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Biofilm Formation and Control of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062432. [PMID: 36985403 PMCID: PMC10058477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are microbial aggregation membranes that are formed when microorganisms attach to the surfaces of living or nonliving things. Importantly, biofilm properties provide microorganisms with protection against environmental pressures and enhance their resistance to antimicrobial agents, contributing to microbial persistence and toxicity. Thus, bacterial biofilm formation is part of the bacterial survival mechanism. However, if foodborne pathogens form biofilms, the risk of foodborne disease infections can be greatly exacerbated, which can cause major public health risks and lead to adverse economic consequences. Therefore, research on biofilms and their removal strategies are very important in the food industry. Food waste due to spoilage within the food industry remains a global challenge to environmental sustainability and the security of food supplies. This review describes bacterial biofilm formation, elaborates on the problem associated with biofilms in the food industry, enumerates several kinds of common foodborne pathogens in biofilms, summarizes the current strategies used to eliminate or control harmful bacterial biofilm formation, introduces the current and emerging control strategies, and emphasizes future development prospects with respect to bacterial biofilms.
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Karaca B, Karakaya AB, Ozcan B, Coleri Cihan A. Rapid detection of
Geobacillus
and
Anoxybacillus
species by
quantitative qPCR (qPCR)
in commercial dairy products. J Food Saf 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basar Karaca
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Ankara University Ankara Turkey
| | | | - Birgul Ozcan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Sciences Mustafa Kemal University Antakya Turkey
| | - Arzu Coleri Cihan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Ankara University Ankara Turkey
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3
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Sadiq FA, Flint S. Dairy strains of Anoxybacillus flavithermus inhibit lipase production by Geobacillus stearothermophilus. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.104996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Carrascosa C, Raheem D, Ramos F, Saraiva A, Raposo A. Microbial Biofilms in the Food Industry-A Comprehensive Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042014. [PMID: 33669645 PMCID: PMC7922197 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms, present as microorganisms and surviving on surfaces, can increase food cross-contamination, leading to changes in the food industry’s cleaning and disinfection dynamics. Biofilm is an association of microorganisms that is irreversibly linked with a surface, contained in an extracellular polymeric substance matrix, which poses a formidable challenge for food industries. To avoid biofilms from forming, and to eliminate them from reversible attachment and irreversible stages, where attached microorganisms improve surface adhesion, a strong disinfectant is required to eliminate bacterial attachments. This review paper tackles biofilm problems from all perspectives, including biofilm-forming pathogens in the food industry, disinfectant resistance of biofilm, and identification methods. As biofilms are largely responsible for food spoilage and outbreaks, they are also considered responsible for damage to food processing equipment. Hence the need to gain good knowledge about all of the factors favouring their development or growth, such as the attachment surface, food matrix components, environmental conditions, the bacterial cells involved, and electrostatic charging of surfaces. Overall, this review study shows the real threat of biofilms in the food industry due to the resistance of disinfectants and the mechanisms developed for their survival, including the intercellular signalling system, the cyclic nucleotide second messenger, and biofilm-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrado Carrascosa
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Dele Raheem
- Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law (NIEM), Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, 96101 Rovaniemi, Finland;
| | - Fernando Ramos
- Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, 55142 Apartado, Portugal
| | - Ariana Saraiva
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain;
| | - António Raposo
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (A.R.)
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Kilic T, Coleri Cihan A. Biofilm Formation of the Facultative Thermophile Bacillus pumilus D194A and Affects of Sanitation Agents on Its Biofilms. Microbiology (Reading) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261720010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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7
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Thermally induced milk fouling: Survival of thermophilic spore formers and potential of contamination. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.104582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Oliveira GS, Lopes DRG, Andre C, Silva CC, Baglinière F, Vanetti MCD. Multispecies biofilm formation by the contaminating microbiota in raw milk. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:819-831. [PMID: 31558046 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1666267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms can be formed on the surfaces of dairy processing equipment and are a potential source of product contamination. This study evaluated the diversity of multispecies biofilms formed on stainless steel (SS) due to the contaminating microbiota in raw milk. Samples of raw milk were used: one was fresh milk and the other maintained in refrigerated bulk tanks for up to 48 h. The mesophilic aerobic contamination was ∼104 CFU ml-1 in fresh milk and 106 CFU ml-1 in bulk milk. SS coupons were kept immersed in the milk at 7 ±2 °C for 10 days, and every two days, the raw milk was changed for samples of the same origin collected on the current day. After incubation for 10 days, sessile cells in the biofilm reached 105 CFU cm-2 in the presence of fresh milk, and 106 CFU cm-2 in the presence of bulk milk. The genetic diversity analysis showed that Gammaproteobacteria and Bacilli predominated in the biofilms throughout the incubation of both milk samples and these biofilms showed a reduction in diversity over time. The main classes of bacteria found in these biofilms have representatives of great importance since many of them have spoilage potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - D R G Lopes
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - C Andre
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - C C Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - F Baglinière
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - M C D Vanetti
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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9
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Experimental adhesion of Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Anoxybacillus flavithermus to stainless steel compared with predictions from interaction models. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-00880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Metagenomic profiles of different types of Italian high-moisture Mozzarella cheese. Food Microbiol 2019; 79:123-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Surface properties and exopolysaccharide production of surface-associated microorganisms isolated from a dairy plant. ANN MICROBIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-019-01482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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12
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Bogler A, Rice D, Perreault F, Bar-Zeev E. Comparing membrane and spacer biofouling by Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive Anoxybacillus sp. in forward osmosis. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:104-116. [PMID: 30786764 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1570502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria of different Gram-types have inherently different outer cell structures, influencing cell surface properties and bacterial attachment. Dynamic biofouling experiments were conducted over four days in a bench-scale forward osmosis (FO) system with Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Gram-positive Anoxybacillus sp. Biofouling resulted in ∼10% decline in FO permeate water flux and was found to be significant for Anoxybacillus sp. but not for P. aeruginosa. Additionally, a stronger permeate water flux decline for P. aeruginosa in experiments with a superhydrophilic feed spacer demonstrated that mitigation methods require testing with different bacterial Gram-types. It was found that although permeate water flux decline can be affected by bacterial Gram-type the stable performance under enhanced biofouling conditions highlights the potential of FO for wastewater reclamation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bogler
- a Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Midreshet Ben-Gurion , Israel
| | - Douglas Rice
- b School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment , Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ , USA
| | - Francois Perreault
- b School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment , Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ , USA
| | - Edo Bar-Zeev
- a Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Midreshet Ben-Gurion , Israel
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13
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Griep ER, Cheng Y, Moraru CI. Efficient removal of spores from skim milk using cold microfiltration: Spore size and surface property considerations. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9703-9713. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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14
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Effect of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the adhesion ability of thermophilic bacilli isolated from milk powders in the Chinese market. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Propensity for biofilm formation by aerobic mesophilic and thermophilic spore forming bacteria isolated from Chinese milk powders. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 262:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Gupta S, Anand S. Induction of pitting corrosion on stainless steel (grades 304 and 316) used in dairy industry by biofilms of common sporeformers. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somil Gupta
- Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center; Dairy and Food Science Department; South Dakota State University; Brookings SD 57007 USA
| | - Sanjeev Anand
- Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center; Dairy and Food Science Department; South Dakota State University; Brookings SD 57007 USA
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17
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Ribeiro MC, da Silva Fernandes M, Yoshiteru Kuaye A, Jimenez-Flores R, Gigante M. Preconditioning of the stainless steel surface affects the adhesion of Bacillus cereus spores. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Coughlan LM, Cotter PD, Hill C, Alvarez-Ordóñez A. New Weapons to Fight Old Enemies: Novel Strategies for the (Bio)control of Bacterial Biofilms in the Food Industry. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1641. [PMID: 27803696 PMCID: PMC5067414 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are microbial communities characterized by their adhesion to solid surfaces and the production of a matrix of exopolymeric substances, consisting of polysaccharides, proteins, DNA and lipids, which surround the microorganisms lending structural integrity and a unique biochemical profile to the biofilm. Biofilm formation enhances the ability of the producer/s to persist in a given environment. Pathogenic and spoilage bacterial species capable of forming biofilms are a significant problem for the healthcare and food industries, as their biofilm-forming ability protects them from common cleaning processes and allows them to remain in the environment post-sanitation. In the food industry, persistent bacteria colonize the inside of mixing tanks, vats and tubing, compromising food safety and quality. Strategies to overcome bacterial persistence through inhibition of biofilm formation or removal of mature biofilms are therefore necessary. Current biofilm control strategies employed in the food industry (cleaning and disinfection, material selection and surface preconditioning, plasma treatment, ultrasonication, etc.), although effective to a certain point, fall short of biofilm control. Efforts have been explored, mainly with a view to their application in pharmaceutical and healthcare settings, which focus on targeting molecular determinants regulating biofilm formation. Their application to the food industry would greatly aid efforts to eradicate undesirable bacteria from food processing environments and, ultimately, from food products. These approaches, in contrast to bactericidal approaches, exert less selective pressure which in turn would reduce the likelihood of resistance development. A particularly interesting strategy targets quorum sensing systems, which regulate gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density governing essential cellular processes including biofilm formation. This review article discusses the problems associated with bacterial biofilms in the food industry and summarizes the recent strategies explored to inhibit biofilm formation, with special focus on those targeting quorum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Coughlan
- Teagasc Food Research CentreCork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research CentreCork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome InstituteCork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- School of Microbiology, University College CorkCork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome InstituteCork, Ireland
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Rodrigues CJC, de Carvalho CCCR. Rhodococcus erythropolis cells adapt their fatty acid composition during biofilm formation on metallic and non-metallic surfaces. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiv135. [PMID: 26538565 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several parameters are involved in bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation including surface type, medium composition and cellular surface hydrophobicty. When the cells are placed inside tubes, parameters such as oxygen availability should also influence cell adhesion. To understand which cellular lipids are involved in the molecular events of biofilm formation in Rhodococcus erythropolis, cell adhesion was promoted on different metallic and non-metallic surfaces immersed in culture media. These cells were able to modulate the fatty acid composition of the cell membrane in response to both the surface to which they adhered and the growth medium used. To assess the response of the cells to both surfaces and operational conditions, biofilms were also promoted inside a reactor built with five different types of tubes and with medium recirculation. The biofilm biomass could be directly related not to the hydrophobicity of the tubes used but to the oxygen permeability of the tubes. Besides this, cell age influenced the adhesion of the R. erythropolis cells to the tubes. Principal component analysis showed that the lipid composition of the cells could separate cells attached to metallic from those on non-metallic surfaces in the plane formed by PC1 and PC2, and influence biofilm biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J C Rodrigues
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla C C R de Carvalho
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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Watterson M, Kent D, Boor K, Wiedmann M, Martin N. Evaluation of dairy powder products implicates thermophilic sporeformers as the primary organisms of interest. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:2487-97. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Chitinases are negative regulators of Francisella novicida biofilms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93119. [PMID: 24664176 PMCID: PMC3963990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms, multicellular communities of bacteria, may be an environmental survival and transmission mechanism of Francisella tularensis. Chitinases of F. tularensis ssp. novicida (Fn) have been suggested to regulate biofilm formation on chitin surfaces. However, the underlying mechanisms of how chitinases may regulate biofilm formation are not fully determined. We hypothesized that Fn chitinase modulates bacterial surface properties resulting in the alteration of biofilm formation. We analyzed biofilm formation under diverse conditions using chitinase mutants and their counterpart parental strain. Substratum surface charges affected biofilm formation and initial attachments. Biophysical analysis of bacterial surfaces confirmed that the chi mutants had a net negative-charge. Lectin binding assays suggest that chitinase cleavage of its substrates could have exposed the concanavalin A-binding epitope. Fn biofilm was sensitive to chitinase, proteinase and DNase, suggesting that Fn biofilm contains exopolysaccharides, proteins and extracellular DNA. Exogenous chitinase increased the drug susceptibility of Fn biofilms to gentamicin while decreasing the amount of biofilm. In addition, chitinase modulated bacterial adhesion and invasion of A549 and J774A.1 cells as well as intracellular bacterial replication. Our results support a key role of the chitinase(s) in biofilm formation through modulation of the bacterial surface properties. Our findings position chitinase as a potential anti-biofilm enzyme in Francisella species.
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22
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Methamphetamine enhances Cryptococcus neoformans pulmonary infection and dissemination to the brain. mBio 2013; 4:mBio.00400-13. [PMID: 23900172 PMCID: PMC3735193 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00400-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a major addictive drug of abuse in the United States and worldwide, and its use is linked to HIV acquisition. The encapsulated fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is the most common cause of fungal meningitis in patients with AIDS. In addition to functioning as a central nervous system stimulant, METH has diverse effects on host immunity. Using a systemic mouse model of infection and in vitro assays in order to critically assess the impact of METH on C. neoformans pathogenesis, we demonstrate that METH stimulates fungal adhesion, glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) release, and biofilm formation in the lungs. Interestingly, structural analysis of the capsular polysaccharide of METH-exposed cryptococci revealed that METH alters the carbohydrate composition of this virulence factor, an event of adaptation to external stimuli that can be advantageous to the fungus during pathogenesis. Additionally, we show that METH promotes C. neoformans dissemination from the respiratory tract into the brain parenchyma. Our findings provide novel evidence of the impact of METH abuse on host homeostasis and increased permissiveness to opportunistic microorganisms. Methamphetamine (METH) is a major health threat to our society, as it adversely changes people’s behavior, as well as increases the risk for the acquisition of diverse infectious diseases, particularly those that enter through the respiratory tract or skin. This report investigates the effects of METH use on pulmonary infection by the AIDS-related fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. This drug of abuse stimulates colonization and biofilm formation in the lungs, followed by dissemination of the fungus to the central nervous system. Notably, C. neoformans modifies its capsular polysaccharide after METH exposure, highlighting the fungus’s ability to adapt to environmental stimuli, a possible explanation for its pathogenesis. The findings may translate into new knowledge and development of therapeutic and public health strategies to deal with the devastating complications of METH abuse.
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Goh KM, Kahar UM, Chai YY, Chong CS, Chai KP, Ranjani V, Illias R, Chan KG. Recent discoveries and applications of Anoxybacillus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:1475-88. [PMID: 23324802 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4663-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Bacillaceae family members are a good source of bacteria for bioprocessing and biotransformation involving whole cells or enzymes. In contrast to Bacillus and Geobacillus, Anoxybacillus is a relatively new genus that was proposed in the year 2000. Because these bacteria are alkali-tolerant thermophiles, they are suitable for many industrial applications. More than a decade after the first report of Anoxybacillus, knowledge accumulated from fundamental and applied studies suggests that this genus can serve as a good alternative in many applications related to starch and lignocellulosic biomasses, environmental waste treatment, enzyme technology, and possibly bioenergy production. This current review provides the first summary of past and recent discoveries regarding the isolation of Anoxybacillus, its medium requirements, its proteins that have been characterized and cloned, bioremediation applications, metabolic studies, and genomic analysis. Comparisons to some other members of Bacillaceae and possible future applications of Anoxybacillus are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Mau Goh
- Faculty of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
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Marchand S, De Block J, De Jonghe V, Coorevits A, Heyndrickx M, Herman L. Biofilm Formation in Milk Production and Processing Environments; Influence on Milk Quality and Safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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