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Griffith RM, Cuthbert RN, Johnson JV, Hardiman G, Dick JTA. Resilient amphipods: Gammarid predatory behaviour is unaffected by microplastic exposure and deoxygenation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 883:163582. [PMID: 37086992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are a ubiquitous and persistent form of pollution globally, with impacts cascading from the cellular to ecosystem level. However, there is a paucity in understanding interactions between microplastic pollution with other environmental stressors, and how these could affect ecological functions and services. Freshwater ecosystems are subject to microplastic input from anthropogenic activities (eg. wastewater), but are also simultaneously exposed to many other stressors, particularly reduced dissolved oxygen availability associated with climatic warming and pollutants, as well as biological invasions. Here, we employ the comparative functional response method (CFR; quantifying and comparing organism resource use as a function of resource density) to investigate the relative impact of different microplastic concentrations and oxygen regimes on predatory trophic interactions of a native and an invasive alien gammarid (Gammarus duebeni and Gammarus pulex). No significant effect on trophic interaction strengths was found from very high concentrations of microplastics (200 mp/L and 200,000 mp/L) or low oxygen (40 %) stressors on either species. Additionally, both gammarid species exhibited significant Type II functional responses, with attack rates and handling times not significantly affected by microplastics, oxygen or gammarid invasion status. Thus, both species showed resistance to the simultaneous effects of microplastics and deoxygenation in terms of feeding behaviour. Based on these findings, we suggest that the trophic function, in terms of predation rate, of Gammarus spp. may be sustained under acute bouts of microplastic pollution even in poorly‑oxygenated waters. This is the first study to investigate microplastic and deoxygenation interactions and to find no evidence for an interaction on a key invertebrate ecosystem service. We argue that our CFR methods can help understand and predict the future ecological ramifications of microplastics and other stressors across taxa and habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose M Griffith
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK; Queen's Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, BT22 1PF, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Ross N Cuthbert
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK; Queen's Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, BT22 1PF, Northern Ireland, UK; Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jack V Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK; Queen's Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, BT22 1PF, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Gary Hardiman
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jaimie T A Dick
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK; Queen's Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, BT22 1PF, Northern Ireland, UK; Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
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2
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Byers JE, Blaze JA, Dodd AC, Hall HL, Gribben PE. Exotic asphyxiation: interactions between invasive species and hypoxia. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:150-167. [PMID: 36097368 PMCID: PMC10087183 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-indigenous species (NIS) and hypoxia (<2 mg O2 l-1 ) can disturb and restructure aquatic communities. Both are heavily influenced by human activities and are intensifying with global change. As these disturbances increase, understanding how they interact to affect native species and systems is essential. To expose patterns, outcomes, and generalizations, we thoroughly reviewed the biological invasion literature and compiled 100 studies that examine the interaction of hypoxia and NIS. We found that 64% of studies showed that NIS are tolerant of hypoxia, and 62% showed that NIS perform better than native species under hypoxia. Only one-quarter of studies examined NIS as creators of hypoxia; thus, NIS are more often considered passengers associated with hypoxia, rather than drivers of it. Paradoxically, the NIS that most commonly create hypoxia are primary producers. Taxa like molluscs are typically more hypoxia tolerant than mobile taxa like fish and crustaceans. Most studies examine individual-level or localized responses to hypoxia; however, the most extensive impacts occur when hypoxia associated with NIS affects communities and ecosystems. We discuss how these influences of hypoxia at higher levels of organization better inform net outcomes of the biological invasion process, i.e. establishment, spread, and impact, and are thus most useful to management. Our review identifies wide variation in the way in which the interaction between hypoxia and NIS is studied in the literature, and suggests ways to address the number of variables that affect their interaction and refine insight gleaned from future studies. We also identify a clear need for resource management to consider the interactive effects of these two global stressors which are almost exclusively managed independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Byers
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Julie A Blaze
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Alannah C Dodd
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Hannah L Hall
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Paul E Gribben
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Rm 4115, Building E26, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, New South Wales, 2088, Australia
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3
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Predicting invasive consumer impact via the comparative functional response approach: linking application to ecological theory. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Comparative Functional Response Approach (CFRA) was developed to provide a practical methodology by which short-term experiments can be used to forecast the longer-term impacts of a potential invading consumer. The CFRA makes inferences about potential invader impact based on comparisons of the functional responses of invader and native consumers on native resources in a common experimental venue. Application of the CFRA and derivative approaches have proliferated since it was introduced in 2014. Here we examine the conceptual foundations of the CFRA within the context of basic Lotka–Volterra consumer-resource theory. Our goals are to assess whether core predictions of the CFRA hold within this framework, to consider the relative importance of background mortality and consumer assimilation efficiency in determining predator impact, and to leverage this conceptual framework to expand the discussion regarding stability and long term consumer and resource dynamics. The CFRA assertion that consumers with a higher functional response will have larger impacts on resources only holds as long as all other parameters are equal, but basic theory indicates that predator impacts on prey abundance and stability will depend more on variation in conversion efficiency and background mortality. While examination of the CFRA within this framework highlights limitations about its current application, it also points to potential strengths that are only revealed when a theoretical context is identified, in this case the implications for stability and conceptual links to competition theory.
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4
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Dickey JWE, Coughlan NE, Dick JTA, Médoc V, McCard M, Leavitt PR, Lacroix G, Fiorini S, Millot A, Cuthbert RN. Breathing space: deoxygenation of aquatic environments can drive differential ecological impacts across biological invasion stages. Biol Invasions 2021; 23:2831-2847. [PMID: 34720687 PMCID: PMC8550720 DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02542-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of climate change on the ecological impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) remains understudied, with deoxygenation of aquatic environments often-overlooked as a consequence of climate change. Here, we therefore assessed how oxygen saturation affects the ecological impact of a predatory invasive fish, the Ponto-Caspian round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), relative to a co-occurring endangered European native analogue, the bullhead (Cottus gobio) experiencing decline in the presence of the IAS. In individual trials and mesocosms, we assessed the effect of high, medium and low (90%, 60% and 30%) oxygen saturation on: (1) functional responses (FRs) of the IAS and native, i.e. per capita feeding rates; (2) the impact on prey populations exerted; and (3) how combined impacts of both fishes change over invasion stages (Pre-invasion, Arrival, Replacement, Proliferation). Both species showed Type II potentially destabilising FRs, but at low oxygen saturation, the invader had a significantly higher feeding rate than the native. Relative Impact Potential, combining fish per capita effects and population abundances, revealed that low oxygen saturation exacerbates the high relative impact of the invader. The Relative Total Impact Potential (RTIP), modelling both consumer species’ impacts on prey populations in a system, was consistently higher at low oxygen saturation and especially high during invader Proliferation. In the mesocosm experiment, low oxygen lowered RTIP where both species were present, but again the IAS retained high relative impact during Replacement and Proliferation stages at low oxygen. We also found evidence of multiple predator effects, principally antagonism. We highlight the threat posed to native communities by IAS alongside climate-related stressors, but note that solutions may be available to remedy hypoxia and potentially mitigate impacts across invasion stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W E Dickey
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL Northern Ireland, UK.,Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Neil E Coughlan
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL Northern Ireland, UK.,School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jaimie T A Dick
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Vincent Médoc
- Equipe de Neuro-Ethologie Sensorielle (ENES), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), CNRS, INSERM, Université de Lyon/Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Monica McCard
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Leavitt
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL Northern Ireland, UK.,Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2 Canada
| | - Gérard Lacroix
- iEES-Paris, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (IRD, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRA, UPEC, Université Paris Diderot), CC237 Paris, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Écologie Expérimentale et Prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron Ile-De-France), UMS 3194, PSL Research University, Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Sarah Fiorini
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Écologie Expérimentale et Prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron Ile-De-France), UMS 3194, PSL Research University, Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Alexis Millot
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Écologie Expérimentale et Prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron Ile-De-France), UMS 3194, PSL Research University, Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Ross N Cuthbert
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL Northern Ireland, UK.,GEOMAR, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Tsang AHF, Dudgeon D. Can the functional response to prey predict invasiveness? A comparison of native fishes and alien poeciliids in Hong Kong. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Anthropogenic water conditions amplify predatory impact of the non-native Oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Dickey JWE, Cuthbert RN, Steffen GT, Dick JTA, Briski E. Sea freshening may drive the ecological impacts of emerging and existing invasive non‐native species. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James W. E. Dickey
- Institute for Global Food Security School of Biological Sciences Queen’s University Belfast Belfast UK
| | - Ross N. Cuthbert
- Institute for Global Food Security School of Biological Sciences Queen’s University Belfast Belfast UK
- GEOMAR Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel Kiel Germany
| | | | - Jaimie T. A. Dick
- Institute for Global Food Security School of Biological Sciences Queen’s University Belfast Belfast UK
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8
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Dalal A, Gallogly J, Cuthbert RN, Laverty C, Dickey JWE, Dick JTA. Ecological impacts of an invasive predator are mediated by the reproductive cycle. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dickey JWE, Cuthbert RN, South J, Britton JR, Caffrey J, Chang X, Crane K, Coughlan NE, Fadaei E, Farnsworth KD, Ismar-Rebitz SMH, Joyce PWS, Julius M, Laverty C, Lucy FE, MacIsaac HJ, McCard M, McGlade CLO, Reid N, Ricciardi A, Wasserman RJ, Weyl OLF, Dick JTA. On the RIP: using Relative Impact Potential to assess the ecological impacts of invasive alien species. NEOBIOTA 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.55.49547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Invasive alien species continue to arrive in new locations with no abatement in rate, and thus greater predictive powers surrounding their ecological impacts are required. In particular, we need improved means of quantifying the ecological impacts of new invasive species under different contexts. Here, we develop a suite of metrics based upon the novel Relative Impact Potential (RIP) metric, combining the functional response (consumer per capita effect), with proxies for the numerical response (consumer population response), providing quantification of invasive species ecological impact. These metrics are comparative in relation to the eco-evolutionary baseline of trophically analogous natives, as well as other invasive species and across multiple populations. Crucially, the metrics also reveal how impacts of invasive species change under abiotic and biotic contexts. While studies focused solely on functional responses have been successful in predictive invasion ecology, RIP retains these advantages while adding vital other predictive elements, principally consumer abundance. RIP can also be combined with propagule pressure to quantify overall invasion risk. By highlighting functional response and numerical response proxies, we outline a user-friendly method for assessing the impacts of invaders of all trophic levels and taxonomic groups. We apply the metric to impact assessment in the face of climate change by taking account of both changing predator consumption rates and prey reproduction rates. We proceed to outline the application of RIP to assess biotic resistance against incoming invasive species, the effect of evolution on invasive species impacts, application to interspecific competition, changing spatio-temporal patterns of invasion, and how RIP can inform biological control. We propose that RIP provides scientists and practitioners with a user-friendly, customisable and, crucially, powerful technique to inform invasive species policy and management.
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10
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Xia Z, Cao X, Hoxha T, Zhan A, Haffner GD, MacIsaac HJ. Functional response and size-selective clearance of suspended matter by an invasive mussel. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134679. [PMID: 31810685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Filter feeding activities link suspension feeders with their environment and underpin their impact on aquatic ecosystems. Despite their ecological and economic impacts, the functional response and size-selective capture of suspended particulates have not been well documented for the golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei. Here we demonstrated that golden mussels had a type I functional response, with an attack rate a = 0.085 and negligible handling time (h). Clearance rate ranged between 72.6 ± 27.0 and 305.5 ± 105.9 mL ind.-1h-1 (Mean ± S.E.), depending on food concentrations, which exhibited an inverse relationship with clearance rate. Presence of golden mussels suppressed chlorophyll a concentration in experimental mesocosms, the extent of which was dependent on mussel abundance. Concentration of suspended particles in experimental mesocosms experienced a sharp initial decline across all size categories (≤1->50 μm), though with increased final concentration of large particles (>25 μm), indicating packaging and egestion by golden mussels of fine particles (down to ≤1 μm). Capture efficiency of quantitatively-dominant suspended matter (≤1-50 μm) by golden mussels was inversely related to particle size. Animal abundance, particle size, and their interaction (abundance × particle size) determined the extent to which matter was removed from the water column. Presently L. fortunei occurs primarily in the southern end of the central route of South to North Water Diversion Project (China), but the species is spreading north; we anticipate that impacts associated with filtering of L. fortunei will correspond with local population abundance along this gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Xia
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada; International S&T Collaborative Base for Water Environment Monitoring and Simulation in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing 400715, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Xinkai Cao
- Water Quality Monitoring Center of Beijing Waterworks Group Company Limited, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Tedi Hoxha
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Aibin Zhan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - G Douglas Haffner
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada; International S&T Collaborative Base for Water Environment Monitoring and Simulation in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hugh J MacIsaac
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada; School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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Bunke M, Dick JTA, Hatcher MJ, Dunn AM. Parasites influence cannibalistic and predatory interactions within and between native and invasive amphipods. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 136:79-86. [PMID: 31575836 DOI: 10.3354/dao03415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In Northern Ireland, the amphipods Gammarus duebeni celticus (native) and G. pulex (invasive) coexist in some places, whilst in others the native species has been replaced by the invader. We explored the role of parasites in mediating interactions between these amphipods, which demonstrate mutual intraguild predation (IGP: predation between animals that also compete for prey). IGP and cannibalism can be important factors in structuring populations and communities. We investigated the effects of parasitism on rates of IGP between G. d. celticus and G. pulex and on cannibalism within each species by comparing functional responses (FRs: relationships between the use of a prey resource and its availability). Infection with the microsporidian Pleistophora mulleri caused an increase in IGP and cannibalism by G. d. celticus, which showed increased attack rates and reduced prey handling times. In contrast, infection with the acanthocephalan parasite Echinorhynchus truttae did not alter IGP or cannibalism by G. pulex. A prey preference experiment revealed that both amphipods were more likely to feed on heterospecific rather than conspecific prey, and this was also corroborated by the fact that overall IGP FRs were higher than cannibalism FRs. This may be selectively advantageous, as feeding on heterospecific prey removes possible competitors without the risk of consuming juvenile kin or acquiring parasites from infected conspecifics. Infection of the native G. d. celticus with P. mulleri enhanced IGP on the invasive G. pulex, which is likely to facilitate the coexistence of the 2 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Bunke
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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12
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Dalal A, Cuthbert RN, Dick JT, Gupta S. Water depth-dependent notonectid predatory impacts across larval mosquito ontogeny. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2610-2617. [PMID: 30729643 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Context-dependencies can modulate the strength of predatory interactions and often remain unquantified. In particular, differences in water depth within aquatic systems could influence predator efficiencies towards prey which utilise three-dimensional space through the water column. Differences in prey size could drive prey size-refuge effects, influencing the efficacy of natural enemies towards vector species. We thus quantify the predatory impact of two notonectid predators, Anisops breddini and Anisops sardeus, towards four different larval instars of Culex quinquefasciatus prey across a water depth gradient, using functional responses (FRs). RESULTS Consumption rates differed significantly between the predators, and interspecific differences in responses to variations in water depth were emergent. Both notonectids were able to handle C. quinquefasciatus prey across all instar stages, yet predation rates were generally higher towards early as opposed to late instar prey. Anisops sardeus was most voracious, and differential predation rates of this species were most pronounced in shallow waters. Type II FRs were displayed by notonectids in the majority of treatments; however, Type III FRs were emergent in specific treatment groups, with potential implications for prey population stability. Both capture rates and handling times were often greater at greater depths, and thus maximum feeding rates reduced as depth increased. Our results further demonstrate substantial predatory impacts of notonectid predators towards mosquito, and quantify biotic and abiotic context-dependencies which modulate their impact. CONCLUSION Given notonectids are capable of aerial dispersal between ephemeral aquatic habitats of varied volumes, their promotion in aquatic systems could help reduce proliferations of medically important mosquitoes. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Dalal
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Ross N Cuthbert
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, UK
| | - Jaimie Ta Dick
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, UK
| | - Susmita Gupta
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, India
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Mofu L, Cuthbert RN, Dalu T, Woodford DJ, Wasserman RJ, Dick JTA, Weyl OLF. Impacts of non-native fishes under a seasonal temperature gradient are forecasted using functional responses and abundances. NEOBIOTA 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.49.34986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Developing predictive methods to forecast the impacts of existing and emerging invasive species is of critical importance to biodiversity conservation. However, invader impacts are context-dependent, making reliable and robust predictions challenging. In particular, it is unclear how temporal variabilities in relation to temperature regime shifts influence invader ecological impacts. In the present study, we quantify the functional responses of three coexisting freshwater fishes: the native freshwater River Goby Glossogobiuscallidus, and the non-native Mozambique Tilapia Oreochromismossambicus and Western Mosquitofish Gambusiaaffinis, under two temperature treatments using chironomid larvae as prey. This was used along with fish abundance data to determine temporal differences in ecological impacts of each fish species between seasons (i.e. at two corresponding temperatures). All three fish species exhibited potentially population-destabilizing Type II functional responses. Their maximum feeding rates were consistently higher in the warm temperature treatment, whereas attack rates tended to be reduced. Non-native Mozambique Tilapia had the highest maximum feeding rate under both temperature treatments (18 °C and 25 °C), followed by the non-native Western Mosquitofish and lastly the native River Goby, suggesting greater per capita impacts on native prey by non-native fishes. The predatory fish abundances differed significantly according to season, with native River Goby and non-native Mozambique Tilapia generally more abundant than non-native Western Mosquitofish. By multiplying functional response maximum feeding rates with abundances of each fish species across the seasonal gradient, the relative impact potential of non-native Mozambique Tilapia was consistently higher compared to that of native gobies. Western Mosquitofish impacts were less apparent, owing to their low abundances. We demonstrate how seasonal temperature fluctuations affect the relative impact capacities of introduced species and the utility of consumer functional response and the relative impact potential metric in impact forecasting.
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Britton JR, Gutmann Roberts C, Amat Trigo F, Nolan ET, De Santis V. Predicting the ecological impacts of an alien invader: Experimental approaches reveal the trophic consequences of competition. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1066-1078. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Robert Britton
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Bournemouth University Poole UK
| | | | - Fatima Amat Trigo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Bournemouth University Poole UK
- Departmento de Zoología y Antropología Física Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - Emma T. Nolan
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Bournemouth University Poole UK
| | - Vanessa De Santis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Bournemouth University Poole UK
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences University of Insubria Varese Italy
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15
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Thorp CJ, Alexander ME, Vonesh JR, Measey J. Size-dependent functional response of Xenopus laevis feeding on mosquito larvae. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5813. [PMID: 30386704 PMCID: PMC6204824 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Predators can play an important role in regulating prey abundance and diversity, determining food web structure and function, and contributing to important ecosystem services, including the regulation of agricultural pests and disease vectors. Thus, the ability to predict predator impact on prey is an important goal in ecology. Often, predators of the same species are assumed to be functionally equivalent, despite considerable individual variation in predator traits known to be important for shaping predator–prey interactions, like body size. This assumption may greatly oversimplify our understanding of within-species functional diversity and undermine our ability to predict predator effects on prey. Here, we examine the degree to which predator–prey interactions are functionally homogenous across a natural range of predator body sizes. Specifically, we quantify the size-dependence of the functional response of African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) preying on mosquito larvae (Culex pipiens). Three size classes of predators, small (15–30 mm snout-vent length), medium (50–60 mm) and large (105–120 mm), were presented with five densities of prey to determine functional response type and to estimate search efficiency and handling time parameters generated from the models. The results of mesocosm experiments showed that type of functional response of X. laevis changed with size: small predators exhibited a Type II response, while medium and large predators exhibited Type III responses. Functional response data showed an inversely proportional relationship between predator attack rate and predator size. Small and medium predators had highest and lowest handling time, respectively. The change in functional response with the size of predator suggests that predators with overlapping cohorts may have a dynamic impact on prey populations. Therefore, predicting the functional response of a single size-matched predator in an experiment may misrepresent the predator’s potential impact on a prey population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey J Thorp
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Mhairi E Alexander
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Institute for Biomedical and Environmental Health Research (IBEHR), School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - James R Vonesh
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Center for Environmental Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - John Measey
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Dickey JW, Cuthbert RN, Rea M, Laverty C, Crane K, South J, Briski E, Chang X, Coughlan NE, MacIsaac HJ, Ricciardi A, Riddell GE, Xu M, Dick JT. Assessing the relative potential ecological impacts and invasion risks of emerging and future invasive alien species. NEOBIOTA 2018. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.39.28519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Invasive alien species (IAS) cause myriad negative impacts, such as ecosystem disruption, human, animal and plant health issues, economic damage and species extinctions. There are many sources of emerging and future IAS, such as the poorly regulated international pet trade. However, we lack methodologies to predict the likely ecological impacts and invasion risks of such IAS which have little or no informative invasion history. This study develops the Relative Impact Potential (RIP) metric, a new measure of ecological impact that incorporates per capita functional responses (FRs) and proxies for numerical responses (NRs) associated with emerging invaders. Further, as propagule pressure is a determinant of invasion risk, we combine the new measure of Pet Propagule Pressure (PPP) with RIP to arrive at a second novel metric, Relative Invasion Risk (RIR). We present methods to calculate these metrics and to display the outputs on intuitive bi- and triplots. We apply RIP/RIR to assess the potential ecological impacts and invasion risks of four commonly traded pet turtles that represent emerging IAS: Trachemysscriptascripta, the yellow-bellied slider; T.s.troostii, the Cumberland slider; Sternotherusodoratus, the common musk turtle; and Kinosternonsubrubrum, the Eastern mud turtle. The high maximum feeding rate and high attack rate of T.s.scripta, combined with its numerical response proxies of lifespan and fecundity, gave it the highest impact potential. It was also the second most readily available according to our UK surveys, indicating a high invasion risk. Despite having the lowest maximum feeding rate and attack rate, S.odoratus has a high invasion risk due to high availability and we highlight this species as requiring monitoring. The RIP/RIR metrics offer two universally applicable methods to assess potential impacts and risks associated with emerging and future invaders in the pet trade and other sources of future IAS. These metrics highlight T.s.scripta as having high impact and invasion risk, corroborating its position on the EU list of 49 IAS of Union Concern. This suggests our methodology and metrics have great potential to direct future IAS policy decisions and management. This, however, relies on collation and generation of new data on alien species functional responses, numerical responses and their proxies, and imaginative measures of propagule pressure.
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17
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Dickey JW, Cuthbert RN, Rea M, Laverty C, Crane K, South J, Briski E, Chang X, Coughlan NE, MacIsaac HJ, Ricciardi A, Riddell GE, Xu M, Dick JT. Assessing the relative potential ecological impacts and invasion risks of emerging and future invasive alien species. NEOBIOTA 2018. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.40.28519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Invasive alien species (IAS) cause myriad negative impacts, such as ecosystem disruption, human, animal and plant health issues, economic damage and species extinctions. There are many sources of emerging and future IAS, such as the poorly regulated international pet trade. However, we lack methodologies to predict the likely ecological impacts and invasion risks of such IAS which have little or no informative invasion history. This study develops the Relative Impact Potential (RIP) metric, a new measure of ecological impact that incorporates per capita functional responses (FRs) and proxies for numerical responses (NRs) associated with emerging invaders. Further, as propagule pressure is a determinant of invasion risk, we combine the new measure of Pet Propagule Pressure (PPP) with RIP to arrive at a second novel metric, Relative Invasion Risk (RIR). We present methods to calculate these metrics and to display the outputs on intuitive bi- and triplots. We apply RIP/RIR to assess the potential ecological impacts and invasion risks of four commonly traded pet turtles that represent emerging IAS: Trachemysscriptascripta, the yellow-bellied slider; T.s.troostii, the Cumberland slider; Sternotherusodoratus, the common musk turtle; and Kinosternonsubrubrum, the Eastern mud turtle. The high maximum feeding rate and high attack rate of T.s.scripta, combined with its numerical response proxies of lifespan and fecundity, gave it the highest impact potential. It was also the second most readily available according to our UK surveys, indicating a high invasion risk. Despite having the lowest maximum feeding rate and attack rate, S.odoratus has a high invasion risk due to high availability and we highlight this species as requiring monitoring. The RIP/RIR metrics offer two universally applicable methods to assess potential impacts and risks associated with emerging and future invaders in the pet trade and other sources of future IAS. These metrics highlight T.s.scripta as having high impact and invasion risk, corroborating its position on the EU list of 49 IAS of Union Concern. This suggests our methodology and metrics have great potential to direct future IAS policy decisions and management. This, however, relies on collation and generation of new data on alien species functional responses, numerical responses and their proxies, and imaginative measures of propagule pressure.
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18
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South J, Welsh D, Anton A, Sigwart JD, Dick JTA. Increasing temperature decreases the predatory effect of the intertidal shanny Lipophrys pholis on an amphipod prey. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 92:150-164. [PMID: 29139120 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between Lipophrys pholis and its amphipod prey Echinogammarus marinus were used to investigate the effect of changing water temperatures, comparing current and predicted mean summer temperatures. Contrary to expectations, predator attack rates significantly decreased with increasing temperature. Handling times were significantly longer at 19° C than at 17 and 15° C and the maximum feeding estimate was significantly lower at 19° C than at 17° C. Functional-response type changed from a destabilizing type II to the more stabilizing type III with a temperature increase to 19° C. This suggests that a temperature increase can mediate refuge for prey at low densities. Predatory pressure by teleosts may be dampened by a large increase in temperature (here from 15 to 19° C), but a short-term and smaller temperature increase (to 17° C) may increase destabilizing resource consumption due to high maximum feeding rates; this has implications for the stability of important intertidal ecosystems during warming events.
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Affiliation(s)
- J South
- Queen's University Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, BT22 1LS, U.K
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, MBC, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, U.K
| | - D Welsh
- Queen's University Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, BT22 1LS, U.K
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, MBC, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, U.K
| | - A Anton
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - J D Sigwart
- Queen's University Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, BT22 1LS, U.K
- University of California Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, VLSB 1101, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A
| | - J T A Dick
- Queen's University Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, BT22 1LS, U.K
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, MBC, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, U.K
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Penk M, Saul W, Dick JT, Donohue I, Alexander ME, Linzmaier S, Jeschke JM. A trophic interaction framework for identifying the invasive capacity of novel organisms. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Penk
- School of Natural SciencesTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, PharmacyInstitute of BiologyFreie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Wolf‐Christian Saul
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, PharmacyInstitute of BiologyFreie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
- Leibniz‐Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
- Centre for Invasion Biology (CIB)Department of Botany and Zoology & Department of Mathematical SciencesStellenbosch University Matieland South Africa
| | - Jaimie T.A. Dick
- Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological SciencesQueen's University Belfast Belfast UK
| | - Ian Donohue
- School of Natural SciencesTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Mhairi E. Alexander
- Institute for Biomedical and Environmental Health Research (IBEHR)School of Science and SportUniversity of the West of Scotland Paisley UK
| | - Stefan Linzmaier
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, PharmacyInstitute of BiologyFreie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
- Leibniz‐Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
| | - Jonathan M. Jeschke
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, PharmacyInstitute of BiologyFreie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
- Leibniz‐Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
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20
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Laverty C, Brenner D, McIlwaine C, Lennon JJ, Dick JT, Lucy FE, Christian KA. Temperature rise and parasitic infection interact to increase the impact of an invasive species. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:291-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Assessing the ecological impacts of invasive species based on their functional responses and abundances. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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23
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Dick JT, Laverty C, Lennon JJ, Barrios-O'Neill D, Mensink PJ, Robert Britton J, Médoc V, Boets P, Alexander ME, Taylor NG, Dunn AM, Hatcher MJ, Rosewarne PJ, Crookes S, MacIsaac HJ, Xu M, Ricciardi A, Wasserman RJ, Ellender BR, Weyl OL, Lucy FE, Banks PB, Dodd JA, MacNeil C, Penk MR, Aldridge DC, Caffrey JM. Invader Relative Impact Potential: a new metric to understand and predict the ecological impacts of existing, emerging and future invasive alien species. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie T.A. Dick
- Institute for Global Food Security; School of Biological Sciences; Queen's University Belfast; MBC, 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7BL UK
| | - Ciaran Laverty
- Institute for Global Food Security; School of Biological Sciences; Queen's University Belfast; MBC, 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7BL UK
| | - Jack J. Lennon
- Institute for Global Food Security; School of Biological Sciences; Queen's University Belfast; MBC, 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7BL UK
| | - Daniel Barrios-O'Neill
- Institute for Global Food Security; School of Biological Sciences; Queen's University Belfast; MBC, 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7BL UK
| | - Paul J. Mensink
- Institute for Global Food Security; School of Biological Sciences; Queen's University Belfast; MBC, 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7BL UK
| | - J. Robert Britton
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences; Faculty of Science and Technology; Bournemouth University; Fern Barrow, Poole Dorset BH12 5BB UK
| | - Vincent Médoc
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6); 75005 Paris France
| | - Pieter Boets
- Provinciaal Centrum voor Milieuonderzoek; Godshuizenlaan 95 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Mhairi E. Alexander
- Institute for Biomedical and Environmental Health Research (IBEHR); School of Science and Sport; University of the West of Scotland; Paisley PA1 2BE UK
| | - Nigel G. Taylor
- School of Biology; Faculty of Biological Sciences; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Alison M. Dunn
- School of Biology; Faculty of Biological Sciences; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Melanie J. Hatcher
- School of Biology; Faculty of Biological Sciences; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Paula J. Rosewarne
- School of Biology; Faculty of Biological Sciences; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Steven Crookes
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research; University of Windsor; Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Hugh J. MacIsaac
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research; University of Windsor; Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Meng Xu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation; Ministry of Agriculture; Guangzhou 510380 China
| | - Anthony Ricciardi
- Redpath Museum; McGill University; 859 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal QC H3A 0C4 Canada
| | - Ryan J. Wasserman
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB); P. Bag 1015 Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology; South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB); P. Bag 1015 Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
| | - Bruce R. Ellender
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB); P. Bag 1015 Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology; South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB); P. Bag 1015 Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
| | - Olaf L.F. Weyl
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB); P. Bag 1015 Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology; South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB); P. Bag 1015 Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
| | - Frances E. Lucy
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences; Faculty of Science and Technology; Bournemouth University; Fern Barrow, Poole Dorset BH12 5BB UK
- Centre for Environmental Research, Innovation & Sustainability; Institute of Technology Sligo; Ash Lane, Co. Sligo Ireland
| | - Peter B. Banks
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences; The University of Sydney; Science Road Cottage A10 Camperdown NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Dodd
- Scottish Centre for Ecology & the Natural Environment; IBAHCM; University of Glasgow; Rowardennan Glasgow G63 0AW UK
| | - Calum MacNeil
- Department of Environment, Food and Agriculture; This Slieau Whallian; Foxdale Road St. Johns IM4 3AS Isle of Man
| | - Marcin R. Penk
- Department of Zoology; School of Natural Sciences; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - David C. Aldridge
- Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; David Attenborough Building, Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EJ UK
| | - Joseph M. Caffrey
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences; Faculty of Science and Technology; Bournemouth University; Fern Barrow, Poole Dorset BH12 5BB UK
- INVAS Biosecurity; 6 Lower Ballymount Road, Walkinstown Dublin 12 Ireland
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Jackson M, Wasserman R, Grey J, Ricciardi A, Dick J, Alexander M. Novel and Disrupted Trophic Links Following Invasion in Freshwater Ecosystems. ADV ECOL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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25
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Functional response comparisons among freshwater amphipods: ratio-dependence and higher predation for Gammarus pulex compared to the non-natives Dikerogammarus villosus and Echinogammarus berilloni. Biol Invasions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-0984-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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