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Tavares FDS, Oliveira da Silva W, Ferguson-Smith MA, Klautau AGCDM, Oliveira JM, Rodrigues ALF, Melo-Santos G, Pieczarka JC, Nagamachi CY, Noronha RCR. Ancestral chromosomal signatures of Paenungulata (Afroteria) reveal the karyotype of Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis, Sirenia: Trichechidae) as the oldest among American manatees. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:38. [PMID: 36694120 PMCID: PMC9872332 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosomal painting in manatees has clarified questions about the rapid evolution of sirenians within the Paenungulata clade. Further cytogenetic studies in Afrotherian species may provide information about their evolutionary dynamics, revealing important insights into the ancestral karyotype in the clade representatives. The karyotype of Trichechus inunguis (TIN, Amazonian manatee) was investigated by chromosome painting, using probes from Trichechus manatus latirostris (TML, Florida manatee) to analyze the homeologies between these sirenians. RESULTS A high similarity was found between these species, with 31 homologous segments in TIN, nineteen of which are whole autosomes, besides the X and Y sex chromosomes. Four chromosomes from TML (4, 6, 8, and 9) resulted in two hybridization signals, totaling eight acrocentrics in the TIN karyotype. This study confirmed in TIN the chromosomal associations of Homo sapiens (HSA) shared in Afrotheria, such as the 5/21 synteny, and in the Paenungulata clade with the syntenies HSA 2/3, 8/22, and 18/19, in addition to the absence of HSA 4/8 common in eutherian ancestral karyotype (EAK). CONCLUSIONS TIN shares more conserved chromosomal signals with the Paenungulata Ancestral Karyotype (APK, 2n = 58) than Procavia capensis (Hyracoidea), Loxodonta africana (Proboscidea) and TML (Sirenia), where TML presents less conserved signals with APK, demonstrating that its karyotype is the most derived among the representatives of Paenungulata. The chromosomal changes that evolved from APK to the T. manatus and T. inunguis karyotypes (7 and 4 changes, respectively) are more substantial within the Trichechus genus compared to other paenungulates. Among these species, T. inunguis presents conserved traits of APK in the American manatee genus. Consequently, the karyotype of T. manatus is more derived than that of T. inunguis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Dos Santos Tavares
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará (UFPA), Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Willam Oliveira da Silva
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará (UFPA), Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Malcolm Andrew Ferguson-Smith
- Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jairo Moura Oliveira
- Zoological Park of Santarém - Universidade da Amazônia (ZOOUNAMA), Pará, Santarém, Brazil
| | - Angélica Lúcia Figueiredo Rodrigues
- Instituto de Biologia e Conservação de Mamíferos Aquáticos da Amazônia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Secretaria de Educação Do Estado Do Pará (SEDUC-PA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Melo-Santos
- Instituto de Biologia e Conservação de Mamíferos Aquáticos da Amazônia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Marinha e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Aves e Comportamento Animal, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julio Cesar Pieczarka
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará (UFPA), Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Cleusa Yoshiko Nagamachi
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará (UFPA), Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Renata Coelho Rodrigues Noronha
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará (UFPA), Pará, Belém, Brazil.
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Manatee calf call contour and acoustic structure varies by species and body size. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19597. [PMID: 36379989 PMCID: PMC9666457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vocal activity and signal characteristics of mammals are driven by several factors that result in both stability and plasticity over multiple time scales. All three extant species of manatee communicate with several calls that are especially important for maintaining contact between cows and calves. Determining if calf calls differ across manatee species will provide insights into the evolution of species-specific acoustic communication traits. We investigated the interspecific differences in the vocalizations of calves of Amazonian manatees (Trichechus inunguis) and the two subspecies of the West Indian manatee (T. manatus). Vocalizations of individual calves were recorded in rehabilitation centers in Brazil, Puerto Rico, the United States, and Mexico. The acoustic structure of calls produced by manatee calves varied between species and with body size. Amazonian manatee calves produced shorter calls with multiple notes at higher frequency while West Indian calves produced modulated calls that were lower in frequency and longer in duration. Smaller West Indian calves produced frequency modulated, hill-shaped calls that flattened with an increase in body length. Our results provide evidence for divergence in the ontogeny of vocalizations across T. manatus and T. inunguis and suggest variation in body size contributed to the evolution of differences in the characteristics of their calls.
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Noronha RCR, Almeida BRR, Chagas MCS, Tavares FS, Cardoso AL, Bastos CEMC, Silva NKN, Klautau AGCM, Luna FO, Attademo FLN, Lima DS, Sabioni LA, Sampaio MIC, Oliveira JM, do Nascimento LAS, Martins C, Vicari MR, Nagamachi CY, Pieczarka JC. Karyotypes of Manatees: New Insights into Hybrid Formation ( Trichechus inunguis × Trichechus m. manatus) in the Amazon Estuary. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1263. [PMID: 35886048 PMCID: PMC9323068 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Great efforts have been made to preserve manatees. Recently, a hybrid zone was described between Trichechus inunguis (TIN) and the Trichechus manatus manatus (TMM) in the Amazon estuary. Cytogenetic data on these sirenians are limited, despite being fundamental to understanding the hybridization/introgression dynamics and genomic organization in Trichechus. We analyzed the karyotype of TMM, TIN, and two hybrid specimens ("Poque" and "Vitor") by classical and molecular cytogenetics. G-band analysis revealed that TMM (2n = 48) and TIN (2n = 56) diverge by at least six Robertsonian translocations and a pericentric inversion. Hybrids had 2n = 50, however, with Autosomal Fundamental Number (FNA) = 88 in "Poque" and FNA = 74 in "Vitor", and chromosomal distinct pairs in heterozygous; additionally, "Vitor" exhibited heteromorphisms and chromosomes whose pairs could not be determined. The U2 snDNA and Histone H3 multi genes are distributed in small clusters along TIN and TMM chromosomes and have transposable Keno and Helitron elements (TEs) in their sequences. The different karyotypes observed among manatee hybrids may indicate that they represent different generations formed by crossing between fertile hybrids and TIN. On the other hand, it is also possible that all hybrids recorded represent F1 and the observed karyotype differences must result from mechanisms of elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata C. R. Noronha
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (B.R.R.A.); (M.C.S.C.); (F.S.T.); (C.E.M.C.B.); (C.Y.N.); (J.C.P.)
| | - Bruno R. R. Almeida
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (B.R.R.A.); (M.C.S.C.); (F.S.T.); (C.E.M.C.B.); (C.Y.N.); (J.C.P.)
- Campus Itaituba, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Itaituba 68183-300, PA, Brazil
| | - Monique C. S. Chagas
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (B.R.R.A.); (M.C.S.C.); (F.S.T.); (C.E.M.C.B.); (C.Y.N.); (J.C.P.)
| | - Flávia S. Tavares
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (B.R.R.A.); (M.C.S.C.); (F.S.T.); (C.E.M.C.B.); (C.Y.N.); (J.C.P.)
| | - Adauto L. Cardoso
- Laboratório Genômica Integrativa, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu 18618-970, SP, Brazil; (A.L.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Carlos E. M. C. Bastos
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (B.R.R.A.); (M.C.S.C.); (F.S.T.); (C.E.M.C.B.); (C.Y.N.); (J.C.P.)
| | - Natalia K. N. Silva
- Campus Tucuruí, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Tucuruí 68455-210, PA, Brazil;
| | - Alex G. C. M. Klautau
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação da Biodiversidade Marinha do Norte, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belém 66635-110, PA, Brazil;
| | - Fábia O. Luna
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Aquáticos, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação de Biodiversidade, Santos 11050-031, SP, Brazil; (F.O.L.); (F.L.N.A.)
| | - Fernanda L. N. Attademo
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Aquáticos, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação de Biodiversidade, Santos 11050-031, SP, Brazil; (F.O.L.); (F.L.N.A.)
- Departamento de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal/PPBA, Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamento e Conservação/LECC, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco/UFPE, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
| | - Danielle S. Lima
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Mamíferos Aquáticos Amazônicos, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, Tefé 69553-225, AM, Brazil; (D.S.L.); (L.A.S.)
- Rede de Pesquisa e Conservação de Sirênios no Estuário Amazônico, Macapá 68903-197, AP, Brazil
| | - Luiz A. Sabioni
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Mamíferos Aquáticos Amazônicos, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, Tefé 69553-225, AM, Brazil; (D.S.L.); (L.A.S.)
- Rede de Pesquisa e Conservação de Sirênios no Estuário Amazônico, Macapá 68903-197, AP, Brazil
- Campus Porto Grande, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Amapá, Rodovia BR 210, Km 103, s/n, Zona Rural, Porto Grande 68997-000, AP, Brazil
| | - Maria I. C. Sampaio
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, PA, Brazil;
| | - Jairo Moura Oliveira
- Zoological Park of Santarém, ZOOUNAMA, Universidade da Amazônia, Santarém 68030-150, PA, Brazil;
| | | | - Cesar Martins
- Laboratório Genômica Integrativa, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu 18618-970, SP, Brazil; (A.L.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Marcelo R. Vicari
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil;
| | - Cleusa Y. Nagamachi
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (B.R.R.A.); (M.C.S.C.); (F.S.T.); (C.E.M.C.B.); (C.Y.N.); (J.C.P.)
| | - Julio C. Pieczarka
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (B.R.R.A.); (M.C.S.C.); (F.S.T.); (C.E.M.C.B.); (C.Y.N.); (J.C.P.)
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Sá ALAD, Baker PKB, Breaux B, Oliveira JM, Klautau AGCDM, Legatzki K, Luna FDO, Attademo FLN, Hunter ME, Criscitiello MF, Schneider MPC, Sena LDS. Novel insights on aquatic mammal MHC evolution: Evidence from manatee DQB diversity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 132:104398. [PMID: 35307479 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The low diversity in marine mammal major histocompatibility complex (MHC) appears to support the hypothesis of reduced pathogen selective pressure in aquatic systems compared to terrestrial environments. However, the lack of characterization of the aquatic and evolutionarily distant Sirenia precludes drawing more generalized conclusions. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the MHC DQB diversity of two manatee species and compare it with those reported for marine mammals. Our results identified 12 and 6 alleles in T. inunguis and T. manatus, respectively. Alleles show high rates of nonsynonymous substitutions, suggesting loci are evolving under positive selection. Among aquatic mammals, Pinnipeda DQB had smaller numbers of alleles, higher synonymous substitution rate, and a dN/dS ratio closer to 1, suggesting it may be evolving under more relaxed selection compared to fully aquatic mammals. This contradicts one of the predictions of the hypothesis that aquatic environments impose reduced pathogen pressure to mammalian immune system. These results suggest that the unique evolutionary trajectories of mammalian MHC may impose challenges in drawing ecoevolutionary conclusions from comparisons across distant vertebrate lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luiz Alves de Sá
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics (LGA), Socio-Environmental and Water Resources Institute (ISARH), Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves 2501, 66077-830, Belém, PA, Brazil; Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), R. Augusto Correa 01, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Pamela Ketrya Barreiros Baker
- Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), R. Augusto Correa 01, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Breanna Breaux
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jairo Moura Oliveira
- Zoological Park of Santarém - Universidade da Amazônia (ZOOUNAMA), R. Belo Horizonte, 68030-150, Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Alex Garcia Cavalleiro de Macedo Klautau
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação da Biodiversidade Marinha do Norte (CEPNOR), Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves 2501, 66077-830, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Kristian Legatzki
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação da Biodiversidade Marinha do Norte (CEPNOR), Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves 2501, 66077-830, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Fábia de Oliveira Luna
- National Center for Research and Conservation of Aquatic Mammals, Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (CMA), ICMBio, Rua Alexandre Herculano 197, 11050-031, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Löffler Niemeyer Attademo
- National Center for Research and Conservation of Aquatic Mammals, Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (CMA), ICMBio, Rua Alexandre Herculano 197, 11050-031, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Margaret Elizabeth Hunter
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA.
| | - Michael Frederick Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Maria Paula Cruz Schneider
- Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), R. Augusto Correa 01, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Dos Santos Sena
- Center for Advanced Biodiversity Studies (CEABIO), Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), R. Augusto Correa 01, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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Karyotypical Confirmation of Natural Hybridization between Two Manatee Species, Trichechus manatus and Trichechus inunguis. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050616. [PMID: 35629284 PMCID: PMC9145575 DOI: 10.3390/life12050616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Two species of manatees are found in Northern Brazil—the Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus), which is found along the coast from Florida to Northeastern Brazil, and the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis), endemic to the Amazon drainage basin. These species show a sympatric distribution in the region of the Marajó Archipelago, an estuarine area surrounding the Amazon River mouth. There is evidence of the occurrence of interspecific hybrids in this area, based on mitochondrial DNA analyses, although the use of nuclear markers has not corroborated this proposal. Considering that these species show very distinct karyotypes, despite being closely related (2n = 48 in T. manatus and 2n = 56 in T. inunguis), hybrids would present distinct chromosome numbers. Based on this, we conducted cytogenetic analyses using classic and molecular techniques in three calves found stranded in the Marajó Island and Amapá coast. The results showed that one of them, morphologically classified as T. inunguis, presented the correspondent karyotype, with 2n = 56. However, the other two, which were phenotypically similar to T. manatus, showed 2n = 49. Despite the same diploid number, their G-banding patterns revealed some differences. The results of the distribution of some microsatellite sequences have also confirmed the heterozygosity of some chromosomal pairs in these two individuals. These results are the first indubitable confirmation of the occurrence of natural hybrids between T. manatus and T. inunguis, and also brings about some issues concerning the viability of hybrids, considering that these two individuals do not correspond to an F1 hybrid, but instead, both presented a possible F2 karyotype.
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Ramos EA, Landeo-Yauri S, Castelblanco-Martínez N, Arreola MR, Quade AH, Rieucau G. Drone-based photogrammetry assessments of body size and body condition of Antillean manatees. Mamm Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-022-00228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Castelblanco-Martínez DN, Alvarez-Alemán A, Torres R, Teague AL, Barton SL, Rood KA, Ramos EA, Mignucci-Giannoni AA. First documentation of long-distance travel by a Florida manatee to the Mexican Caribbean. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2021.1967457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Delma N. Castelblanco-Martínez
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de Quintana Roo, Boulevard Bahía Esq. Comonfort s/n, Chetumal, Quintana Roo 77019, Mexico
- Fundación Internacional para la Naturaleza y la Sustentabilidad, Calle Larún, Manzana 75, Lote 4, Chetumal, Quintana Roo 75014, Mexico
| | - Anmari Alvarez-Alemán
- Clearwater Marine Aquarium Research Institute, 249 Windward Passage, Clearwater, FL 33767, USA
| | - Raúl Torres
- Delphinus, Carretera Chetumal Pto. Juarez km. 282, Quintana Roo 77710, Mexico
| | - Amy L. Teague
- U.S. Geological Survey, 7920 NW 71st St, Gainesville FL 32653, USA
| | - Sheri L. Barton
- Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Pkwy, Sarasota, FL, 34236, USA
| | - Kari A. Rood
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 8th Ave S.E, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Eric A. Ramos
- Fundación Internacional para la Naturaleza y la Sustentabilidad, Calle Larún, Manzana 75, Lote 4, Chetumal, Quintana Roo 75014, Mexico
| | - Antonio A. Mignucci-Giannoni
- Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, 500 Carr. John Will Harris, Bayamón 00957, Puerto Rico
- Center for Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, USA
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Cabrias-Contreras LJ, Sánchez-Okrucky R, Caicedo-Herrera D, Jaramillo-Ortíz L, de la Rosa F, Negrete-Philippe AC, Cruz-Martínez D, Rivera-Guzmán AL, Mignucci-Giannoni A. Baseline urinalysis results in 32 healthy Antillean manatees ( Trichechus manatus manatus). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 258:416-424. [PMID: 33539208 DOI: 10.2460/javma.258.4.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe results of analysis of free-catch urine samples collected from Antillean manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus) under human care in the Caribbean. ANIMALS 32 Antillean manatees in 5 Caribbean oceanaria and rescue centers. PROCEDURES Urine samples were obtained by opportunistic free catch during physical examination or through the use of operant conditioning procedures. Urinalyses consisted of macro- and microscopic evaluations, biochemical analyses with test strips, and refractometry. Results were compared for manatees grouped on the basis of age, sex, and habitat. RESULTS Urine samples were typically clear, straw colored, and alkaline (mean pH, 8.0); had a urinoid odor and low specific gravity (mean, 1.010); and had results on qualitative test strips that were consistently negative for the presence of glucose, bilirubin, ketones, proteins, nitrites, RBCs, and WBCs. Microscopically, the mean ± SD number of RBCs and WBCs/hpf was 0.5 ± 0.3 RBCs/hpf and 1.1 ± 1.5 WBCs/hpf. The presence of some epithelial cells and crystals was typical. Spermatozoa were found in urine from 1 of 15 sexually mature males, and parasite larvae and eggs were found in urine from 2 manatees. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results of the present study yielded the first compilation of baseline urinalysis values in healthy Antillean manatees under human care, which, when combined with physical examination and other diagnostic procedures, can help in monitoring the health of these animals. We encourage the use of free-catch urine collection methods, as used in the present study, for routine urinalyses of manatees under human care in zoos, aquaria, or rescue centers.
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Lima CS, Magalhães RF, Santos FR. Conservation issues using discordant taxonomic and evolutionary units: a case study of the American manatee (Trichechus manatus, Sirenia). WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/wr20197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The delimitation of evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) frequently results in controversy, but prioritising populations with evolutionary independence is essential for effective in situ conservation management. The American manatee (Trichechus manatus) is distributed along subtropical and tropical coastal waters from Florida (USA) to Alagoas (Brazil), and two subspecies are traditionally recognised, namely, T. m. latirostris, restricted to the Florida peninsula, and T. m. manatus, found in the remaining areas. However, this subspecific classification is not supported by genetic and morphologic evidence, which, rather, recognises two deeply differentiated populations or ESUs called Atlantic (Brazil) and Caribbean (from Venezuela to Florida). In this viewpoint paper, we compare both intraspecific divisions of T. manatus and the conservation implications. First, we used all available mtDNA evidence to test the genealogical clustering of the two American manatee ESUs by using a tree-based coalescent method. Second, we have used different models under a coalescent framework to estimate the historic gene flow among manatee populations. The analysis of the spatial distribution of mtDNA clusters confirmed the existence of the two suggested ESUs, rather than the two claimed subspecies. Furthermore, the best model to explain historic migration indicates that Brazilian manatees belong to an isolated population, whereas Florida and Caribbean populations are connected by more recent gene flow. These results have confirmed that T. manatus of the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico and Florida belong to the same deme or Caribbean ESU, and the relatively isolated population inhabiting the Atlantic coast of Brazil belongs to the Atlantic ESU. Furthermore, both ESUs are separated by an interspecific hybrid zone (with the Amazonian manatee) located around the mouth of the Amazon River towards the Guianas coastline. The subdivision of two ESUs is also highly supported by karyotypic, morphological and ecological data, and is in clear disagreement with the traditional subspecies designations and the IUCN priorities, which manages Brazilian manatees as part of the Antillean manatee subspecies (T. m. manatus). Rather, Brazilian manatees should be considered as a full priority for conservation and require further taxonomic research; because of their deep history of isolation, they present high genetic and morphologic differentiation from all other American manatees.
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Collazo JA, Krachey MJ, Pollock KH, Pérez-Aguilo FJ, Zegarra JP, Mignucci-Giannoni AA. Population estimates of Antillean manatees in Puerto Rico: an analytical framework for aerial surveys using multi-pass removal sampling. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEffective management of the threatened Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) in Puerto Rico requires reliable estimates of population size. Estimates are needed to assess population responses to management actions, and whether recovery objectives have been met. Aerial surveys have been conducted since 1976, but none adjusted for imperfect detection. We summarize surveys since 1976, report on current distribution, and provide population estimates after accounting for apparent detection probability for surveys between June 2010 and March 2014. Estimates in areas of high concentration (hotspots) averaged 317 ± 101, three times higher than unadjusted counts (104 ± 0.56). Adjusted estimates in three areas outside hotspots also differed markedly from counts (75 ± 9.89 versus 19.5 ± 3.5). Average minimum island-wide estimate was 386 ± 89, similar to the maximum estimate of 360 suggested in 2005, but fewer than the 700 recently suggested by the Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center. Manatees were more widespread than previously understood. Improving estimates, locally or island-wide, will require stratifying the island differently and greater knowledge about factors affecting detection probability. Sharing our protocol with partners in nearby islands (e.g., Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola), whose populations share genetic make-up, would contribute to enhanced regional conservation through better population estimates and tracking range expansion.El manejo efectivo del manatí antillano amenazado en Puerto Rico requiere estimados de tamaños de poblaciónes confiables. Dichas estimaciones poblacionales son necesarias para evaluar las respuestas a las acciones de manejo, y para determinar si los objetivos de recuperación han sido alcanzados. Se han realizado censos aéreos desde 1976, pero ninguno de ellos han sido ajustados para detecciones imperfectas. Aquí resumimos los censos desde 1976, actualizamos la distribución, y reportamos los primeros estimados poblacionales ajustados para la probabilidad de detección aparente en los censos de Junio 2010 a Marzo 2014. Las estimaciones poblacionales en áreas de mayor concentración del manatí promedió 317 ± 103, tres veces más abundante que los conteos sin ajuste (104 ± 0.56). Las estimaciones poblacionales en tres áreas fuera de las áreas de mayor concentración del manatí también fueron marcadamente diferentes (75 ± 9.89 vs 19.5 ± 3.5). El estimado mínimo poblacional en la isla entera fue de 386 ± 89, similar al estimado máximo de 360 sugerido en el año 2005, pero menor a los 700 sugeridos recientemente por el Centro de Conservación de Manatíes de Puerto Rico. Documentamos que el manatí tiene una distribución más amplia de lo que se sabía con anterioridad. El mejoramiento de los estimados poblacionales locales o a nivel de isla requerirá que se estratifique a la isla en forma diferente y que se investiguen los factores que influencian a la probabilidad de detección. Compartir protocolos como este con colaboradores de islas vecinas (por. ej., Cuba, Jamaica, Española), cuyas poblaciones de manatíes comparten material genético, contribuiría a la conservación regional mediante mejores estimaciones poblacionales y monitoreo de la expansión de su ámbito doméstico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Collazo
- United States Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Matthew J Krachey
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth H Pollock
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Jan P Zegarra
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Caribbean Ecological Services Field Office, Boquerón, Puerto Rico
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Wyrosdick H, Chapman A, Mignucci-Giannoni AA, Rivera-Pérez CI, Bonde RK. Internal parasites of the two subspecies of the West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 130:145-152. [PMID: 30198489 DOI: 10.3354/dao03270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus is divided into 2 subspecies: the Antillean (T. m. manatus) and Florida (T. m. latirostris) manatees. This study reports sample prevalence of manatee parasites from populations of these 2 subspecies in different geographical locations. Although necropsy is a valuable diagnostic tool for parasite infections, the need for antemortem diagnostic techniques is important. Fecal samples collected during necropsies of Antillean manatees (n = 3) in Puerto Rico and Florida manatees (n = 10) in Crystal River, Florida, as well as from live-captured Florida manatees (n = 11) were evaluated using centrifugal flotation with sucrose and ethyl acetate sedimentation to compare parasites from each of the populations. Although both fecal examination methods provided similar results, the centrifugal flotation method required less time for diagnosis. The most common parasite eggs found in both populations included the trematodes Pulmonicola cochleotrema and Nudacotyle undicola, oocysts of the coccidian Eimeria spp., and eggs of the ascarid Heterocheilus tunicatus. Eggs of the trematode Chiorchis groschafti were found in both populations of manatees; however, eggs of a related species, Chiorchis fabaceus, were abundant in the Florida samples, but not found in Puerto Rico populations. Trematode eggs of Moniligerum blairi were found in both populations, but were more common in the Florida manatee (42%) than the Antillean manatee (33%). To our knowledge, this is the first report of both Eimeria manatus and Eimeria nodulosa oocysts in Antillean manatees from Puerto Rico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Wyrosdick
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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12
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Ferrante JA, Giles MR, Benzie E, Hunter ME. A novel technique for isolating DNA from Tempus™ blood RNA tubes after RNA isolation. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:563. [PMID: 30081941 PMCID: PMC6080204 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We use Tempus blood RNA tubes (Applied Biosystems) during health assessments of American moose (Alces alces spp.) as a minimally invasive means to obtain RNA. Here we describe a novel protocol to additionally isolate high-quality DNA from the supernatant remaining after the RNA isolation methodology. Metrics used to qualify DNA quality included measuring the concentration, obtaining a DNA integrity number from a genomic DNA ScreenTape assay (Agilent), and running the isolated DNA on an agarose gel. Results Of the 23 samples analyzed, the average DNA concentration was 121 ng/µl (range 4–337 ng/µl) and a genomic DNA ScreenTape assay of seven samples indicated high DNA integrity values for 6 of the 7 samples (range 9.1–9.4 out of 10). Of the DNA sent for genotyping by sequencing, all proved to be of sufficient integrity to yield high-quality next-generation sequence results. We recommend this simple procedure to maximize the yield of both RNA and DNA from blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Ferrante
- Cherokee Nation Technologies contracted to the U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA.
| | - Michelle R Giles
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA
| | - Emily Benzie
- University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Margaret E Hunter
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA
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Barros HMDDR, Meirelles ACO, Luna FO, Marmontel M, Cordeiro-Estrela P, Santos N, Astúa D. Cranial and chromosomal geographic variation in manatees (Mammalia: Sirenia: Trichechidae) with the description of the Antillean manatee karyotype in Brazil. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. D. do R. Barros
- Laboratório de Mastozoologia; Departamento de Zoologia/CB; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Recife PE Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética e Citogenética Animal; Departamento de Genética/CB; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Recife PE Brazil
| | - Ana C. O. Meirelles
- Programa de Mamíferos Marinhos; Associação de Pesquisa e Preservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos; Caucaia CE Brazil
| | - Fábia O. Luna
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Aquáticos; Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; Itamaracá PE Brazil
| | - Miriam Marmontel
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Mamíferos Aquáticos Amazônicos; Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá; Tefé AM Brazil
| | - Pedro Cordeiro-Estrela
- Laboratório de Mamíferos/Coleção de Mamíferos; Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia/CCEN; Universidade Federal da Paraíba; João Pessoa PB Brazil
| | - Neide Santos
- Laboratório de Genética e Citogenética Animal; Departamento de Genética/CB; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Recife PE Brazil
| | - Diego Astúa
- Laboratório de Mastozoologia; Departamento de Zoologia/CB; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Recife PE Brazil
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Hunter ME, Oyler-McCance SJ, Dorazio RM, Fike JA, Smith BJ, Hunter CT, Reed RN, Hart KM. Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling improves occurrence and detection estimates of invasive burmese pythons. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121655. [PMID: 25874630 PMCID: PMC4398459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental DNA (eDNA) methods are used to detect DNA that is shed into the aquatic environment by cryptic or low density species. Applied in eDNA studies, occupancy models can be used to estimate occurrence and detection probabilities and thereby account for imperfect detection. However, occupancy terminology has been applied inconsistently in eDNA studies, and many have calculated occurrence probabilities while not considering the effects of imperfect detection. Low detection of invasive giant constrictors using visual surveys and traps has hampered the estimation of occupancy and detection estimates needed for population management in southern Florida, USA. Giant constrictor snakes pose a threat to native species and the ecological restoration of the Florida Everglades. To assist with detection, we developed species-specific eDNA assays using quantitative PCR (qPCR) for the Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus), Northern African python (P. sebae), boa constrictor (Boa constrictor), and the green (Eunectes murinus) and yellow anaconda (E. notaeus). Burmese pythons, Northern African pythons, and boa constrictors are established and reproducing, while the green and yellow anaconda have the potential to become established. We validated the python and boa constrictor assays using laboratory trials and tested all species in 21 field locations distributed in eight southern Florida regions. Burmese python eDNA was detected in 37 of 63 field sampling events; however, the other species were not detected. Although eDNA was heterogeneously distributed in the environment, occupancy models were able to provide the first estimates of detection probabilities, which were greater than 91%. Burmese python eDNA was detected along the leading northern edge of the known population boundary. The development of informative detection tools and eDNA occupancy models can improve conservation efforts in southern Florida and support more extensive studies of invasive constrictors. Generic sampling design and terminology are proposed to standardize and clarify interpretations of eDNA-based occupancy models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E. Hunter
- US Geological Survey, Southeast Ecological Science Center, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sara J. Oyler-McCance
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Dorazio
- US Geological Survey, Southeast Ecological Science Center, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Fike
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Smith
- University of Florida, Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Charles T. Hunter
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Horticultural Sciences, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Robert N. Reed
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kristen M. Hart
- US Geological Survey, Southeast Ecological Science Center, Davie, Florida, United States of America
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Landrau-Giovannetti N, Mignucci-Giannoni AA, Reidenberg JS. Acoustical and anatomical determination of sound production and transmission in West Indian (Trichechus manatus) and Amazonian (T. inunguis) manatees. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:1896-907. [PMID: 25044536 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
West Indian (Trichechus manatus) and Amazonian (T. inunguis) manatees are vocal mammals, with most sounds produced for communication between mothers and calves. While their hearing and vocalizations have been well studied, the actual mechanism of sound production is unknown. Acoustical recordings and anatomical examination were used to determine the source of sound generation. Recordings were performed on live captive manatees from Puerto Rico, Cuba and Colombia (T. manatus) and from Peru (T. inunguis) to determine focal points of sound production. The manatees were recorded using two directional hydrophones placed on the throat and nasal region and an Edirol-R44 digital recorder. The average sound intensity level was analyzed to evaluate the sound source with a T test: paired two sample for means. Anatomical examinations were conducted on six T. manatus carcasses from Florida and Puerto Rico. During necropsies, the larynx, trachea, and nasal areas were dissected, with particular focus on identifying musculature and soft tissues capable of vibrating or constricting the airway. From the recordings we found that the acoustical intensity was significant (P < 0.0001) for both the individuals and the pooled manatees in the ventral throat region compared to the nasal region. From the dissection we found two raised areas of tissue in the lateral walls of the manatee's laryngeal lumen that are consistent with mammalian vocal folds. They oppose each other and may be able to regulate airflow between them when they are adducted or abducted by muscular control of arytenoid cartilages. Acoustic and anatomical evidence taken together suggest vocal folds as the mechanism for sound production in manatees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelmarie Landrau-Giovannetti
- Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Hunter ME, Nico LG. Genetic analysis of invasive Asian Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) in the Mississippi River Basin: evidence for multiple introductions. Biol Invasions 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-014-0708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Satizábal P, Mignucci-Giannoni AA, Duchêne S, Caicedo-Herrera D, Perea-Sicchar CM, García-Dávila CR, Trujillo F, Caballero SJ. Phylogeography and sex-biased dispersal across riverine manatee populations (Trichechus inunguis and Trichechus manatus) in South America. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52468. [PMID: 23285054 PMCID: PMC3527500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogeographic patterns and sex-biased dispersal were studied in riverine populations of West Indian (Trichechus manatus) and Amazonian manatees (T. inunguis) in South America, using 410bp D-loop (Control Region, Mitochondrial DNA) sequences and 15 nuclear microsatellite loci. This multi-locus approach was key to disentangle complex patterns of gene flow among populations. D-loop analyses revealed population structuring among all Colombian rivers for T. manatus, while microsatellite data suggested no structure. Two main populations of T. inunguis separating the Colombian and Peruvian Amazon were supported by analysis of the D-loop and microsatellite data. Overall, we provide molecular evidence for differences in dispersal patterns between sexes, demonstrating male-biased gene flow dispersal in riverine manatees. These results are in contrast with previously reported levels of population structure shown by microsatellite data in marine manatee populations, revealing low habitat restrictions to gene flow in riverine habitats, and more significant dispersal limitations for males in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Satizábal
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular de Vertebrados Acuáticos-LEMVA, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Tucker KP, Hunter ME, Bonde RK, Austin JD, Clark AM, Beck CA, McGuire PM, Oli MK. Low genetic diversity and minimal population substructure in the endangered Florida manatee: implications for conservation. J Mammal 2012. [DOI: 10.1644/12-mamm-a-048.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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