piper and Piperaceae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 103:869-84. [PMID: 19202137 PMCID: PMC2707884 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fritillaria-type female gametophyte development is a complex, yet homoplasious developmental pattern that is interesting from both evolutionary and developmental perspectives. Piper (Piperaceae) was chosen for this study of Fritillaria-type female gametophyte development because Piperales represent a 'hotspot' of female gametophyte developmental evolution and have been the subject of several recent molecular phylogenetic analyses. This wealth of phylogenetic and descriptive data make Piper an excellent candidate for inferring the evolutionary developmental basis for the origin of Fritillaria-type female gametophytes. METHODS Developing ovules of Piper peltatum were taken from greenhouse collections, embedded in glycol methacrylate, and serially sectioned. Light microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy were combined to produce three-dimensional computer reconstructions of developing female gametophytes. The ploidies of the developing embryos and endosperms were calculated using microspectrofluorometry. KEY RESULTS The data describe female gametophyte development in Piper with highly detailed three-dimensional models, and document two previously unknown arrangements of megaspore nuclei during early development. Also collected were microspectrofluorometric data that indicate that Fritillaria-type female gametophyte development in Piper results in pentaploid endosperm. CONCLUSIONS The three-dimensional models resolve previous ambiguities in developmental interpretations of Fritillaria-type female gametophytes in Piper. The newly discovered arrangements of megaspore nuclei that are described allow for the construction of explicit hypotheses of female gametophyte developmental evolution within Piperaceae, and more broadly throughout Piperales. These detailed hypotheses indicate that the common ancestor of Piperaceae minus Verhuellia had a Drusa-type female gametophyte, and that evolutionary transitions to derived tetrasporic female gametophyte ontogenies in Piperaceae, including Fritillaria-type female gametophyte development, are the consequence of key nuclear migration and patterning events at the end of megasporogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William E. Friedman
- University of Colorado, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Chacón J, Madriñán S, Debouck D, Rodriguez F, Tohme J. Phylogenetic patterns in the genus Manihot (Euphorbiaceae) inferred from analyses of nuclear and chloroplast DNA regions. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2008; 49:260-7. [PMID: 18706508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
From a phylogenetic perspective, the genus Manihot can be considered as an orphan group of plants, and the scientific knowledge acquired has been mainly related to cassava, one of the most important crops in poor tropical countries. The goal of the majority of evolutionary studies in the genus has been to decipher the domestication process and identify the closest relatives of cassava. Few investigations have focused on wild Manihot species, and the phylogeny of the genus is still unclear. In this study the DNA sequence variation from two chloroplast regions, the nuclear DNA gene G3pdh and two nuclear sequences derived from the 3'-end of two cassava ESTs, were used in order to infer the phylogenetic relationships among a subset of wild Manihot species, including two species from Cnidoscolus as out-groups. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses were conducted for each data set and for a combined matrix due to the low variation of each region when analyzed independently. A penalized likelihood analysis of the chloroplast region trnL-trnF, calibrated with various age estimates for genera in the Euphorbiaceae extracted from the literature was used to determine the ages of origin and diversification of the genus. The two Mesoamerican species sampled form a well-defined clade. The South American species can be grouped into clades of varying size, but the relationships amongst them cannot be established with the data available. The age of the crown node of Manihot was estimated at 6.6 million years ago. Manihot esculenta varieties do not form a monophyletic group that is consistent with the possibility of multiple introgressions of genes from other wild species. The low levels of variation observed in the DNA regions sampled suggest a recent and explosive diversification of the genus, which is confirmed by our age estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Chacón
- Laboratorio de Botánica y Sistemática, Universidad de los Andes, Apartado Aéreo 4976, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
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Tokuoka T. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Violaceae (Malpighiales) based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2008; 121:253-60. [PMID: 18350252 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-008-0153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A phylogenetic analysis of Violaceae is presented using sequences from rbcL, atpB, matK and 18S rDNA from 39 species and 19 genera. The combined analysis of four molecular markers resulted in only one most parsimonious tree, and 33 of all 38 nodes within Violaceae are supported by a bootstrap proportion of more than 50%. Fusispermum is in a basal-most position and Rinorea, Decorsella, Rinoreocarpus and the other Violaceae are successively diverged. The monogeneric subfamily Fusispermoideae is supported, and it shares a number of plesiomorphies with Passifloraceae (a convolute petal aestivation, actinomorphic flowers and connate filaments). The other monogeneric subfamily Leonioideae is sunken within the subfamily Violoideae and is sister to Gloeospermum, sharing some seed morphological characteristics. The present molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests that the convolute, apotact and quincuncial petal aestivation is successively derived within the family. The evolutionary trends of the other morphological characteristics, such as a filament connation, the number of carpels and floral symmetry, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Tokuoka
- Department of Natural Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Integrated Human Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Daniell H, Wurdack KJ, Kanagaraj A, Lee SB, Saski C, Jansen RK. The complete nucleotide sequence of the cassava (Manihot esculenta) chloroplast genome and the evolution of atpF in Malpighiales: RNA editing and multiple losses of a group II intron. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2008; 116:723-37. [PMID: 18214421 PMCID: PMC2587239 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-007-0706-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The complete sequence of the chloroplast genome of cassava (Manihot esculenta, Euphorbiaceae) has been determined. The genome is 161,453 bp in length and includes a pair of inverted repeats (IR) of 26,954 bp. The genome includes 128 genes; 96 are single copy and 16 are duplicated in the IR. There are four rRNA genes and 30 distinct tRNAs, seven of which are duplicated in the IR. The infA gene is absent; expansion of IRb has duplicated 62 amino acids at the 3' end of rps19 and a number of coding regions have large insertions or deletions, including insertions within the 23S rRNA gene. There are 17 intron-containing genes in cassava, 15 of which have a single intron while two (clpP, ycf3) have two introns. The usually conserved atpF group II intron is absent and this is the first report of its loss from land plant chloroplast genomes. The phylogenetic distribution of the atpF intron loss was determined by a PCR survey of 251 taxa representing 34 families of Malpighiales and 16 taxa from closely related rosids. The atpF intron is not only missing in cassava but also from closely related Euphorbiaceae and other Malpighiales, suggesting that there have been at least seven independent losses. In cassava and all other sequenced Malphigiales, atpF gene sequences showed a strong association between C-to-T substitutions at nucleotide position 92 and the loss of the intron, suggesting that recombination between an edited mRNA and the atpF gene may be a possible mechanism for the intron loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Daniell
- Department Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Biomolecular Science Bldg # 20, Room 336, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA, e-mail:
| | - Kenneth J. Wurdack
- Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, NMNH MRC 166, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Anderson Kanagaraj
- Department Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Biomolecular Science Bldg # 20, Room 336, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA, e-mail:
| | - Seung-Bum Lee
- Department Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Biomolecular Science Bldg # 20, Room 336, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA, e-mail:
| | - Christopher Saski
- Clemson University Genomics Institute, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Robert K. Jansen
- Section of Integrative Biology and Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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