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Gao Y, Hu Y, Xu S, Liang H, Lin H, Yin TH, Zhao K. Characterisation of the mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Toxocara apodemi (Nematoda: Ascarididae). J Helminthol 2024; 98:e33. [PMID: 38618902 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x24000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
We first sequenced and characterised the complete mitochondrial genome of Toxocara apodeme, then studied the evolutionary relationship of the species within Toxocaridae. The complete mitochondrial genome was amplified using PCR with 14 specific primers. The mitogenome length was 14303 bp in size, including 12 PCGs (encoding 3,423 amino acids), 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, and 2 NCRs, with 68.38% A+T contents. The mt genomes of T. apodemi had relatively compact structures with 11 intergenic spacers and 5 overlaps. Comparative analyses of the nucleotide sequences of complete mt genomes showed that T. apodemi had higher identities with T. canis than other congeners. A sliding window analysis of 12 PCGs among 5 Toxocara species indicated that nad4 had the highest sequence divergence, and cox1 was the least variable gene. Relative synonymous codon usage showed that UUG, ACU, CCU, CGU, and UCU most frequently occurred in the complete genomes of T. apodemi. The Ka/Ks ratio showed that all Toxocara mt genes were subject to purification selection. The largest genetic distance between T. apodemi and the other 4 congeneric species was found in nad2, and the smallest was found in cox2. Phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated amino acid sequences of 12 PCGs demonstrated that T. apodemi formed a distinct branch and was always a sister taxon to other congeneric species. The present study determined the complete mt genome sequences of T. apodemi, which provide novel genetic markers for further studies of the taxonomy, population genetics, and systematics of the Toxocaridae nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou Key Laboratory of Biomedicine and Advanced Dosage Forms, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Zhejiang Taizhou318000, China
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Laboratory for Bioactive Materials and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Zhejiang Taizhou318000, China
| | - Y Hu
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Taizhou318000, China
| | - S Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou Key Laboratory of Biomedicine and Advanced Dosage Forms, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Zhejiang Taizhou318000, China
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Laboratory for Bioactive Materials and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Zhejiang Taizhou318000, China
| | - H Liang
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Taizhou318000, China
| | - H Lin
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Taizhou318000, China
| | - T H Yin
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Laboratory for Bioactive Materials and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Zhejiang Taizhou318000, China
- Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology, Jalan Genting Kelang, Kuala Lumpur 53300, Malaysia
| | - K Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou Key Laboratory of Biomedicine and Advanced Dosage Forms, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Zhejiang Taizhou318000, China
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Laboratory for Bioactive Materials and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Zhejiang Taizhou318000, China
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Kuo JTW, Wu T, Lucio-Forster A. Baylisascaris procyonis (Raccoon roundworm). Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:350-351. [PMID: 38151360 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy Wu
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Pfetzing S, Bernhard A, Bauer C, Hansmann F. Cerebral baylisascariosis in a rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus moluccanus) in a German Zoo. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:86. [PMID: 38459577 PMCID: PMC10921659 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03946-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The raccoon roundworm, Baylisascaris procyonis, can cause a meningoencephalitis as neural larva migrans which is known in avian species, including rainbow lorikeets in North America, but has not been described in Old World parrots in Germany yet. CASE PRESENTATION A 2-month-old, male rainbow lorikeet from a zoo in Germany was submitted for necropsy. Prior to death the animal had progressive neurological signs like apathy and torticollis. In the cerebrum a focally extensive severe granulomatous to necrotizing encephalitis with an intralesional larval nematode was diagnosed. Based on the clinical and pathological findings, the larval morphology and the epidemiological background, the larva was identified as Baylisascaris procyonis. CONCLUSIONS Cerebral baylisascariosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in zoo and pet birds with neurological signs having contact to racoons or rather racoon faeces in Germany due to the high prevalence of Baylisascaris procyonis in the German raccoon population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pfetzing
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Bernhard
- Zoo Leipzig GmbH, Pfaffendorfer Straße 29, 04105, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Bauer
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstraße 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Kvach Y, Kutsokon Y, Bakuma A, Chebotar S, Demchenko V, Didenko A, Snigirov S, Yuryshynets V. Parasite and genetic diversity of big-scale sand smelt (Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810) populations in their natural and expansion ranges in Ukraine. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:154. [PMID: 38446231 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The big-scale sand smelt (Atherina boyeri) is an Atlanto-Mediterranean amphidromous fish species found within the Black Sea. Here, we assess differences in the parasite fauna of big-scale sand smelt populations from their natural range in the northwestern Black Sea and from their expansion range in the Lower and Middle River Dnipro. In addition, we undertook a microsatellite analysis to assess the genetic similarity of fish from the different locations. We found that the parasite community of fish in their natural range was wider than that from their expansion range. While the Gulf of Odesa was most distant from all other localities by parasite community composition and the Dnipro Reservoir was characterised by an absence of parasites (newest and most distant expansion locality), only fish from the Danube Delta showed a significant genetic difference. Our results suggest that the parasite community of big-scale sand smelt is primarily influenced by environmental factors, such as habitat type, water salinity and/or prey composition. Both microsatellite analysis and parasite community species composition (e.g. the presence of the marine Telosentis exiguus in the Kakhovka Reservoir and freshwater Raphidascaris sp. in the Gulf of Odesa) confirmed that populations in the River Dnipro reservoirs had, at some time, been connected with native marine populations, thus also confirming the species' amphidromous nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Kvach
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Pushkinska St., 37, Odesa, 65048, Ukraine.
- Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University, Dvoryanska St., 2, Odesa, 65002, Ukraine.
| | - Yuliya Kutsokon
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, B. Khmelnytskoho St., 15, Kyiv, 01054, Ukraine
| | - Alla Bakuma
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Pushkinska St., 37, Odesa, 65048, Ukraine
| | - Sabina Chebotar
- Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University, Dvoryanska St., 2, Odesa, 65002, Ukraine
| | - Viktor Demchenko
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Pushkinska St., 37, Odesa, 65048, Ukraine
| | - Alexander Didenko
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, B. Khmelnytskoho St., 15, Kyiv, 01054, Ukraine
- Institute of Fisheries, National Academy of Agrarian Science of Ukraine, Obukhivska St., 135, Kyiv, 03164, Ukraine
| | - Sergii Snigirov
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Pushkinska St., 37, Odesa, 65048, Ukraine
- Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University, Dvoryanska St., 2, Odesa, 65002, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Yuryshynets
- Institute of Hydrobiology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Volodymyra Ivasyuka Av., 12, Kyiv, 04210, Ukraine
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Merlin A, Ravinet N, Briot L, Chauvin A, Hébert L, Valle-Casuso JC, Delerue M. Prevalence and seasonal dynamic of gastrointestinal parasites in equids in France during two years. Prev Vet Med 2024; 223:106100. [PMID: 38198900 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Grazing equids are constantly exposed to three clinically important gastrointestinal parasites (small strongyles/cyathostomins, Anoplocephala spp. and Parascaris spp.). Knowledge of the local seasonal dynamic of these parasitic infections is important for constructing a sustainable parasite control program with a rational number of anthelmintic treatments. However, studies describing these patterns are sparse in France. In this context, a two-year study was carried out to assess i) the seasonal dynamic and variability of strongyle faecal egg counts (FEC) and infective larvae (L3) counts on pastures, and ii) the prevalence of Anoplocephala spp. and Parascaris spp. and the dynamic evolution of their presence. During 2021 and 2022 grazing seasons, monthly individual faecal egg counts (FEC) and diarrhea scores (DS) were determined on 428 equids divided into 33 groups. A monthly body condition score (BCS) was also attributed to animals ≥3 years old and a monthly bodyweight was estimated for each animal <3 years old. At the group level, the strongyle L3 counts on grazed pastures were carried out at least in spring, summer and autumn. Eggs of strongyles were observed in 97% of equids. In 64% of the groups, the peaks of FEC were noted in September and October. At the individual level, the maximum strongyle FEC was related to age, group of breeds, number of grazed plots and number of anthelmintic treatments. No negative association was observed between strongyle FEC and BCS or average daily weight gain. In the pastures, cyathostomin larvae were found almost exclusively. Over the two years, the peaks of cyathostomin L3 counts occurred in 87% of the groups between September and November and ranged from 635 to 87,500 L3 kg-1 dry herbage. The variability of the maximum cyathostomin L3 count in each group was explained by the year and the number of grazed plots. Eggs of Anoplocephala spp. were observed in 12% of equids. Eggs of Parascaris spp. were noted in 34% of one year-old animals, 9% of two years-olds and 2% of olders. Anoplocephala spp. and Parascaris spp. eggs were observed every month with a peak in the percentage of shedders in groups in October for Anoplocephala spp. and May-June for Parascaris spp.This study highlights the prevalence of each parasite, the variability in cyathostomin egg excretion and L3 counts amongst groups and individuals and the factors involved in this variation These local epidemiological data will help us to re-think a newer strategy against these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Merlin
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, 14430 Goustranville, France; Mixed Technological Unit "Equine Health and Welfare - Organisation and Traceability of the Equine Industry" (UMT SABOT), France.
| | | | - Laurie Briot
- Mixed Technological Unit "Equine Health and Welfare - Organisation and Traceability of the Equine Industry" (UMT SABOT), France; French Horse and Riding Institute (IFCE), Development, Innovation, Research Department, 61310 Gouffern-en-Auge, France
| | | | - Laurent Hébert
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, 14430 Goustranville, France; Mixed Technological Unit "Equine Health and Welfare - Organisation and Traceability of the Equine Industry" (UMT SABOT), France
| | - José-Carlos Valle-Casuso
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, 14430 Goustranville, France; Mixed Technological Unit "Equine Health and Welfare - Organisation and Traceability of the Equine Industry" (UMT SABOT), France
| | - Marie Delerue
- Mixed Technological Unit "Equine Health and Welfare - Organisation and Traceability of the Equine Industry" (UMT SABOT), France; French Horse and Riding Institute (IFCE), Development, Innovation, Research Department, 61310 Gouffern-en-Auge, France
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Nadolna-Ałtyn K, Pawlak J, Pachur M. First record of Pseudoterranova decipiens in sprat (Sprattus sprattus) from the Baltic Sea. J Fish Dis 2024; 47:e13866. [PMID: 37750419 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
A dispersion of Anisakidae nematodes (particularly Contracaecum osculatum) among marine organisms in the Baltic Sea has been reported over the last decade. This is in line with an increase in the number of grey seal that act as final host for Contracaecum osculatum and Pseudoterranova sp., and are thus indispensable for the completion of their life cycles. Most attention has been paid to zoonotic nematode species, like Pseudoterranova sp., which have been noted in commercially important fish in the area. Little is known about the spread and transmission of Pseudoterranova sp. in the Baltic Sea. The aim of this study was to investigate whether sprat may play a role as a transport host for this Anisakidae. Samples were collected in three areas of the southern Baltic Sea (south and east of Bornholm, Słupsk Farrow and the Gulf of Gdańsk) during a research cruise in August 2019. A visual inspection of the viscera of 556 sprats was conducted. Parasites were identified using anatomomorphological and molecular methods. Nematodes were recorded only in sprat caught southeast of Bornholm (prevalence 2.7%; intensity of infection 1-4; abundance 0.05). Molecular identification revealed the presence of Pseudoterranova decipiens. This is the first report of P. decipiens in sprat from the Baltic Sea. Sprat is likely a transmitter of P. decipiens in the Baltic Sea food web.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Marzenna Pachur
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Gdynia, Poland
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Ashrafzadeh-Shiraz M, Tavassoli M, Dalir-Naghadeh B, Sazmand A. Impaired efficacy of fenbendazole and ivermectin against intestinal nematodes in adult horses in Iran. Res Vet Sci 2024; 166:105078. [PMID: 37952299 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of fenbendazole and ivermectin on strongyles and Parascaris sp. infecting adult riding horses in three regions with different climates. During 2021 and 2022 fecal specimens were randomly collected from 483 horses older than three years in 31 equestrian clubs in Hamedan (n = 217), Yazd (n = 146) and Tabriz cities (n = 120). Eggs were counted by McMaster technique, and the strongyle larvae were identified using coproculture, PCR and sequencing. Horses with strongyles and Parascaris egg counts ≥150 were enrolled in fecal egg count reduction (FECR) examination following treatment with ivermectin or fenbendazole. In total, 26.5% of examined horses were positive with at least one parasite. Infection rates varied in three cities i.e., 25.8% in Hamedan, 28.8% in Yazd, 25% in Tabriz. Fifty-seven horses had FECR measured. FECR below <90% was observed for IVM-strongyle in two horses in Tabriz, for FBZ-strongyle in two horses in Tabriz and two horses in Hamedan, for IVM-Parascaris in one horse in all three cities, and for FBZ-Parascaris in one horse in Yazd. Furthermore, FECR 90-100% was observed in IVM-Parascaris and FBZ -Parascaris groups in Tabriz. Data herein presented demonstrate different degrees of resistance of strongyles and Parascaris infecting horses in Iran against both ivermectin and fenbendazole. Since non-principled use of anthelminthics is common among horse owners, urgency of test-and-treatment strategy should be educated and implemented by policy-making organizations. Evaluating efficacy of different anthelminthics and choosing the most effective treatment in each region is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mousa Tavassoli
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, 5756151818 Urmia, Iran.
| | - Bahram Dalir-Naghadeh
- Department of Internal Disease and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, 5756151818 Urmia, Iran.
| | - Alireza Sazmand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bu-Ali Sina University, 6517658978 Hamedan, Iran.
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Garbin LE, Servián A, Fuentes L, Morgenthaler A, Millones A, Fuchs D, Diaz JI, Navone GT. Phylogenetic relationship between Contracaecum spp. (Nematoda, Anisakidae) parasitizing cormorants (Aves, Phalacrocoracidae) in Argentina. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:61. [PMID: 38112785 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Species of the genus Contracaecum (Family Anisakidae) exhibit a broad host and geographical distribution, parasitizing aquatic organisms such as piscivorous birds and mammals as their definitive hosts. Several Contracaecum species have been reported parasitizing cormorants (Family: Phalacrocoracidae) in South America. The objective of this study was to highlight phylogenetic relationships between Contracaecum species parasitizing cormorants based on both molecular analyses and the papillae arrangement on the male tail. Some Contracaecum species parasitizing Red-legged cormorants from the Ría Deseado (RD), and other nematodes parasitizing eight Neotropic cormorants from San Miguel del Monte lagoon (SMML), Argentina, were collected and analyzed. Both morphological and phylogenetic analyses allowed us to recognize two species: Contracaecum chubutensis parasitizing Phalacrocorax gaimardi, and Contracaecum australe parasitic in Phalacrocorax brasilianus. According to the obtained sequences (mtDNA cox2, ITS1, ITS2, and SSrRNA), Contracaecum sp. parasitizing P. gaimardi exhibited concordance with the previously reported C. chubutensis parasitizing P. atriceps from Bahía Bustamante, Chubut province. Likewise, Contracaecum sp. isolates parasitizing P. brasilianus showed concordance with C. australe from Chile. Besides, the papillae arrangement on the male tail allowed us to understand the interspecific and genetic relationships between the Contracaecum species. The analyses confirm that C. chubutensis specimens parasitizing P. gaimardi from RD present a new host record for the species, whereas, those C. australe specimens parasitizing P. brasilianus from SMML provide a new geographical record for the species and the extension of its distribution range. Present results also confirm the inland and marine distribution of C. australe and C. chubutensis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas E Garbin
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CCT La Plata-CONICET-UNLP), 120 s/n e/61 y 62, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Andrea Servián
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CCT La Plata-CONICET-UNLP), 120 s/n e/61 y 62, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lautaro Fuentes
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CCT La Plata-CONICET-UNLP), 120 s/n e/61 y 62, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Annick Morgenthaler
- Centro de Investigaciones Puerto Deseado, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral, Av. Prefectura Naval s/n, 9050, Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz, Argentina
| | - Ana Millones
- Centro de Investigaciones Puerto Deseado, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral, Av. Prefectura Naval s/n, 9050, Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz, Argentina
| | - Daniela Fuchs
- Sección Ornitología, División Zoología Vertebrados (FCNyM-UNLP-CONICET), Paseo del Bosque s/n, B1900FWA, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julia I Diaz
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CCT La Plata-CONICET-UNLP), 120 s/n e/61 y 62, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela T Navone
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CCT La Plata-CONICET-UNLP), 120 s/n e/61 y 62, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Pinheiro RHDS, Bezerra AM, Giese EG. Morphological identification of Skrjabinisakis Mozgovoi, 1951 (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in Kogia sima (Cetacea: Kogiidae) from Brazilian waters. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2023; 32:e013423. [PMID: 37971024 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
New morphological, morphometric and scanning electron microscopy data of a nematode of the family Anisakidae, recovered from a specimen of Kogia sima, a cetacean that died off the northern coast of Brazil, are presented in this paper. Morphological features such as the violin-shaped ventricle and short and equal spicules, as well as the distribution of post-cloacal papillae and specificity for the definitive host (Kogiidae cetaceans) demonstrate similarity to Skrjabinisakis paggiae. This research records Kogia sima and S. paggiae on the estuarine coast of Pará, northern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Henrique da Silva Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia Animal, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Andréa Magalhães Bezerra
- Laboratório e Museu de Zoologia, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Elane Guerreiro Giese
- Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia Animal, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brasil
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Shamsi S, Suthar J, Zhu X, Barton DP. Infection levels of Gnathostomatidae (Nematoda) larvae in commercial fishes in north-eastern Australian waters and related food safety concerns. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 403:110340. [PMID: 37541062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The majority of research on the safety of marine edible fish has primarily focused on anisakid nematodes, neglecting the potential risks posed by other parasites, including those belonging to the family Gnathostomatidae. In Australia, there have been few reported cases of human infections with gnathostomatid parasites since 2011. However, due to the absence of a standardized diagnostic test in the country, it is believed that the actual number of infections is higher than reported. This study aimed to assess the occurrence and prevalence of infectious gnathostomatid parasites in selected commercial fish species in Australia. A total of 1947 marine fish from northern Australia, representing 9 families, 16 genera, and 30 species, were examined for gnathostomatid nematode infections. Overall, 12.3 % of the fish were found to be infected with at least one gnathostomatid larva. Among the species examined, the yellow-dabbled flounder (Branchypleura novaezeelandiae) exhibited the highest prevalence (83.3 %; n = 6) and the largest number of gnathostomatid larvae. The identification of the gnathostomatid larvae was confirmed as belonging to the genus Echinocephalus based on both morphological characteristics and sequence data. No significant correlation was observed between the prevalence, mean abundance, and mean intensity of infection with the length or weight of the examined fish species. Notably, several of the infected fish species are considered popular choices in the Australian market. Hence, it is imperative to raise awareness among relevant food safety authorities regarding the occurrence of these parasites. The findings from this study should be taken into consideration for the revision of current seafood safety protocols in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoofeh Shamsi
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2650, Australia.
| | - Jaydipbhai Suthar
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2650, Australia
| | - Xiaocheng Zhu
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2650, Australia; Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2650, Australia
| | - Diane P Barton
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2650, Australia
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Ripley NE, Gravatte HS, Britton LN, Davis SM, Perrin GM, Warner S, Rexroat EK, Vetter AL, Maron EES, Finnerty CA, Stanton V, Nielsen MK. Parascaris spp. eggs shedding patterns in juvenile horses. Vet Parasitol 2023; 322:110029. [PMID: 37734131 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Parascaris spp. infect foals worldwide and foals typically shed eggs in the feces from about three to six months of age, upon which natural immunity is incurred. High levels of anthelmintic resistance of Parascaris spp. are a global concern, and further understanding egg shedding patterns and fecal egg counting (FEC) data variability is of high importance. The aims of this study were to monitor Parascaris spp. egg shedding in untreated foals during 12-23 weeks of age, estimate sources of data variability, and assess precision of two ascarid FEC techniques. Fecal samples were collected weekly from 11 foals born in 2022, from May through November (29 weeks). Six subsamples were extracted from each weekly sample to determine 30 FECs between two techniques: a McMaster technique and an Automated Egg Counting System (AECS). Mixed linear modeling was carried out with age, sex, birth month, seasonality, spring- or summer-born foals, and egg counting technique as explanatory variables. Ascarid FECs were associated with age (p < 0.001), seasonality (p < 0.001), and technique (p < 0.001). The McMaster technique was more precise with a mean coefficient of variation (CV) of 34.57% and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 30.80%- 38.30% compared to the CV for the AECS, which was 42.22% (CI: 37.70%-46.70%). Seasonality accounted for the highest proportion of variance (PV) of all covariates, but differences in PVs for covariates existed between techniques with foal age and subsample contributing more variance to the McMaster, and individual foal and seasonality contributing more to the AECS. Subsamples and replicate counts accounted for less than 1% of the total data variance. The results highlighted substantial differences in PVs between the two techniques at the subsample (AECS: 57.14%; McMaster: 77.51%) and replicate count levels (AECS: 42.86%; McMaster: 22.49%). While differences in precision were observed between the two FEC techniques, they were negligible in the data set, as the overwhelming majority of the data variability in ascarid FECs was attributed to individual foal, seasonality, and foal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichol E Ripley
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA.
| | - Holli S Gravatte
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - Leah N Britton
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - Sarah M Davis
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - Grace M Perrin
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - Shaelin Warner
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Rexroat
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - Abigail L Vetter
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - Emily E S Maron
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - Constance A Finnerty
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - Victoria Stanton
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
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12
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Baylisascaris procyonis Roundworm Infection in Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Washington, USA, 2022. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:907. [PMID: 37670459 DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000004066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
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13
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Flota-Burgos GJ, Rosado-Aguilar JA, Rojas-Becerril R, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Trinidad-Martínez I. Evidence of resistance to ivermectin in the gastrointestinal nematodes of horses from Mexican southeast. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 44:100907. [PMID: 37652626 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are a major impediment to breeding and exploitation of horses. Traditional control of GIN has generated resistance to main anthelmintics, including ivermectin. An analysis of five ranches with a history of IVM use was done to determine the efficacy and resistance of GIN to IVM treatment in horses from the Mexican southeast. Predesigned questionnaires were applied to collect information on previous treatment protocols. The fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was applied to determine resistance. Before IVM application, a McMaster test was used to diagnose GIN infection in horses, and feces cultures were done to identify L3 larvae for Strongylida eggs. Pre-treatment samples showed that 72.7% (80/110) of horses were GIN positive, with cyathostomins being the most frequent (91.8%), followed by Oxyuris equi (7.0%), Parascaris equorum (1.0%), and Strongylus vulgaris (0.2%). Based on the results, the horses at each ranch were divided in control (CG) and experimental (EG) groups with similar eggs per gram of feces (EPG). The EG (40/80) was dewormed with IVM (0.2 mg/kg orally) and the CG (40/80) remained untreated. After 14 days, EPG were measured, and feces cultures were done again to identify L3 larvae. After treatment of EG, 40% (16/40) of horses were positive, the most frequently identified GIN were cyathostomins (98.6%), followed by P. equorum (1.0%) and S. vulgaris (0.2%). Three of the five ranches were classified as resistant, according to the FECRT, with a percentage of reduction from 53 to 68%, all of which used IVM ≥4 times annually. This is the first evidence of resistance in cyathostomins to IVM treatment in horses from the Mexican southeast, adding to the current problem of anthelmintic resistance in equine GIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Janett Flota-Burgos
- Departamento de salud animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, CP 97100 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - José Alberto Rosado-Aguilar
- Departamento de salud animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, CP 97100 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Roberto Rojas-Becerril
- Asociación Mexicana de Médicos Veterinarios Especialistas en Equinos A.C., Calzada México Tacuba # 213, esquina Maestro Rural, Col. Un lugar para nosotros, Del. Miguel Hidalgo CP 11330, D.F, Mexico
| | - Roger Iván Rodríguez-Vivas
- Departamento de salud animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, CP 97100 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Iris Trinidad-Martínez
- Departamento de salud animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, CP 97100 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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14
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Hossain ME, Kennedy KJ, Wilson HL, Spratt D, Koehler A, Gasser RB, Šlapeta J, Hawkins CA, Bandi HP, Senanayake SN. Human Neural Larva Migrans Caused by Ophidascaris robertsi Ascarid. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1900-1903. [PMID: 37610238 PMCID: PMC10461669 DOI: 10.3201/eid2909.230351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a case in Australia of human neural larva migrans caused by the ascarid Ophidascaris robertsi, for which Australian carpet pythons are definitive hosts. We made the diagnosis after a live nematode was removed from the brain of a 64-year-old woman who was immunosuppressed for a hypereosinophilic syndrome diagnosed 12 months earlier.
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15
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Santana RLS, de Carvalho EL, Conga DMF, Aparicio PM, Pereira WLA, Giese EG. Redescription of Brevimulticaecum baylisi () (Nematoda: Heterocheilidae), a parasite of Caiman crocodilus (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae) in the north-eastern Peruvian Amazon. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 43:100905. [PMID: 37451758 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Caiman crocodilus is among the most abundant and widely distributed predators in the Neotropical region. These animals consume prey such as crustaceans, birds, small mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish, which can carry infective larval forms of nematodes. Brevimulticaecum has few studies on its morphology available, lacking detailed images. Therefore, the aim of this study was to redescribe Brevimulticaecum baylisi, stomach parasite of Caiman crocodilus, from subsistence hunting in the Yavari-Mirin River, Peruvian Amazon, using light and scanning electron microscopy. Four caimans were analyzed, and, macroscopically, all had ulcerative lesions in the stomach caused by this parasite. Histopathology showed an inflammatory infiltrate with a predominance of lymphocytes. Morphological characteristics of nematodes include the presence of three diamond-shaped lips wider than they are long, interlabia pyramidal, excretory pore located above the nerve ring, present intestinal cecum, ventriculus with five ventricular appendages, and long, winged spicules. These morphological characters, added to the number and distribution of the pre- and postcloacal papillae of the male specimens, allowed the identification of these parasites as B. baylisi. Scanning electron microscopy of these nematodes showed the presence of a dentigerous ridge on the inner surface of the lips in both sexes, while in males, the presence of a horseshoe-shaped median papilla was observed on the upper lip of the cloaca. Our research, therefore, adds these characteristics to the original description of B. baylisi, in addition to expanding the biogeographical distribution of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Luis Sousa Santana
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brazil; Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia Animal, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Elaine Lopes de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brazil; Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia Animal, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - David Marcial Fernandez Conga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Mayor Aparicio
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brazil; Departament of Animal Health and Anatomy, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Washington Luiz Assunção Pereira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Elane Guerreiro Giese
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brazil; Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia Animal, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brazil
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16
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Kim S, Lee BS, Choe S. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the common minke whale in Korean waters. Parasites Hosts Dis 2023; 61:240-250. [PMID: 37648229 PMCID: PMC10471470 DOI: 10.3347/phd.23046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The genus Anisakis is among the most significant parasites to public health, as it causes anisakiasis, a parasitic infection in humans resulting from consuming raw or undercooked seafood. Although the infection status of i>Anisakis in second intermediate hosts, such as marine fishes and cephalopods, and humans have been severally reported in Korea, no information about the definitive host in Korean waters is available. In 2014, 2 adult gastric nematodes were collected from a common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) found in the East Sea, Korea. These worms were identified as A. simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) by comparing the mitochondrial COX2 marker with previously deposited sequences. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of A. simplex (s.s.) worldwide revealed 2 distinct populations: the Pacific population and the European waters population. This is the first report on adult i>Anisakis and its definitive host species in Korea. Further studies on Anisakis infection in other cetacean species and marine mammals in Korean seas are warrantedi>Anisakis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmin Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Parasite Research Center, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
| | - Bom Sok Lee
- National Ocean Science Museum, Uljin 36315,
Korea
| | - Seongjun Choe
- Department of Parasitology and Parasite Research Center, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
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17
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Salgado-Miranda C, Martínez-Tarango S, Gutiérrez-Santana AN, Lazcano-Mendiola A, Vega-Castillo LF, Soriano-Vargas E. Enteroparasites from the American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) in Toluca Valley, Mexico. J Wildl Dis 2023; 59:524-527. [PMID: 37167076 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We examined 82 fresh fecal samples from American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) at San Pablo Autopan, Toluca Valley, central Mexico, December 2021 to April 2022. Eggs of Contracaecum spp. were observed in 100%, Capillaria spp. in two (2.5%), Strongyloides spp. in eight (9.7%), and coccidial oocysts in 12 (15%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Celene Salgado-Miranda
- Cuerpo Académico Patogénesis Microbiana Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco 15.5 km, s/n, Toluca 50295, México
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco 15.5 km, s/n, Toluca 50295, México
| | - Silvia Martínez-Tarango
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco 15.5 km, s/n, Toluca 50295, México
| | - Alondra Nikol Gutiérrez-Santana
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco 15.5 km, s/n, Toluca 50295, México
| | - Andrea Lazcano-Mendiola
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco 15.5 km, s/n, Toluca 50295, México
| | - Luis Fernando Vega-Castillo
- Cuerpo Académico Patogénesis Microbiana Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco 15.5 km, s/n, Toluca 50295, México
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco 15.5 km, s/n, Toluca 50295, México
| | - Edgardo Soriano-Vargas
- Cuerpo Académico Patogénesis Microbiana Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco 15.5 km, s/n, Toluca 50295, México
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco 15.5 km, s/n, Toluca 50295, México
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18
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Crandall KA, Pease BS, Simmons AL, Adamovicz LA, Cove MV. Raccoon Roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis) Undetected in Endangered Key Largo Woodrat (Neotoma floridana smalli) Endemic Range. J Wildl Dis 2023; 59:536-538. [PMID: 37170425 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis) negatively affects woodrat (Neotoma spp.) populations but is not known to occur in the endemic range of endangered Key Largo woodrats (Neotoma floridana smalli). Rectal swabs from 23 raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Key Largo were screened for raccoon roundworm by PCR. All tests were negative, suggesting continued absence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Crandall
- Forestry Program, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA
| | - Brent S Pease
- Forestry Program, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA
| | - Amber L Simmons
- Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, University of Illinois, 2001 S Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA
| | - Laura A Adamovicz
- Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, University of Illinois, 2001 S Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA
| | - Michael V Cove
- Mammal Unit, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 11 W Jones Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27601, USA
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19
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Taylor MG, Ankar A, Meoded A, Jarjour IT, Risen S, McNeil JC. Eosinophilic Meningitis: Eleven-Year Experience at Texas Children's Hospital. J Pediatr 2022; 251:202-208.e1. [PMID: 35977618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic meningitis can be caused by various etiologies and is reported mostly in tropical climates. The diagnosis is rare in the continental US, presenting challenges for management. Following a case of pediatric eosinophilic meningitis, we reviewed our 11-year experience with this diagnosis at a large US children's hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret G Taylor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
| | - Alexander Ankar
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Avner Meoded
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Imad T Jarjour
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sarah Risen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - J Chase McNeil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
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20
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Xu J, Gu X, Xie Y, He R, Xu J, Xiong L, Peng X, Yang G. Characterization of a novel cysteine protease inhibitor in Baylisascaris schroederi migratory larvae and its role in regulating mice immune cell response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894820. [PMID: 36105820 PMCID: PMC9464942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Baylisascaris schroederi (B. schroederi) is a severe threat to the survival of giant pandas. Currently, the immune regulation mechanism of B. schroederi is poorly understood. Cysteine protease inhibitors (CPI) play important roles in the regulation of host immune responses against certain nematodes. In this study, a recombinant CPI of B. schroederi migratory larvae (rBsCPI-1) was cloned and expressed, and the effects of rBsCPI-1 on the physiological activities and antigen presentation of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) were analyzed. We also analyzed the regulatory effects of rBsCPI-1 on the proliferation and differentiation of CD4+ T cells. And further identified the signaling pathways which play important roles in this process. The results showed that rBsCPI-1 activated the TLR2/4-small Rho GTPases-PAK1 pathway. On the one hand, it increased the phagocytosis and migration of MDMs. On the other hand, it activated downstream MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways to induce apoptosis of MDMs. rBsCPI-1 also induced MDMs to polarize to the M2 subtype, thereby exerting an immunosuppressive effect. Meanwhile, rBsCPI-1 inhibited the antigen presentation process by decreasing the expression of MHC-II molecules, further inhibiting the proliferation of CD4+ T cells and inducing a Th1/Th2 mixed immune response. Treg cells with immunosuppressive effects were increased. The PD-L2/PD-1 and CD80/CTLA-4 signaling pathways between MDMs and CD4+ T cells were also activated by rBsCPI-1. In conclusion, this study preliminarily confirmed that rBsCPI-1 affects the physiological activities and polarization of MDMs through the TLR2/4 signaling pathway, and further interferes with antigen presentation response, inducing CD4+ T cells to play an immunosuppressive cellular response during the migratory process of B. schroederi. Thus, this study will provide a reference for elucidating the immune evasion mechanism of B. schroederi and developing new drugs and protective vaccines against B. schroederi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Lang Xiong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Guangyou Yang,
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21
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Alt KG, Feldmeyer B, Kochmann J, Klimpel S. Gene expression and allergenic potential of Pseudoterranova bulbosa L3 from different infection sites in North Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). J Fish Dis 2022; 45:1073-1086. [PMID: 35475516 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent advances in molecular methods and data processing have facilitated research on anisakid nematodes. While most research efforts were made regarding the genus Anisakis, since this genus is held responsible for the majority of reported clinical signs, there is still a demand for data on the genus Pseudoterranova. Several case studies of severe invasive anisakidosis affecting various organs caused by species of the P. decipiens complex have been described. To better understand the way these parasites might infest their fish host, we examined whether parasite location within the fish host affects gene expression. A de novo assembly of the transcriptome of Pseudoterranova bulbosa, isolated from North Atlantic cod, was analysed for patterns of differential gene expression between samples taken from liver and viscera. We additionally searched for homologs to known nematode allergens, to give a first estimate of the potential allergenicity of P. bulbosa. There was a subtle difference in the gene expression of samples taken from liver and viscera. Seventy genes were differentially expressed, 32 genes were upregulated in parasites isolated from liver and 38 genes were upregulated in parasites from viscera. Homologs of five nematode allergens were identified among the genes expressed by P. bulbosa. Our transcriptome of P. bulbosa will be a valuable resource for further meta-analyses and resequencing projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina G Alt
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Barbara Feldmeyer
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Judith Kochmann
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Sven Klimpel
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE TBG), Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Cárdenas MQ, Justo MCN, Reyes ADRP, Cohen SC. Diversity of Nematoda and Digenea from different species of characiform fishes from Tocantins River, Maranhão, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2022; 31:e005122. [PMID: 35894419 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612022038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During a survey of the helminth fauna of characiform fishes from the Tocantins River, Brazil, 185 fish specimens from 22 species were studied. Twelve species of Nematoda and nine species of Digenea were collected. Some of these helminth species were reported for the first time in their hosts, thus representing new host records: Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) sp. in Bivibranchia notata, Brycon pesu, Chalceus macrolepidotus, Hemiodus microlepis and Hemiodus unimaculatus; Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus in Triportheus elongatus; Goezia sp. (larva) in Boulengerella cuvieri; Rhabdochona acuminata in Brycon pesu and Triportheus trifurcatus; Raphidascaris sp. (larva) in Caenotropus labyrinthicus; Cosmoxynema vianai in Cyphocharax gouldingi; Rondonia rondoni in Leporinus fasciatus and Mylesinus paucisquamatus; Klossinemella iheringi in Mylesinus paucisquamatus; Cucullanidae gen. sp. in Myloplus rubripinnis; Rhabdochona sp. in Triportheus elongatus; Alphamphistoma sp. in Myleus setiger; Chalcinotrema sp. in Cyphocharax gouldingi; Pacudistoma guianense in Hemiodus unimaculatus and Myleus torquatus; Pseudocladorchis cylindricus in Hemiodus unimaculatus; Dadaytrema oxycephala in Mylesinus paucisquamatus; Travassosinia dilatata in Myloplus asterias; and Genarchella genarchella in Raphiodon vulpinus. Studies identifying new hosts and new localities for parasites have contributed to the knowledge of local biodiversity. A list of previous records of helminths included in the present study, providing hosts, localities, and references, is presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Querido Cárdenas
- Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Peixes, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Márcia Cristina Nascimento Justo
- Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Peixes, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Amanda da Rocha Paula Reyes
- Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Peixes, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Simone Chinicz Cohen
- Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Peixes, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Song H, Ryoo S, Jung BK, Cho J, Chang T, Hong S, Shin H, Sohn WM, Chai JY. Molecular Diagnosis of Pseudoterranova decipiens Sensu Stricto Infections, South Korea, 2002‒2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1283-1285. [PMID: 35608950 PMCID: PMC9155879 DOI: 10.3201/eid2806.212483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Duarte R, Santos-Clapp MDD, Brasil-Sato MDC. Metazoan endoparasites of Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Actinopterygii: Acestrorhynchidae) from lagoons bordering the upper and middle São Francisco river basin, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2022; 31:e000422. [PMID: 35476007 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612022023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The endoparasitic fauna of Acestrorhynchus lacustris from eight marginal lagoons of the upper and middle São Francisco river basin, Brazil, is recorded here for the first time. For this, a total of 106 specimens of A. lacustris were collected. Eighteen helminth species were found. The taxa recorded were phylum Platyhelminthes: one metacercaria of Clinostomum sp. (Trematoda: Clinostomidae) and plerocercoid larvae of unidentified species (Eucestoda: Proteocephalidae gen. sp.); phylum Acanthocephala: juvenile of Quadrigyrus sp.; and phylum Nematoda: larvae of Brevimulticaecum sp., Contracaecum sp. Type1, Contracaecum sp. Type2, Hysterothylacium sp., Gnathostoma sp., Spiroxys sp., juvenile and adult specimens of Freitascapillaria sp., Paracapillaria piscicola, Capillariidae gen. sp., Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) hilarii, Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus, Procamallanus (S.) saofranciscencis, Travassosnema travassosi paranaensis, Cystidicoloides fischeri and Spinitectus rodolphiheringi. Proteocephalidae gen. sp., Contracaecum sp. Type1 and Travassosnema t. paranaensis were present in all eight lagoons with high parasitic indexes. Proteocephalidae gen. sp., Brevimulticaecum sp., Gnathostoma sp., Freitascapillaria sp., P. piscicola, Capillariidae gen. sp., Procamallanus (S.) hilarii, C. fischeri and S. rodolphiheringi are new records for A. lacustris. The known geographical distribution of Gnathostoma sp., Freitascapillaria sp., P. piscicola, Capillariidae gen. sp., Procamallanus (S.) hilarii and Travassosnema t. paranaensis has now been extended to the São Francisco river basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayane Duarte
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
- Laboratório de Biologia e Ecologia de Parasitos, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Michelle Daniele Dos Santos-Clapp
- Laboratório de Biologia e Ecologia de Parasitos, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marilia de Carvalho Brasil-Sato
- Laboratório de Biologia e Ecologia de Parasitos, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
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Skirnisson K. [Human Pseudoterranova and Anisakis cases in Iceland 2004-2020]. LAEKNABLADID 2022; 108:79-83. [PMID: 35103620 DOI: 10.17992/lbl.2022.01.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During 2004-2020 in total 18 anisakid larvae (Nematoda) were sent in to the Laboratory of Parasitology at Keldur for investigation and species identification. Fourteen had temporarily lived within the human body and were alive when detected, three were noticed alive in food just before being consumed, one larva was found dead. Pseudoterranova decipiens was found í 16 instances (89%), Anisakis simplex in two (11%). The one Anisakis case was a wriggling larva detected in the diaper of a baby that was believed to have ingested the larva with undercooked fish three days earlier in the kindergarten. In the other case a dead larva was found entangled in fish chew, spit out by a baby being fed with boiled haddock. Pseudoterranova larvae in humans (n=13) were most frequently detected in the mouth (11 persons). In one instance winding movements of larva in vomit of a baby attracted the attention of the mother, in another case a person detected tickling movements of a larva when cleaning the anal area after defecation. Length of the 13 Pseudoterranova larvae varied between 30 and 47 mm. They were believed to have lived in their hosts from one up to nine days. Nine larvae had already developed to the L4, stage, four were still in the L3 stage. Cod was the most frequently mentioned source of infection (5 of 14 cases), two persons regarded catfish to be the culprit, one named both fish species. In one case either sushi or plaice was believed to be the infection source, one person presumably got the larva participating in a sushi feast. In four cases the fish source remained unknown. Most often the larva was consumed in private homes, three persons believed to have gotten the larva when dining in a restaurant, a harbour worker got the worm when eating raw fish and the same baby got a larva on two different occasions in the kindergarten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Skirnisson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Keldur, University of Iceland
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Juránková J, Hofmannová L, Frgelecová L, Daněk O, Modrý D. Baylisascaris transfuga ( Ascaridoidea, Nematoda) from European brown bear (Ursus arctos) causing larva migrans in laboratory mice with clinical manifestation. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:645-651. [PMID: 34984542 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07417-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to the recent recovery of brown bear populations in Central Europe, information about their ascarid parasite, Baylisascaris transfuga is necessary as the parasite represents a part of natural ecological networks. B. transfuga can lead to larva migrans syndrome in accidental hosts, but its zoonotic potential has not been confirmed. The resent study compares development of larva migrans in infected mice inoculated with two infectious doses (ID 200 and ID 2000) of B. transfuga embryonated eggs, and the clinical manifestation to evaluate the pathogenicity of the larvae. Histopathology revealed that the liver was the most severely infected organ. The moderately infected organs included lung, brain, skeletal muscles and jejunum and the less infected ones were the eyes, heart, kidneys and spleen. The high pathogenicity of B. transfuga to mice was reflected in high mortality (33,3%) after infection, with mortality increasing with higher infectious dose. The results extend the knowledge of the interaction of B. transfuga and its aberrant hosts and contribute to the understanding of the epidemiology and transmission of this bears roundworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Juránková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lada Hofmannová
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, State Veterinary Institute Prague, Sídlištní 136/24, Prague 6, 165 03, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Frgelecová
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Daněk
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources/CINeZ, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Pawlak J. In situ evidence of the role of Crangon crangon in infection of cod Gadus morhua with nematode parasite Hysterothylacium aduncum in the Baltic Sea. Parasitology 2021; 148:1691-1696. [PMID: 34369334 PMCID: PMC11010046 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cod was one of the most important fish species in the Baltic Sea, but its condition is deteriorating for several reasons, including an increasing parasite burden. The aim of this study was to determine the source of infection of Baltic cod with parasites by examination of invertebrates found in situ in the cod stomach. A total of 1681 cod were sampled during four research cruises in the southern Baltic Sea in 2012, 2013 and 2014 and the composition of their diet was analysed. Each prey item from cod stomach was identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level and a parasitological analysis of all invertebrates collected was performed. Crangon crangon, Saduria entomon and Mysis mixta were the most commonly represented invertebrates among food items. Hysterothylacium aduncum was found only in C. crangon. This host–parasite system is reported here for the first time in situ in the stomach of cod from the Baltic Sea, confirming the role of C. crangon in cod infection with H. aduncum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pawlak
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, Gdynia 81-332, Poland
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Heddergott M, Steinbach P, Schwarz S, Anheyer-Behmenburg HE, Sutor A, Schliephake A, Jeschke D, Striese M, Müller F, Meyer-Kayser E, Stubbe M, Osten-Sacken N, Krüger S, Gaede W, Runge M, Hoffmann L, Ansorge H, Conraths FJ, Frantz AC. Geographic Distribution of Raccoon Roundworm, Baylisascaris procyonis, Germany and Luxembourg. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:821-823. [PMID: 32187005 PMCID: PMC7101099 DOI: 10.3201/eid2604.191670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infestation with Baylisascaris procyonis, a gastrointestinal nematode of the raccoon, can cause fatal disease in humans. We found that the parasite is widespread in central Germany and can pose a public health risk. The spread of B. procyonis roundworms into nematode-free raccoon populations needs to be monitored.
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Fiorenza EA, Wendt CA, Dobkowski KA, King TL, Pappaionou M, Rabinowitz P, Samhouri JF, Wood CL. It's a wormy world: Meta-analysis reveals several decades of change in the global abundance of the parasitic nematodes Anisakis spp. and Pseudoterranova spp. in marine fishes and invertebrates. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:2854-2866. [PMID: 32189441 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Anthropocene has brought substantial change to ocean ecosystems, but whether this age will bring more or less marine disease is unknown. In recent years, the accelerating tempo of epizootic and zoonotic disease events has made it seem as if disease is on the rise. Is this apparent increase in disease due to increased observation and sampling effort, or to an actual rise in the abundance of parasites and pathogens? We examined the literature to track long-term change in the abundance of two parasitic nematode genera with zoonotic potential: Anisakis spp. and Pseudoterranova spp. These anisakid nematodes cause the disease anisakidosis and are transmitted to humans in undercooked and raw marine seafood. A total of 123 papers published between 1967 and 2017 met our criteria for inclusion, from which we extracted 755 host-parasite-location-year combinations. Of these, 69.7% concerned Anisakis spp. and 30.3% focused on Pseudoterranova spp. Meta-regression revealed an increase in Anisakis spp. abundance (average number of worms/fish) over a 53 year period from 1962 to 2015 and no significant change in Pseudoterranova spp. abundance over a 37 year period from 1978 to 2015. Standardizing changes to the period of 1978-2015, so that results are comparable between genera, we detected a significant 283-fold increase in Anisakis spp. abundance and no change in the abundance of Pseudoterranova spp. This increase in Anisakis spp. abundance may have implications for human health, marine mammal health, and fisheries profitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Fiorenza
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Catrin A Wendt
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katie A Dobkowski
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, USA
| | | | - Marguerite Pappaionou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Rabinowitz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jameal F Samhouri
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chelsea L Wood
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Shamsi S, Spröhnle-Barrera C, Shafaet Hossen M. Occurrence of Anisakis spp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in a pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps (Cetacea: Kogiidae) in Australian waters. Dis Aquat Organ 2019; 134:65-74. [PMID: 31020949 DOI: 10.3354/dao03360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about parasitism in the pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps. Here, the occurrence of 3 anisakid species in a female pygmy sperm whale found stranded at Baxter's Beach, Australia, is reported, along with histopathological findings from this whale. Thirty-nine nematodes were submitted to the Parasitology Laboratory of Charles Sturt University for identification, where 37 of them were identified to species level as Anisakis berlandi (n = 13), A. brevispiculata (n = 19), and A. paggiae (n = 5), using a combined molecular and morphological approach. This is the first report of A. paggiae in Australian waters. The other 2 specimens were Anisakis spp. females but could not be identified to species level due to a lack of taxonomically important features. ITS sequence data for these 2 specimens were considerably different from one another and from previously known Anisakis spp. The nomenclatures of the new species remain pending until male adults are found and described. The histopathological findings in the present study suggest that despite occurring in large numbers, Anisakis spp. do not have an adverse impact on the host's stomach; however, the damaged intestinal mucosa and floating eggs found during histopathological examination of the intestinal tissue suggest that these parasites can have an adverse impact on the host's intestine, which may lead to malnutrition and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoofeh Shamsi
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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Wyrosdick H, Chapman A, Mignucci-Giannoni AA, Rivera-Pérez CI, Bonde RK. Internal parasites of the two subspecies of the West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus. Dis Aquat Organ 2018; 130:145-152. [PMID: 30198489 DOI: 10.3354/dao03270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus is divided into 2 subspecies: the Antillean (T. m. manatus) and Florida (T. m. latirostris) manatees. This study reports sample prevalence of manatee parasites from populations of these 2 subspecies in different geographical locations. Although necropsy is a valuable diagnostic tool for parasite infections, the need for antemortem diagnostic techniques is important. Fecal samples collected during necropsies of Antillean manatees (n = 3) in Puerto Rico and Florida manatees (n = 10) in Crystal River, Florida, as well as from live-captured Florida manatees (n = 11) were evaluated using centrifugal flotation with sucrose and ethyl acetate sedimentation to compare parasites from each of the populations. Although both fecal examination methods provided similar results, the centrifugal flotation method required less time for diagnosis. The most common parasite eggs found in both populations included the trematodes Pulmonicola cochleotrema and Nudacotyle undicola, oocysts of the coccidian Eimeria spp., and eggs of the ascarid Heterocheilus tunicatus. Eggs of the trematode Chiorchis groschafti were found in both populations of manatees; however, eggs of a related species, Chiorchis fabaceus, were abundant in the Florida samples, but not found in Puerto Rico populations. Trematode eggs of Moniligerum blairi were found in both populations, but were more common in the Florida manatee (42%) than the Antillean manatee (33%). To our knowledge, this is the first report of both Eimeria manatus and Eimeria nodulosa oocysts in Antillean manatees from Puerto Rico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Wyrosdick
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Baldi M, Alvarado G, Smith S, Santoro M, Bolaños N, Jiménez C, Hutter SE, Walzer C. Baylisascaris procyonis Parasites in Raccoons, Costa Rica, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1502-3. [PMID: 27433741 PMCID: PMC4982188 DOI: 10.3201/eid2208.151627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Duscher T, Hodžić A, Glawischnig W, Duscher GG. The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and the raccoon (Procyon lotor)-their role and impact of maintaining and transmitting zoonotic diseases in Austria, Central Europe. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:1411-1416. [PMID: 28229221 PMCID: PMC5360840 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The neozoan species raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and raccoon (Procyon lotor) are widespread in Europe and potential vectors of many diseases that can threaten human and domestic animal health. Facing a further spread of these species, it is important to know about (i) pathogens imported and/or (ii) pathogens acquired in the new habitat. Thus, we investigated the parasite fauna of wild raccoon dogs and raccoons from Austria, at the edge of their new distribution range. The eight examined raccoons were nearly free of pathogens including Baylisascaris procyonis, and thus assumed to have a low epidemiological impact, so far. Out of ten raccoon dog specimens, we found one from western Austria to be infected with Echinococcus multilocularis and another three from the eastern wetland regions to harbour adults of Alaria alata. Furthermore, we detected Babesia cf. microti in five of eight raccoon dogs all over Austria but none of our samples were tested positive for Trichinella spp. Nevertheless, the raccoon dog seems to be a relevant host, at least for the zoonotic pathogens E. multilocularis and A. alata, and we suggest to further monitor the raccoon dogs parasite fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Duscher
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adnan Hodžić
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Glawischnig
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg G Duscher
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria.
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Leite LAR, Pedro NHO, Azevedo RKD, Kinoshita A, Gennari RF, Watanabe S, Abdallah VD. Contracaecum sp. parasitizing Acestrorhynchus lacustris as a bioindicator for metal pollution in the Batalha River, southeast Brazil. Sci Total Environ 2017; 575:836-840. [PMID: 27680988 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pollution in aquatic ecosystems due to negative human activities remains a problem in both freshwater and marine environments and is an ongoing subject of research. Several studies have shown that some fish parasites can be used as a tool for biomonitoring because they demonstrate higher metal accumulation capacity compared to their host tissues. However, compared to acanthocephalans, information regarding the absorption mechanisms and accumulation rates in nematodes is relatively limited. Here, we evaluated the potential of larvae Contracaecum sp. (L3) as indicators of contamination by metals by analyzing thirteen element concentrations: magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), barium (Ba), and lead (Pb) in the parasites and host Acestrorhynchus lacustris, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Twelve of the thirteen analyzed elements were detected in at least 2-fold higher concentrations (e.g. Ni) and were up to approximately 50-fold higher (e.g. Pb) in parasites than in host tissues, including elements known for their high toxicity (As, Cd, Pb) and those considered to be essential (Cu and Zn). Our results suggest that Contracaecum sp. larvae can be used as bioindicators of metal contamination because even in early stages of development, numerous essential and non-essential elements were accumulated, making this system a useful tool for monitoring polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A R Leite
- Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Central de Laboratórios de Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Pró-reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação, Universidade do Sagrado Coração (USC); Rua Irmã Arminda, 10-50, 17011-160 Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Natacha H O Pedro
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodney K de Azevedo
- Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Central de Laboratórios de Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Pró-reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação, Universidade do Sagrado Coração (USC); Rua Irmã Arminda, 10-50, 17011-160 Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Kinoshita
- Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Central de Laboratórios de Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Pró-reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação, Universidade do Sagrado Coração (USC); Rua Irmã Arminda, 10-50, 17011-160 Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roseli F Gennari
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shigueo Watanabe
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa D Abdallah
- Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Central de Laboratórios de Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Pró-reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação, Universidade do Sagrado Coração (USC); Rua Irmã Arminda, 10-50, 17011-160 Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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Page K, Smyser TJ, Dunkerton E, Gavard E, Larkin B, Gehrt S. Reduction of Baylisascaris procyonis eggs in raccoon latrines, suburban Chicago, Illinois, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:2137-40. [PMID: 25418370 PMCID: PMC4257830 DOI: 10.3201/eid2012.140977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Baylisascaris procyonis, a common roundworm of raccoons, causes severe or fatal human infections, often in suburban areas. To evaluate the effectiveness of a baiting strategy requiring minimal labor, we distributed medicated baits near raccoon latrines in suburban Chicago, Illinois, USA. This strategy lowered B. procyonis prevalence in raccoons, possibly reducing risk to humans.
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Smyser TJ, Johnson SA, Page LK, Hudson CM, Rhodes OE. Use of experimental translocations of Allegheny woodrat to decipher causal agents of decline. Conserv Biol 2013; 27:752-762. [PMID: 23647164 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Translocations are an important tool for wildlife conservation, although progress in the field of reintroduction biology has been hindered by the ad hoc and opportunistic nature of many translocations. We used an experimental translocation to elucidate the role of raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis) and inbreeding depression in the decline of the Allegheny woodrat (Neotoma magister), an endangered species. We translocated woodrats from genetically diverse populations in the core of the species range to 4 previously occupied sites (reintroductions) and 2 sites supporting genetically depauperate populations (reinforcements) in Indiana (U.S.A.). In 2 reintroduction sites and 1 reinforcement site, we distributed anthelmintic baits to passively deworm raccoons and reduce the risk of woodrat exposure to roundworms. The remaining sites served as controls. We used raccoon latrine surveys and fecal flotation to monitor temporal variability in roundworm prevalence and effect of treatment. We used live trapping and microsatellite genotyping to monitor the demographic and genetic response of translocated populations over the following 54 months. At the conclusion of the study, 4 of 6 translocations were successfully maintaining abundance through local recruitment. The distribution of anthelmintic baits reduced levels of roundworm contamination, but levels of contamination were also low in 2 of 3 control sites. Reintroductions failed at control sites, one of which was due to high roundworm exposure. The other failed control reintroduction was likely attributable to demographic stochasticity and limited reproductive potential following initial mortality within the first 4 months. In both control and treatment reinforcements, increases in both allelic richness and heterozygosity were accompanied by increases in abundance, which is suggestive of genetic rescue. Our results demonstrate that mitigation of roundworm exposure through the distribution of anthelmintic baits can facilitate woodrat recovery and that diversity within genetically depauperate populations can be restored through the introduction of a limited number of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Smyser
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Cribb NC, Cote NM, Bouré LP, Peregrine AS. Acute small intestinal obstruction associated withParascaris equoruminfection in young horses: 25 cases (1985–2004). N Z Vet J 2011; 54:338-43. [PMID: 17151735 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2006.36721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To retrospectively evaluate the medical and surgical records of horses with acute small intestinal obstructions associated with Parascaris equorum infection; to describe the gastrointestinal lesions; and to determine the outcome of cases with such lesions. METHODS Records of 25 horses with acute small intestinal obstruction associated with P. equorum between 1985 and 2004 were reviewed to determine signalment, history, physical examination, surgical or post-mortem findings, and outcome. RESULTS All horses except one were less than 12 months old. Standardbreds were over-represented in the population studied. Sixteen horses (72%) had been administered anthelmintics, including pyrantel (n=8), ivermectin (n=7), and trichlorphon (n=1), within 24 h prior to the onset of colic. Of the 25 cases reviewed, 16 had simple obstructive ascarid impactions (SOAIs), and nine had complicated obstructive ascarid impaction (COAI) including volvulus (n=6) or intussusception (n=3), both concurrent with ascarid impaction of the small intestine. Short-term survival (discharge from hospital) occurred in 79% of horses treated for SOAI, and was 64% for all horses. Long-term survival (>1 year) occurred in 33% of horses with SOAI, and the overall long-term survival was 27% for all horses. Formation of adhesions was the most frequent finding associated with death for horses that did not survive long-term. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The incidence of anthelmintic treatment within 24 h of the onset of colic in this study population (72%) was higher than that previously reported. Resistance of P. equorum to ivermectin recently reported in Ontario may be associated with increased ascarid burdens, predisposing horses to ascarid impaction. The long-term survival of these horses was better than that reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Cribb
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Abstract
Raccoon roundworm encephalitis is a rare but devastating infection characterized by progressive neurological decline despite attempted therapy. Patients present with deteriorating neurological function, eosinophilia, and history of pica or geophagia resulting in ingestion of the parasite. Neuroimaging studies demonstrate nonspecific findings of progressive white matter inflammation and cortical atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pareen Mehta
- University of Missouri, Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Page LK, Anchor C, Luy E, Kron S, Larson G, Madsen L, Kellner K, Smyser TJ. Backyard raccoon latrines and risk for Baylisascaris procyonis transmission to humans. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 15:1530-1. [PMID: 19788835 PMCID: PMC2819851 DOI: 10.3201/eid1509.090128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Dangoudoubiyam S, Kazacos KR. Differentiation of larva migrans caused by Baylisascaris procyonis and Toxocara species by Western blotting. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2009; 16:1563-8. [PMID: 19741091 PMCID: PMC2772376 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00251-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Baylisascaris procyonis and Toxocara species are two important causes of larva migrans in humans. Larva migrans caused by Toxocara spp. is well known and is diagnosed serologically by enzyme immunoassay. Over a dozen cases of larva migrans and associated eosinophilic encephalitis caused by B. procyonis have also been reported, and at least a dozen additional cases are known. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the excretory-secretory (ES) antigen of B. procyonis larvae is currently being used in our laboratory as an aid in the diagnosis of this infection in humans. Clinically affected individuals show very high reactivity (measured as the optical density) on this ELISA; however, a one-way cross-reactivity with Toxocara spp. has been observed. As an approach to differentiate these two infections based on serology, we performed Western blots, wherein the B. procyonis ES antigen was reacted with serum samples from individuals known to be positive for either Toxocara spp. or B. procyonis larva migrans. Western blot results showed that B. procyonis antigens of between 30 and 45 kDa were specifically identified only by the sera from individuals with Baylisascaris larva migrans, thus allowing for differentiation between the two infections. This included human patient serum samples submitted for serologic testing, as well as sera from rabbits experimentally infected with B. procyonis. When used in conjunction with the ELISA, Western blotting could be an efficient tool for diagnosis of this infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriveny Dangoudoubiyam
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Okulewicz A, Buńkowska K. [Baylisascariasis--a new dangerous zoonosis]. Wiad Parazytol 2009; 55:329-334. [PMID: 20209804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Baylisascaris procyonis is a large nematode of the order Ascaridida, specific for raccoon (Procyon lotor). In North America, raccoons are extremely common in rural, suburban, and urban settings, where they have become well adapted to living alongside people. In the 1930s raccoons were introduced into Europe (i. a. Poland) and Asia for the commercial fur trade and into Japan as pets. The prevalence of B. procyonis infection in raccoons is often high, and infected animals can disseminate in their feces enormous numbers of parasite eggs. Raccoons defecate in preferred communal sites, termed latrines which play a vital role in the transmission dynamics of B. procyonis. Intestinal infections of non-raccoon species have been documented in dogs, rabbits in Japan and experimentally in opossums. Over 100 species mammals and birds can be paratenic host for B. procyonis. This parasite has emerged in recent years as one of the most serious causes of zoonotic visceral, ocular, and neural larva migrans and, in particular, of devastating encephalitis in young children. Several probable or confirmed cases of severe or fatal human B. procyonis infection have been documented. Diagnosis of Baylisascaris encephalitis is based on clinical central nervous system disease, peripheral and cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia, deep white matter lesions visible by magnetic resonance imaging, and positive results of serologic tests. Treatment efficacy in clinical cases is poor, but albendazole prevents disease if given promptly after infection. While human baylisascariasis appears to be rare, the devastating neurologic disease that is caused by this infection and the lack of effective treatment make it a disease of public health importance. Certain characteristics of B. procyonis make it a feasible bioterrorist agent, because eggs can survive in the environment for extended periods of time, and the infectious dose of B. procyonis is relatively low. Moreover, the organism causes a severe, frequently fatal infection in humans, and no effective therapy or vaccine exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Okulewicz
- Zakład Parazytologii, Instytut Genetyki i Mikrobiologii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław.
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Wise ME, Sorvillo FJ, Shafir SC, Ash LR, Berlin OG. Severe and fatal central nervous system disease in humans caused by Baylisascaris procyonis, the common roundworm of raccoons: a review of current literature. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:317-23. [PMID: 15715975 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Baylisascaris procyonis, a parasitic infection of raccoons, causes severe neurologic disease in humans when infective eggs from raccoon feces are ingested. Definitive diagnosis is challenging, but can be made by isolation of larvae in brain biopsy or exclusion of other potential causes of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. Prevention efforts are critical due to the lack of effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Wise
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, Center for Health Sciences, Room 41-297, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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Shih HH. Parasitic helminth fauna of the cutlass fish, Trichiurus lepturus L., and the differentiation of four anisakid nematode third-stage larvae by nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Parasitol Res 2004; 93:188-95. [PMID: 15133659 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-004-1095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The helminth fauna of the gastrointestinal tract and abdominal cavity of cutlass fish, Trichiurus lepturus L., off the Taiwanese coast of the north-western Pacific was investigated. The following helminths were found: (1) nematodes--Anisakis simplex, Hysterothylacium aduncum, Porrocaecum decipiens, Raphidascaris trichiuri; (2) digeneans--adult Lecithochirium trichiuri; and (3) cestodes-plerocercoids of Proteocephalus spp. The third-stage larvae of these four anisakid nematodes were characterized genetically using a molecular approach. The nuclear ribosomal DNA region spanning the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1), the 5.8S gene and the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) was amplified and sequenced. Based on the sequence differences, a PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism method was established for the unequivocal delineation of the four species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that H. aduncum clustered with P. decipiens, whereas A. simplex was not closely related to these according to the nucleotide sequences of all rDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Hui Shih
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, 106 Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Moertel CL, Kazacos KR, Butterfield JH, Kita H, Watterson J, Gleich GJ. Eosinophil-associated inflammation and elaboration of eosinophil-derived proteins in 2 children with raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis) encephalitis. Pediatrics 2001; 108:E93. [PMID: 11694677 DOI: 10.1542/peds.108.5.e93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eosinophil-associated proteins, especially eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, may be important contributors to the neurologic pathology and symptoms caused by Baylisascaris procyonis infection. METHODS Two cases of severe B procyonis encephalitis with evidence of marked eosinophil degranulation in the central nervous system are presented. Serial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens were collected from each patient during the course of their illness. Antibodies against B procyonis were measured in the patients' serum and CSF. Levels of the eosinophilopoietin interleukin-5 (IL-5) and 2 important eosinophil proteins, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and major basic protein, were assayed in the CSF. RESULTS Both patients had rapidly progressive central nervous system disease with evidence of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. Both tested positive for antibodies to B procyonis in serum and CSF and had progressively worsening deep white matter changes on magnetic resonance images of the brain. CSF levels of IL-5, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, and major basic protein were markedly elevated over controls. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of the measurement of IL-5, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, and major basic protein in human CSF. In addition to traumatic damage and necrosis caused by migrating larvae, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin from associated eosinophilic inflammation may be an important contributory factor in the pathogenesis of B procyonis encephalitis. parasite, eosinophil-derived-neurotoxin, major basic protein, eosinophilia, hypereosinophilia, interleukin-5, encephalitis, child.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Moertel
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics-St Paul, St Paul, Minnesota 55102, USA.
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