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Evans AM, Fornasini G, Meola TR, Gahl WA, Huizing M, Polasek TM, Reuter SE. Impact of Food on the Oral Absorption of N-Acetyl-D-Mannosamine in Healthy Men and Women. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2024. [PMID: 38899758 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine (ManNAc) is an endogenous monosaccharide and precursor of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), a critical sialic acid. ManNAc is currently under clinical development to treat GNE myopathy, a rare muscle-wasting disease. In this randomized, open-label, 2-sequence, crossover study, 16 healthy women and men were administered a single oral dose of ManNAc under fasting and fed conditions. Blood samples were collected for 48 hours after dosing for quantification of plasma ManNAc and Neu5Ac concentrations. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic and deconvolution analyses were performed using baseline-corrected plasma concentration data. Administration of ManNAc in the fed state resulted in a 1.6-fold increase in ManNAc exposure, compared to fasting conditions. A concurrent increase in Neu5Ac exposure was observed in the presence of food. Deconvolution analysis indicated that the findings were attributed to prolonged absorption rather than an enhanced rate of absorption. The impact of food on ManNAc pharmacokinetics was greater in women than men (fed/fasted area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity mean ratio: 198% compared to 121%). It is hypothesized that the presence of food slows gastric emptying, allowing a gradual release of ManNAc into the small intestine, translating into improved ManNAc absorption. The results suggest that taking ManNAc with food may enhance its therapeutic activity and/or reduce the daily dosage requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan M Evans
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Tahlia R Meola
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - William A Gahl
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marjan Huizing
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas M Polasek
- Certara, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephanie E Reuter
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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2
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Liu F, Tol AJ, Kuipers F, Oosterveer MH, van der Beek EM, van Leeuwen SS. Characterization of milk oligosaccharide and sialic acid content and their influence on brain sialic acid in a lean mouse model for gestational diabetes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24539. [PMID: 38317966 PMCID: PMC10839809 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Oligosaccharides and sialic acids (Sia) are bioactive components in milk that contribute to newborn development and health. Hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP) can have adverse effects on both mother and infant. HIP is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation. Inflammation influenced glycan composition, particularly of Sia-containing structures. We hypothesize that HIP and high-fat diet influence milk oligosaccharide composition, particularly sialylated oligosaccharides. Furthermore, we propose that milk Sia content influences pup brain Sia content. To test these hypotheses we (i) characterize mouse milk oligosaccharides and Sia concentrations in mouse milk of a GDM mouse model with dietary fat intake intervention; and (ii) determine Sia levels in offspring brains. The concentrations of oligosaccharides and Sia in mouse milk and offspring's brains were quantified using UPLC-FLD analysis. Analyses were performed on surplus samples from a previous study, where HIP was induced by combining high-fat diet (HF) feeding and low-dose streptozotocin injections in C57Bl/6NTac female mice. The previous study described the metabolic effects of HIP on dams and offspring. We detected 21 mouse milk oligosaccharides, including 9 neutral and 12 acidic structures using UPLC-MS. A total of 8 structures could be quantified using UPLC-FLD. Maternal HIP and HF diet during lactation influenced sialylated oligosaccharide concentrations in mouse milk and total and free sialic acid concentrations. Sia content in offspring brain was associated with total and free Neu5Gc in mouse milk of dams, but no correlations with HIP or maternal diet were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Angela J.C. Tol
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike H. Oosterveer
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eline M. van der Beek
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sander S. van Leeuwen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
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3
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Hagenhaus V, Gorenflos López JL, Rosenstengel R, Neu C, Hackenberger CPR, Celik A, Weinert K, Nguyen MB, Bork K, Horstkorte R, Gesper A. Glycation Interferes with the Activity of the Bi-Functional UDP- N-Acetylglucosamine 2-Epimerase/ N-Acetyl-mannosamine Kinase (GNE). Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030422. [PMID: 36979358 PMCID: PMC10046061 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene coding for the bi-functional UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE), the key enzyme of the sialic acid biosynthesis, are responsible for autosomal-recessive GNE myopathy (GNEM). GNEM is an adult-onset disease with a yet unknown exact pathophysiology. Since the protein appears to work adequately for a certain period of time even though the mutation is already present, other effects appear to influence the onset and progression of the disease. In this study, we want to investigate whether the late onset of GNEM is based on an age-related effect, e.g., the accumulation of post-translational modifications (PTMs). Furthermore, we also want to investigate what effect on the enzyme activity such an accumulation would have. We will particularly focus on glycation, which is a PTM through non-enzymatic reactions between the carbonyl groups (e.g., of methylglyoxal (MGO) or glyoxal (GO)) with amino groups of proteins or other biomolecules. It is already known that the levels of both MGO and GO increase with age. For our investigations, we express each domain of the GNE separately, treat them with one of the glycation agents, and determine their activity. We demonstrate that the enzymatic activity of the N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE-kinase domain) decreases dramatically after glycation with MGO or GO-with a remaining activity of 13% ± 5% (5 mM MGO) and 22% ± 4% (5 mM GO). Whereas the activity of the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase (GNE-epimerase domain) is only slightly reduced after glycation-with a remaining activity of 60% ± 8% (5 mM MGO) and 63% ± 5% (5 mM GO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Hagenhaus
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Jacob L Gorenflos López
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca Rosenstengel
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Carolin Neu
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Christian P R Hackenberger
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arif Celik
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klara Weinert
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Mai-Binh Nguyen
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Kaya Bork
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Horstkorte
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Astrid Gesper
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
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Yoshioka W, Iida A, Sonehara K, Yamamoto K, Oya Y, Mori-Yoshimura M, Kurashige T, Okubo M, Ogawa M, Matsuda F, Higasa K, Hayashi S, Nakamura H, Sekijima M, Okada Y, Noguchi S, Nishino I. Multidimensional analyses of the pathomechanism caused by the non-catalytic GNE variant, c.620A>T, in patients with GNE myopathy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21806. [PMID: 36526893 PMCID: PMC9758176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
GNE myopathy is a distal myopathy caused by biallelic variants in GNE, which encodes a protein involved in sialic acid biosynthesis. Compound heterozygosity of the second most frequent variant among Japanese GNE myopathy patients, GNE c.620A>T encoding p.D207V, occurs in the expected number of patients; however, homozygotes for this variant are rare; three patients identified while 238 homozygotes are estimated to exist in Japan. The aim of this study was to elucidate the pathomechanism caused by c.620A>T. Identity-by-descent mapping indicated two distinct c.620A>T haplotypes, which were not correlated with age onset or development of myopathy. Patients homozygous for c.620A>T had mildly decreased sialylation, and no additional pathogenic variants in GNE or abnormalities in transcript structure or expression of other genes related to sialic acid biosynthesis in skeletal muscle. Structural modeling of full-length GNE dimers revealed that the variant amino acid localized close to the monomer interface, but far from catalytic sites, suggesting functions in enzymatic product transfer between the epimerase and kinase domains on GNE oligomerization. In conclusion, homozygotes for c.620A>T rarely develop myopathy, while symptoms occur in compound heterozygotes, probably because of mildly decreased sialylation, due to partial defects in oligomerization and product trafficking by the mutated GNE protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Yoshioka
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502 Japan ,grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Medical Genome Center, NCNP, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Aritoshi Iida
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Medical Genome Center, NCNP, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Kyuto Sonehara
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamamoto
- grid.32197.3e0000 0001 2179 2105Department of Computer Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Oya
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, NCNP, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Madoka Mori-Yoshimura
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, NCNP, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurashige
- grid.440118.80000 0004 0569 3483Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Japan
| | - Mariko Okubo
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502 Japan ,grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Medical Genome Center, NCNP, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Megumu Ogawa
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502 Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichiro Higasa
- grid.410783.90000 0001 2172 5041Department of Genome Analysis, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Hayashi
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502 Japan
| | - Harumasa Nakamura
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Clinical Research Support, Clinical Research & Education Promotion Division, National Center Hospital, NCNP, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Masakazu Sekijima
- grid.32197.3e0000 0001 2179 2105Department of Computer Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yukinori Okada
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Satoru Noguchi
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502 Japan
| | - Ichizo Nishino
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502 Japan ,grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Medical Genome Center, NCNP, Kodaira, Japan
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Sun A, Zheng D, Fan D, Liu X. Different electrophysiology patterns in GNE myopathy. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:206. [PMID: 35590323 PMCID: PMC9118620 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02355-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GNE myopathy is a rare distal myopathy caused by mutations of the GNE gene. A few cases of GNE myopathy accompanied by neurogenic features of electrophysiology mimicking hereditary motor neuropathy were reported recently. We confirmed this feature and described the clinical phenotype and mutations of GNE myopathy in these rare cases. Results The absence of lower limb tendon reflexes, decreased compound muscle action potentials in lower leg motor nerves, and neurogenic pattern of electromyography suggested neuropathy in four patients. However, muscle pathology revealed a predominantly myogenic pattern. The follow-up electroneurography results implied that the compound motor action potential amplitudes deteriorated over time. Next-generation sequencing identified three novel variants of the GNE gene, c.2054T > C (p.Val685Ala), c.424G > A (p.Gly142Arg) and c.944T > C (p.Phe315Ser), as well as two hotspot mutations, c.115C > T(p.Arg39*) and c.620A > T(p.Asp207Val), in these patients. These novel mutations cosegregated with disease in the family. Conclusions These rare cases supported the existence of neurogenic features of electrophysiology different from the typical myopathic pattern of GNE myopathy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-022-02355-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yingshuang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Aping Sun
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Danfeng Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dongsheng Fan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Alam M, Alathaibi A, Kashif M, Zakaria M, Attar R, Al-Ghamdi H, Al Harbi A. GNE – related severe congenital macrothrombocytopenia: A case report and literature review. JOURNAL OF APPLIED HEMATOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/joah.joah_44_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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7
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Safety and efficacy of N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) in patients with GNE myopathy: an open-label phase 2 study. Genet Med 2021; 23:2067-2075. [PMID: 34257421 PMCID: PMC8553608 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-021-01259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) in GNE myopathy, a genetic muscle disease caused by deficiency of the rate-limiting enzyme in N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) biosynthesis. Methods We conducted an open-label, phase 2, single-center (NIH, USA) study to evaluate oral ManNAc in 12 patients with GNE myopathy (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02346461). Primary endpoints were safety and biochemical efficacy as determined by change in plasma Neu5Ac and sarcolemmal sialylation. Clinical efficacy was evaluated using secondary outcome measures as part of study extensions, and a disease progression model (GNE-DPM) was tested as an efficacy analysis method. Results Most drug-related adverse events were gastrointestinal, and there were no serious adverse events. Increased plasma Neu5Ac (+2,159 nmol/L, p < 0.0001) and sarcolemmal sialylation (p = 0.0090) were observed at day 90 compared to baseline. A slower rate of decline was observed for upper extremity strength (p = 0.0139), lower extremity strength (p = 0.0006), and the Adult Myopathy Assessment Tool (p = 0.0453), compared to natural history. Decreased disease progression was estimated at 12 (γ = 0.61 [95% CI: 0.09, 1.27]) and 18 months (γ = 0.55 [95% CI: 0.12, 1.02]) using the GNE-DPM. Conclusion ManNAc showed long-term safety, biochemical efficacy consistent with the intended mechanism of action, and preliminary evidence clinical efficacy in patients with GNE myopathy.
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Van Wart S, Mager DE, Bednasz CJ, Huizing M, Carrillo N. Population Pharmacokinetic Model of N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) and N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) in Subjects with GNE Myopathy. Drugs R D 2021; 21:189-202. [PMID: 33893973 PMCID: PMC8206310 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-021-00343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GNE myopathy is a rare genetic muscle disease resulting from deficiency in an enzyme critical for the biosynthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac, sialic acid). The uncharged Neu5Ac precursor, N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc), is under development as an orphan drug for treating GNE myopathy. METHODS A semi-mechanistic population pharmacokinetic model was developed to simultaneously characterize plasma ManNAc and its metabolite Neu5Ac following oral administration of ManNAc to subjects with GNE myopathy. Plasma ManNAc and Neu5Ac pharmacokinetic data were obtained from two clinical studies (ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers NCT01634750, NCT02346461) and were simultaneously modeled using NONMEM. RESULTS ManNAc and Neu5Ac plasma concentrations were obtained from 34 subjects with GNE myopathy (16 male, 18 female, median age 39.5 years). The model parameter estimates included oral absorption rate (ka) = 0.256 h-1, relative bioavailability relationship with dose (F-Dose) slope = -0.405 (where F = 1 for 6-g dose), apparent clearance (CLM/F) = 631 L/h, volume of distribution (VM/F) = 506 L, Neu5Ac elimination rate constant (kout) = 0.283 h-1, initial ManNAc to Neu5Ac conversion (SLP0) = 0.000619 (ng/mL)-1 and at steady-state (SLPSS) = 0.00334 (ng/mL)-1, with a rate-constant of increase (kinc) = 0.0287 h-1. Goodness-of-fit plots demonstrated an acceptable and unbiased fit to the plasma ManNAc and Neu5Ac concentration data. Visual predictive checks demonstrated reasonable agreement between the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles of the observed and simulated data. CONCLUSIONS This population pharmacokinetic model can be used to evaluate ManNAc dosing regimens and to calculate Neu5Ac production and exposure following oral administration of ManNAc in subjects with GNE myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Van Wart
- Enhanced Pharmacodynamics, LLC, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York, 14203, USA.
| | - Donald E Mager
- Enhanced Pharmacodynamics, LLC, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York, 14203, USA
| | - Cindy J Bednasz
- Enhanced Pharmacodynamics, LLC, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York, 14203, USA
| | - Marjan Huizing
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nuria Carrillo
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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9
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Li X, Li Y, Lei M, Tian J, Yang Z, Kuang S, Tan Y, Bo T. Congenital thrombocytopenia associated with GNE mutations in twin sisters: a case report and literature review. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:224. [PMID: 33198675 PMCID: PMC7670786 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Neonatal thrombocytopenia is common in preterm and term neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care units. The etiology behind neonatal thrombocytopenia is complex. Inherited thrombocytopenia is rare and usually results from genetic mutations. Case presentation Here we report a case of twins with severe inherited thrombocytopenia presented in the neonatal period who were shown to be compound heterozygotes for 2 UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase (GNE) gene mutations, c.1351C > T and c.1330G > T, of which c.1330G > T is a novel mutation. Conclusion These two GNE mutations may help in the diagnosis and management of thrombocytopenia diagnosed in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Tongzipo Road NO.138, Changsha, 410013, China.,Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Tongzipo Road NO.138, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Min Lei
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Tongzipo Road NO.138, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Tongzipo Road NO.138, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Zuocheng Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Tongzipo Road NO.138, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Shoujin Kuang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Tongzipo Road NO.138, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yanjuan Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Tongzipo Road NO.138, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Tao Bo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Tongzipo Road NO.138, Changsha, 410013, China.
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Abstract
In this review, we focus on the metabolism of mammalian glycan-associated monosaccharides, where the vast majority of our current knowledge comes from research done during the 1960s and 1970s. Most monosaccharides enter the cell using distinct, often tissue specific transporters from the SLC2A family. If not catabolized, these monosaccharides can be activated to donor nucleotide sugars and used for glycan synthesis. Apart from exogenous and dietary sources, all monosaccharides and their associated nucleotide sugars can be synthesized de novo, using mostly glucose to produce all nine nucleotide sugars present in human cells. Today, monosaccharides are used as treatment options for a small number of rare genetic disorders and even some common conditions. Here, we cover therapeutic applications of these sugars and highlight biochemical gaps that must be revisited as we go forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sosicka
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Bobby G. Ng
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hudson H. Freeze
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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11
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The glycomic sialylation profile of GNE Myopathy muscle cells does not point to consistent hyposialylation of individual glycoconjugates. Neuromuscul Disord 2020; 30:621-630. [PMID: 32736841 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
GNE Myopathy is a recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness, and a typical muscle pathology. Although GNE, which is the mutated gene in the disease, is well known as the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid, the pathophysiological pathway leading from GNE mutations to the muscle phenotype in GNE Myopathy is still unclear. The obvious hypothesis of impaired sialylation in patients' skeletal muscle as the cause of the disease is still controversial. In the present study we have investigated whether a distinctive altered pattern of sialylation in GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells could be attributed to a specific glycoconjugate. Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. No consistent change in sialylation was detected in glycoconjugates. These results suggest potential additional roles for GNE that could account for the disease pathology.
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Klaus C, Hansen JN, Ginolhac A, Gérard D, Gnanapragassam VS, Horstkorte R, Rossdam C, Buettner FFR, Sauter T, Sinkkonen L, Neumann H, Linnartz-Gerlach B. Reduced sialylation triggers homeostatic synapse and neuronal loss in middle-aged mice. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 88:91-107. [PMID: 32087947 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin (Siglec) receptors are linked to neurodegenerative processes, but the role of sialic acids in physiological aging is still not fully understood. We investigated the impact of reduced sialylation in the brain of mice heterozygous for the enzyme glucosamine-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE+/-) that is essential for sialic acid biosynthesis. We demonstrate that GNE+/- mice have hyposialylation in different brain regions, less synapses in the hippocampus and reduced microglial arborization already at 6 months followed by increased loss of neurons at 12 months. A transcriptomic analysis revealed no pro-inflammatory changes indicating an innate homeostatic immune process leading to the removal of synapses and neurons in GNE+/- mice during aging. Crossbreeding with complement C3-deficient mice rescued the earlier onset of neuronal and synaptic loss as well as the changes in microglial arborization. Thus, sialic acids of the glycocalyx contribute to brain homeostasis and act as a recognition system for the innate immune system in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Klaus
- Neural Regeneration, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan N Hansen
- Biophysical Imaging, Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Aurélien Ginolhac
- Epigenetics Team, Systems Biology Group, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Deborah Gérard
- Epigenetics Team, Systems Biology Group, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Vinayaga S Gnanapragassam
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Rüdiger Horstkorte
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Charlotte Rossdam
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Falk F R Buettner
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Sauter
- Epigenetics Team, Systems Biology Group, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Lasse Sinkkonen
- Epigenetics Team, Systems Biology Group, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Harald Neumann
- Neural Regeneration, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Bettina Linnartz-Gerlach
- Neural Regeneration, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Awasthi K, Arya R, Bhattacharya A, Bhattacharya S. The Inherited Neuromuscular Disorder GNE Myopathy: Research to Patient Care. Neurol India 2019; 67:1213-1219. [PMID: 31744945 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.271259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Inherited neuromuscular diseases are a heterogeneous group of rare diseases for which the low general awareness leads to frequent misdiagnosis. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies are changing this situation, and it is apparent that these diseases are not as rare as previously thought. Knowledge of the pathogenic variants in patients is helping in research efforts to develop new therapies. Here we present a review of current knowledge in GNE myopathy, a rare neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the GNE gene that catalyzes the biosynthesis of sialic acid. The most common initial symptom is foot drop caused by anterior tibialis muscle weakness. There is a progressive wasting of distal skeletal muscles in the lower and upper extremities as well. The quadriceps is relatively spared, which is a distinguishing feature of this disease. The characteristic histological features include autophagic rimmed vacuoles with inclusion bodies. GNE variant analysis of Indian patients has revealed a founder mutation (p.Val727Met) common within the normal Indian populations, especially in the state of Gujurat. We discuss therapeutic options, including metabolite supplementation, pharmacological chaperones, and gene therapy. Initiatives that bring together patients, researchers, and physicians are necessary to improve knowledge and treatment for these rare disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapila Awasthi
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjana Arya
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Bhattacharya
- School of Life Sciences; World without GNE Myopathy, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudha Bhattacharya
- World without GNE Myopathy, Jawaharlal Nehru University; School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Quintana M, Shrader J, Slota C, Joe G, McKew JC, Fitzgerald M, Gahl WA, Berry S, Carrillo N. Bayesian model of disease progression in GNE myopathy. Stat Med 2018; 38:1459-1474. [PMID: 30511500 DOI: 10.1002/sim.8050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One Sentence Summary: A Bayesian repeated measures model based on quantitative muscle strength data from a prospective Natural History Study was developed to determine disease progression and design clinical trials for GNE myopathy, a rare and slowly progressive muscle disease. GNE myopathy is a rare muscle disease characterized by slowly progressive weakness and atrophy of skeletal muscles. To address the significant challenges of defining the natural history and designing clinical trials for GNE myopathy, we developed a Bayesian latent variable repeated measures model to determine disease progression. The model is based on longitudinal quantitative muscle strength data collected as part of a prospective Natural History Study. The GNE Myopathy Progression Model provides an understanding of disease progression that would have otherwise required a natural history of unfeasible duration. "Disease age," the model-generated measure of disease progression, highly correlates with a variety of clinical, functional and patient-reported outcomes. With the incorporation of a treatment effect parameter to the GNE Disease Progression Model, we describe a novel GNE Myopathy Disease Modification Analysis that significantly increases power and reduces the number of subjects required to test the effectiveness of novel therapies when compared to more traditional analysis methods. The GNE Myopathy Disease Progression Model and Disease Modification Analysis can be applied to muscle diseases with prospectively collected muscle strength data, and a variety of rare and slowly progressive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Shrader
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - C Slota
- Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,RTI Health Solutions, Durham, North Carolina
| | - G Joe
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J C McKew
- Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - W A Gahl
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - S Berry
- Berry Consultants, Austin, Texas.,Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - N Carrillo
- Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Carrillo N, Malicdan MC, Huizing M. GNE Myopathy: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Challenges. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:900-914. [PMID: 30338442 PMCID: PMC6277305 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-0671-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GNE myopathy, previously known as hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM), or Nonaka myopathy, is a rare autosomal recessive muscle disease characterized by progressive skeletal muscle atrophy. It has an estimated prevalence of 1 to 9:1,000,000. GNE myopathy is caused by mutations in the GNE gene which encodes the rate-limiting enzyme of sialic acid biosynthesis. The pathophysiology of the disease is not entirely understood, but hyposialylation of muscle glycans is thought to play an essential role. The typical presentation is bilateral foot drop caused by weakness of the anterior tibialis muscles with onset in early adulthood. The disease slowly progresses over the next decades to involve skeletal muscles throughout the body, with relative sparing of the quadriceps until late stages of the disease. The diagnosis of GNE myopathy should be considered in young adults presenting with bilateral foot drop. Histopathologic findings on muscle biopsies include fiber size variation, atrophic fibers, lack of inflammation, and the characteristic "rimmed" vacuoles on modified Gomori trichome staining. The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of pathogenic (mostly missense) mutations in both alleles of the GNE gene. Although there is no approved therapy for this disease, preclinical and clinical studies of several potential therapies are underway, including substrate replacement and gene therapy-based strategies. However, developing therapies for GNE myopathy is complicated by several factors, including the rare incidence of disease, limited preclinical models, lack of reliable biomarkers, and slow disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Carrillo
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - May C Malicdan
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Marjan Huizing
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Park JM, Shin JH, Park JS. GNE Myopathy with Prominent Axial Muscle Involvement. J Clin Neurol 2018; 14:580-582. [PMID: 30198236 PMCID: PMC6172496 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2018.14.4.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Mo Park
- Department of Neurology, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Jin Hong Shin
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jin Sung Park
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Korea.
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Brasil S, Pascoal C, Francisco R, Marques-da-Silva D, Andreotti G, Videira PA, Morava E, Jaeken J, Dos Reis Ferreira V. CDG Therapies: From Bench to Bedside. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051304. [PMID: 29702557 PMCID: PMC5983582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a group of genetic disorders that affect protein and lipid glycosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol synthesis. More than 100 different disorders have been reported and the number is rapidly increasing. Since glycosylation is an essential post-translational process, patients present a large range of symptoms and variable phenotypes, from very mild to extremely severe. Only for few CDG, potentially curative therapies are being used, including dietary supplementation (e.g., galactose for PGM1-CDG, fucose for SLC35C1-CDG, Mn2+ for TMEM165-CDG or mannose for MPI-CDG) and organ transplantation (e.g., liver for MPI-CDG and heart for DOLK-CDG). However, for the majority of patients, only symptomatic and preventive treatments are in use. This constitutes a burden for patients, care-givers and ultimately the healthcare system. Innovative diagnostic approaches, in vitro and in vivo models and novel biomarkers have been developed that can lead to novel therapeutic avenues aiming to ameliorate the patients’ symptoms and lives. This review summarizes the advances in therapeutic approaches for CDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Brasil
- Portuguese Association for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Carlota Pascoal
- Portuguese Association for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Rita Francisco
- Portuguese Association for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Dorinda Marques-da-Silva
- Portuguese Association for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Giuseppina Andreotti
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Paula A Videira
- Portuguese Association for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Eva Morava
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen (UZ) and Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Vanessa Dos Reis Ferreira
- Portuguese Association for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2820-287 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Bosch-Morató M, Iriondo C, Guivernau B, Valls-Comamala V, Vidal N, Olivé M, Querfurth H, Muñoz FJ. Increased amyloid β-peptide uptake in skeletal muscle is induced by hyposialylation and may account for apoptosis in GNE myopathy. Oncotarget 2017; 7:13354-71. [PMID: 26968811 PMCID: PMC4924647 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
GNE myopathy is an autosomal recessive muscular disorder of young adults characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness and wasting. It is caused by a mutation in the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) gene, which encodes a key enzyme in sialic acid biosynthesis. The mutated hypofunctional GNE is associated with intracellular accumulation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) in patient muscles through as yet unknown mechanisms. We found here for the first time that an experimental reduction in sialic acid favors Aβ1-42 endocytosis in C2C12 myotubes, which is dependent on clathrin and heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Accordingly, Aβ1-42 internalization in myoblasts from a GNE myopathy patient was enhanced. Next, we investigated signal changes triggered by Aβ1-42 that may underlie toxicity. We observed that p-Akt levels are reduced in step with an increase in apoptotic markers in GNE myopathy myoblasts compared to control myoblasts. The same results were experimentally obtained when Aβ1-42 was overexpressed in myotubes. Hence, we propose a novel disease mechanism whereby hyposialylation favors Aβ1-42 internalization and the subsequent apoptosis in myotubes and in skeletal muscle from GNE myopathy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Bosch-Morató
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cinta Iriondo
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Biuse Guivernau
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victòria Valls-Comamala
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Vidal
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei Anatomia Patològica, Hospital de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Olivé
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei Anatomia Patològica, Hospital de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Henry Querfurth
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Francisco J Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Substantial deficiency of free sialic acid in muscles of patients with GNE myopathy and in a mouse model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173261. [PMID: 28267778 PMCID: PMC5340369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
GNE myopathy (GNEM), also known as hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM), is a late- onset, progressive myopathy caused by mutations in the GNE gene encoding the enzyme responsible for the first regulated step in the biosynthesis of sialic acid (SA). The disease is characterized by distal muscle weakness in both the lower and upper extremities, with the quadriceps muscle relatively spared until the late stages of disease. To explore the role of SA synthesis in the disease, we conducted a comprehensive and systematic analysis of both free and total SA levels in a large cohort of GNEM patients and a mouse model. A sensitive LC/MS/MS assay was developed to quantify SA in serum and muscle homogenates. Mean serum free SA level was 0.166 μg/mL in patients and 18% lower (p<0.001) than that of age-matched control samples (0.203 μg/mL). In biopsies obtained from patients, mean free SA levels of different muscles ranged from 0.046–0.075 μg/μmol Cr and were markedly lower by 72–85% (p<0.001) than free SA from normal controls. Free SA was shown to constitute a small fraction (3–7%) of the total SA pool in muscle tissue. Differences in mean total SA levels in muscle from patients compared with normal controls were less distinct and more variable between different muscles, suggesting a small subset of sialylation targets could be responsible for the pathogenesis of GNEM. Normal quadriceps had significantly lower levels of free SA (reduced by 39%) and total SA (reduced by 53%) compared to normal gastrocnemius. A lower SA requirement for quadriceps may be linked to the reported quadriceps sparing in GNEM. Analysis of SA levels in GneM743T/M743T mutant mice corroborated the human study results. These results show that serum and muscle free SA is severely reduced in GNEM, which is consistent with the biochemical defect in SA synthesis associated with GNE mutations. These results therefore support the approach of reversing SA depletion as a potential treatment for GNEM patients.
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Willems AP, van Engelen BGM, Lefeber DJ. Genetic defects in the hexosamine and sialic acid biosynthesis pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:1640-54. [PMID: 26721333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital disorders of glycosylation are caused by defects in the glycosylation of proteins and lipids. Classically, gene defects with multisystem disease have been identified in the ubiquitously expressed glycosyltransferases required for protein N-glycosylation. An increasing number of defects are being described in sugar supply pathways for protein glycosylation with tissue-restricted clinical symptoms. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we address the hexosamine and sialic acid biosynthesis pathways in sugar metabolism. GFPT1, PGM3 and GNE are essential for synthesis of nucleotide sugars uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and cytidine-5'-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-sialic acid) as precursors for various glycosylation pathways. Defects in these enzymes result in contrasting clinical phenotypes of congenital myasthenia, immunodeficiency or adult-onset myopathy, respectively. We therefore discuss the biochemical mechanisms of known genetic defects in the hexosamine and CMP-sialic acid synthesis pathway in relation to the clinical phenotypes. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Both UDP-GlcNAc and CMP-sialic acid are important precursors for diverse protein glycosylation reactions and for conversion into other nucleotide-sugars. Defects in the synthesis of these nucleotide sugars might affect a wide range of protein glycosylation reactions. Involvement of multiple glycosylation pathways might contribute to disease phenotype, but the currently available biochemical information on sugar metabolism is insufficient to understand why defects in these pathways present with tissue-specific phenotypes. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Future research on the interplay between sugar metabolism and different glycosylation pathways in a tissue- and cell-specific manner will contribute to elucidation of disease mechanisms and will create new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke P Willems
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Baziel G M van Engelen
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Shi Y, Xu X, Fang M, Zhang M, Li Y, Gillespie B, Yorke S, Yang N, McKew JC, Gahl WA, Huizing M, Carrillo-Carrasco N, Wang AQ. Quantitative hydrophilic interaction chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of N-acetylneuraminic acid and N-acetylmannosamine in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1000:105-11. [PMID: 26218770 PMCID: PMC4544686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac or NANA) is the most predominant sialic acid in mammals. As a terminal component in many glycoproteins and glycolipids, sialic acid is believed to be an important biomarker related to various diseases. Its precursor, N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc), is being investigated as a potential treatment for GNE myopathy. In this work, we developed two highly sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods for the quantitation of ManNAc and free Neu5Ac in human plasma. A fit-for-purpose approach was adopted during method validation and sample analysis. To measure the endogenous compounds and overcome the interference from plasma samples, a surrogate matrix that contained 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used for the preparation of calibration standards and certain levels of quality control (QC) samples. QC samples at higher concentrations were prepared in the authentic matrix (human plasma) to best mimic incurred samples. For both methods, an Ostro 96-well phospholipid removal plate was used for sample extraction, which efficiently removed the phospholipids from the plasma samples prior to LC injection, eliminated matrix effect, and improved sensitivity. Chromatographic separation was achieved using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and gradient elution in order to retain the two polar compounds. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) for ManNAc and Neu5Ac was 10.0 and 25.0ng/mL, respectively. The overall accuracy of the two assays was within 100%±8.3% based on three levels of QC samples. Inter- and intra-run precision (coefficient of variation (%CV)) across three analytical runs was less than 6.7% for ManNAc and less than 10.8% for Neu5Ac. These methods have been validated to support clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Shi
- Alliance Pharma, 17 Lee Boulevard, Malvern, PA 19355, USA.
| | - Xin Xu
- Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Meng Fang
- Alliance Pharma, 17 Lee Boulevard, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Michael Zhang
- Alliance Pharma, 17 Lee Boulevard, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Yinghe Li
- Alliance Pharma, 17 Lee Boulevard, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Brad Gillespie
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Selwyn Yorke
- New Zealand Pharmaceuticals, 68 Weld Street, RD2, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand
| | - Nora Yang
- Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - John C McKew
- Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA
| | - Marjan Huizing
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA
| | - Nuria Carrillo-Carrasco
- Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Amy Qiu Wang
- Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Abstract
GNE myopathy is an autosomal recessive muscle disease caused by biallelic mutations in GNE, a gene encoding for a single protein with key enzymatic activities, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase and N-acetylmannosamine kinase, in sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. The diagnosis should be considered primarily in patients presenting with distal weakness (foot drop) in early adulthood (other onset symptoms are possible too). The disease slowly progresses to involve other lower and upper extremities' muscles, with marked sparing of the quadriceps. Characteristic findings on biopsies of affected muscles include 'rimmed' (autophagic) vacuoles, aggregation of various proteins and fibre size variation. The diagnosis is confirmed by sequencing of the GNE gene. Note that we use a new mutation nomenclature based on the longest transcript (GenBank: NM_001128227), which encodes a 31-amino acid longer protein than the originally described one (GenBank: NM_005476), which has been used previously in most papers. Based upon the pathophysiology of the disease, recent clinical trials as well as early gene therapy trials have evaluated the use of sialic acid or N-acetylmannosamine (a precursor of sialic acid) in patients with GNE myopathy. Now that therapies are under investigation, it is critical that a timely and accurate diagnosis is made in patients with GNE myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichizo Nishino
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nuria Carrillo-Carrasco
- Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zohar Argov
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Daya A, Vatine GD, Becker-Cohen M, Tal-Goldberg T, Friedmann A, Gothilf Y, Du SJ, Mitrani-Rosenbaum S. Gne depletion during zebrafish development impairs skeletal muscle structure and function. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3349-61. [PMID: 24488768 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GNE Myopathy is a rare recessively inherited neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the GNE gene, which codes for the key enzyme in the metabolic pathway of sialic acid synthesis. The process by which GNE mutations lead to myopathy is not well understood. By in situ hybridization and gne promoter-driven fluorescent transgenic fish generation, we have characterized the spatiotemporal expression pattern of the zebrafish gne gene and have shown that it is highly conserved compared with the human ortholog. We also show the deposition of maternal gne mRNA and maternal GNE protein at the earliest embryonic stage, emphasizing the critical role of gne in embryonic development. Injection of morpholino (MO)-modified antisense oligonucleotides specifically designed to knockdown gne, into one-cell embryos lead to a variety of phenotypic severity. Characterization of the gne knockdown morphants showed a significantly reduced locomotor activity as well as distorted muscle integrity, including a reduction in the number of muscle myofibers, even in mild or intermediate phenotype morphants. These findings were further confirmed by electron microscopy studies, where large gaps between sarcolemmas were visualized, although normal sarcomeric structures were maintained. These results demonstrate a critical novel role for gne in embryonic development and particularly in myofiber development, muscle integrity and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Daya
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91240, Israel, School of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Michmoret 40297, Israel
| | - Gad David Vatine
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences and
| | - Michal Becker-Cohen
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91240, Israel
| | - Tzukit Tal-Goldberg
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91240, Israel
| | - Adam Friedmann
- School of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Michmoret 40297, Israel
| | - Yoav Gothilf
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shao Jun Du
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stella Mitrani-Rosenbaum
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91240, Israel,
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Grover S, Arya R. Role of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) in β1-integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:257-73. [PMID: 24474513 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary inclusion body myopathy (GNE myopathy) is a neuromuscular disorder due to mutation in key sialic acid biosynthetic enzyme, GNE. The pathomechanism of the disease is poorly understood as GNE is involved in other cellular functions beside sialic acid synthesis. In the present study, a HEK293 cell-based model system has been established where GNE is either knocked down or over-expressed along with pathologically relevant GNE mutants (D176V and V572L). The subcellular distribution of recombinant GNE and its mutant showed differential localization in the cell. The effect of mutation on GNE function was investigated by studying hyposialylation of cell membrane receptor, β1-integrin. Hyposialylated β1-integrin localized to internal vesicles that was restored upon supplementation with sialic acid. Fibronectin stimulation caused migration of hyposialylated β1-integrin to the cell membrane and co-localization with focal adhesion kinase (FAK) leading to increased focal adhesion formation. This further activated FAK and Src, downstream signaling molecules and led to increased cell adhesion. This is the first report to show that mutation in GNE affects β1-integrin-mediated cell adhesion process in GNE mutant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Grover
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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25
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Hanisch F, Weidemann W, Großmann M, Joshi PR, Holzhausen HJ, Stoltenburg G, Weis J, Zierz S, Horstkorte R. Sialylation and muscle performance: sialic acid is a marker of muscle ageing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80520. [PMID: 24349002 PMCID: PMC3859654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sia) are widely expressed as terminal monosaccharides on eukaryotic glycoconjugates. They are involved in many cellular functions, such as cell-cell interaction and signal recognition. The key enzyme of sialic acid biosynthesis is the bifunctional UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE), which catalyses the first two steps of Sia biosynthesis in the cytosol. In this study we analysed sialylation of muscles in wild type (C57Bl/6 GNE (+/+)) and heterozygous GNE-deficient (C57Bl/6 GNE (+/-)) mice. We measured a significantly lower performance in the initial weeks of a treadmill exercise in C57Bl/6 GNE (+/-) mice compared to wild type C57Bl/6 GNE (+/+) animals. Membrane bound Sia of C57Bl/6 GNE (+/-) mice were reduced by 33-53% at week 24 and by 12-15% at week 80 in comparison to C57Bl/6 GNE (+/+) mice. Interestingly, membrane bound Sia concentration increased with age of the mice by 16-46% in C57Bl/6 GNE (+/+), but by 87-207% in C57Bl/6 GNE (+/-). Furthermore we could identify specific morphological changes in aged muscles. Here we propose that increased Sia concentrations in muscles are a characteristic feature of ageing and could be used as a marker for age-related changes in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hanisch
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wenke Weidemann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mona Großmann
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pushpa Raj Joshi
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Holzhausen
- Institute of Pathology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gisela Stoltenburg
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Cell and Neurobiology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University and JARA Brain Translational Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan Zierz
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Rüdiger Horstkorte
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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The key enzyme of the sialic acid metabolism is involved in embryoid body formation and expression of marker genes of germ layer formation. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:20555-63. [PMID: 24129184 PMCID: PMC3821630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141020555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The bi-functional enzyme UDP-N-acetyl-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) is the key enzyme of the sialic acid biosynthesis. Sialic acids are negatively charged nine carbon amino sugars and are found on most glycoproteins and many glycolipids in terminal positions, where they are involved in a variety of biological important molecular interactions. Inactivation of the GNE by homologous recombination results in early embryonic lethality in mice. Here, we report that GNE-deficient embryonic stem cells express less differentiation markers compared to wild-type embryonic stem cells. As a result, GNE-deficient embryonic stem cells fail to form proper embryoid bodies (EB) within the first day of culture. However, when culturing these cells in the presence of sialic acids for three days, also GNE-deficient embryonic stem cells form normal EBs. In contrast, when culturing these cells in sialic acid reduced medium, GNE-deficient embryonic stem cells proliferate faster and form larger EBs without any change in the expression of markers of the germ layers.
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27
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Hinderlich S, Weidemann W, Yardeni T, Horstkorte R, Huizing M. UDP-GlcNAc 2-Epimerase/ManNAc Kinase (GNE): A Master Regulator of Sialic Acid Synthesis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 366:97-137. [PMID: 23842869 DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase is the key enzyme of sialic acid biosynthesis in vertebrates. It catalyzes the first two steps of the cytosolic formation of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. In this review we give an overview of structure, biochemistry, and genetics of the bifunctional enzyme and its complex regulation. Furthermore, we will focus on diseases related to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Hinderlich
- Department of Life Sciences and Technology, Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin, University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany,
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28
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Wang G, Xu Z, Wang R, Al-Hijji M, Salit J, Strulovici-Barel Y, Tilley AE, Mezey JG, Crystal RG. Genes associated with MUC5AC expression in small airway epithelium of human smokers and non-smokers. BMC Med Genomics 2012; 5:21. [PMID: 22676183 PMCID: PMC3443416 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-5-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mucus hypersecretion contributes to the morbidity and mortality of smoking-related lung diseases, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which starts in the small airways. Despite progress in animal studies, the genes and their expression pattern involved in mucus production and secretion in human airway epithelium are not well understood. We hypothesized that comparison of the transcriptomes of the small airway epithelium of individuals that express high vs low levels of MUC5AC, the major macromolecular component of airway mucus, could be used as a probe to identify the genes related to human small airway mucus production/secretion. Methods Flexible bronchoscopy and brushing were used to obtain small airway epithelium (10th to 12th order bronchi) from healthy nonsmokers (n=60) and healthy smokers (n=72). Affymetrix HG-U133 plus 2.0 microarrays were used to assess gene expression. Massive parallel sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to verify gene expression of small airway epithelium from 5 nonsmokers and 6 smokers. Results MUC5AC expression varied 31-fold among the healthy nonsmokers. Genome-wide comparison between healthy nonsmokers (n = 60) grouped as “high MUC5AC expressors” vs “low MUC5AC expressors” identified 528 genes significantly up-regulated and 15 genes significantly down-regulated in the high vs low expressors. This strategy identified both mucus production and secretion related genes under control of a network composed of multiple transcription factors. Based on the literature, genes in the up-regulated list were used to identify a 73 “MUC5AC-associated core gene” list with 9 categories: mucus component; mucus-producing cell differentiation-related transcription factor; mucus-producing cell differentiation-related pathway or mediator; post-translational modification of mucin; vesicle transport; endoplasmic reticulum stress-related; secretory granule-associated; mucus secretion-related regulator and mucus hypersecretory-related ion channel. As a validation cohort, we assessed the MUC5AC-associated core gene list in the small airway epithelium of an independent set of healthy smokers (n = 72). There was up-regulation of MUC5AC in the small airway epithelium of smokers (2.3-fold, p < 10-8) associated with a coordinated up-regulation of MUC5AC-associated core gene expression pattern in the small airway epithelium of smokers (p < 0.01). Deep sequencing confirmed these observations. Conclusion The identification of the genes associated with increased airway mucin production in humans should be useful in understanding the pathogenesis of airway mucus hypersecretion and identifying therapeutic targets. Author summary Mucus hypersecretion contributes to the morbidity and mortality of smoking-related lung diseases, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which starts in the small airways. Little is known about the gene networks associated with the synthesis and secretion of mucins in the human small airway epithelium. Taking advantage of the knowledge that MUC5AC is a major mucin secreted by the small airway epithelium, the expression of MUC5AC in small airway epithelium is highly regulated at the transcriptional level and our observation that healthy nonsmokers have variable numbers of MUC5AC+ secretory cells in the human small airway epithelium, we compared genome-wide gene expression of the small airway epithelium of high vs low MUC5AC expressors from 60 nonsmokers to identify the genes associated with MUC5AC expression. This novel strategy enabled identification of a 73 “MUC5AC-associated core gene” list with 9 categories, which control a series of processes from mucin biosynthesis to mucus secretion. The coordinated gene expression pattern of MUC5AC-associated core genes were corroborated in an independent cohort of 72 healthy smokers. Deep sequencing of small airway epithelium RNA confirmed these observations. This finding will be useful in identifying therapeutic targets to treat small airway mucus hypersecretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Wang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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29
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Weidemann W, Reinhardt A, Thate A, Horstkorte R. Biochemical characterization of the M712T-mutation of the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetyl-mannosaminekinase in hereditary inclusion body myopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 2011; 21:824-31. [PMID: 21873062 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary inclusion body myopathy is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness with a late onset and slow progression. It is caused by mutations of the gene encoding UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE). One of the most frequent mutations is an exchange of methionine to threonine at position 712 (M712T). Here we analyzed wildtype (wt) and M712T-mutated (M712T) GNE. We identified threonine 712 as an additional possible phosphorylation site and found by two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis a lower isoelectric point compared to wt-GNE. This lower isoelectric point could be partially reversed back to the wildtype isoelectric point after treatment with protein phosphatase. Furthermore, in contrast to wt-GNE, a significant fraction of M712T-GNE was in the insoluble fraction. Finally, by using bimolecular fluorescence complementation we demonstrate that the M712T mutation does not disrupt the formation of GNE-oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Weidemann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystr. 1, D-06114 Halle, Germany
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Abstract
Distal muscular dystrophies are a group of inherited primary muscle disorders showing progressive weakness and atrophy preferentially in the hands, forearm, lower legs, or feet. Extensive progress in understanding the molecular genetic background has changed the classification and extended the list of confirmed entities to almost 20 different disorders, making the differential diagnostic procedure both easier and more difficult. Distal phenotypes first have to be differentiated from neurogenic disorders. The axonal form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease with late-onset distal weakness and distal forms of chronic spinal muscular atrophy may mimic those of the distal dystrophies. Increasing numbers of reports suggest increasing awareness of distal phenotypes in muscular dystrophy. Some disorders regularly progress eventually to involve proximal muscle, whereas others, such as tibial muscular dystrophy titinopathy (Udd), Welander distal myopathy, and distal myosinopathy (Laing), remain distal throughout the patient's lifetime. Pathologically there is a gradual degeneration and loss of muscle fibers with replacement by fibrous and fatty connective tissue, similar to the proximal forms of muscular dystrophy, frequently, but not always with rimmed vacuolar degenerative change. Strikingly, many of the genes involved in distal dystrophies code for sarcomeric proteins. However, the genetic programs leading to preferential involvement of distal muscles have remained unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Udd
- Department of Neurology, Tampere University and University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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31
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GNE is involved in the early development of skeletal and cardiac muscle. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21389. [PMID: 21731727 PMCID: PMC3123316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2 epimerase/N-acetylmannosamime kinase (GNE) is a bifunctional enzyme which catalyzes the two key sequential steps in the biosynthetic pathway of sialic acid, the most abundant terminal monosaccharide on glycoconjugates of eukaryotic cells. GNE knock out (GNE KO) mice are embryonically lethal at day E8.5. Although the role of GNE in the sialic pathway has been well established as well as the importance of sialylation in many diverse biological pathways, less is known about the involvement of GNE in muscle development. To address this issue we have studied the role of GNE during in vitro embryogenesis by comparing the developmental profile in culture of embryonic stem cells (ES) from wild type and from GNE KO E3.5 mice embryos, during 45 days. Neuronal cells appeared rarely in GNE KO ES cultures and did not reach an advanced differentiated stage. Although primary cardiac cells appeared at the same time in both normal and GNE KO ES cultures, GNE KO cardiac cells degraded very soon and their beating capacity decayed rapidly. Furthermore very rare skeletal muscle committed cells were detected in the GNE KO ES cultures at any stage of differentiation, as assessed by analysis of the expression of either Pax7, MyoD and MyHC markers. Beyond the supporting evidence that GNE plays an important role in neuronal cell and brain development, these results show that GNE is strongly involved in cardiac tissue and skeletal muscle early survival and organization. These findings could open new avenues in the understanding of muscle function mechanisms in health and in disease.
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Ganglioside GM3 levels are altered in a mouse model of HIBM: GM3 as a cellular marker of the disease. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10055. [PMID: 20383336 PMCID: PMC2850932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective HIBM (Hereditary Inclusion Body Myopathy) is a recessive hereditary disease characterized by adult-onset, slowly progressive muscle weakness sparing the quadriceps. It is caused by a single missense mutation of each allele of the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) gene, a bifunctional enzyme catalyzing the first two steps of sialic acid synthesis in mammals. However, the mechanisms and cellular pathways affected by the GNE mutation and causing the muscle weakness could not be identified so far. Based on recent evidence in literature, we investigated a new hypothesis, i.e. the involvement in the disease of the GM3 ganglioside, a specific glycolipid implicated in muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. Methods qRT-PCR analysis of St3gal5 (GM3 synthase) gene expression and HPLC quantification of GM3 ganglioside were conducted on muscle tissue from a mouse model of HIBM harboring the M712T mutation of GNE (GneM712T/M712T mouse) vs control mice (Gne+/+ mouse). Results St3gal5 mRNA levels were significantly lower in GneM712T/M712T mouse muscles vs Gne+/+ mouse muscles (64.41%±10% of Gne+/+ levels). GM3 ganglioside levels showed also a significant decrease in GneM712T/M712T mouse muscle compared to Gne+/+ mouse muscle (18.09%±5.33% of Gne+/+ levels). Although these GneM712T/M712T mice were described to suffer severe glomerular proteinuria, no GM3 alterations were noted in kidneys, highlighting a tissue specific alteration of gangliosides. Conclusion The M712T mutation of GNE hampers the muscle ability to synthesize normal levels of GM3. This is the first time that a mutation of GNE can be related to the molecular pathological mechanism of HIBM.
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Duncan PI, Raymond F, Fuerholz A, Sprenger N. Sialic acid utilisation and synthesis in the neonatal rat revisited. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8241. [PMID: 20011510 PMCID: PMC2785881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Milk is the sole source of nutrients for neonatal mammals and is generally considered to have co-evolved with the developmental needs of the suckling newborn. One evolutionary conserved constituent of milk and present on many glycoconjugates is sialic acid. The brain and colon are major sites of sialic acid display and together with the liver also of synthesis. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study we examined in rats the relationship between the sialic acid content of milk and the uptake, utilization and synthesis of sialic acid in suckling pups. In rat milk sialic acid was found primarily as 3′sialyllactose and at highest levels between 3 and 10 days postpartum and that decreased towards weaning. In the liver of suckling pups sialic acid synthesis paralleled the increase in milk sialic acid reaching and keeping maximum activity from postnatal day 5 onwards. In the colon, gene expression profiles suggested that a switch from sialic acid uptake and catabolism towards sialic acid synthesis and utilization occurred that mirrored the change of sialic acid in milk from high to low expression. In brain sialic acid related gene expression profiles did not change to any great extent during the suckling period. Conclusions/Significance Our results support the views that (i) when milk sialic acid levels are high, in the colon this sialic acid is catabolized to GlcNAc that in turn may be used as such or used as substrate for sialic acid synthesis and (ii) when milk sialic acid levels are low the endogenous sialic acid synthetic machinery in colon is activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I. Duncan
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (PID); (NS)
| | - Frédéric Raymond
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Fuerholz
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Sprenger
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (PID); (NS)
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Jay CM, Levonyak N, Nemunaitis G, Maples PB, Nemunaitis J. Hereditary Inclusion Body Myopathy (HIBM2). GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2009; 3:181-90. [PMID: 20054407 PMCID: PMC2796972 DOI: 10.4137/grsb.s2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary inclusion body myopathy type 2 (HIBM2) is a myopathy characterized by progressive muscle weakness with early adult onset. The disease is the result of a recessive mutation in the Glucosamine (UDP-N-acetyl)-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase gene (GNE), which results in reduced enzyme function and sialic acid levels. A majority of individuals with HIBM2 are from Iranian-Jewish or Japanese decent, but isolated cases have been identified world wide. This article reviews the diagnostic criteria for HIBM2. Current research with a highlight on the biology of the disease and the role of GNE in the sialic acid pathway are assessed. Finally, therapeutic investigations and animal models are discussed with a focus on future studies to better understand the pathology of Hereditary Inclusion Body Myopathy and move therapeutic agents towards clinical trials.
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Lessons from GNE-deficient embryonic stem cells: sialic acid biosynthesis is involved in proliferation and gene expression. Glycobiology 2009; 20:107-17. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Reinke SO, Lehmer G, Hinderlich S, Reutter W. Regulation and pathophysiological implications of UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase (GNE) as the key enzyme of sialic acid biosynthesis. Biol Chem 2009; 390:591-9. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe key enzyme for the biosynthesis ofN-acetylneuraminic acid, from which all other sialic acids are formed, is the bifunctional enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE). GNE is a highly conserved protein found throughout the animal kingdom. Its highest expression is seen in the liver and placenta. GNE is regulated by a variety of biochemical means, including tetramerization promoted by the substrate UDP-GlcNAc, phosphorylation by protein kinase C and feedback inhibition by CMP-Neu5Ac, which is defect in the human disease sialuria. GNE knock-out in mice leads to embryonic lethality, emphasizing the crucial role of this key enzyme for sialic acid biosynthesis. The metabolic capacity to synthesize sialic acid and CMP-sialic acid upon ManNAc loads is amazingly high. An additional characteristic of GNE is its interaction with proteins involved in the regulation of development, which might play a crucial role in the hereditary inclusion body myopathy. Due to the importance of increased concentrations of tumor-surface sialic acid, first attempts to find inhibitors of GNE have been successful.
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Phadke AP, Jay C, Chen SJ, Haddock C, Wang Z, Yu Y, Nemunaitis D, Nemunaitis G, Templeton NS, Senzer N, Maples PB, Tong AW, Nemunaitis J. Safety and in vivo expression of a GNE-transgene: a novel treatment approach for hereditary inclusion body myopathy-2. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2009; 3:89-101. [PMID: 19838336 PMCID: PMC2758285 DOI: 10.4137/grsb.s2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary inclusion body myopathy-2 (HIBM2) is an adult-onset, muscular disease caused by mutations in the GNE gene. HIBM2-associated GNE mutations causing hyposialyation have been proposed to contribute to reduced muscle function in patients with HIBM2, though the exact cause of this disease is unknown. In the current studies we examined pre-clinical in vivo toxicity, and expression of the plasmid-based, CMV driven wild-type GNE plasmid vector. The plasmid vector was injected intramuscularly (IM) or systemically (IV) into BALB/c mice, following encapsulation in a cationic liposome (DOTAP:Cholesterol). Single IM injections of the GNE-lipoplex at 40 μg did not produce overt toxicity or deaths, indicating that the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) dose for IM injection was ≥40 μg. Single intravenous (IV) infusion of GNE-lipoplex was lethal in 33% of animals at 100 μg dose, with a small proportion of animals in the 40 μg cohort demonstrating transient toxicity. Thus the NOAEL dose by the IV route was greater than 10 μg and less than or equal to 40 μg. Real-time RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated recombinant human GNE mRNA expression in 100% of muscle tissues that received IM injection of 40 μg GNE-lipoplex, at 2 weeks. These results indicate that GNE-lipoplex gene transfer is safe and can produce durable transgene expression in treated muscles. Our findings support future exploration of the clinical efficacy of GNE-lipoplex for experimental gene therapy of HIBM2.
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Bork K, Gagiannis D, Orthmann A, Weidemann W, Kontou M, Reutter W, Horstkorte R. Experimental approaches to interfere with the polysialylation of the neural cell adhesion molecule in vitro and in vivo. J Neurochem 2007; 103 Suppl 1:65-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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