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Amoakon JP, Mylavarapu G, Amin RS, Naren AP. Pulmonary Vascular Dysfunctions in Cystic Fibrosis. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 38501963 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00024.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disorder caused by a deleterious mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Given that the CFTR protein is a chloride channel expressed on a variety of cells throughout the human body, mutations in this gene impact several organs, particularly the lungs. For this very reason, research regarding CF disease and CFTR function has historically focused on the lung airway epithelium. Nevertheless, it was discovered more than two decades ago that CFTR is also expressed and functional on endothelial cells. Despite the great strides that have been made in understanding the role of CFTR in the airway epithelium, the role of CFTR in the endothelium remains unclear. Considering that the airway epithelium and endothelium work in tandem to allow gas exchange, it becomes very crucial to understand how a defective CFTR protein can impact the pulmonary vasculature and overall lung function. Fortunately, more recent research has been dedicated to elucidating the role of CFTR in the endothelium. As a result, several vascular dysfunctions associated with CF disease have come to light. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on pulmonary vascular dysfunctions in CF and discuss applicable therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Amoakon
- Department of Systems Biology and Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Goutham Mylavarapu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Raouf S Amin
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Anjaparavanda P Naren
- Department of Systems Biology and Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
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Raut S, Singh K, Sanghvi S, Loyo-Celis V, Varghese L, Singh E, Gururaja Rao S, Singh H. Chloride ions in health and disease. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20240029. [PMID: 38573803 PMCID: PMC11065649 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20240029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Chloride is a key anion involved in cellular physiology by regulating its homeostasis and rheostatic processes. Changes in cellular Cl- concentration result in differential regulation of cellular functions such as transcription and translation, post-translation modifications, cell cycle and proliferation, cell volume, and pH levels. In intracellular compartments, Cl- modulates the function of lysosomes, mitochondria, endosomes, phagosomes, the nucleus, and the endoplasmic reticulum. In extracellular fluid (ECF), Cl- is present in blood/plasma and interstitial fluid compartments. A reduction in Cl- levels in ECF can result in cell volume contraction. Cl- is the key physiological anion and is a principal compensatory ion for the movement of the major cations such as Na+, K+, and Ca2+. Over the past 25 years, we have increased our understanding of cellular signaling mediated by Cl-, which has helped in understanding the molecular and metabolic changes observed in pathologies with altered Cl- levels. Here, we review the concentration of Cl- in various organs and cellular compartments, ion channels responsible for its transportation, and recent information on its physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish K. Raut
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Kulwinder Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Shridhar Sanghvi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Veronica Loyo-Celis
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Liyah Varghese
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Ekam R. Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | | | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
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Wu F, Hu R, Huang X, Lou J, Cai Z, Chen G, Zhao W, Xiong H, Sha SH, Zheng Y. CFTR potentiator ivacaftor protects against noise-induced hair cell loss by increasing Nrf2 and reducing oxidative stress. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115399. [PMID: 37657258 PMCID: PMC10528730 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the inner ear can be triggered by a variety of pathological events identified in animal models after traumatic noise exposure. Our previous research found that inhibition of the AMP-activated protein kinase alpha subunit (AMPKα) protects against noise-induced cochlear hair cell loss and hearing loss by reducing ROS accumulation. However, the molecular pathway through which AMPKα exerts its antioxidative effect is still unclear. In this study, we have investigated a potential target of AMPKα and ROS, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and the protective effect against noise-induced hair cell loss of an FDA-approved CFTR potentiator, ivacaftor, in FVB/NJ mice, mouse explant cultures, and HEI-OC1 cells. We found that noise exposure increases phosphorylation of CFTR at serine 737 (p-CFTR, S737), which reduces wildtype CFTR function, resulting in oxidative stress in cochlear sensory hair cells. Pretreatment with a single dose of ivacaftor maintains CFTR function by preventing noise-increased p-CFTR (S737). Furthermore, ivacaftor treatment increases nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression, diminishes ROS formation, and attenuates noise-induced hair cell loss and hearing loss. Additionally, inhibition of noise-induced AMPKα activation by compound C also diminishes p-CFTR (S737) expression. In line with these in-vivo results, administration of hydrogen peroxide to cochlear explants or HEI-OC1 cells increases p-CFTR (S737) expression and induces sensory hair cell or HEI-OC1 cell damage, while application of ivacaftor halts these effects. Although ivacaftor increases Nrf2 expression and reduces ROS accumulation, cotreatment with ML385, an Nrf2 inhibitor, abolishes the protective effects of ivacaftor against hydrogen-peroxide-induced HEI-OC1 cell death. Our results indicate that noise-induced sensory hair cell damage is associated with p-CFTR. Ivacaftor has potential for treatment of noise-induced hearing loss by maintaining CFTR function and increasing Nrf2 expression for support of redox homeostasis in sensory hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rui Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Shenshan Medical Center, Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shanwei, Guangdong, China; Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xueping Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jintao Lou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Ziyi Cai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Guisheng Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Wenji Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Su-Hua Sha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Yiqing Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Shenshan Medical Center, Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shanwei, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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Li M, Tang H, Li Z, Tang W. Emerging Treatment Strategies for Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Neuroscience 2022; 507:112-124. [PMID: 36341725 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CI/RI) injury is a common feature of ischemic stroke which occurs when the blood supply is restored after a period of ischemia in the brain. Reduced blood-flow to the brain during CI/RI compromises neuronal cell health as a result of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, cytokine production, inflammation and tissue damage. Reperfusion therapy during CI/RI can restore the blood flow to ischemic regions of brain which are not yet infarcted. The long-term goal of CI/RI therapy is to reduce stroke-related neuronal cell death, disability and mortality. A range of drug and interventional therapies have emerged that can alleviate CI/RI mediated oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the brain. Herein, we review recent studies on CI/RI interventions for which a mechanism of action has been described and the potential of these therapeutic modalities for future use in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxing Li
- College of Acupuncture and Massage (Rehabilitation Medical College), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Heyong Tang
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (School of Life Sciences), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Acupuncture and Massage (Rehabilitation Medical College), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Wei Tang
- College of Acupuncture and Massage (Rehabilitation Medical College), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
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Han H, Liu C, Li M, Wang J, Liu YS, Zhou Y, Li ZC, Hu R, Li ZH, Wang RM, Guan YY, Zhang B, Wang GL. Increased intracellular Cl - concentration mediates neutrophil extracellular traps formation in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2848-2861. [PMID: 35513433 PMCID: PMC9622838 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00911-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play crucial roles in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases such as acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Our preliminary study shows that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced NET formation is accompanied by an elevated intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl-]i) and reduced cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) expression in freshly isolated human blood neutrophils. Herein we investigated whether and how [Cl-]i regulated NET formation in vitro and in vivo. We showed that neutrophil [Cl-]i and NET levels were increased in global CFTR null (Cftr-/-) mice in the resting state, which was mimicked by intravenous injection of the CFTR inhibitor, CFTRinh-172, in wild-type mice. OxLDL-induced NET formation was aggravated by defective CFTR function. Clamping [Cl-]i at high levels directly triggered NET formation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that increased [Cl-]i by CFTRinh-172 or CFTR knockout increased the phosphorylation of serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible protein kinase 1 (SGK1) and generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species in neutrophils, and promoted oxLDL-induced NET formation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Consistently, peripheral blood samples obtained from atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice or stable angina (SA) and ST-elevation ACS (STE-ACS) patients exhibited increased neutrophil [Cl-]i and SGK1 activity, decreased CFTR expression, and elevated NET levels. VX-661, a CFTR corrector, reduced the NET formation in the peripheral blood sample obtained from oxLDL-injected mice, ApoE-/- atherosclerotic mice or patients with STE-ACS by lowering neutrophil [Cl-]i. These results demonstrate that elevated neutrophil [Cl-]i during the development of atherosclerosis and ACS contributes to increased NET formation via Cl--sensitive SGK1 signaling, suggesting that defective CFTR function might be a novel therapeutic target for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Mei Li
- VIP Healthcare Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yao-Sheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zi-Cheng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ruo-Mei Wang
- School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yong-Yuan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- VIP Healthcare Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Guan-Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Lu LY, Pan N, Huang ZH, Wang JS, Tang YB, Sun HS, Han H, Yang HY, Zhu JZ, Guan YY, Zhang B, Li DZ, Wang GL. CFTR Suppresses Neointimal Formation Through Attenuating Proliferation and Migration of Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 79:914-924. [PMID: 35266910 PMCID: PMC9162269 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) plays important roles in arterial functions and the fate of cells. To further understand its function in vascular remodeling, we examined whether CFTR directly regulates platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation and migration, as well as the balloon injury-induced neointimal formation. The CFTR adenoviral gene delivery was used to evaluate the effects of CFTR on neointimal formation in a rat model of carotid artery balloon injury. The roles of CFTR in PDGF-BB-stimulated VSMC proliferation and migration were detected by mitochondrial tetrazolium assay, wound healing assay, transwell chamber method, western blot, and qPCR. We found that CFTR expression was declined in injured rat carotid arteries, while adenoviral overexpression of CFTR in vivo attenuated neointimal formation in carotid arteries. CFTR overexpression inhibited PDGF-BB-induced VSMC proliferation and migration, whereas CFTR silencing caused the opposite results. Mechanistically, CFTR suppressed the phosphorylation of PDGF receptor β, serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1, JNK, p38 and ERK induced by PDGF-BB, and the increased mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and MMP2 induced by PDGF-BB. In conclusion, our results indicated that CFTR may attenuate neointimal formation by suppressing PDGF-BB-induced activation of serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 and the JNK/p38/ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Yi Lu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ni Pan
- Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Han Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Song Wang
- Vascular surgery department, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Yong-Bo Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Departments of Surgery, Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han-Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Zhen Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Yuan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Zhi Li
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guan-Lei Wang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Gao M, Ma MM, Lu FT, Huang CC, Sun L, Lv XF, Zhang B, Wang GL, Guan YY. Low Chloride-Regulated ClC-5 Contributes to Arterial Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Cerebrovascular Remodeling. Hypertension 2022; 79:e73-e85. [PMID: 35144478 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low serum chloride (Cl-) level is considered an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality associated with chronic hypertension. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. ClC-5, a member of the Cl- channel family, is sensitive to changes in intracellular and extracellular Cl- concentration and conducts outwardly rectifying Cl- currents. The aims of this study were to determine if ClC-5 is regulated by low extracellular Cl-, clarify its putative roles in hypertension-induced cerebrovascular remodeling, and elucidate the associated underlying mechanisms. METHODS Whole-cell patch technique, intracellular Cl- concentration measurements, flow cytometry, Western blot, Clcn5 knockdown (Clcn5-/y), and adenovirus-mediated ClC-5 overexpression mice, 2-kidney, 2-clip, and angiotensin II infusion-induced hypertensive models were used. RESULTS We found that low extracellular Cl- evoked a ClC-5-dependent Cl- current that was abolished by ClC-5 depletion in basilar artery smooth muscle cells. ClC-5 was upregulated in the arterial tissues of rats and patients with hypertension. Low Cl--induced current and ClC-5 protein expression positively correlated with basilar artery remodeling during hypertension. ClC-5 knockdown ameliorated hypertension-induced cerebrovascular remodeling and smooth muscle cell proliferation, whereas ClC-5 overexpression mice exhibited the opposite phenotype. ClC-5-dependent Cl- efflux induced by low extracellular Cl- activated WNK1 (lysine-deficient protein kinase 1) which, in turn, activated AKT, and culminated in basilar artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and vascular remodeling. CONCLUSIONS ClC-5 mediates low Cl--induced Cl- currents in basilar artery smooth muscle cells and regulates hypertension-induced cerebrovascular remodeling by promoting basilar artery smooth muscle cell proliferation via the WNK1/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine (M.G., M.-M.M., F.-T.L., C.-C.H., L.S., X.-F.L., G.-L.W., Y.-Y.G.).,Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. (M.G., C.-C.H.)
| | - Ming-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine (M.G., M.-M.M., F.-T.L., C.-C.H., L.S., X.-F.L., G.-L.W., Y.-Y.G.)
| | - Feng-Ting Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine (M.G., M.-M.M., F.-T.L., C.-C.H., L.S., X.-F.L., G.-L.W., Y.-Y.G.)
| | - Cheng-Cui Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine (M.G., M.-M.M., F.-T.L., C.-C.H., L.S., X.-F.L., G.-L.W., Y.-Y.G.).,Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. (M.G., C.-C.H.)
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine (M.G., M.-M.M., F.-T.L., C.-C.H., L.S., X.-F.L., G.-L.W., Y.-Y.G.).,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China (L.S.)
| | - Xiao-Fei Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine (M.G., M.-M.M., F.-T.L., C.-C.H., L.S., X.-F.L., G.-L.W., Y.-Y.G.)
| | - Bin Zhang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, China (B.Z.)
| | - Guan-Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine (M.G., M.-M.M., F.-T.L., C.-C.H., L.S., X.-F.L., G.-L.W., Y.-Y.G.)
| | - Yong-Yuan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine (M.G., M.-M.M., F.-T.L., C.-C.H., L.S., X.-F.L., G.-L.W., Y.-Y.G.)
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8
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Scott J, Jones AM, Piper Hanley K, Athwal VS. Review article: epidemiology, pathogenesis and management of liver disease in adults with cystic fibrosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 55:389-400. [PMID: 35048397 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic fibrosis-related liver disease (CFLD) is the leading cause of death in cystic fibrosis (CF), after pulmonary disease. To improve identification and management of this condition requires an understanding of the underlying disease mechanism. AIMS This review summarises the current understanding of CFLD epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis and management. METHODS Relevant reports on cystic fibrosis liver disease were identified using a literature search and summarised. RESULTS CFLD is a heterogeneous condition with several different co-existent pathologies, including environmental and genetic factors. Incidence of clinically significant CFLD continues at a linear rate into early adulthood and has been described in up to 25% of CF patients. Diagnosis strategies lack precision and patient risk stratification needs to look beyond Childs-Pugh scoring. Efficacious therapies are lacking and, at present, newer modulator therapies lack data in CFLD and carry an increased risk of hepatotoxicity. Outcomes of liver transplant are comparable to non-CF transplant indications. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of CFLD increases with age and hence is increasingly important to adult patients with CF. Effective therapies are lacking. For progress to be made a better understanding of pathogenesis and disease detection are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Scott
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust UK, Manchester, UK
| | - Karen Piper Hanley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Varinder S Athwal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Strub MD, Gao L, Tan K, McCray PB. Analysis of multiple gene co-expression networks to discover interactions favoring CFTR biogenesis and ΔF508-CFTR rescue. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:258. [PMID: 34717611 PMCID: PMC8557508 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that expression of a miR-138 mimic or knockdown of SIN3A in primary cultures of cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelia increased ΔF508-CFTR mRNA and protein levels, and partially restored CFTR-dependent chloride transport. Global mRNA transcript profiling in ΔF508-CFBE cells treated with miR-138 mimic or SIN3A siRNA identified two genes, SYVN1 and NEDD8, whose inhibition significantly increased ΔF508-CFTR trafficking, maturation, and function. Little is known regarding the dynamic changes in the CFTR gene network during such rescue events. We hypothesized that analysis of condition-specific gene networks from transcriptomic data characterizing ΔF508-CFTR rescue could help identify dynamic gene modules associated with CFTR biogenesis. METHODS We applied a computational method, termed M-module, to analyze multiple gene networks, each of which exhibited differential activity compared to a baseline condition. In doing so, we identified both unique and shared gene pathways across multiple differential networks. To construct differential networks, gene expression data from CFBE cells were divided into three groups: (1) siRNA inhibition of NEDD8 and SYVN1; (2) miR-138 mimic and SIN3A siRNA; and (3) temperature (27 °C for 24 h, 40 °C for 24 h, and 27 °C for 24 h followed by 40 °C for 24 h). RESULTS Interrogation of individual networks (e.g., NEDD8/SYVN1 network), combinations of two networks (e.g., NEDD8/SYVN1 + temperature networks), and all three networks yielded sets of 1-modules, 2-modules, and 3-modules, respectively. Gene ontology analysis revealed significant enrichment of dynamic modules in pathways including translation, protein metabolic/catabolic processes, protein complex assembly, and endocytosis. Candidate CFTR effectors identified in the analysis included CHURC1, GZF1, and RPL15, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of these genes partially restored CFTR-dependent transepithelial chloride current to ΔF508-CFBE cells. CONCLUSIONS The ability of the M-module to identify dynamic modules involved in ΔF508 rescue provides a novel approach for studying CFTR biogenesis and identifying candidate suppressors of ΔF508.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Strub
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, 6320 PBDB, 169 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52245, USA
| | - Long Gao
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kai Tan
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Paul B McCray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, 6320 PBDB, 169 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52245, USA.
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10
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Lukasiak A, Zajac M. The Distribution and Role of the CFTR Protein in the Intracellular Compartments. Membranes (Basel) 2021; 11:membranes11110804. [PMID: 34832033 PMCID: PMC8618639 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disease that mainly affects secretory organs in humans. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding CFTR with the most common phenylalanine deletion at position 508. CFTR is an anion channel mainly conducting Cl− across the apical membranes of many different epithelial cells, the impairment of which causes dysregulation of epithelial fluid secretion and thickening of the mucus. This, in turn, leads to the dysfunction of organs such as the lungs, pancreas, kidney and liver. The CFTR protein is mainly localized in the plasma membrane; however, there is a growing body of evidence that it is also present in the intracellular organelles such as the endosomes, lysosomes, phagosomes and mitochondria. Dysfunction of the CFTR protein affects not only the ion transport across the epithelial tissues, but also has an impact on the proper functioning of the intracellular compartments. The review aims to provide a summary of the present state of knowledge regarding CFTR localization and function in intracellular compartments, the physiological role of this localization and the consequences of protein dysfunction at cellular, epithelial and organ levels. An in-depth understanding of intracellular processes involved in CFTR impairment may reveal novel opportunities in pharmacological agents of cystic fibrosis.
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11
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Liu X, Chen Y, You B, Peng Y, Chen Y, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Chen J. Molecular mechanism mediating enteric bacterial translocation after severe burn: the role of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Burns Trauma 2021; 9:tkaa042. [PMID: 33501367 PMCID: PMC7809362 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Gut ischemia and hypoxia post severe burn leads to breakdown of intestinal epithelial
barrier and enteric bacterial translocation (EBT), resulting in serious complications,
such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis and multiple organ failure.
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is known to be downregulated
by hypoxia and modulate junctional complexes, which are crucial structures maintaining
the intestinal barrier. This study aimed to investigate whether CFTR plays a role in
both regulating the intestinal barrier and mediating EBT post severe burn, as well as
the signaling pathways involved in these processes. Methods An in vitro Caco-2 cell model subjected to hypoxic injury and an
in vivo mouse model with a 30% total body surface area full-thickness
dermal burn were established. DF 508 mice (mice with F508del CFTR gene mutation) were
used as an in vivo model to further demonstrate the role of CFTR in maintaining normal
intestinal barrier function. QRT-PCR, western blot, ELISA, TER assay and
immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expression and localization of CFTR
and tight junction proteins, as well as the function of tight junctions. Results Our data indicated that, in Caco-2 cells, the hypoxia condition significantly reduced
CFTR expression; activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and nuclear factor-κB
signaling; elevated secretion of inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor-α,
interleukin-1β and interleukin-8); downregulated zonula occludens-1, occludin and
E-cadherin expression; decreased transepithelial electrical resistance values; and led
to a cellular mislocation of ZO-1. More importantly, knockdown of CFTR caused similar
alterations. The upregulation of inflammatory factors and downregulation of tight
junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) induced by knockdown of CFTR could be reversed by
specific extracellular signal-regulated kinase or nuclear factor-κB inhibition. In
support of the in vitro data, exuberant secretion of pro-inflammatory
mediators and EBT was observed in the intestine of severely burnt mice in
vivo. EBT occurred in DF508 mice (mice with the F508del CFTR gene mutation),
accompanied by augmented tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-8
levels in the ileum compared to wildtype mice. In addition, vitamin D3 was shown to
protect the intestinal epithelial barrier from hypoxic injury. Conclusions Collectively, the present study illustrated that CFTR and downstream signaling were
critical in modulating the intestinal epithelial junction and EBT post severe burn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Proteomics Disease, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital), Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Gao Tan Yan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Proteomics Disease, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital), Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Gao Tan Yan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Bo You
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Proteomics Disease, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital), Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Gao Tan Yan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.,Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, No. 958 Hospital of Army, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Jian Xin Dong Street, Chongqing 400020, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yajie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Proteomics Disease, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital), Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Gao Tan Yan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zichen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Proteomics Disease, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital), Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Gao Tan Yan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Proteomics Disease, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital), Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Gao Tan Yan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
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12
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Gao JW, He WB, Xie CM, Gao M, Feng LY, Liu ZY, Wang JF, Huang H, Liu PM. Aldosterone enhances high phosphate-induced vascular calcification through inhibition of AMPK-mediated autophagy. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:13648-13659. [PMID: 33150736 PMCID: PMC7754028 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains unclear whether the necessity of calcified mellitus induced by high inorganic phosphate (Pi) is required and the roles of autophagy plays in aldosterone (Aldo)‐enhanced vascular calcification (VC) and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) osteogenic differentiation. In the present study, we found that Aldo enhanced VC both in vivo and in vitro only in the presence of high Pi, alongside with increased expression of VSMC osteogenic proteins (BMP2, Runx2 and OCN) and decreased expression of VSMC contractile proteins (α‐SMA, SM22α and smoothelin). However, these effects were blocked by mineralocorticoid receptor inhibitor, spironolactone. In addition, the stimulatory effects of Aldo on VSMC calcification were further accelerated by the autophagy inhibitor, 3‐MA, and were counteracted by the autophagy inducer, rapamycin. Moreover, inhibiting adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) by Compound C attenuated Aldo/MR‐enhanced VC. These results suggested that Aldo facilitates high Pi‐induced VSMC osteogenic phenotypic switch and calcification through MR‐mediated signalling pathways that involve AMPK‐dependent autophagy, which provided new insights into Aldo excess‐associated VC in various settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Bing He
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Ming Xie
- Cardiovascular Department, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei-Yu Feng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Yu Liu
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Feng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Cardiovascular Department, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pin-Ming Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Chen H, Chen W, Yao Y, Ye N, Hou N, Luo J. Upregulation of CFTR Protects against Palmitate-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction by Enhancing Autophagic Flux. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020; 2020:8345246. [PMID: 33123317 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8345246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Saturated free fatty acids (FFAs) elevate in metabolic symptom leading to endothelial dysfunction. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) functionally expresses in endothelial cells. The role of CFTR in FFA-induced endothelial dysfunction remains unclear. This study is aimed at exploring the effects of CFTR on palmitate- (PA-) induced endothelial dysfunction and its underlying mechanisms. We found that PA-induced endothelial dysfunction is characterized by a decrease of cell viability, reduction of NO generation and mitochondrial membrane potential, impairment of the tube formation, but an increase of ROS generation and cell apoptosis. Simultaneously, PA decreased CFTR protein expression. CFTR agonist Forskolin upregulated CFTR protein expression and protected against PA-induced endothelial dysfunction, while CFTR knockdown exacerbated endothelial dysfunction induced by PA and blunted the protective effects of Forskolin. In addition, PA impaired autophagic flux, and autophagic flux inhibitors aggravated PA-induced endothelial apoptosis. CFTR upregulation significantly restored autophagic flux in PA-insulted endothelial cells, which was involved in increasing the protein expression of Atg16L, Atg12-Atg5 complex, cathepsin B, and cathepsin D. In contrast, CFTR knockdown significantly inhibited the effects of Forskolin on autophagic flux and the expression of the autophagy-regulated proteins. Our findings illustrate that CFTR upregulation protects against PA-induced endothelial dysfunction by improving autophagic flux and underlying mechanisms are involved in enhancing autophagic signaling mediated by the Atg16L-Atg12-Atg5 complex, cathepsin B, and cathepsin D. CFTR might serve as a novel drug target for endothelial protection in cardiovascular diseases with a characteristic of elevation of FFAs.
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14
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Chen BY, Huang CC, Lv XF, Zheng HQ, Zhang YJ, Sun L, Wang GL, Ma MM, Guan YY. SGK1 mediates the hypotonic protective effect against H 2O 2-induced apoptosis of rat basilar artery smooth muscle cells by inhibiting the FOXO3a/Bim signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1073-1084. [PMID: 32139897 PMCID: PMC7470837 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinease-1 (SGK1) is a serine/threonine kinase regulated by hypotonic stimuli, which is involved in regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis. Our previous study shows that activation of volume-regulated Cl- channels (VRCCs) protects rat basilar artery smooth muscle cells (BASMCs) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced apoptosis. In the present study, we investigated whether SGK1 was involved in the protective effect of VRCCs in BASMCs. We showed that hypotonic challenge significantly reduced H2O2-induced apoptosis, and increased SGK1 phosphorylation, but did not affect SGK1 protein expression. The protective effect of hypotonic challenge against H2O2-induced apoptosis was mediated through inhibiting mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway, evidenced by increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio, stabilizing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), decreased cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm, and inhibition of the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. These protective effects of hypotonic challenge against H2O2-induced apoptosis was diminished and enhanced, respectively, by SGK1 knockdown and overexpression. We further revealed that SGK1 activation significantly increased forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) phosphorylation, and then inhibited the translocation of FOXO3a into nucleus and the subsequent expression of Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death (Bim). In conclusion, SGK1 mediates the protective effect of VRCCs against H2O2-induced apoptosis in BASMCs via inhibiting FOXO3a/Bim signaling pathway. Our results provide compelling evidences that SGK1 is a critical link between VRCCs and apoptosis, and shed a new light on the treatment of vascular apoptosis-associated diseases, such as vascular remodeling, angiogenesis, and atherosclerosis.
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15
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Liu J, Ou C, Zhu X, Tan C, Xiang X, He Y. Potential role of CFTR in bisphenol A-induced malignant transformation of prostate cells via mitochondrial apoptosis. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:531-539. [PMID: 32729384 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720943750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental endocrine disruptor and a risk factor for prostate cancer. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is proposed to be a prostate cancer suppressor in some recent researches. However, the potential role and mechanism of CFTR in BPA-induced prostate cancer cells has not been well identified. In this study, BPA decreased the viability of human normal prostate RWPE-1 cells detected with a CCK-8 kit. The capacity of the cell line on soft agar colony formation, wound healing, and transwell invasion indicated malignant transformation induced by BPA. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the levels of CFTR and Bcl-2 decreased, whereas Bax level increased, and ELISA detection showed a decreased ATP level in BPA-exposed cells. Cell apoptosis was analyzed with Annexin V-FITC Detection Kit by flow cytometry. However, no significant difference was observed in cell viability and apoptosis rates compared to normal RWPE-1 cells. Our research revealed a potential role of CFTR in BPA-induced malignant transformation via mitochondrial apoptosis of normal prostate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, 74716Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Chaoyan Ou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, 74716Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiaonian Zhu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, 74716Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Chao Tan
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, 74716Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xuebao Xiang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of 74716Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yonghua He
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, 74716Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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Zeng XL, Sun L, Zheng HQ, Wang GL, Du YH, Lv XF, Ma MM, Guan YY. Smooth muscle-specific TMEM16A expression protects against angiotensin II-induced cerebrovascular remodeling via suppressing extracellular matrix deposition. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 134:131-143. [PMID: 31301303 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular remodeling is the leading factor for stroke and characterized by increased extracellular matrix deposition, migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and inhibition of their apoptosis. TMEM16A is an important component of Ca2+-activated Cl- channels. Previously, we showed that downregulation of TMEM16A in the basilar artery was negatively correlated with cerebrovascular remodeling during hypertension. However, it is unclear whether TMEM16A participates in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced vascular remodeling in mice that have TMEM16A gene modification. In this study, we generated a transgenic mouse that overexpresses TMEM16A specifically in vascular smooth muscle cells. We observed that vascular remodeling in the basilar artery during Ang II-induced hypertension was significantly suppressed upon vascular smooth muscle-specific overexpression of TMEM16A relative to control mice. Specifically, we observed a large reduction in the deposition of fibronectin and collagen I. The expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) were upregulated in the basilar artery during Ang II-induced hypertension, but this was suppressed upon overexpression of TMEM16A in blood vessels. Furthermore, TMEM16A overexpression alleviated the overactivity of the canonical TGF-β1/Smad3, and non-canonical TGF-β1/ERK and JNK pathways in the basilar artery during Ang II-induced hypertension. These in vivo results were similar to the results derived in vitro with basilar artery smooth muscle cells stimulated by Ang II. Moreover, we observed that the inhibitory effect of TMEM16A on MMPs was mediated by decreasing the activation of WNK1, which is a Cl--sensitive serine/threonine kinase. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that TMEM16A protects against cerebrovascular remodeling during hypertension by suppressing extracellular matrix deposition. We also showed that TMEM16A exerts this effect by reducing the expression of MMPs via inhibiting WNK1, and decreasing the subsequent activities of TGF-β1/Smad3, ERK, and JNK. Accordingly, our results suggest that TMEM16A may serve as a novel therapeutic target for vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lin Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Qing Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guan-Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yan-Hua Du
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiao-Fei Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ming-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yong-Yuan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Zhong X, Chen HQ, Yang XL, Wang Q, Chen W, Li C. CFTR activation suppresses glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019;508:1279-1285. [PMID: 30573361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the function of Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in human glioblastoma (GBM) cells. Data dining results of the Human Protein Atlas showed that low CFTR expression was associated with poor prognosis for GBM patients. We found that CFTR protein expression was lower in U87 and U251 GBM cells than that in normal humane astrocyte cells. CFTR activation significantly reduced GBM cell proliferation. In addition, CFTR activation significantly abrogated migration and invasion of GBM cells. Besides, CFTR activator Forskolin treatment markedly reduced MMP-2 protein expression. These effects of CFTR activation were significantly inhibited by CFTR inhibitor CFTRinh-172 pretreatment. Our findings suggested that JAK2/STAT3 signaling was involved in the anti-glioblastoma effects of CFTR activation. Moreover, CFTR overexpression in combination with Forskolin induced a synergistic anti-proliferative response in U87 cells. Overall, our findings demonstrated that CFTR activation suppressed GBM cell proliferation, migration and invasion likely through the inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 signaling.
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18
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Zeng J, Chen B, Lv X, Sun L, Zeng X, Zheng H, Du Y, Wang G, Ma M, Guan Y. Transmembrane member 16A participates in hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis by facilitating mitochondria-dependent pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3669-3684. [PMID: 29968377 PMCID: PMC6109215 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Transmembrane member 16A (TMEM16A), an intrinsic constituent of the Ca2+ -activated Cl- channel, is involved in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and hypertension-induced cerebrovascular remodelling. However, the functional significance of TMEM16A for apoptosis in basilar artery smooth muscle cells (BASMCs) remains elusive. Here, we investigated whether and how TMEM16A contributes to apoptosis in BASMCs. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cell viability assay, flow cytometry, Western blot, mitochondrial membrane potential assay, immunogold labelling and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) were performed. KEY RESULTS Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) induced BASMC apoptosis through a mitochondria-dependent pathway, including by increasing the apoptosis rate, down-regulating the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and potentiating the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm. These effects were all reversed by the silencing of TMEM16A and were further potentiated by the overexpression of TMEM16A. Endogenous TMEM16A was detected in the mitochondrial fraction. Co-IP revealed an interaction between TMEM16A and cyclophilin D, a component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). This interaction was up-regulated by H2 O2 but restricted by cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of cyclophilin D. TMEM16A increased mPTP opening, resulting in the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. The results obtained with cultured BASMCs from TMEM16A smooth muscle-specific knock-in mice were consistent with those from rat BASMCs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that TMEM16A participates in H2 O2 -induced apoptosis via modulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability in VSMCs. This study establishes TMEM16A as a target for therapy of several remodelling-related diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anoctamin-1/physiology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase F
- Cyclophilins/metabolism
- Cytochromes c/metabolism
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Male
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Muscle/enzymology
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Wei Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of PharmacyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bao‐Yi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiao‐Fei Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xue‐Lin Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of PharmacyThe Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Hua‐Qing Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yan‐Hua Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Guan‐Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ming‐Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yong‐Yuan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Zhang YP, Zhang Y, Xiao ZB, Zhang YB, Zhang J, Li ZQ, Zhu YB. CFTR prevents neuronal apoptosis following cerebral ischemia reperfusion via regulating mitochondrial oxidative stress. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:611-620. [PMID: 29761302 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is linked to cell apoptosis and abundantly expressed in brain tissue. Mitochondrial oxidative stress plays a key role in activating apoptotic pathway following cerebral ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. Reduced glutathione (GSH) is exclusively synthesized in cytosol but distributed in mitochondria. In the present study, we investigated whether CFTR affected mitochondrial oxidative stress via regulating GSH and thereby protected neurons against apoptosis following cerebral IR. Brains were subjected to global IR by four-vessel occlusion and CFTR activator forskolin (FSK) was used in vivo. CFTR silence was performed in vitro for neurons by RNA interference. We found that FSK suppressed neuronal apoptosis whereas CFTR silence enhanced neuronal apoptosis. FSK prevented the elevations in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase activities while FSK inhibited the reductions in complex I activity and mitochondrial GSH level following IR. FSK decreased mitochondrial oxidative stress partially and preserved mitochondrial function. On the contrary, CFTR silence exaggerated mitochondrial dysfunction. CFTR loss increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level and decreased GSH level in mitochondria. Importantly, we showed that CFTR was located on mitochondrial membrane. GSH transport assay suggested that GSH decrease may be a consequence not a reason for mitochondrial oxidative stress mediated by CFTR disruption. Our results highlight the central role of CFTR in the pathogenesis of cerebral IR injury. CFTR regulates neuronal apoptosis following cerebral IR via mitochondrial oxidative stress-dependent pathway. The mechanism of CFTR-mediated mitochondrial oxidative stress needs further studies. KEY MESSAGES: CFTR activation protects brain tissue against IR-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress. CFTR disruption enhances H2O2-induced neuronal apoptosis and CFTR loss leads to mitochondrial oxidative stress. CFTR regulates IR-induced neuronal apoptosis via mitochondrial oxidative stress. CFTR may be a potential therapeutic target to cerebral IR damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Zhang
- The Heart Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- The Heart Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Xiao
- The Heart Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yan-Bo Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Pediatric Heart Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery II, Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, 56 Nan-Li-Shi Road, 100045, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao-Bin Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery II, Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, 56 Nan-Li-Shi Road, 100045, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Zhu X, Lei Y, Tan F, Gong L, Gong H, Yang W, Chen T, Zhang Z, Cai W, Hou B, Wang X, Sun H, Zhou Y, Qiu L. Vaccarin protects human microvascular endothelial cells from apoptosis via attenuation of HDAC1 and oxidative stress. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 818:371-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Li Z, Shen Z, Xue H, Cheng S, Ji Q, Liu Y, Yang X. CFTR protects against vascular inflammation and atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170680. [PMID: 28615349 DOI: 10.1042/BSR20170680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vascular wall. Dysfunction of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) has been shown to result in inflammatory responses in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. However, little is known about the role of CFTR in vascular inflammation and atherogenesis. Our results showed that CFTR was dominantly expressed in macrophages of atherosclerotic plaque and reduced in aorta and aortic sinus from atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE−/−) mice. In vivo administration of adenovirus encoding CFTR (Ad-CFTR) with apoE−/− mice fed on high-fat diet (HFD) improved plaque stability by decreasing lipid accumulation and necrotic area and increasing smooth muscle cell content and collagen. The Ad-CFTR-treated mice also displayed reduced proinflammatory cytokines levels in aorta and peritoneal macrophages, whereas the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage markers were increased. Confocal microscopy revealed that the infiltration of T lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages in aortic sinus was markedly attenuated in Ad-CFTR-treated apoE−/− mice. Moreover, in vitro experiments showed that overexpression of CFTR inhibited ox-LDL-induced the migration of peritoneal macrophages. Finally, it was observed that CFTR up-regulation suppressed NFκB and MAPKs activity induced by ox-LDL. Inhibition of JNK or ERK abrogated CFTR down-regulation induced NFκB activation, whereas NFκB inhibitor had no effect on JNK or ERK activation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CFTR prevents inflammation and atherogenesis via inhibition of NFκB and MAPKs activation. Our data suggest that CFTR may present a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of vascular inflammation and development of atherosclerotic disease.
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Yang A, Sun Y, Mao C, Yang S, Huang M, Deng M, Ding N, Yang X, Zhang M, Jin S, Jiang Y, Huang Y. Folate Protects Hepatocytes of Hyperhomocysteinemia Mice From Apoptosis via Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR)-Activated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2921-2932. [PMID: 28230279 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anning Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology; West China College of Preclinical and Forensic Medical Sciences; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Caiyan Mao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan China
| | - Songhao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan China
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology; West China College of Preclinical and Forensic Medical Sciences; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Mei Deng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan China
| | - Xiaoling Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan China
| | - Minghao Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan China
| | - Shaoju Jin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan China
| | - Yideng Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology; West China College of Preclinical and Forensic Medical Sciences; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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