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O’Neill S, Pehme PM, Kinsella-Kammerer B, Ginalis C, Wong WM, Blum M, Shereen AD, Nomura Y. Prenatal Superstorm Sandy stress and postnatal affectionless control as a conjoint risk for child psychopathology. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2025; 34:1005-1017. [PMID: 40308331 PMCID: PMC12043322 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-025-03046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
The current study investigates the conjoint effect of prenatal Superstorm Sandy stress (SS) and postnatal parenting, as measured by affectionless control (AC), in determining the risk of early childhood psychopathology. The study included 154 children (45.5% males) longitudinally tracked from ages 2-5 years. Maternal AC was assessed using the Parental Bonding Instrument. The prevalence of child diagnostic outcomes (DSM-IV anxiety disorders, phobias, and disruptive behavior disorders) was ascertained by trained clinical interviewers using maternal responses to the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment. Children were stratified into four groups by SS and AC status to identify synergistic effects on psychopathology exceeding the risks expected in an additive model. Children exposed to both SS and AC had over 5-fold increased risk of any anxiety disorder, a 12-fold increased risk for disruptive behavior disorders, and a nearly 5-fold increased risk of any disorder relative to the reference group of children with neither exposure. The risks of anxiety, disruptive behavior, and any disorders were synergistically greater than the sum of independent effects of the two stressors, as evident in the synergy index. Evaluation of synergistically increased risks for childhood disorders will help to identify high-risk children, which in turn could inform design of multi-level interventions to mitigate child psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah O’Neill
- CUNY City College, Department of Psychology, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
- CUNY Graduate Center, Department of Psychology, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Patricia M. Pehme
- NYU Langone Child Study Center, 1 Park Avenue #7, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Christine Ginalis
- CUNY Graduate Center, Department of Psychology, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- CUNY Queens College, Department of Psychology, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Wai M. Wong
- CUNY Graduate Center, Department of Psychology, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- CUNY Queens College, Department of Psychology, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Melissa Blum
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ahmed D. Shereen
- CUNY Graduate Center, Department of Psychology, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- CUNY Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, Neuroscience Initiative, 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Yoko Nomura
- CUNY Graduate Center, Department of Psychology, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- CUNY Queens College, Department of Psychology, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA
- CUNY Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, Neuroscience Initiative, 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Public Policy, 55 W 125th St, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Lee S, Robertson OC, Marceau K, Knopik VS, Natsuaki M, Shaw DS, Leve LD, Ganiban JM, Neiderhiser JM. Early risk for child externalising symptoms: Examining genetic, prenatal, temperamental and parental influences. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2024; 33:e2508. [PMID: 39183803 PMCID: PMC11339911 DOI: 10.1002/icd.2508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
This study utilized the Early Growth and Development Study (N = 561 adoptive children; 57.2% male, 55.3% White), a study of children adopted at birth, to examine heritable (birth parent psychopathology) and prenatal risk (prenatal maternal distress and smoking during pregnancy), infant negative affectivity, adoptive parent over-reactivity and warmth as independent predictors of childhood externalizing symptoms. The current study evaluated if: (1) infant negative affectivity and over-reactive parenting are candidate mediators for the effects of heritable and prenatal risk on externalizing symptoms and (2) parental warmth weakens the influence of heritable risk, prenatal risk, negative affectivity, and over-reactive parenting on externalizing symptoms. There were main effects of heritable risk, infant negative affectivity, and over-reactive parenting on child externalizing symptoms. The study found no support for the hypothesized mediation and moderation effects, suggesting that targeting parental over-reactivity rather than warmth would be more effective in reducing risk for childhood externalizing symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Lee
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Purdue University
| | | | - Kristine Marceau
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Purdue University
| | - Valerie S. Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Purdue University
| | - Misaki Natsuaki
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside
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Maggioni E, Pigoni A, Fontana E, Delvecchio G, Bonivento C, Bianchi V, Mauri M, Bellina M, Girometti R, Agarwal N, Nobile M, Brambilla P. Right frontal cingulate cortex mediates the effect of prenatal complications on youth internalizing behaviors. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:2074-2083. [PMID: 38378927 PMCID: PMC11408263 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Prenatal and perinatal complications represent well-known risk factors for the future development of psychiatric disorders. Such influence might become manifested during childhood and adolescence, as key periods for brain and behavioral changes. Internalizing and externalizing behaviors in adolescence have been associated with the risk of psychiatric onset later in life. Both brain morphology and behavior seem to be affected by obstetric complications, but a clear link among these three aspects is missing. Here, we aimed at analyzing the association between prenatal and perinatal complications, behavioral issues, and brain volumes in a group of children and adolescents. Eighty-two children and adolescents with emotional-behavioral problems underwent clinical and 3 T brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments. The former included information on behavior, through the Child Behavior Checklist/6-18 (CBCL/6-18), and on the occurrence of obstetric complications. The relationships between clinical and gray matter volume (GMV) measures were investigated through multiple generalized linear models and mediation models. We found a mutual link between prenatal complications, GMV alterations in the frontal gyrus, and withdrawn problems. Specifically, complications during pregnancy were associated with higher CBCL/6-18 withdrawn scores and GMV reductions in the right superior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex. Finally, a mediation effect of these GMV measures on the association between prenatal complications and the withdrawn dimension was identified. Our findings suggest a key role of obstetric complications in affecting brain structure and behavior. For the first time, a mediator role of frontal GMV in the relationship between prenatal complications and internalizing symptoms was suggested. Once replicated on independent cohorts, this evidence will have relevant implications for planning preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Maggioni
- Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pigoni
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Social and Affective Neuroscience Group, MoMiLab, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
| | - Elisa Fontana
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Delvecchio
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Bianchi
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS "Eugenio Medea", Bosisio Parini (Lc), Italy
| | - Maddalena Mauri
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS "Eugenio Medea", Bosisio Parini (Lc), Italy
| | - Monica Bellina
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS "Eugenio Medea", Bosisio Parini (Lc), Italy
| | - Rossano Girometti
- Institute of Radiology, Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- University Hospital S. Maria Della Misericordia, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
| | - Nivedita Agarwal
- Neuroimaging Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS "Eugenio Medea", Bosisio Parini (Lc), Italy
| | - Maria Nobile
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS "Eugenio Medea", Bosisio Parini (Lc), Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Anaya B, Neiderhiser JM, Pérez-Edgar K, Leve LD, Ganiban JM, Reiss D, Natsuaki MN, Shaw DS. Developmental trajectories of behavioral inhibition from infancy to age seven: The role of genetic and environmental risk for psychopathology. Child Dev 2023; 94:e231-e245. [PMID: 37017208 PMCID: PMC10332342 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study leveraged data from a longitudinal adoption study of 361 families recruited between 2003 and 2010 in the United States. We investigated how psychopathology symptoms in birth parents (BP; Mage = 24.1 years; 50.5-62.9% completed high school) and adoptive parents (AP; Mage = 37.8 years; 80.9% completed college; 94% mother-father couples) influenced children's behavioral inhibition (BI) trajectories. We used latent growth models of observed BI at 18 and 27 months, and 4.5 and 7 years in a sample of adopted children (Female = 42%, White = 57%, Black = 11%, Multi-racial = 21%, Latinx = 9%). BI generally decreased over time, yet there was substantial variability in these trajectories. Neither BP nor AP psychopathology symptoms independently predicted systematic differences in BI trajectories. Instead, we found that AP internalizing symptoms moderated the effects of BP psychopathology on trajectories of BI, indicating a gene by environment interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David Reiss
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Mindfulness Interventions for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PSYCHIATRY INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/psychiatryint3040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition impacting children and adults. Current treatments are limited and there is increasing interest in the use of mindfulness, which is growing in popularity. Previous systematic reviews have typically focused on specific ages, outcome measures or interventions. The current review aimed to take a more comprehensive approach. Title and abstract searches were performed in five databases for randomized and non-randomized controlled trials or pre-post studies with participants with an ADHD diagnosis or a score above a clinically relevant cut-off on a validated ADHD measure. Studies had to measure symptoms of ADHD, global or social functioning. Extraction of key information including participant status (i.e., diagnosis, scale scores, comorbidities, medication use), study design, and outcome measures was conducted. Effect sizes (Hedge’s g) were calculated and where a measure had been used in at least three studies with the same population, meta-analyses were considered. Twenty-nine studies were initially identified, with seven deemed poor quality and removed from further analysis leaving, 22 studies containing data from 1237 children and adults with ADHD along with data from 525 family members. The data indicate possible benefits of mindfulness on self-compassion, quality of life, wellbeing, depression, and anxiety. The findings also suggest that mindfulness may also improve ADHD symptoms, executive function, problematic behaviours, and emotional dysregulation, although results vary by age of patient and measures used. Parent stress and parenting style have received limited attention, highlighting the need for more studies in these areas. Whilst the data presented suggest that mindfulness may be beneficial, the evidence base is not as strong as the popularity of the approach. Many of the studies lacked blind assessment, adequate randomization, or suitable control conditions. As such high-quality controlled studies considering medication, other psychosocial interventions, use of active and in active controls and comorbidity as well as longer follow-up periods, are needed to confirm this.
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Ramos AM, Shewark EA, Reiss D, Leve LD, Natsuaki MN, Shaw DS, Ganiban JM, Neiderhiser JM. Family interactions in toddlerhood influence social competence in preschool age: Accounting for genetic and prenatal influences. Front Psychol 2022; 13:975086. [PMID: 36518964 PMCID: PMC9742492 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.975086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of early promotive and risk factors for social competence is important for fostering children's successful social development; particularly given social competence is essential for children's later academic and psychological well-being. While research suggests that the early parent-child relationship, genetics, and prenatal influences are associated with social competence, there is less research considering how these factors may operate together to shape children's social competence in early childhood. Using a genetically informed sample from the Early Growth and Development Study (N = 561), we examined multiple levels of influence (i.e., genetic, prenatal, parenting, and child characteristics) on children's social competence at 4.5 years old. Results from structural equation models showed adoptive mother overreactivity at 18 months was positively associated with child dysregulation at 27 months, which, in turn, was associated with lower levels of social competence at 4.5 years. Also, child reactivity at 18 months was independently associated with higher levels of adoptive mother overreactivity at 27 months, which, in turn, was associated with lower levels of social competence at 4.5 years. Finally, we found an evocative effect on adoptive fathers' overreactivity at 18 months such that prenatal birth mother distress was negatively associated with adoptive fathers' overreactivity at 18 months. Overall, this study found evidence for genetic influences, and bidirectional associations between parent and child in toddlerhood that are related to lower levels of social competence when children were 4.5 years old. We also found that the prenatal environment was associated with parenting, but not with child behavior directly. This study's ability to simultaneously examine multiple domains of influence helps provide a more comprehensive picture of important mechanisms and developmental periods for children's early social competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Ramos
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Shewark
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - David Reiss
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Leslie D. Leve
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Misaki N. Natsuaki
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Daniel S. Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jody M. Ganiban
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jenae M. Neiderhiser
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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7
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Poore HE, Watts AL, Friedman HP, Waldman ID. A broad internalizing dimension accounts for the genetic associations between personality and individual internalizing disorders. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND CLINICAL SCIENCE 2022; 131:857-867. [PMID: 36326627 PMCID: PMC9639848 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Much research has demonstrated that psychopathology can be described in terms of broad dimensions, representing liability for multiple psychiatric disorders. Broad spectra of psychopathology (e.g., internalizing and externalizing) are increasingly used as targets for research investigating the development, etiology, and course of psychopathology because they account for patterns of relatedness among disorders that were once presumed distinct. Thus, these spectra represent alluring targets due to their comprehensive and parsimonious nature. Nevertheless, little research has established the role of individual disorders over and above broad dimensions in the study of psychopathology. In the current study, we investigate whether there are unique etiological associations between individual internalizing disorders and personality traits after accounting for their etiological associations with a broad internalizing dimension. We used a community sample of twins (Npairs = 448) ages 4 to 19 to examine the etiological associations between internalizing psychopathology and Big Five personality dimensions. In terms of genetic covariation, a broad internalizing dimension was positively associated with neuroticism and negatively associated with extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Moreover, internalizing accounted for most of the genetic variance shared between individual internalizing disorders and personality traits. Nevertheless, there were unique genetic associations between the following pairs of personality traits and disorders: neuroticism and social anxiety, extraversion and social anxiety, agreeableness and depression, and conscientiousness and compulsions. There was little evidence of environmental influences shared between internalizing and personality. In sum, a broad internalizing dimension adequately accounted for almost all of the etiologic covariation between internalizing disorders and personality, with several interesting exceptions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley L. Watts
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
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8
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Song Z, Huang J, Qiao T, Yan J, Zhang X, Lu D. Association between Maternal Anxiety and Children's Problem Behaviors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191711106. [PMID: 36078827 PMCID: PMC9518446 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191711106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have found that maternal anxiety is a risk factor for the development of children's problem behaviors, and there is a possible role of genes in the association between the two. And anxious mothers caring for their children can also affect the development of children's problem behaviors. However, there is also considerable evidence from studies that refute this view. This study used a meta-analysis to explore the relationship between maternal anxiety and preschool children's problem behaviors. Through literature retrieval and selection, in terms of the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis, 88 independent effect sizes (34 studies, 295,032 participants) were picked out as meta-analysis units. The test for heterogeneity illustrated that there was significant heterogeneity in 88 independent effect sizes, while the random effects model was an appropriate model for the subsequent meta-analysis. The publication bias test indicated that the impact of publication bias was modest but the major findings remained valid. In addition, in terms of the tentative review analysis and research hypotheses, the random effects model was used as a meta-analysis model. The research revealed that maternal anxiety was significantly positively correlated with preschool children's internalizing problem behaviors, externalizing problem behaviors, and overall problem behaviors. The moderating effect analysis showed that region and gender of the child affected the relationship between maternal anxiety and children's internalizing problem behaviors and externalizing problem behaviors, and region, child's age and gender, mother's age, and education level affected maternal anxiety and preschool children's problems behavioral relationship. Hence, these results affirmed the role of maternal anxiety and emphasized the need to pay attention to the demographic characteristics and cultural background of the subjects during the research process and consider the generalizability of the conclusions under different circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanmei Song
- Institute of International Education, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jie Huang
- School of Education, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Tianqi Qiao
- School of Education, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jingfeng Yan
- School of Education, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- School of Education, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Dengcheng Lu
- School of Education, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Li M, Lan Q, Qiu L, Yuan Y, He F, Zhang C, Zhang L. Diurnal Cortisol in Left-Behind Adolescents: Relations to Negative Family Expressiveness and Internalizing Problems. Front Public Health 2022; 10:844014. [PMID: 35619807 PMCID: PMC9127735 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.844014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the accumulating evidence for increased risks for behavioral problems in left-behind adolescents in China, little research has explored their HPA axis functioning, which is hypothesized to play a central role in the association between early adversity and health. In the present study, we designed a longitudinal study to examine HPA axis function in left-behind adolescents and its mediating role in the association between family emotional expressiveness and internalizing problems. Participants were 81 adolescents (44 female; 37 male) aged 11-16 years. Salivary cortisol samples were collected six times a day for two consecutive days on regular school days. Negative family expressiveness (NFE) and internalizing problems were measured using self-report questionnaires. The results showed that NFE was negatively associated with diurnal cortisol, and diurnal cortisol was negatively associated with internalizing problems. Further analysis showed that diurnal cortisol secretion measured by AUC (area under the curve) mediated the association between NFE and internalizing problems. Our findings extended the existing literature about left-behind children via a psychoneuroendocrinological perspective, documenting the negative consequences of the family environment for youth health and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Normal University, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students' Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, China
| | - Qili Lan
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lirong Qiu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yidan Yuan
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengjiao He
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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Eirich R, McArthur BA, Anhorn C, McGuinness C, Christakis DA, Madigan S. Association of Screen Time With Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior Problems in Children 12 Years or Younger: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:393-405. [PMID: 35293954 PMCID: PMC8928099 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Importance Currently, there is a lack of consensus in the literature on the association between screen time (eg, television, video games) and children's behavior problems. Objective To assess the association between the duration of screen time and externalizing and internalizing behavior problems among children 12 years or younger. Data Sources For this systematic review and meta-analysis, MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO databases were searched for articles published from January 1960 to May 2021. Reference lists were manually searched for additional studies. Study Selection Included studies measured screen time (ie, duration) and externalizing or internalizing behavior problems in children 12 years or younger, were observational or experimental (with baseline data), were available in English, and had data that could be transformed into an effect size. Studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic were excluded. Of 25 196 nonduplicate articles identified and screened for inclusion, 595 met the selection criteria. Data Extraction and Synthesis The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline. Extracted variables were child age, sex, and socioeconomic status; informants and measurement type for screen time and behavior problems; study publication year; and study design and quality. Data were extracted by 2 independent coders and were pooled using a random-effects model. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the association of screen time duration with externalizing (eg, aggression, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms) and internalizing (eg, depression, anxiety) behaviors or diagnoses. Results Of the 595 full-text articles assessed for eligibility, 87 studies met all inclusion criteria, comprising 98 independent samples and 159 425 participants (mean [SD] age, 6.07 [2.89] years; 83 246 [51.30%] male). Increased duration of screen time had a small but significant correlation with more externalizing problems (90 samples; r, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.10-0.12) and internalizing problems (43 samples; r, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.05-0.08) in children. Several methodological moderators explained between-study heterogeneity. There was evidence of significant between study heterogeneity (I2 = 87.80). Conclusions and Relevance This systematic review and meta-analysis found small but significant correlations between screen time and children's behavior problems. Methodological differences across studies likely contributed to the mixed findings in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Eirich
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brae Anne McArthur
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ciana Anhorn
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Claire McGuinness
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dimitri A Christakis
- Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle.,Editor, JAMA Pediatrics
| | - Sheri Madigan
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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11
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Neville RD, McArthur BA, Eirich R, Lakes KD, Madigan S. Bidirectional associations between screen time and children's externalizing and internalizing behaviors. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:1475-1484. [PMID: 33945153 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While it has been purported that excessive screen time can lead to behavioral problems, it has also been suggested that children with behavioral dysregulation receive more access to screens to manage problematic behavior. In this study, both temporally stable and longitudinal associations between screen time and externalizing and internalizing behaviors across childhood are examined to directly address this issue of directionality. METHODS Data are from a prospective cohort of 10,172 Irish children, collected between 2010 and 2018 when children were ages 3, 5, 7, and 9. Children's screen time (hours/day) and externalizing and internalizing behaviors (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) were assessed via caregiver report. Random-intercepts cross-lagged panel models were used to estimate longitudinal bidirectional associations while controlling for temporally stable (i.e., 'time-invariant' or 'trait-like') differences between children. RESULTS Temporally stable differences between children were observed for both screen time and behavior problems. Longitudinal trajectories for screen time lacked stability; however, and externalizing and internalizing behaviors stabilized increasingly during later childhood. Greater externalizing and internalizing behaviors at age 3 were directionally associated with increased screen time at age 5. Greater screen time at ages 3 and 5 was directionally associated with increased internalizing behaviors at ages 5 and 7, respectively. More screen time at age 7 was directionally associated with fewer internalizing behaviors at age 9. Screen time was not associated with later externalizing behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Bidirectional associations between screen time and internalizing behaviors were observed for preschoolers. Directional associations between screen time and internalizing difficulties were observed across childhood. These findings can inform screen use guidelines and family media planning at different ages and stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D Neville
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brae Anne McArthur
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rachel Eirich
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kimberley D Lakes
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Sheri Madigan
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
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12
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Bendezú JJ, Howland M, Thai M, Marceau K, Shirtcliff EA, Hastings PD, Zahn-Waxler C, Klimes-Dougan B. Adolescent cortisol and DHEA responses to stress as prospective predictors of emotional and behavioral difficulties: A person-centered approach. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 132:105365. [PMID: 34399100 PMCID: PMC8932361 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Well-orchestrated cortisol and DHEA stress responsivity is thought to support efficacious stressor management (i.e., coping) and reduce risk for psychopathology during adolescence. Evidence of these relations, however, is lacking empirically. This longitudinal investigation had three aims: 1) to identify within-adolescent profiles of joint cortisol-DHEA responsivity, 2) examine profiles as prospective predictors of adolescents' later emotional and behavioral difficulties, and 3) examine whether distraction coping helped buffer such prospective risk in each profile. METHOD At Time 1, boys (n = 110) and girls (n = 105) between 11 and 16 years of age with varied levels of risk for psychopathology completed a lab-based socio-evaluative stressor and questionnaires (e.g., coping, internalizing and externalizing problems). Emotional and behavioral adjustment was assessed again at Time 2 (2 years later). RESULTS Multi-trajectory modeling of adolescents' cortisol and DHEA within the context of the stressor revealed three groups: Normative (n = 107; 49.8%), Hyperresponsive (n = 64; 29.8%), Hyporesponsive (n = 44; 20.5%). Relative to Normative, Hyperresponsive and Hyporesponsive adolescents were more and less advanced in pubertal status, respectively. Hyperresponsive adolescents, but not Hyporesponsive, reported greater emotional and behavioral problems at Time 2, relative to Normative adolescents. Links between distraction coping and Time 2 adjustment varied across the groups. Specifically, distraction coping was associated with fewer Time 2 emotional and behavioral problems for Normative adolescents. However, the converse was true for Hyporesponsive adolescents, with distraction associated with greater Time 2 emotional and behavioral problems. Distraction was not associated with Time 2 emotional and behavioral problems for Hyperresponsive adolescents (i.e., elevated levels irrespective of distraction coping utilization). CONCLUSION Our results strengthen inference about the role neuroendocrine coordination plays in risk for psychopathology. Findings also help to clarify inconsistent distraction coping-psychopathology linkages, illustrating different patterns of cortisol-DHEA responsivity that support as well as thwart the use of this potentially efficacious strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason José Bendezú
- The Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, United States.
| | - Mariann Howland
- The Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
| | | | - Kristine Marceau
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University
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13
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Marceau K, Horvath G, Loviska AM, Knopik VS. Developmental Cascades from Polygenic and Prenatal Substance Use to Adolescent Substance Use: Leveraging Severity and Directionality of Externalizing and Internalizing Problems to Understand Pubertal and Harsh Discipline-Related Risk. Behav Genet 2021; 51:559-579. [PMID: 34241754 PMCID: PMC8628579 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-021-10068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The current study leveraged the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort (n = 4504 White boys, n = 4287 White girls assessed from the prenatal period through 18.5 years of age) to test a developmental cascade from genetic and prenatal substance use through pubertal timing and parenting to the severity of (regardless of type) and directionality (i.e., differentiation) of externalizing and internalizing problems to adolescent substance use. Limited associations of early pubertal timing with substance use outcomes were only observable via symptom directionality, differently for girls and boys. For boys, more severe exposure to prenatal substance use influenced adolescent substance use progression via differentiation towards relatively more pure externalizing problems, but in girls the associations were largely direct. Severity and especially directionality (i.e., differentiation towards relatively more pure externalizing problems) were key intermediaries in developmental cascades from parental harsh discipline with substance use progressions for girls and boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Marceau
- Purdue University, 225 Hanley Hall, 1202 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
| | | | - Amy M Loviska
- Purdue University, 225 Hanley Hall, 1202 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- Purdue University, 225 Hanley Hall, 1202 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
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14
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15
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Jami ES, Hammerschlag AR, Bartels M, Middeldorp CM. Parental characteristics and offspring mental health and related outcomes: a systematic review of genetically informative literature. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:197. [PMID: 33795643 PMCID: PMC8016911 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various parental characteristics, including psychiatric disorders and parenting behaviours, are associated with offspring mental health and related outcomes in observational studies. The application of genetically informative designs is crucial to disentangle the role of genetic and environmental factors (as well as gene-environment correlation) underlying these observations, as parents provide not only the rearing environment but also transmit 50% of their genes to their offspring. This article first provides an overview of behavioural genetics, matched-pair, and molecular genetics designs that can be applied to investigate parent-offspring associations, whilst modelling or accounting for genetic effects. We then present a systematic literature review of genetically informative studies investigating associations between parental characteristics and offspring mental health and related outcomes, published since 2014. The reviewed studies provide reliable evidence of genetic transmission of depression, criminal behaviour, educational attainment, and substance use. These results highlight that studies that do not use genetically informative designs are likely to misinterpret the mechanisms underlying these parent-offspring associations. After accounting for genetic effects, several parental characteristics, including parental psychiatric traits and parenting behaviours, were associated with offspring internalising problems, externalising problems, educational attainment, substance use, and personality through environmental pathways. Overall, genetically informative designs to study intergenerational transmission prove valuable for the understanding of individual differences in offspring mental health and related outcomes, and mechanisms of transmission within families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshim S Jami
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Anke R Hammerschlag
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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16
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Abraham E, Zagoory-Sharon O, Feldman R. Early maternal and paternal caregiving moderates the links between preschoolers' reactivity and regulation and maturation of the HPA-immune axis. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:1482-1498. [PMID: 33432595 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While early caregiving and child's temperamental dispositions work in concert to shape social-emotional outcomes, their unique and joint contribution to the maturation of the child's stress and immune systems remain unclear. We followed children longitudinally from infancy to preschool to address the buffering effect of early parenting on the link between temperamental dysregulation and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-immune axis in preschool-aged children. Participants included 47 typically developing children and their 94 parents in both mother-father and two-father families followed across the first 4-years of family formation. In infancy, we observed parent-infant synchrony and measured parental oxytocin; in preschool, we observed temperamental reactivity and self-regulation and assessed children's cortisol and secretory Immunoglobulin A (s-IgA), biomarkers of the stress and immune systems. Greater self-regulation and lower negative emotionality were associated with lower baseline s-IgA and cortisol, respectively. However, these links were defined by interactive effects so that preschoolers with low self-regulation displayed higher s-IgA levels only in cases of low parent-infant synchrony and negative emotionality linked with greater baseline cortisol levels only when parental oxytocin levels were low. Results emphasize the long-term stress-buffering role of the neurobiology of parental care, demonstrate comparable developmental paths for mothers and fathers, and delineate the complex developmental cascades to the maturation of children's stress-management systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Abraham
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Orna Zagoory-Sharon
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel
| | - Ruth Feldman
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel.,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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17
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Jami ES, Eilertsen EM, Hammerschlag AR, Qiao Z, Evans DM, Ystrøm E, Bartels M, Middeldorp CM. Maternal and paternal effects on offspring internalizing problems: Results from genetic and family-based analyses. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2020; 183:258-267. [PMID: 32356930 PMCID: PMC7317352 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear to what extent parental influences on the development of internalizing problems in offspring are explained by indirect genetic effects, reflected in the environment provided by the parent, in addition to the genes transmitted from parent to child. In this study, these effects were investigated using two innovative methods in a large birth cohort. Using maternal-effects genome complex trait analysis (M-GCTA), the effects of offspring genotype, maternal or paternal genotypes, and their covariance on offspring internalizing problems were estimated in 3,801 mother-father-child genotyped trios. Next, estimated genetic correlations within pedigree data, including 10,688 children, were used to estimate additive genetic effects, maternal and paternal genetic effects, and a shared family effect using linear mixed effects modeling. There were no significant maternal or paternal genetic effects on offspring anxiety or depressive symptoms at age 8, beyond the effects transmitted via the genetic pathway between parents and children. However, indirect maternal genetic effects explained a small, but nonsignificant, proportion of variance in childhood depressive symptoms in both the M-GCTA (~4%) and pedigree (~8%) analyses. Our results suggest that parental effects on offspring internalizing problems are predominantly due to transmitted genetic variants, rather than the indirect effect of parental genes via the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshim S. Jami
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Amsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Anke R. Hammerschlag
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Amsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Child Health Research CentreUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Zhen Qiao
- The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - David M. Evans
- The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Eivind Ystrøm
- Department of Mental DisordersNorwegian Institute of Public HealthOsloNorway,PROMENTA Research Center, Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway,School of PharmacyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Amsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Christel M. Middeldorp
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Child Health Research CentreUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia,Child and Youth Mental Health ServiceChildren's Health Queensland Hospital and Health ServiceBrisbaneAustralia
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18
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The role of HPA-axis function during pregnancy in the intergenerational transmission of maternal adverse childhood experiences to child behavior problems. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 33:284-300. [PMID: 32124709 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419001767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to understand the mediating and/or moderating role of prenatal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function in the association between maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and child internalizing and externalizing behavior problems at age 4. The influence of timing and child sex were also explored. Participants were 248 mother-child dyads enrolled in a prospective longitudinal cohort study (the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition Study). Maternal ACEs were retrospectively assessed while maternal self-reported depression and diurnal salivary cortisol were assessed prospectively at 6-26 weeks gestation (T1) and 27-37 weeks gestation (T2). Maternal report of child internalizing and externalizing problems was assessed at 4 years (T3). Results revealed that there was a negative indirect association between maternal ACEs and child internalizing behavior via a higher maternal cortisol awakening response (CAR). Maternal diurnal cortisol slope moderated the association between maternal ACEs and child behavior problems. Some of these effects were dependent on child sex, such that higher ACEs and a flatter diurnal slope at T1 was associated with more internalizing behavior in female children and more externalizing behavior in male children. There were timing effects such that the mediating and moderating effects were strongest at T1.
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19
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Leve LD, Neiderhiser JM, Ganiban JM, Natsuaki MN, Shaw DS, Reiss D. The Early Growth and Development Study: A Dual-Family Adoption Study from Birth Through Adolescence. Twin Res Hum Genet 2019; 22:716-727. [PMID: 31526412 PMCID: PMC7056588 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2019.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Early Growth and Development Study (EGDS) is a prospective adoption study of birth parents, adoptive parents and adopted children (n = 561 adoptees). The original sample has been expanded to include siblings of the EGDS adoptees who were reared by the birth mother and assessed beginning at age 7 years (n = 217 biological children), and additional siblings in both the birth and adoptive family homes, recruited when the adoptees were 8-15 years old (n = 823). The overall study aims are to examine how family, peer and contextual processes affect child and adolescent adjustment, and to examine their interplay (mediation, moderation) with genetic influences. Adoptive and birth parents were originally recruited through adoption agencies located throughout the USA following the birth of a child. Assessments are ongoing and occurred in 9 month's intervals until the adoptees turned 3 years of age, and in 1 to 2 year intervals thereafter through age 15. Data collection includes the following primary constructs: child temperament, behavior problems, mental health, peer relations, executive functioning, school performance and health; birth and adoptive parent personality characteristics, mental health, health, context, substance use, parenting and marital relations; and the prenatal environment. Findings highlight the power of the adoption design to detect environmental influences on child development and provide evidence of complex interactions and correlations between genetic, prenatal environmental and postnatal environmental influences on a range of child outcomes. The study sample, procedures and an overview of findings are summarized and ongoing assessment activities are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie D. Leve
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403, USA
| | - Jenae M. Neiderhiser
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Jody M. Ganiban
- Center for Family Research, George Washington University, Washington DC, 20037, USA
| | - Misaki N. Natsuaki
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, USA
| | - Daniel S. Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - David Reiss
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06519, USA
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20
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Ahmadzadeh YI, Eley TC, Leve LD, Shaw DS, Natsuaki MN, Reiss D, Neiderhiser JM, McAdams TA. Anxiety in the family: a genetically informed analysis of transactional associations between mother, father and child anxiety symptoms. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2019; 60:1269-1277. [PMID: 31106427 PMCID: PMC6856374 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety in parents is associated with anxiety in offspring, although little is known about the mechanisms underpinning these intergenerational associations. We conducted the first genetically sensitive study to simultaneously examine the effects of mother, father and child anxiety symptoms on each other over time. METHOD Adoptive parent and child symptoms were measured at child ages 6, 7 and 8 years from 305 families involved in the Early Growth and Development Study, using a prospective adoption design. Children were adopted at birth to nonrelatives, and composite data on internalising problems within birth families were used as a proxy measure of offspring inherited risk for anxiety. Structural equation models were fitted to the data to examine prospective associations between adoptive mother, father and child symptoms, whilst accounting for individuals' symptom stability over time. RESULTS Child anxiety symptoms at age 7 predicted adoptive mothers' anxiety symptoms at age 8. No mother-to-child or child-to-father effects were observed. These results were consistent in sensitivity analyses using only paternal offspring reports and using a second measure of child anxiety symptoms. Fathers' anxiety symptoms at child age 6 prospectively predicted child symptoms, but only when paternal offspring reports were included in the model. Composite data on birth family internalising problems were not associated with child anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Results show environmentally mediated associations between parent and child anxiety symptoms. Results support developmental theories suggesting that child anxiety symptoms can exert influence on caregivers, and mothers and fathers may play unique roles during the development of child symptoms. Further research is needed on the role of genetic transmission associated with anxiety symptoms in biologically related families. In the meantime, researchers and clinicians should strive to include fathers in assessments and consider the effects of child symptoms on caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin I. Ahmadzadeh
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Thalia C. Eley
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Daniel S. Shaw
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Misaki N. Natsuaki
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiverside, RiversideCAUSA
| | - David Reiss
- Child Study CenterYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | | | - Tom A. McAdams
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
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21
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Marceau K, Brick LA, Knopik VS, Reijneveld SA. Developmental Pathways from Genetic, Prenatal, Parenting and Emotional/Behavioral Risk to Cortisol Reactivity and Adolescent Substance Use: A TRAILS Study. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 49:17-31. [PMID: 31786769 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol reactivity is a frequently studied biomarker of substance use, though infrequently examined in adolescence. However, past research provides evidence that multiple developmental influences, including genetics and both prenatal and postnatal environmental influences, contribute both to cortisol reactivity and adolescent substance use. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of these earlier developmental influences on cortisol reactivity to a social stress challenge and adolescent substance use (smoking, alcohol, and marijuana use frequency assessed at age 16 years), using data from the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS; N= 2230 adolescents, 51% female). Developmental pathways included polygenic risk, prenatal stress, warm parenting (age 11), and internalizing and externalizing problems (intercepts and change from 11-16 years). Cortisol reactivity was associated with smoking but not alcohol or marijuana use. Externalizing problems were the stronger predictor of adolescent substance use, but internalizing problems also had an important role. Prenatal stress and middle childhood parenting operated via middle childhood externalizing problems, and parenting also operated via trajectories of growth of externalizing problems in predicting adolescent substance use outcomes. Further, there were protective effects of internalizing problems for alcohol and marijuana use in the context of a more comprehensive model. These developmental influences did not attenuate the association of cortisol reactivity and smoking. These findings suggest a need to understand the broader developmental context regarding the impact of internalizing pathways to substance use, and that it is unlikely that cortisol reactivity and smoking are associated solely because of common developmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Marceau
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, 225 Hanley Hall, 1202 West State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Leslie A Brick
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, 225 Hanley Hall, 1202 West State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - S A Reijneveld
- Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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22
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Marceau K, Rolan E, Leve LD, Ganiban JM, Reiss D, Shaw DS, Natsuaki M, Egger H, Neiderhiser JM. Parenting and prenatal risk as moderators of genetic influences on conduct problems during middle childhood. Dev Psychol 2019; 55:1164-1181. [PMID: 30843708 PMCID: PMC6533149 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examines interactions of heritable influences, prenatal substance use, and postnatal parental warmth and hostility on the development of conduct problems in middle childhood for boys and girls. Participants are 561 linked families, collected in 2 cohorts, including birth parents, adoptive parents, and adopted children. Heritable influences on internalizing and externalizing (including substance use) problems were derived from birth mothers' and fathers' symptoms, diagnoses, and age of onset from diagnostic interviews, and the proportion of first-degree relatives with the same type of problems. Smoking during pregnancy (SDP) and alcohol use during pregnancy were assessed retrospectively from birth mothers at 5 months postpartum. Earlier externalizing problems and parental warmth and hostility and were assessed at 1 assessment prior to the outcome (Cohort II: 4.5 years; Cohort I: 7 years). Conduct problems were symptoms from a diagnostic interview assessed at age 6 (Cohort II) or 8 (Cohort I). Findings from regression analyses suggest that (a) SDP plays an important role for the development of conduct problems, (b) some relatively well-accepted effects (e.g., parental hostility) were less important when simultaneously considering multiple factors influencing the development of conduct problems, and (c) main effects of genetic risk and SDP, and interactions among genetic risk and postnatal warmth, SDP and postnatal warmth, and genetic risk, SDP, and postnatal hostility for conduct problems were important for boys' but not girls' conduct problems. Replication is needed, but the current results provide preliminary but empirically grounded hypotheses for future research testing complex developmental models of conduct problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Marceau
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University
| | - Emily Rolan
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University
| | | | | | | | | | - Misaki Natsuaki
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside
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23
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Huang T, Yue Y, Wang H, Zheng J, Chen Z, Chen T, Zhang M, Wang S. Infant Breastfeeding and Behavioral Disorders in School-Age Children. Breastfeed Med 2019; 14:115-120. [PMID: 30570349 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2018.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of breastfeeding on behavioral disorders of school-age children. MATERIALS AND METHODS Totally 1,979 children of 6-11 years old from three primary schools in Xiamen, China, were assessed and included for further analysis. The Pearson chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression model were used to analyze the effects of breastfeeding on internalizing behaviors such as depression, withdrawn, and somatic complaints, and externalizing behaviors such as aggression and rule-breaking behavior. RESULTS The Pearson chi-square test revealed that the percentages in internalizing behavioral problems (χ2 = 21.693, p < 0.001), depression (χ2 = 12.713, p = 0.002), and somatic complains (χ2 = 12.850, p = 0.002) were significantly lower with the decrease of the duration of breastfeeding. However, there were no statistically significant differences in externalizing behavioral problems. After adjusting the potential covariates, children who were breastfed for >6 months were significantly associated with the reduced risk of internalizing behavioral problems (Odds ratio = 0.446, 95%CI: 0.228-0.873) and depression (Odds ratio = 0.452, 95% CI: 0.225-0.906) compared with those who were never breastfed, whereas differences were not found in externalizing behavioral problems. CONCLUSION Increased duration of breastfeeding (≥6 months) could help lower internalizing behavioral problems, particularly depression, in school-age children. Breastfeeding with longer duration will play an important role to prevent and reduce children's internalizing behavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Huang
- 1 Xiamen Mental Health Center (Xiamen Xianyue Hospital) , Xiamen, China
| | - Yihuan Yue
- 2 Children's Hospital of Fudan University Xiamen Branch (Xiamen Children's Hospital) , Xiamen, China
| | - Hui Wang
- 2 Children's Hospital of Fudan University Xiamen Branch (Xiamen Children's Hospital) , Xiamen, China
| | - Jianshan Zheng
- 2 Children's Hospital of Fudan University Xiamen Branch (Xiamen Children's Hospital) , Xiamen, China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- 2 Children's Hospital of Fudan University Xiamen Branch (Xiamen Children's Hospital) , Xiamen, China
| | - Tianyi Chen
- 2 Children's Hospital of Fudan University Xiamen Branch (Xiamen Children's Hospital) , Xiamen, China
| | - Min Zhang
- 2 Children's Hospital of Fudan University Xiamen Branch (Xiamen Children's Hospital) , Xiamen, China
| | - Shunqin Wang
- 2 Children's Hospital of Fudan University Xiamen Branch (Xiamen Children's Hospital) , Xiamen, China
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Hails KA, Shaw DS, Leve LD, Ganiban JM, Reiss D, Natsuaki MN, Neiderhiser JM. Interaction between adoptive mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms in risk for children's emerging problem behavior. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 28:725-742. [PMID: 31579353 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of parental depression on children's adjustment has been well documented, with exposure during early childhood particularly detrimental. Most studies that examine links between parental depression and child behavior are confounded methodologically because they focus on parents raising children who are genetically related to them. Another limitation of most prior research is a tendency to focus only on the effects of maternal depression while ignoring the influence of fathers' depression. The purpose of this study was to examine whether infants' exposure to both parents' depressive symptoms, and inherited risk from birth mother internalizing symptoms, was related to school age children's externalizing and internalizing problems. Study data come from a longitudinal adoption study of 561 adoptive parents, biological mothers, and adopted children. Adoptive fathers' depressive symptoms during infancy contributed independent variance to the prediction of children's internalizing symptoms and also moderated associations between adoptive mothers' depressive symptoms and child externalizing symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Hails
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel S Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Leslie D Leve
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Jody M Ganiban
- Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | | | - Misaki N Natsuaki
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Jenae M Neiderhiser
- Department of Psychology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Abraham E, Raz G, Zagoory-Sharon O, Feldman R. Empathy networks in the parental brain and their long-term effects on children's stress reactivity and behavior adaptation. Neuropsychologia 2018; 116:75-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Korpa T, Pervanidou P, Angeli E, Apostolakou F, Papanikolaou K, Papassotiriou I, Chrousos GP, Kolaitis G. Mothers' parenting stress is associated with salivary cortisol profiles in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Stress 2017; 20:149-158. [PMID: 28264636 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1303472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the relation between mothers' parenting stress and the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA), as expressed by daily salivary cortisol concentrations, in their children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Seventy-five children aged 6-11 years diagnosed with ADHD predominant hyperactive-impulsive/combined (ADHD-HI/C, N = 49) and inattentive symptoms (ADHD-I, N = 26) and 45 healthy peers and their mothers participated in the study. Μothers completed measures assessing their children's ADHD status, perceived parenting stress (Parenting Stress Index - Short Form, PSI-SF), mothers' symptoms of psychopathology, social support and socioeconomic status. Children's salivary cortisol samples were collected at six different time points on a single day. Mothers of children with ADHD-HI/C reported higher levels of parenting stress than mothers of children with ADHD-I and controls. All PSI-SF subscales showed significant associations with children's cortisol awakening response (CAR) in both ADHD groups, with the exception of the parental distress subscale in the ADHD-I group. In both ADHD groups, the parent-child dysfunctional interaction subscale, the difficult child subscale and the PSI total score were significantly associated with children's CAR. An interrelation is revealed between mothers' high levels of parenting stress and HPAA functioning in children with ADHD. In this population, CAR has been identified as a sensitive peripheral measure of HPAA functioning in children. Lay summaryThis study showed that in families of children diagnosed with ADHD, there is a complex relation between the mothers' high levels of parenting stress and children's atypical hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terpsichori Korpa
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Athens University Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital: Thivon and Papadiamantopoulou , Athens , Greece
| | - Panagiota Pervanidou
- b Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, "Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital", Thivon and Papadiamantopoulou , Athens , Greece
| | - Eleni Angeli
- b Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, "Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital", Thivon and Papadiamantopoulou , Athens , Greece
| | - Filia Apostolakou
- c Department of Clinical Biochemistry , " Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital: Thivon and Papadiamantopoulou , Athens , Greece
| | - Katerina Papanikolaou
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Athens University Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital: Thivon and Papadiamantopoulou , Athens , Greece
| | - Ioannis Papassotiriou
- c Department of Clinical Biochemistry , " Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital: Thivon and Papadiamantopoulou , Athens , Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- b Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, "Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital", Thivon and Papadiamantopoulou , Athens , Greece
| | - Gerasimos Kolaitis
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Athens University Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital: Thivon and Papadiamantopoulou , Athens , Greece
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Marceau K, De Araujo-Greecher M, Miller ES, Massey SH, Mayes LC, Ganiban JM, Reiss D, Shaw DS, Leve LD, Neiderhiser JM. The Perinatal Risk Index: Early Risks Experienced by Domestic Adoptees in the United States. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150486. [PMID: 27010541 PMCID: PMC4807102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess comprehensively the prevalence of perinatal risks experienced by a potentially high-risk yet understudied population of children domestically adopted in the United States. Data are from participant report and medical records from mothers (n = 580) who completed a domestic adoption placement with nonrelatives at or near birth (Mean placement age = 7 days). We describe a comprehensive measure of perinatal risks, including divergences from previous assessment tools and the incorporation of multiple reporters, and report the prevalence of various types of perinatal risks. The prevalence of each specific risk factor was generally low, although several risks were more prevalent in this sample than estimates from nationally representative publicly available data. Nearly the entire sample (99%) experienced some type of risk exposure. Birth mothers who placed their children for adoption domestically in the US experience higher levels of perinatal risks than the national average, but not for all specific types of risk. Thus, the developmental trajectories of children adopted domestically may systematically differ from the general population to the extent that these specific perinatal risks impact development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Marceau
- Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KM); (JMN)
| | | | - Emily S. Miller
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Suena H. Massey
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Linda C. Mayes
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jody M. Ganiban
- George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - David Reiss
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Shaw
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Leslie D. Leve
- University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jenae M. Neiderhiser
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KM); (JMN)
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Introduction to the special issue on gene-hormone interplay. Behav Genet 2015; 45:263-7. [PMID: 25903987 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9717-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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