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Brookes VJ, Wismandanu O, Sudarnika E, Roby JA, Hayes L, Ward MP, Basri C, Wibawa H, Davis J, Indrawan D, Manyweathers J, Nugroho WS, Windria S, Hernandez-Jover M. A scoping review of live wildlife trade in markets worldwide. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:153043. [PMID: 35032529 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wet markets sell fresh food and are a global phenomenon. They are important for food security in many regions worldwide but have come under scrutiny due to their potential role in the emergence of infectious diseases. The sale of live wildlife has been highlighted as a particular risk, and the World Health Organisation has called for the banning of live, wild-caught mammalian species in markets unless risk assessment and effective regulations are in place. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a global scoping review of peer-reviewed information about the sale of live, terrestrial wildlife in markets that are likely to sell fresh food, and collated data about the characteristics of such markets, activities involving live wildlife, the species sold, their purpose, and animal, human, and environmental health risks that were identified. Of the 56 peer-reviewed records within scope, only 25% (n = 14) focussed on disease risks; the rest focused on the impact of wildlife sale on conservation. Although there were some global patterns (for example, the types of markets and purpose of sale of wildlife), there was wide diversity and huge epistemic uncertainty in all aspects associated with live, terrestrial wildlife sale in markets such that the feasibility of accurate assessment of the risk of emerging infectious disease associated with live wildlife trade in markets is currently limited. Given the value of both wet markets and wildlife trade and the need to support food affordability and accessibility, conservation, public health, and the social and economic aspects of livelihoods of often vulnerable people, there are major information gaps that need to be addressed to develop evidence-based policy in this environment. This review identifies these gaps and provides a foundation from which information for risk assessments can be collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Brookes
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Dept. of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden 2570, Australia.
| | - O Wismandanu
- Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia
| | - E Sudarnika
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB (Institut Pertanian Bogor) University, Indonesia
| | - J A Roby
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Dept. of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - L Hayes
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Dept. of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - M P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden 2570, Australia
| | - C Basri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB (Institut Pertanian Bogor) University, Indonesia
| | - H Wibawa
- Disease Investigation Centre Wates, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - J Davis
- Australian Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Canberra, Australia
| | - D Indrawan
- School of Business, IPB (Institut Pertanian Bogor) University, Indonesia
| | - J Manyweathers
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Dept. of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - W S Nugroho
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
| | - S Windria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Microbiology, Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia
| | - M Hernandez-Jover
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Dept. of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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Su S, Vall‐llosera M, Cassey P, Blackburn TM, Carrete M, Tella JL. Drivers of alien species composition in bird markets across the world. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8397. [PMID: 35127001 PMCID: PMC8794708 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pet trade is a major pathway for the introduction of invasive alien species. The composition of species selected for transport is driven by market demands, which may be influenced by a combination of both historical and cultural factors. We compared Eastern (Taiwan) and Western (Australia and the Iberian Peninsula) bird markets to explore factors associated with the species composition and geographic origin of the birds for sale. We used a bespoke randomization test to compare species composition, geographic origins, and species overlap at different taxonomic levels among bird markets across countries. Alien species identified in the study accounted for more than 10% of the world's bird species. Parrots and songbirds were the most common alien bird taxa traded across all markets. In both Iberian and Australian markets, there was a strong bias toward parrots, waxbills, gamebirds, and finches. In Taiwan, species traded more than expected were parrots, waxbills, starlings, and leafbirds. Neotropical species were the most traded group in the three markets. Afrotropical species were also traded more than expected in Iberian and Australian markets, while the Taiwanese traded more alien species from neighboring Asian regions. The bird trade focuses on the same few bird groups worldwide. The composition and origin of species preferred in the Western markets may be influenced by colonial histories, cultural similarity, and strict regulations on wildlife importation, while species preferences in Eastern markets are strongly influenced by regional culture and proximity. Propagule pressure is a dominant factor influencing the success of biological invasions; it is important to recognize differences in the composition of bird markets among regions because they can translate into different invasion risks, among other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Su
- The Wildlife Conservation Research UnitDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Miquel Vall‐llosera
- School of Biological Sciences and the Environment InstituteUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Phillip Cassey
- School of Biological Sciences and the Environment InstituteUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Tim M. Blackburn
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Institute of ZoologyZoological Society of LondonLondonUK
| | - Martina Carrete
- Department of Conservation BiologyEstación Biológica de Donana (CSIC)SevillaSpain
| | - José L. Tella
- Department of Conservation BiologyEstación Biológica de Donana (CSIC)SevillaSpain
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Su S, Cassey P, Vall-llosera M, Blackburn TM. Going cheap: determinants of bird price in the Taiwanese pet market. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127482. [PMID: 26017386 PMCID: PMC4445911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND International wildlife trade is the largest emerging source of vertebrate invasive alien species. In order to prevent invasions, it is essential to understand the mechanics of trade and, in particular, which traded species are most likely to be released or escape into the wild. A species' economic value is a key factor, because we expect cheaper species to be less assiduously secured against escaping, and more likely to be deliberately released. Here, we investigate determinants of the price of species in the Taiwanese bird trade. Taiwan is an international hub for bird trade, and several native species are threatened by alien bird species. METHODOLOGY We investigated the relationship between the traded species sale price in Taiwan and the species availability for trade (the number of birds for sale, geographic range size and their origin, conservation and CITES status) and traits (body size, coloration, song attractiveness). We used phylogenetic generalized least squares models, with multi-model inference, to assess the variables that are best related to the price of birds in the Taiwanese pet trade. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS/CONCLUSIONS We found that species available for sale in larger numbers, native to Taiwan, not globally endangered, and small-bodied are all relatively cheaper, as too are species lacking yellow coloration and without attractive songs. Our models of price revealed high levels of phylogenetic correlation, and hence that closely related species tended to be sold for similar prices. We suggest that, on the basis of price, native species are more likely to be deliberately or accidentally released than alien species. Nevertheless, our survey of bird shops recorded 160 species alien to Taiwan (7,631 individuals), several of which are for sale cheaply and in large numbers. Alien bird species in trade therefore present an ongoing, non-trivial invasion risk on the island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Su
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Phillip Cassey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Tim M. Blackburn
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Jones JC, Sonnberg S, Koçer ZA, Shanmuganatham K, Seiler P, Shu Y, Zhu H, Guan Y, Peiris M, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Possible role of songbirds and parakeets in transmission of influenza A(H7N9) virus to humans. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:380-5. [PMID: 24572739 PMCID: PMC3944875 DOI: 10.3201/eid2003.131271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian-origin influenza A(H7N9) recently emerged in China, causing severe human disease. Several subtype H7N9 isolates contain influenza genes previously identified in viruses from finch-like birds. Because wild and domestic songbirds interact with humans and poultry, we investigated the susceptibility and transmissibility of subtype H7N9 in these species. Finches, sparrows, and parakeets supported replication of a human subtype H7N9 isolate, shed high titers through the oropharyngeal route, and showed few disease signs. Virus was shed into water troughs, and several contact animals seroconverted, although they shed little virus. Our study demonstrates that a human isolate can replicate in and be shed by such songbirds and parakeets into their environment. This finding has implications for these birds' potential as intermediate hosts with the ability to facilitate transmission and dissemination of A(H7N9) virus.
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Gutiérrez RA, Sorn S, Nicholls JM, Buchy P. Eurasian Tree Sparrows, risk for H5N1 virus spread and human contamination through Buddhist ritual: an experimental approach. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28609. [PMID: 22164310 PMCID: PMC3229601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 virus has dramatically spread throughout Southeast Asia since its first detection in 1997. Merit Release Birds, such as the Eurasian Tree Sparrow, are believed to increase one's positive karma when kissed and released during Buddhist rituals. Since these birds are often in close contact with both poultry and humans, we investigated their potential role in the spread of H5N1 virus. Methodology/Principal Findings Seven series of experiments were conducted in order to investigate the possible interactions between inoculated and exposed birds, including sparrow/sparrow, sparrow/chicken, duck/sparrow. Daily and post-mortem samples collected were tested for H5N1 virus by real-time RT-PCR and egg inoculation. When directly inoculated, Eurasian Tree Sparrows were highly susceptible to the H5N1 virus, with a fatality rate approaching 100% within 5 days post-inoculation. Although transmission of fatal infection between sparrows did not occur, seroconversion of the exposed birds was observed. Up to 100% chickens exposed to inoculated sparrows died of H5N1 infection, depending on the caging conditions of the birds, while a fatality rate of 50% was observed on sparrows exposed to infected ducks. Large quantities of H5N1 virus were detected in the sparrows, particularly in their feathers, from which infectious particles were recovered. Conclusions/Significance Our study indicates that under experimental conditions, Eurasian Tree Sparrows are susceptible to H5N1 infection, either by direct inoculation or by contact with infected poultry. Their ability to transmit H5N1 infection to other birds is also demonstrated, suggesting that the sparrows may play a role in the dissemination of the virus. Finally, the presence of significant quantities of H5N1 virus on sparrows' feathers, including infectious particles, would suggest that Merit Release Birds represent a risk for human contamination in countries where avian influenza virus is circulating and where this religious ritual is practiced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - San Sorn
- National Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - John M. Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Philippe Buchy
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- * E-mail:
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