1
|
Bajada JEC, Grey W, Ciaffoni S, Hinton JDX. Exploring the Relationships Between Body Image, Sexual Well-Being, and Community Connectedness among Gay, Bisexual and Queer+ Men. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2025; 62:724-734. [PMID: 38836791 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2024.2360599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Sexual minority (SM) men are more likely than heterosexual men to experience body dissatisfaction due to prevailing body ideals (e.g. lean and muscular) within the SM community. Negative body image can have harmful effects on well-being, and, by extension, sexual well-being. The current study aimed to investigate whether SM men's minority identification and LGBTQ+ community connectedness moderates the relationship between drives for muscularity and sexual anxiety. To address this aim, 298 Australian-residing SM men completed an online survey that examined drive for muscularity, sexual anxiety, and connectedness or identification with the LGBTQ+ and SM-specific communities. As hypothesized, the results showed a positive relationship between drive for muscularity and sexual anxiety. Additionally, LGBTQ+ community connectedness, but importantly not SM identification, was found to moderate this relationship, showing a positive association only when connection was at low or average levels. These results highlight the beneficial effects that LGBTQ+ community connection can have for SM men, such as protecting them against the harmful impacts of poor body image on sexual well-being. These results also provide preliminary insights into the need to expand the understandings of bodily diversity, and diversity of sexual well-being experiences, among SM men less connected to the broader LGBTQ+ community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wesley Grey
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne
| | - Stefano Ciaffoni
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna
| | - Jordan D X Hinton
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health, and Society, La Trobe University
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
An LT, Waling A, Bourne A. Body image research among sexual minority men in the Mekong region: A scoping review. Body Image 2025; 52:101850. [PMID: 39798385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2025] [Indexed: 01/15/2025]
Abstract
Body image among sexual minority men (SMM) has received increasing attention. However, the current literature has primarily focused on white SMM and body image and physical appearance concerns among SMM. In response to a call for more nuance in understanding how SMM perceive and make sense of their body image in a broader sociocultural context, we conducted a scoping review to examine the extent and nature of body image research among SMM in the Mekong region. We searched CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus, PsycInfo-1806 (Ovid), ProQuest Central, Social Science Premium Collection, and Web of Science and identified 25 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the findings suggest that body image research in the Mekong region is limited in the range of topics, study populations, and methods, with quantitative studies on preferences for masculine physical traits among young and well-educated Chinese SMM dominating. Furthermore, the current literature is primarily influenced by Western scholarship, which predominantly uses Western measurement and theories. We encourage scholars from other countries in the region, including Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Thailand, to engage sociocultural approaches in research on the body image of SMM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ly T An
- Department of Global Health, School of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Vietnam.
| | | | - Adam Bourne
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health & Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brennan-Ing M, Haberlen S, Ware D, Meanley S, Palella FJ, Bolan R, Cook JA, Okafor CN, Friedman MR, Plankey MW. Does Resilience Mediate the Relationship Between Negative Self-Image and Psychological Distress in Middle-Aged and Older Gay and Bisexual Men? Res Aging 2025; 47:33-46. [PMID: 38886913 PMCID: PMC11781278 DOI: 10.1177/01640275241261414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Aging gay and bisexual men may have negative self-images due to body image dissatisfaction and internalized ageism, resulting in psychological distress. Gay and bisexual men with HIV may be at greater risk for distress because of research linking HIV to accelerated aging. We examined associations between self-image and psychological distress, and potential mediating effects (resilience, fitness engagement), and whether these relationships were moderated by HIV serostatus. We tested our hypotheses with structural equation modeling using data from gay and bisexual men with HIV (n = 525, Mage = 57.6) and without HIV (n = 501, Mage = 62.2). We observed significant positive associations between self-image and distress and significant mediation effects (resilience, fitness engagement) that were moderated by HIV serostatus (resilience was only significant for men with HIV). We conclude that resilience interventions may be beneficial in alleviating distress from negative self-image among aging gay and bisexual men with HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Brennan-Ing
- Brookdale Center for Healthy Aging, Hunter College, the City University of New York
| | | | - Deanna Ware
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Georgetown University
| | - Steven Meanley
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing
| | - Frank J. Palella
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Robert Bolan
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Judith A. Cook
- Center on Mental Health Services Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Chukwuemeka N. Okafor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio
| | | | - Michael W. Plankey
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Georgetown University
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Austen E, Griffiths S. Body fat and muscularity dissatisfaction are not prospectively associated with psychological wellbeing among sexual minority men: A case for separating within- and between-person variation in examinations of body image phenomena and their outcomes. Body Image 2024; 51:101783. [PMID: 39153449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Extensive cross-sectional research reports that body fat and muscularity dissatisfaction contribute to negative psychological outcomes among sexual minority men; however, longitudinal models are necessary for accurately quantifying the strength and direction of these relationships. We investigated the bidirectional longitudinal relationships of body fat and muscularity dissatisfaction with psychological quality of life among 2953 sexual minority men using random intercept cross-lagged panel models. Consistent with existing literature, we found that higher average muscularity and body fat dissatisfaction were associated with higher average psychological quality of life impairment between-persons. Unexpectedly, these constructs were not significantly associated within-persons/longitudinally. These findings conflict existing literature's conclusions that muscularity and body fat dissatisfaction consistently contribute to poorer psychological wellbeing in this population. A significant between-person relationship in the absence of within-person relationships suggests that intermediary constructs (e.g., body ideal internalization) may account for the between-person effects of muscularity and body fat dissatisfaction on psychological wellbeing. Future research can accurately estimate these effects and identify reliable intervention targets by ensuring that within- and between-person relationships are examined separately, rather than being conflated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Austen
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Scott Griffiths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
An TL, Waling A, Bourne A. Body Image Perceptions and Visualization of Vietnamese Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM). JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2024; 71:2686-2709. [PMID: 37756385 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2023.2253953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Research on body image among men who have sex with men (MSM) has predominantly been approached with the assumption that all MSM conform to a culturally preferred body, and have a high risk of body image concerns leading to risky behaviors and negative health outcomes. Scholars have called for a more nuanced understanding of how MSM engage with their body images. In response, we conducted 30 semi-structured interviews with Vietnamese MSM to explore their perceptions and feelings of their bodies, including their current body, idealized body, and sexually desired body. Inductive thematic analysis was utilized. The findings highlight the diversity and complexity in Vietnamese MSM's perceptions and feelings about their bodies, which Western measurements of body image and body dissatisfaction might not fully capture. The participants also acknowledge the pressure of physical appearance; however, they do not always conform to the dominant body ideals and have a high risk of body dissatisfaction. We conclude with a call for reframing the approach to gay and bisexual men's body image to understand better how they navigate complex pressures and make sense of their body image instead of assuming they are at risk of body dissatisfaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Ly An
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health & Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Global Health, School of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Andrea Waling
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health & Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam Bourne
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health & Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ristvej AJ, McLaren S, Goldie PD. The Relations Between Self-Warmth, Self-Coldness, Internalized Heterosexism, and Depressive Symptoms Among Sexual Minority Men: A Moderated-Mediation Model. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2024; 71:2478-2502. [PMID: 37695089 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2023.2245523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a prevalent mental health issue for sexual minority men (SMM), with the internalization of sexual identity-based stigma a key risk factor. Self-warmth is a protective factor and self-coldness is a risk factor for depressive symptoms, yet limited research in this area has focused on SMM. In the present study, an international sample of 1,285 gay and 487 bisexual men completed measures of depression, internalized heterosexism, and self-warmth/self-coldness. A multiple linear regression showed that internalized heterosexism explained 0.4% unique variance, self-warmth explained 0.5% unique variance, and self-coldness explained 18.8% unique variance in depressive symptoms. Self-warmth was directly and indirectly related to lower levels of depressive symptoms among SMM. In contrast, self-coldness was directly related to higher levels of depressive symptoms among SMM, and indirectly related to higher levels of depressive symptoms only for gay men. Findings should inform work aiming primarily to reduce self-coldness among SMM, thereby reducing depressive symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzanne McLaren
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, Australia
| | - Peter D Goldie
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ghazitabatabai SY, Zaid M, Forbes L, Davies A, Klassen B, Lachowsky NJ, El Khoury D. Patterns of Dietary Supplement Use among GBT2Q Men and Non-Binary Individuals in Canada. Nutrients 2024; 16:2678. [PMID: 39203814 PMCID: PMC11357370 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of research regarding dietary supplement (DS) use among Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Two-Spirit, Queer (GBT2Q) men and non-binary individuals, despite the higher prevalence of body image issues and societal pressure within this community. This study aimed to investigate patterns and predictors of DS use in this population, including types of DS used, sources of information, and reasons for DS use. A validated and anonymous online questionnaire was completed by 204 participants (52.5% men, 43.1% gay, mean age 29.34 + 6.77 years) across Canada, who were consuming DS at the time of the study. Analyses included descriptive statistics to characterize the sample based on gender, sexuality, age, ethnicity, and other demographic attributes, using Pearson's chi-square tests and multi-way cross-tabulation analyses. Additionally, regression analyses, including binary and logistic regressions, were employed to identify predictors of DS use. Data analysis concluded that vitamins/minerals (92.2%), proteins (84.3%) and carbohydrates (75.5%) were the most consumed types of supplements. Identifying as certain genders and sexualities was significantly associated with supplement preferences, such that men reported higher use of amino acids (p = 0.033) and non-vitamins/mineral antioxidants compared to individuals identifying as other genders (p = 0.006). Moreover, bisexual participants consumed amino acids (p = 0.043) and carbohydrates (p = 0.026) more frequently when compared to non-bisexual participants. The most listed reason for DS use was to improve immunity (60.3%), with health care professionals being listed as the source of information by most participants (51.0%). Findings from this study can serve as a foundation for further research in this area and can guide the formulation and implementation of adequate policies targeting this underserved population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Yasaman Ghazitabatabai
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.Y.G.); (M.Z.); (L.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Manahil Zaid
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.Y.G.); (M.Z.); (L.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Laura Forbes
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.Y.G.); (M.Z.); (L.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Adam Davies
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.Y.G.); (M.Z.); (L.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Ben Klassen
- Community Based Research Center (CBRC), Vancouver, BC V6Z 2H2, Canada;
| | - Nathan J. Lachowsky
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada;
| | - Dalia El Khoury
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.Y.G.); (M.Z.); (L.F.); (A.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Soulliard ZA, Lattanner MR, Pachankis JE. Pressure From Within: Gay-Community Stress and Body Dissatisfaction Among Sexual-Minority Men. Clin Psychol Sci 2024; 12:607-624. [PMID: 39526001 PMCID: PMC11544687 DOI: 10.1177/21677026231186789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Although intraminority gay community stress has been theorized to affect sexual minority men's body dissatisfaction, this association has not been evaluated quantitatively. In two samples of sexual minority men-one sample recruited from a population-based study of U.S. adults (n=424; Mage =54.29), the other a sample meeting diagnostic criteria for depressive, anxiety, or trauma-/stressor-related disorders (n=251; M age =26.52)-this study investigated associations between gay community stress and body dissatisfaction. In both samples, gay community stress was significantly associated with sexual minority men's greater body dissatisfaction in models that controlled for demographic and minority stress variables. In terms of specific domains of gay community stress, perceptions of the gay community's focus on sex, social status, and social competition were significant correlates of greater body dissatisfaction. Future research can determine the impact of routinely addressing gay community stress in body image and eating disorder treatments for this population.
Collapse
|
9
|
Watters S, Higgins A. Muscle dysmorphia: an under-recognised aspect of body dissatisfaction in men. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NURSING (MARK ALLEN PUBLISHING) 2024; 33:584-588. [PMID: 38900653 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2023.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Although men and women both experience eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, there are differences in the way their eating disorder may present. Body dissatisfaction or body dysmorphia in men may be more related to a drive for muscularity as opposed to thinness. Muscle dysmorphic disorder (also known as muscle dysmorphia) is a form or subtype of body dysmorphia that is characterised by an extreme desire for muscularity and a preoccupation with the idea that one's physique is too small or not sufficiently muscular. It is more common in men than women and is associated with body image distortion, excessive exercise routines, muscularity-orientated disordered eating and the use of appearance- and performance-enhancing drugs such as anabolic androgenic steroids. Risk factors for muscle dysmorphic disorder include social pressure (including to conform to gender stereotypes) and low self-esteem. The condition has negative psychological, physical, relational and financial effects. Nurses can play a role in health promotion as well as in the assessment, care and referral of men with muscle dysmorphic disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Watters
- Registered Psychiatric Nurse, and Master's Student in Applied Social Research, School of Social Work and Social Policy Trinity College Dublin
| | - Agnes Higgins
- Professor in Mental Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Le TP, Jin L, Kang N. Sexual, gendered, and internalized racism's associations with disordered eating among sexual minority Asian American men: Emotional eating as mediator. Eat Disord 2023; 31:533-552. [PMID: 37032549 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2023.2201024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Research related to disordered eating among sexual minority Asian American men is scarce. Thus, the present study utilized an intersectional framework to examine how three different forms of racism (i.e. sexual racism, gendered racism, and internalized racism) are associated with disordered eating among sexual minority Asian American men, as well as the mediating role of emotional eating. A cross-sectional survey containing the study's measures of interest were administered to participants. The final sample consisted of 180 sexual minority Asian American men. Both sexual racism and internalized racism were positively associated with disordered eating whereas gendered racism was not associated with disordered eating Emotional eating mediated the association between internalized racism and disordered eating, though it did not mediate the association between sexual racism and disordered eating. Researchers and practitioners are encouraged to utilize an intersectional framework that takes into account multiple forms of racism, especially sexual racism and internalized racism, when considering this underrepresented population's disordered eating. Results also demonstrate the importance of addressing racism in eating disorder prevention efforts among sexual minority Asian American men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Le
- Department of Psychology, Bryn Mawr College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- University of Maryland
| | - Lily Jin
- Department of Psychology, Bryn Mawr College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- University of Maryland
| | - Naru Kang
- Department of Psychology, Bryn Mawr College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- University of Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lacroix E, Smith AJ, Husain IA, Orth U, von Ranson KM. Normative body image development: A longitudinal meta-analysis of mean-level change. Body Image 2023; 45:238-264. [PMID: 36965235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
This meta-analysis synthesized longitudinal data on mean-level change in body image, focusing on the constructs of body satisfaction and dissatisfaction, body esteem, perceived attractiveness, valuation, self-objectification, and body shame. We searched five databases and accessed unpublished data to identify studies that assessed body image at two or more time points over six months or longer. Analyses were based on data from 142 samples representing a total of 128,254 participants. The age associated with the midpoint of measurement intervals ranged from 6 to 54 years. Multilevel metaregression models examined standardized yearly mean change, and the potential moderators of body image construct, gender, birth cohort, attrition rate, age, and time lag. Boys and men showed fluctuations in overall body image with net-improvements between ages 10 and 24. Girls and women showed worsening body image between ages 10 and 16, but improvements between ages 16 and 24. Change was greatest between ages 10 and 14, and stabilized around age 24. We found no effect of construct, birth cohort, or attrition rate. Results suggest a need to revise understandings of normative body image development: sensitive periods may occur somewhat earlier than previously believed, and body image may show mean-level improvements during certain age ranges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lacroix
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, 38 Dineen Dr., Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Alyssa J Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Incé A Husain
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, 38 Dineen Dr., Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Ulrich Orth
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kristin M von Ranson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shepherd BF, Denning DM, Elbe CI, Maki JL, Brochu PM. Status, sexual capital, and intraminority body stigma in a size-diverse sample of gay men. Body Image 2023; 45:219-228. [PMID: 36963337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Gay men are more likely than heterosexual men to experience social pressure based on body weight, shape, and muscularity, which may drive disparities in body image concerns and eating disorders. Utilizing a sample of 1723 gay men living in the United States, the present study examined whether sociodemographic factors (used as proxies for status and sexual capital) and frequency of attending gay-specific establishments or gatherings (community involvement) were associated with gay men's experiences of negative or discriminatory pressures based on body size and shape specifically from other gay men (intraminority body stigma). Experiences of intraminority body stigma were significantly more common among gay men who identified as higher-weight (r = 0.28), less masculine (r = -0.21), less wealthy (r = -0.21), younger (r = -0.21), or people of color (ds = 0.25-0.28). Furthermore, indicators of low status and sexual capital were indirectly associated with less frequent community involvement via more frequent experiences of intraminority body stigma. In addition to frequency, the valence of interactions between gay men should be considered when assessing body image and eating disorder risk in this population. Future research is encouraged to examine intraminority body stigma as an intersectional source of intraminority stress to inform prevention and treatment efforts for gay men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Shepherd
- Department of Clinical and School Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, United States.
| | - Dominic M Denning
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States
| | - Connor I Elbe
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, United States
| | - Justin L Maki
- Department of Clinical and School Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, United States
| | - Paula M Brochu
- Department of Clinical and School Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Why do queer men experience negative body image? A narrative review and testable stigma model. Body Image 2023; 45:94-104. [PMID: 36867966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Queer men (i.e., men who are not heterosexual; sexual minority men) are disproportionately affected by negative body image - they experience greater body dissatisfaction are more likely to develop eating disorders than heterosexual men. While existing literature has examined individual-level predictors of negative body image for queer men, less is known about why queer men as a group are disproportionately affected by negative body image. By synthesising existing theoretical frameworks, research, policy, and media reporting, this narrative review moves towards an understanding of systemic-level negative body image for queer men. Through the lens of hegemonic masculinity, we explain how systemic experiences of stigma work to inform unattainable appearance standards for queer men, and how these standards then contribute to pervasive negative body image concerns among this community. Next, we describe how systemic stigma works to exacerbate negative health outcomes for queer men with body image concerns. Finally, we present a synthesized model of the processes outlined in this review, articulate testable predictions for future studies, and describe practical implications that could be widely employed to improve body image for queer men. Our review is the first to propose a comprehensive explanation of systemic negative body image for queer men.
Collapse
|
14
|
Nowicki GP, Marchwinski BR, O'Flynn JL, Griffths S, Rodgers RF. Body image and associated factors among sexual minority men: A systematic review. Body Image 2022; 43:154-169. [PMID: 36150358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that the risk of body image concerns among sexual minority men is high. Recent work has increasingly examined body image in relation to psychological, interpersonal, and behavioral constructs, but these findings have yet to be consolidated and critically examined to identify potential risk and protective factors. The present study sought to systematically review and synthesize published findings on body image among sexual minority men. A total of 136 articles published between January 2011 and March 2022 were included. Sexual minority men were generally reported to have more negative body image compared to heterosexual men, yet findings varied across body image constructs. In correlational work, body image was often examined in relation to disordered eating, mental health, internalization of appearance ideals, objectification, sexual behavior and relationships, gay community identification and discrimination, and health concerns (e.g., HIV, AIDS). Robust relationships emerged among body image and stigma variables, including internalized homophobia and harassment related to LGBTQ+ presentation and intersecting minority identities. Sociocultural, objectification, and minority stress theories were employed to interpret findings and to delineate future directions grounded in intersectional approaches. Additional work focused on the role of stigma and discrimination in the development of these concerns across the lifespan is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve P Nowicki
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Simmons University, Boston, USA
| | - Breana R Marchwinski
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Simmons University, Boston, USA; Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Jennifer L O'Flynn
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott Griffths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency and Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Media pressure and the process of Westernization in the context of body self-assessment among young heterosexual and gay Polish men. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272907. [PMID: 35994493 PMCID: PMC9394821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass media and social networks portray a unified image of the perfect male body. The intensity and universality of this influence is an important element of the process of Westernization, especially in traditional cultures such as that of Poland. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the differences between Polish gay and heterosexual men in terms of the role played by self-esteem and the level of internalization of sociocultural standards of body appearance as predictors of the development of their body images. The research study was conducted by reference to 19- to 29-year-old Polish heterosexual (n = 287) and gay (n = 97) men. The variables were measured using Polish versions of the Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Scale-3, the Self-Esteem Scale, and the Multidimensional Body–Self Relations Questionnaire. Statistical analyses identified several variables as the main predictors of body image in both heterosexual and gay young men: self-esteem, information-seeking, perceived pressure and the internalization of sociocultural standards regarding an athletic body image drawn from mass media. The only significant difference between the two groups was the fact that self-esteem, perceived pressure and the internalization of sociocultural standards from mass media did not play a predictive role with respect to Appearance Orientation among the group of gay men.
Collapse
|
16
|
Frederick DA, Gordon AR, Cook-Cottone CP, Brady JP, Reynolds TA, Alley J, Garcia JR, Brown TA, Compte EJ, Convertino L, Crerand CE, Malcarne VL, Nagata JM, Parent MC, Pennesi JL, Perez M, Pila E, Rodgers RF, Schaefer LM, Thompson JK, Tylka TL, Murray SB. Demographic and sociocultural predictors of sexuality-related body image and sexual frequency: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:109-127. [PMID: 35247866 PMCID: PMC9729002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Body image is a critical component of an individual's sexual experiences. This makes it critical to identify demographic and sociocultural correlates of sexuality-related body image: the subjective feelings, cognitions, and evaluations related to one's body in the context of sexual experience. We examined how sexuality-related body image differed by gender, sexual orientation, race, age, and BMI. Four items assessing sexuality-related body image were completed by 11,620 U.S. adults: self-perceived sex appeal of their body, nude appearance satisfaction, and the extent to which they believed that body image positively or negatively affected their sexual enjoyment and feelings of sexual acceptability as a partner. Men reported slightly less nude appearance dissatisfaction and fewer negative effects of body image on sexual enjoyment and sexual acceptability than women, but did not differ in reported sex appeal. Poorer sexuality-related body image was reported by people with higher BMIs, not in relationships, who had sex less frequently, among White compared to Black women and men, and among gay compared to heterosexual men. Data also revealed a subgroup of respondents who reported that their body image had a positive impact on their sex lives. The findings highlight a need for interventions addressing sexuality-related body image.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Allegra R Gordon
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine P Cook-Cottone
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - John P Brady
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tania A Reynolds
- Psychology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Jenna Alley
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Justin R Garcia
- The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Gender Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Tiffany A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Emilio J Compte
- School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile; Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Lexie Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Canice E Crerand
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vanessa L Malcarne
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Parent
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jamie-Lee Pennesi
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Coleman JN, Batchelder AW, Kirakosian N, Choi KW, Shipherd JC, Bedoya CA, Safren SA, Ironson G, O'Cleirigh C. Indirect effects of dissociation on the relationship between lifetime PTSD symptoms and condomless sex among men who have sex with men with a history of childhood sexual abuse. J Trauma Dissociation 2022; 23:279-295. [PMID: 34678135 PMCID: PMC9023598 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2021.1989118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms may interfere with gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men's (MSM) ability to engage in safe sex practices. An indirect relationship with dissociation may help to elucidate the relationship between PTSD symptom severity and condomless sex among MSM with childhood sexual abuse (CSA) histories. These relationships have not previously been examined in this group, which has a unique vulnerability for HIV acquisition. A cross-sectional sample of MSM with histories of CSA (N=290) was recruited at study sites in Boston, MA, and Miami, FL. Participants had a mean age of 37.95 years (SD=11.68), 22% were African American and 29.4% identified as Latino. The sample reported a mean of 10.47 (SD=4.38) lifetime PTSD symptoms and 26.4% met the clinical threshold for dissociation. Logistic regression models (adjusted for age, education, and substance use disorder) were used to assess indirect effects of dissociation on the relationship between lifetime PTSD symptoms and condomless anal/vaginal sex episodes with serodiscordant or unknown status partners in the past 3 months. Dissociation accounted for the association between lifetime PTSD symptom severity and condomless sex episodes. The Sobel test (Sobel = 2.04, p= .042; CI 95% bias-corrected bootstrap) suggested significant indirect effects for dissociation. Dissociation among MSM with CSA histories may compromise accurate appraisals of sexual risk and safety and increase vulnerability for HIV acquisition. Further research is warranted to address HIV prevention in the context of PTSD symptom severity to improve the mental health of MSM and increase the effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Coleman
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Abigail W Batchelder
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Norik Kirakosian
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Karmel W Choi
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.h. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jillian C Shipherd
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Women's Health Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Office of Patient Care Services, LGBT Health Program, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - C Andres Bedoya
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Steven A Safren
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States
| | - Gail Ironson
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States
| | - Conall O'Cleirigh
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Alghamdi WA, Subki AH, Khatib HA, Butt NS, Alghamdi RA, Alsallum MS, Alharbi AA, Almatrafi MN, Alobisi AA, Al-Zaben F, Koenig HG. Body Dysmorphic Disorder Symptoms: Prevalence and Risk Factors in an Arab Middle Eastern Population. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:2905-2912. [PMID: 35300125 PMCID: PMC8923679 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s329942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusion
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Ahmed Alghamdi
- Department of Psychiatry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Waleed Ahmed Alghamdi; Harold G Koenig, Email ;
| | - Ahmed Hussein Subki
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nadeem Shafique Butt
- Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahaf Ali Alghamdi
- Department of Psychiatry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed A Alharbi
- Department of Psychiatry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Faten Al-Zaben
- Department of Psychiatry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harold G Koenig
- Department of Psychiatry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Soulliard ZA, Layland EK, Smith JC, Kipke MD, Bray BC. Body Image Concerns, Correlates, and Community Connection Among Black and Latinx Sexual Minority Cisgender Men and Transgender/Gender Nonconforming Young Adults. LGBT Health 2022; 9:122-130. [PMID: 34981966 PMCID: PMC8968849 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2021.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractPurpose: We extended the focus on body image research beyond cisgender, White sexual minority men (SMM) by describing body image concerns among Black and Latinx SMM and transgender/gender nonconforming (TGNC) adults and by examining protective effects of community connection. Methods: From 2016 to 2020, 447 Black and Latinx SMM (94%) and TGNC (6%) individuals in Los Angeles provided data semiannually. Participant endorsement of any body image concerns was determined by five body image codes (weight, fitness, appearance, body area dissatisfaction, and general body image) applied to participants' open-ended lists of health and body concerns. Fixed effects multivariable logistic regression was performed to examine the association between gay and racial/ethnic community connection and odds of any body image concerns, accounting for multiple records per person. An interaction term between gay and racial/ethnic community connection approximated the protective effect of connection to multiple, intersecting communities. Results: The majority of participants (51%) reported a body image concern, most commonly weight concerns, at least once across three years. Body image concerns were more common among Latinx participants (χ2 = 17.79, p < 0.001) and participants experiencing food insecurity (χ2 = 4.11, p = 0.04) and unmet basic financial needs (χ2 = 10.56, p = 0.001). Gay community connection was protective against body image concerns, but only for participants who had high racial/ethnic community connection (adjusted odds ratio = 0.87, p = 0.05). Conclusion: Body image concerns were notable, especially among those with low community connection and higher socioeconomic burden. These findings suggest that building connections within SMM/TGNC and racial/ethnic communities may aid in building a support network that buffers against body image concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A. Soulliard
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Eric K. Layland
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Bethany C. Bray
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Unnikrishnan R. Aquatic exercise as an adjunct therapy for erectile dysfunction: A narrative review. ASIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND HEALTH CARE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/ajprhc.ajprhc_37_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
21
|
Harkness A, Bainter SA, Mendez NA, Hernandez Altamirano D, O'Cleirigh C, Mimiaga MJ, Mayer KH, Safren SA. Factors associated with barriers to engagement in HIV-prevention care among sexual minority men. J Behav Med 2021; 44:784-793. [PMID: 33993442 PMCID: PMC8981556 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-021-00230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Engagement with HIV-prevention services varies among sexual minority men (SMM). 183 HIV-negative SMM completed a baseline assessment including sociodemographic, psychosocial, identity and stigma, and sexuality measures, as well as HIV-prevention behaviors: (1) date of most recent HIV test, (2) whether they discussed HIV or (3) sexual behavior with their provider, and (4) disclosure to provider about engaging in condomless anal sex (CAS). Factor analysis of these four items yielded an HIV-prevention engagement factor score. Stochastic search variable selection (SSVS) followed by multiple linear regression identified variables associated with HIV-prevention engagement. SSVS identified three variables for inclusion in a multiple linear regression model. Not disclosing sexual orientation to one's provider (p < 0.001), discomfort discussing sex with provider (p < 0.001) and lower education (p = 0.007) were associated with less HIV-prevention engagement. Findings suggest the importance of training providers in culturally competent care to mitigate observed barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Harkness
- Clinical Research Building, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Sierra A Bainter
- University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Blvd., Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Noelle A Mendez
- Clinical Research Building, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kenneth H Mayer
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA
- The Fenway Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven A Safren
- Clinical Research Building, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Frederick D, Gillespie BJ, Lever J, Berardi V, Garcia JR. Sexual Practices and Satisfaction among Gay and Heterosexual Men in Romantic Relationships: A Comparison Using Coarsened Exact Matching in a U.S. National Sample. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2021; 58:545-559. [PMID: 33428466 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2020.1861424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gay men are underrepresented in research on sexual satisfaction. We examined sexual satisfaction and over 50 sexual practices in an online U.S. national survey of men in relationships. Coarsened exact matching created comparable samples of heterosexual (n = 3527) and gay (n = 452) men on six demographic factors, including relationship length. Results identified many similarities between the groups, including sexual frequency, orgasm frequency, duration of sex, and sexual satisfaction. The majority of heterosexual and gay men expressed physical or emotional affection during their last sexual encounter, reporting that they or their partner said "I love you" (66%; 57%) and engaged in deep kissing (69%; 75%) or gentle kissing (82%; 72%). Heterosexual men were less likely than gay men to usually-always receive (27%; 61%) or give (37%; 68%) oral sex when intimate in the past month; were less likely to view pornography with their partner (35%; 61%); but were more likely to give their partner massages in the past year to improve their sex lives (71%; 58%). Number of sexual communication behaviors was a strong predictor of sexual satisfaction, particularly for gay men (β =.36). These findings enhance our understanding of heterosexual and gay men's sexual lives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University
| | | | - Janet Lever
- Department of Sociology, California State University
| | - Vincent Berardi
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University
| | - Justin R Garcia
- The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction and Department of Gender Studies, Indiana University
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Grunewald W, Convertino AD, Safren SA, Mimiaga MJ, O'Cleirigh C, Mayer KH, Blashill AJ. Appearance discrimination and binge eating among sexual minority men. Appetite 2021; 156:104819. [PMID: 32853713 PMCID: PMC7669646 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sexual minority men (SMM) face substantial disparities in rates of binge eating compared to heterosexual individuals, underscoring the need to study risk factors for the development of binge eating amongst SMM. One potential explanation for this disparity in binge eating is minority stress theory, which posits that minority groups face stressors, such as discrimination, due to their stigmatized position in society. Additionally, specific domains of discrimination may confer different levels of risk for binge eating. Therefore, the current study examined the association of various forms of discrimination, including appearance-based discrimination, and binge eating in a sample of SMM. A sample of 200 SMM (analytic sample of N = 187) from the greater Boston area completed self-report questionnaires assessing frequency of different forms of perceived discrimination (appearance, sexual orientation, race, etc.) and binge eating. A hierarchical binary logistic regression model was used to examine the association of different forms of discrimination with binge eating. 9% of the sample reported binge eating. Appearance-based discrimination was the most common form of discrimination (47%), and was significantly associated with binge eating, over and above all other forms of discrimination and sociodemographic variables, OR = 1.71, 95% CI = [1.24, 2.35], Wald χ2 (1) = 10.65, p = .001. Findings suggest that appearance-based discrimination may be related to binge eating in SMM. Clinicians may consider assessing appearance-based discrimination among SMM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra D Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, United States.
| | - Steven A Safren
- University of Miami, United States; Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute, United States.
| | - Matthew J Mimiaga
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public health, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.
| | - Conall O'Cleirigh
- Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, United States.
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States.
| | - Aaron J Blashill
- San Diego State University, United States; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lee JS, Bainter SA, Carrico AW, Glynn TR, Rogers BG, Albright C, O'Cleirigh C, Mayer KH, Safren SA. Connecting the dots: a comparison of network analysis and exploratory factor analysis to examine psychosocial syndemic indicators among HIV-negative sexual minority men. J Behav Med 2020; 43:1026-1040. [PMID: 32361793 PMCID: PMC7606295 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-020-00148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Syndemics, or comorbid and mutually reinforcing psychosocial problems, are associated with increased HIV risk among men who have sex with men (MSM). Although the dynamic interplay among syndemic indicators is theorized to be crucial for increasing risk of HIV acquisition, novel approaches are needed to understand how these syndemic problems interrelate. This study examined the associations between nine self-reported syndemic indicators in 194 MSM at high risk of HIV acquisition. We compared exploratory factor analyses (EFA) to a network analysis. In the present study, network analysis consisted of edges representing bidirectional partial polychoric correlations between nodes, which represent psychosocial syndemic indicators. EFA yielded a 1-factor solution including suicidal ideation (SI), injection drug use (IDU), depression, social anxiety, intimate partner violence, substance use, and sexual compulsivity, and excluded heavy drinking and childhood sexual abuse. Network analysis yielded a pattern of interconnectedness with the most central nodes being SI, IDU, substance use, and depression. Statistically significant relationships (absolute edge weights) were found between SI and depression, social anxiety, and IDU, and IDU and substance use. These results suggest that depression and substance use, especially more severe presentations of these conditions such as SI and IDU, are prominent interconnected components of the HIV syndemic among MSM at high risk for HIV acquisition. SI, IDU, substance use, and depression may indeed be prudent targets of intervention. Future research on the inclusion of these syndemic indicators in analytical models involving interaction terms may be warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - S A Bainter
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - A W Carrico
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - T R Glynn
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - B G Rogers
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - C Albright
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - C O'Cleirigh
- Fenway Institute at Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K H Mayer
- Fenway Institute at Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S A Safren
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
- Fenway Institute at Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Oshana A, Klimek P, Blashill AJ. Minority stress and body dysmorphic disorder symptoms among sexual minority adolescents and adult men. Body Image 2020; 34:167-174. [PMID: 32554243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has a prevalence rate of 2.4 % among U.S. adults; however, little is known about BDD among sexual minority men. Minority stressors (fear of rejection, sexual orientation concealment, internalized homophobia, discrimination/prejudice) may be risk factors for BDD in this population. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to estimate the occurrence of BDD in a sample of sexual minority men and investigate associations between minority stressors and BDD. Participants were recruited via social media, and survey data were collected from 268 sexual minority adolescent boys and adult men (M = 24.59 years, SD = 5.37 years). Regression models included either positive BDD screen or levels of BDD symptoms as dependent variables and the four aforementioned minority stressors as explanatory variables. The occurrence rate of positive BDD screens was 49.3 %. Gay-related rejection sensitivity and sexual orientation concealment were uniquely associated with greater BDD symptoms, and sexual orientation concealment was uniquely associated with greater odds of positive BDD screens. Given the high occurrence of positive BDD screens in the current sample, compared to the national prevalence, sexual minority stressors may be worthy to explore in etiological models of BDD in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adoril Oshana
- Psychology Department, San Diego State University, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 101, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | - Patrycja Klimek
- Psychology Department, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 101, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | - Aaron J Blashill
- Psychology Department, San Diego State University, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 101, San Diego, CA 92120, USA; Psychology Department, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 101, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tran A, Kaplan JA, Austin SB, Davison K, Lopez G, Agénor M. “It’s all outward appearance-based attractions”: A qualitative study of body image among a sample of young gay and bisexual men. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2019.1706683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Tran
- Department of Health Administration and Policy, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin A. Kaplan
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S. Bryn Austin
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kirsten Davison
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gilberto Lopez
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Madina Agénor
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Balta S, Emirtekin E, Kircaburun K, Griffiths MD. The Mediating Role of Depression in the Relationship Between Body Image Dissatisfaction and Cyberbullying Perpetration. Int J Ment Health Addict 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPreliminary evidence suggests that psychopathological factors (e.g., depression) are associated with higher engagement in cyberbullying perpetration, and those with elevated body image dissatisfaction (BID) are more susceptible to depression. However, the possible impact of body image dissatisfaction (BID) on cyberbullying remains untested. The present study examined the direct and indirect relationships of BID with cyberbullying via depression among a sample of 507 university students (mean age, 21.37 years; range 18–44 years). t tests showed that males had a higher prevalence of cyberbullying than females. Structural equation modeling indicated that BID was directly and indirectly associated with cyberbullying via depression among the total sample and males. However, BID was only indirectly related to cyberbullying via depression among females. Depression fully explained the relationship between BID and cyberbullying among females, although there were additional mediating factors between BID and cyberbullying among males. The findings are in accordance with theoretical models suggesting that individuals’ personal characteristics including psychopathological factors are associated with cyberbullying. Furthermore, males attempt to cope with their body image–related psychopathology with more externalizing behaviors than females.
Collapse
|
28
|
Physical activity as an adjunct treatment for erectile dysfunction. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 16:553-562. [PMID: 31239541 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-019-0210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Increasing data are available to suggest that physical activity and lifestyle modification in general can benefit erectile function, with effect sizes comparable with established treatment options such as testosterone therapy and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Despite this evidence, primary-care physicians are rarely afforded critical information on the underlying mechanisms through which physical activity works as a treatment, severely hampering treatment credibility for both physician and patient. Physical activity is associated with psychological and metabolic adaptations that are compatible with the adaptations required for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). These adaptations include increased expression and activity of nitric oxide synthase, strengthened endothelial function, acute rises in testosterone, decreased stress and anxiety, and improved body image. Use of physical activity as a first-line treatment option for ED is limited, and explicit physical activity guidelines for the treatment of ED are required. Such guidelines should include not only a suggested exercise programme but also guidelines for physician-patient communication that might enhance patient receptivity and therapy continuation. An understanding of how physical activity affects erectile function, as well as its effectiveness in treating ED compared with other established treatments, can benefit urologists and primary-care physicians searching for noninvasive treatment options for men presenting with poor erectile function.
Collapse
|
29
|
Bhambhani Y, Flynn MK, Kellum KK, Wilson KG. Examining sexual racism and body dissatisfaction among men of color who have sex with men: The moderating role of body image inflexibility. Body Image 2019; 28:142-148. [PMID: 30682702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Body image research with men who have sex with men (MSM) has largely focused on White MSM. The current study aimed to investigate whether men of color who have sex with men (MCSM) report similar levels of body dissatisfaction as White MSM. We also studied whether (a) the experience of sexual racism, a unique stressor for MCSM, is related to body dissatisfaction and (b) body image inflexibility moderates the relationship between sexual racism and muscularity-oriented behaviors. White MSM and MCSM (total N = 887) recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk completed questionnaires assessing body dissatisfaction, body image flexibility, and experienced sexual racism on Qualtrics. We found that MCSM report more engagement in behaviors aimed at changing their bodies than White MSM. Additionally, experiencing sexual racism was related to higher body dissatisfaction and body image inflexibility in MCSM. In addition, body image inflexibility moderated by strengthening the association between experiencing sexual racism and muscularity-oriented behaviors. The present study highlights the need for further research with this understudied population, including intervention studies on mitigating the impact of experiencing sexual racism by increasing psychological and body image flexibility and studies aimed at reducing the incidence of sexual racism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yash Bhambhani
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States.
| | - Maureen K Flynn
- Department of Psychology, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Karen Kate Kellum
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Kelly G Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sexual Orientation Disparities in Physical Activity: Results From Insured Adults in California. Med Care 2018; 57:138-144. [PMID: 30461583 DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000001017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of adults in the United States fail to meet the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) physical activity (PA) guideline recommendations for health promotion. Despite evidence of disparities by sexual orientation in adverse health outcomes related to PA, little is known about whether PA patterns and the likelihood of meeting these guidelines differ between heterosexual and sexual minority (SM) men and women. METHODS In 2018, we pooled unweighted respondent data from Kaiser Permanente Northern California Member Health Surveys conducted in 2008, 2011, and 2014/15 (N=42,534) to compare PA patterns among heterosexual and SM men and women. RESULTS In total, 38.8% of heterosexual men, 43.4% of SM men, 32.9% of heterosexual women, and 40.0% of SM women meet the CDC PA guidelines, yet there was no statistically significant difference in the adjusted odds of meeting these guidelines. Compared with heterosexual women, SM women engage in PA more frequently [odds ratio=0.81; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.74-0.89], for more minutes per week on average (12.71; 95% CI, 4.85-20.57), and at higher levels of intensity (relative risk ratio=1.26; 95% CI, 1.02-1.56). Compared with heterosexual men, SM men engage in PA more frequently (OR=0.85; 95% CI, 0.74-0.98), for fewer minutes per week on average (-12.89; 95% CI, -25.84 to 0.06), and at lower levels of intensity (relative risk ratio=0.83; 95% CI, 0.67-0.99). CONCLUSIONS We find that SMs get more frequent PA than their heterosexual peers, which suggests that the higher prevalence of obesity and other PA-related adverse health outcomes among SMs may be due to factors other than PA patterns.
Collapse
|
31
|
Chinese Sexual Minority Male Adolescents' Suicidality and Body Mass Index. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112558. [PMID: 30445669 PMCID: PMC6266787 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Excess weight status may increase the risk of suicidality among sexual minority females, but few studies have examined this suicidality disparity in sexual minority males. This study examined the association between sexual minority status and suicide attempts in Chinese male adolescents and tested whether body mass index (BMI) had a moderating effect on that association. Data were collected from 7th to 12th graders from seven randomly selected provinces of China in the 2015 School-Based Chinese Adolescents Health Survey. In total, 72,409 male students completed the questionnaires regarding sexual attraction, self-reported weight and height, and suicide attempts. After adjustment for covariates, sexual minority status was associated with suicide attempts among male students (AOR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.57–1.93). Stratification analyses showed that BMI category moderated this association; compared with the results before stratification analyses, sexual minority males who were obese had increased risk of suicide attempts (AOR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.09–4.24), sexual minority males who were overweight had reduced odds of suicide attempts (AOR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.01–1.92), and no significant association change was found in sexual minority males who were underweight (AOR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.43–2.33). Our study indicated that BMI moderated the risk of suicide attempts in sexual minority males. Suicide prevention targeting sexual minority males should be focused on weight status disparity and the creation of a positive climate to reduce minority stressors due to body image.
Collapse
|
32
|
Eik-Nes TT, Austin SB, Blashill AJ, Murray SB, Calzo JP. Prospective health associations of drive for muscularity in young adult males. Int J Eat Disord 2018; 51:1185-1193. [PMID: 30260492 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to estimate prospective associations of drive for muscularity measured in 2013 and related health outcomes (depressive symptoms, overeating, binge eating, purging, binge drinking, and use of muscle-building products [e.g., creatine and steroids]) measured in 2014. METHOD The data come from a U.S. national large prospective cohort study, the Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) and included 2,460 males aged 18-32 years. Muscularity concerns were assessed with The Drive for Muscularity Scale (item responses ranging from 1 = Never to 6 = Always), which measures the degree of the respondents' preoccupation with increasing their muscularity. RESULTS Gay and bisexual males presented with higher drive for muscularity compared to heterosexual males (β = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.17, 0.43, p < .0001). Prospective analysis using generalized estimating equations indicated that each unit increase in drive for muscularity was associated with increased odds of exhibiting significant depressive symptoms (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.05-1.44, p = .01), binge drinking (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.02-1.45, p = .03), dieting (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.35, p = .04), and use of muscle-building products (OR = 4.49, 95% CI = 3.74, 5.40, p < .0001). DISCUSSION The drive for muscularity appears to be relatively prevalent across adolescence and early adulthood in males and is associated with broad and substantial health consequences. Muscularity-oriented concerns should be carefully considered when assessing and treating males with body image dissatisfaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trine Tetlie Eik-Nes
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Trøndelag, Norway
| | - S Bryn Austin
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,The Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron J Blashill
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.,San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jerel P Calzo
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Health Promotion & Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.,Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, California
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Safren SA, Blashill AJ, Lee JS, O’Cleirigh C, Tomassili J, Biello KB, Mimiaga MJ, Mayer KH. Condom-use self-efficacy as a mediator between syndemics and condomless sex in men who have sex with men (MSM). Health Psychol 2018; 37:820-827. [PMID: 29927272 PMCID: PMC6107409 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among men who have sex with men (MSM), HIV sexual risk and poor self-care behavior is associated with syndemics, or co-occurring psychosocial problems. Though prior research has demonstrated an additive total effect of syndemics on HIV risk behavior and infection, mostly within cross-sectional designs, it is possible that these associations are not direct but rather that syndemics disrupt relevant individual-level mediating psychological variables. One of the more common individual-level psychological variables that predicts health behavior generally, and HIV risk behavior specifically, is self-efficacy. This study sought to examine the potential effects of syndemics on condomless sex via condom-use self-efficacy as an intermediary variable. METHOD In high-risk MSM (N = 197), across 3 time points (baseline, 3 months, and 6 months) we used latent growth curve modeling to test the degree to which self-efficacy mediated the relationship between syndemics (heavy alcohol use, substance use disorder, sexual compulsivity, depression, social anxiety, intimate partner violence, childhood sexual abuse) and condomless anal sex. RESULTS The baseline analyses were consistent with an indirect effect of the association between syndemics and condomless sex through self-efficacy. Prospective longitudinal mediation was partially supported, such that baseline syndemics were associated with lower baseline self-efficacy, which in turn predicted higher increases in condomless anal sex across time. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide preliminary evidence (due to the partial support for the longitudinal model) that syndemics themselves may not be directly causal in their association with condomless sex, but the association may be through modifiable social-cognitive mechanisms such as condom self-efficacy. (PsycINFO Database Record
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Safren
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
- Fenway Institute at Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron J. Blashill
- Fenway Institute at Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jasper S. Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Conall O’Cleirigh
- Fenway Institute at Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Global Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia Tomassili
- Department of Psychology, Sacramento State University, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Katie B. Biello
- Fenway Institute at Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Behavioral & Social Health Sciences and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Matthew J Mimiaga
- Fenway Institute at Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Behavioral & Social Health Sciences and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kenneth H. Mayer
- Fenway Institute at Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Predictors of HIV Testing and Their Influence on PrEP Acceptance in Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Cross-Sectional Study. AIDS Behav 2018; 22:1150-1157. [PMID: 29127535 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-017-1978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
HIV testing is the gateway to biomedical means of prevention and treatment. Identifying predictors of HIV testing is important to inform future preventive interventions. Of 444 men who have sex with men without known HIV infection enrolled in a study in Hong Kong, 64% had ever been HIV-tested. Testers were generally older, better educated, had a higher monthly income, and more likely self-identified as gay. Testers often used Internet and frequented saunas for sex networking, compared with non-testers attending bars, massage centres and public toilets. HIV testing habit also varied with the profile of body image type and preferred type in sex networking. Higher acceptance of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) was observed among testers. Overall, socioeconomic status played an important role in both HIV testing and access to PrEP. Interventions targeting sex networking venues and alternative means of testing provision are needed to increase coverage of HIV testing.
Collapse
|
35
|
Swami V, Weis L, Barron D, Furnham A. Associations Between Positive Body Image, Sexual Liberalism, and Unconventional Sexual Practices in U.S. Adults. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:2485-2494. [PMID: 28097593 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0924-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While studies have documented robust relationships between body image and sexual health outcomes, few studies have looked beyond sexual functioning in women. Here, we hypothesized that more positive body image would be associated with greater sexual liberalism and more positive attitudes toward unconventional sexual practices. An online sample of 151 women and 164 men from the U.S. completed measures of sexual liberalism, attitudes toward unconventional sexual practices, and indices of positive body image (i.e., body appreciation, body acceptance by others, body image flexibility, and body pride), and provided their demographic details. Regression analyses indicated that, once the effects of sexual orientation, relationship status, age, and body mass index had been accounted for, higher body appreciation was significantly associated with greater sexual liberalism in women and men. Furthermore, higher body appreciation and body image flexibility were significantly associated with more positive attitudes toward unconventional sexual practices in women and men. These results may have implications for scholars working from a sex-positive perspective, particularly in terms of understanding the role body image plays in sexual attitudes and behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- Department of Psychology, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB1 1PT, UK.
- Department of Psychology, HELP University College, London, UK.
| | - Laura Weis
- Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Barron
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Adrian Furnham
- Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|