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Higashida H, Oshima Y, Yamamoto Y. Oxytocin transported from the blood across the blood-brain barrier by receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) affects brain function related to social behavior. Peptides 2024; 178:171230. [PMID: 38677620 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) is a neuropeptide that primarily functions as a hormone controlling female reproductive processes. Since numerous recent studies have shown that single and repetitive administrations of OT increase trust, social interaction, and maternal behaviors in humans and animals, OT is considered a key molecule that regulates social memory and behavior. Furthermore, OT binds to receptors for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), and it has been demonstrated that loss of RAGE in the brain vascular endothelial cells of mice fails to increase brain OT concentrations following peripheral OT administration. This leads to the hypothesis that RAGE is involved in the direct transport of OT, allowing it access to the brain by transporting it across the blood-brain barrier; however, this hypothesis is only based on limited evidence. Herein, we review the recent results related to this hypothesis, such as the mode of transport of OT in the blood circulation to the brain via different forms of RAGE, including membrane-bound full-length RAGE and soluble RAGE. We further review the modulation of brain function and social behavior, which seem to be mediated by RAGE-dependent OT. Overall, this review mostly confirms that RAGE enables the recruitment of circulating OT to the brain, thereby influencing social behavior. The requirement for further studies considering the physiological aspects of RAGE is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiro Higashida
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Yu Oshima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
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2
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He Q, Zuo Z, Song K, Wang W, Yu L, Tang Z, Hu S, Li L, Luo H, Chen Z, Liu J, Lin B, Luo J, Jiang Y, Huang Q, Guo X. Keratin7 and Desmoplakin are involved in acute lung injury induced by sepsis through RAGE. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110867. [PMID: 37660597 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Keratin 7 (Krt7) is a member of the keratin family and is primarily involved in cytoskeleton composition. It has been shown that Krt7 is able to influence its own remodeling and interactions with other signaling molecules via phosphorylation at specific sites unique to Krt7. However, its molecular mechanism in acute lung injury (ALI) remains unclear. In this study, differential proteomics was used to analyze lung samples from the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-deficient and (wild-type)WT-septic mice. We screened for the target protein Krt7 and identified Ser53 as the phosphorylation site using mass spectrometry (MS), and this phosphorylation further triggered the deformation and disintegration of Desmoplakin (Dsp), ultimately leading to epithelial barrier dysfunction. Furthermore, we demonstrated that in sepsis, mDia1/Cdc42/p38 MAPK signaling activation plays a role in septic lung injury. We also explored the mechanism of alveolar dysfunction of the Krt7-Dsp complex in the epithelial cell barrier. In summary, the present findings increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of septic acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zirui Zuo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ke Song
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Weiju Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhaoliang Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shuiwang Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haihua Luo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhenfeng Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jinlian Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bingqi Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiaqi Luo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qiaobing Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; National Experimental Education Demonstration Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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3
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Sakasai-Sakai A, Takeda K, Takeuchi M. Involvement of Intracellular TAGE and the TAGE-RAGE-ROS Axis in the Onset and Progression of NAFLD/NASH. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030748. [PMID: 36978995 PMCID: PMC10045097 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The repeated excessive intake of sugar, a factor that contributes to the onset of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progression to the chronic form of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), markedly increases the hepatocyte content of glyceraldehyde (GA), a glucose/fructose metabolic intermediate. Toxic advanced glycation end-products (toxic AGEs, TAGE) are synthesized by cross-linking reactions between the aldehyde group of GA and the amino group of proteins, and their accumulation has been implicated in the development of NAFLD/NASH and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our previous findings not only showed that hepatocyte disorders were induced by the intracellular accumulation of TAGE, but they also indicated that extracellular leakage resulted in elevated TAGE concentrations in circulating fluids. Interactions between extracellular TAGE and receptor for AGEs (RAGE) affect intracellular signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which may, in turn, contribute to the pathological changes observed in NAFLD/NASH. RAGE plays a role in the effects of the extracellular leakage of TAGE on the surrounding cells, which ultimately promote the onset and progression of NAFLD/NASH. This review describes the relationships between intracellular TAGE levels and hepatocyte and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) damage as well as the TAGE-RAGE-ROS axis in hepatocytes, HSC, and HCC cells. The "TAGE theory" will provide novel insights for future research on NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Sakasai-Sakai
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Kenji Takeda
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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4
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Chen L, Sun X, Zhong X. Role of RAGE and its ligand HMGB1 in the development of COPD. Postgrad Med 2022; 134:763-775. [PMID: 36094155 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2022.2124087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is a well-established risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Chronic lung inflammation continues even after smoking cessation and leads to COPD progression. To date, anti-inflammatory therapies are ineffective in improving pulmonary function and COPD symptoms, and new molecular targets are urgently needed to deal with this challenge. The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) was shown to be relevant in COPD pathogenesis, since it is both a genetic determinant of low lung function and a determinant of COPD susceptibility. Moreover, RAGE is involved in the physiological response to cigarette smoke exposure. Since innate and acquired immunity plays an essential role in the development of chronic inflammation and emphysema in COPD, here we summarized the roles of RAGE and its ligand HMGB1 in COPD immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Liuzhou People's Hospital, LiuZhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Xuejiao Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Liuzhou People's Hospital, LiuZhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Grados L, Pérot M, Barbezier N, Delayre-Orthez C, Bach V, Fumery M, Anton PM, Gay-Quéheillard J. How advanced are we on the consequences of oral exposure to food contaminants on the occurrence of chronic non communicable diseases? CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135260. [PMID: 35688194 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of an individual during fetal life and childhood is characterized by rapid growth as well as gradual maturation of organs and systems. Beyond the nutritional intake in essential nutrients, food contaminants can permanently influence the way organs mature and function. These processes are called "programming" and play an essential role in the occurrence of non-communicable chronic diseases throughout the lifespan. Populations as pregnant women, fetuses and young children are vulnerable and particularly sensitive to food contaminants which can induce epigenetic modifications transmissible to future generations. Among these contaminants, pesticides are found in most food matrices exposing humans to cocktails of molecules through variable concentrations and duration of exposure. The Maillard reaction products (MRPs) represent other food contaminants resulting from heat treatment of food. Modern diet, rich in fats and sugars, is also rich in neoformed pathogenic compounds, Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs), the levels of which depend on the heat treatment of foods and eating habits and whose effects on health are controversial. In this review, we have chosen to present the current knowledge on the impacts of selected pesticides and MRPs, on the risk of developing during life non-communicable chronic diseases such as IBD, metabolic disorders or allergies. A large review of literature was performed via Pubmed, and the most appropriate studies were summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Grados
- PériTox, Périnatalité & Risques Toxiques, UMR-I 01 INERIS, Université Picardie Jules Verne, CURS, CHU Amiens Picardie, Avenue René Laennec, Amiens, France; CHU Amiens-Picardie, Service D'hépato-gastro-entérologie, Rond-point Du Pr Cabrol, Amiens, France
| | - Maxime Pérot
- Transformations and Agroressources (URL 7519), Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université D'Artois, 19 Rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, 60026, Beauvais, France
| | - Nicolas Barbezier
- Transformations and Agroressources (URL 7519), Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université D'Artois, 19 Rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, 60026, Beauvais, France
| | - Carine Delayre-Orthez
- Transformations and Agroressources (URL 7519), Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université D'Artois, 19 Rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, 60026, Beauvais, France
| | - Véronique Bach
- PériTox, Périnatalité & Risques Toxiques, UMR-I 01 INERIS, Université Picardie Jules Verne, CURS, CHU Amiens Picardie, Avenue René Laennec, Amiens, France
| | - Mathurin Fumery
- PériTox, Périnatalité & Risques Toxiques, UMR-I 01 INERIS, Université Picardie Jules Verne, CURS, CHU Amiens Picardie, Avenue René Laennec, Amiens, France; CHU Amiens-Picardie, Service D'hépato-gastro-entérologie, Rond-point Du Pr Cabrol, Amiens, France
| | - Pauline M Anton
- Transformations and Agroressources (URL 7519), Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université D'Artois, 19 Rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, 60026, Beauvais, France
| | - Jérôme Gay-Quéheillard
- PériTox, Périnatalité & Risques Toxiques, UMR-I 01 INERIS, Université Picardie Jules Verne, CURS, CHU Amiens Picardie, Avenue René Laennec, Amiens, France.
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6
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Carter CS, Kingsbury MA. Oxytocin and oxygen: the evolution of a solution to the ‘stress of life’. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210054. [PMID: 35856299 PMCID: PMC9272143 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) and the OT receptor occupy essential roles in our current understanding of mammalian evolution, survival, sociality and reproduction. This narrative review examines the hypothesis that many functions attributed to OT can be traced back to conditions on early Earth, including challenges associated with managing life in the presence of oxygen and other basic elements, including sulfur. OT regulates oxidative stress and inflammation especially through effects on the mitochondria. A related nonapeptide, vasopressin, as well as molecules in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, including the corticotropin-releasing hormone family of molecules, have a broad set of functions that interact with OT. Interactions among these molecules have roles in the causes and consequence of social behaviour and the management of threat, fear and stress. Here, we discuss emerging evidence suggesting that unique properties of the OT system allowed vertebrates, and especially mammals, to manage over-reactivity to the ‘side effects’ of oxygen, including inflammation, oxidation and free radicals, while also supporting high levels of sociality and a perception of safety. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Interplays between oxytocin and other neuromodulators in shaping complex social behaviours’.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Sue Carter
- Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Marcy A. Kingsbury
- Lurie Center for Autism, Mass General Hospital for Children, Harvard University Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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7
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Wei CC, Li SW, Wu CT, How CM, Pan MH. Dietary Methylglyoxal Exposure Induces Alzheimer's Disease by Promoting Amyloid β Accumulation and Disrupting Autophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10011-10021. [PMID: 35917150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a precursor of advanced glycation end products usually generated during cooking. The high level of MG in the brain is correlated to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it is not clear if MG consumed through the diet can cause AD-related toxicity. Herein, the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) AD model was used to investigate the neurotoxicity after long-term MG exposure at dietary levels. The results showed that C. elegans locomotive behaviors were significantly decreased after 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mM MG exposure (p < 0.001). In amyloid β (Aβ)-expressing transgenic C. elegans strains, 0.5 mM MG significantly promoted Aβ accumulation by around 50% in day-8 CL2006 (p < 0.001), enhanced paralysis in CL4176 (p < 0.001) and CL2006 (p < 0.01), and made CL2355 around 17% more vulnerable to 5-HT, indicating impaired serotonin reuptake (p < 0.05). Additionally, 0.5 mM MG significantly increased the reactive oxygen species level (p < 0.001) by inhibiting the expression of stress-response genes including sod-3, gst-4, and hsp-16.2 in day-8 aged worms. Moreover, the autophagic pathway was disrupted through lgg-1, vps-34, and bec-1 expression after MG exposure and Aβ accumulation. Treatment with the citrus flavonoid nobiletin reduced the MG-induced toxicity (p < 0.001). Overall, these findings imply that it is possible to exacerbate AD pathogenesis by MG exposure through the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Cheng Wei
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Wei Li
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Chia-Tung Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan
| | - Chun Ming How
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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8
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Wang G, Wang X, Zheng X, Sun S, Zhao J, Long Y, Mao Y. Acidic oligosaccharide sugar chain combined with hyperbaric oxygen delays D-galactose-induced brain senescence in mice via attenuating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Neurosci Res 2022; 185:40-48. [PMID: 35970311 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Aging is fundamental to neurodegeneration and dementia. Preventing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are potential methods of delaying the onset of aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases. The acidic oligosaccharide sugar chain (AOSC) and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) can increase the expression of antioxidants and have a neuroprotective function. In this study, we investigate the ability of AOSC, HBO, and AOSC + HBO to prevent D-gal-induced brain senescence. The Morris water maze and Y-maze test results showed that all three therapies significantly attenuated D-gal-induced memory disorders. A potential mechanism of this action was decreasing elevated levels of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. The western blot and morphological results showed that all three therapies decreased D-gal-induced neuroinflammation and downregulated inflammatory mediators including the nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Taken together, our results indicated that AOSC, HBO, and AOSC + HBO therapies attenuated D-gal-induced brain aging in mice by repressing RAGE/NF-KB-induced inflammation, the activation of astrocytes and microglia, and a decrease in neuronal degeneration. These could be useful therapies for treating age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, HBO combined with AOSC had a better effect than HBO or AOSC alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zheng
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shuqin Sun
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ying Long
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yongjun Mao
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
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9
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Higashida H, Furuhara K, Lopatina O, Gerasimenko M, Hori O, Hattori T, Hayashi Y, Cherepanov SM, Shabalova AA, Salmina AB, Minami K, Yuhi T, Tsuji C, Fu P, Liu Z, Luo S, Zhang A, Yokoyama S, Shuto S, Watanabe M, Fujiwara K, Munesue SI, Harashima A, Yamamoto Y. Oxytocin Dynamics in the Body and Brain Regulated by the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products, CD38, CD157, and Nicotinamide Riboside. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:858070. [PMID: 35873827 PMCID: PMC9301327 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.858070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating the neurocircuit and synaptic sites of action of oxytocin (OT) in the brain is critical to the role of OT in social memory and behavior. To the same degree, it is important to understand how OT is transported to the brain from the peripheral circulation. To date, of these, many studies provide evidence that CD38, CD157, and receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) act as regulators of OT concentrations in the brain and blood. It has been shown that RAGE facilitates the uptake of OT in mother’s milk from the digestive tract to the cell surface of intestinal epithelial cells to the body fluid and subsequently into circulation in male mice. RAGE has been shown to recruit circulatory OT into the brain from blood at the endothelial cell surface of neurovascular units. Therefore, it can be said that extracellular OT concentrations in the brain (hypothalamus) could be determined by the transport of OT by RAGE from the circulation and release of OT from oxytocinergic neurons by CD38 and CD157 in mice. In addition, it has recently been found that gavage application of a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide riboside, for 12 days can increase brain OT in mice. Here, we review the evaluation of the new concept that RAGE is involved in the regulation of OT dynamics at the interface between the brain, blood, and intestine in the living body, mainly by summarizing our recent results due to the limited number of publications on related topics. And we also review other possible routes of OT recruitment to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiro Higashida
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Laboratory of Social Brain Study, Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- *Correspondence: Haruhiro Higashida,
| | - Kazumi Furuhara
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Olga Lopatina
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Laboratory of Social Brain Study, Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Maria Gerasimenko
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hattori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Stanislav M. Cherepanov
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Anna A. Shabalova
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Alla B. Salmina
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Laboratory of Social Brain Study, Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Kana Minami
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Teruko Yuhi
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Chiharu Tsuji
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - PinYue Fu
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Zhongyu Liu
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shuxin Luo
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Anpei Zhang
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yokoyama
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mizuki Watanabe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koichi Fujiwara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sei-ichi Munesue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ai Harashima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
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10
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Higashida H, Gerasimenko M, Yamamoto Y. Receptor for advanced glycation end-products and child neglect in mice: A possible link to postpartum depression. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2022; 11:100146. [PMID: 35967921 PMCID: PMC9363643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), a pattern recognition molecule, has a role in the remodeling of vascular endothelial cells mainly in lungs, kidney and brain under pathological conditions. We recently discovered that RAGE binds oxytocin (OT) and transports it to the brain from circulation on neurovascular endothelial cells. We produced knockout mice of the mouse homologue of the human RAGE gene, Ager, designated RAGE KO mice. In RAGE KO mice, while hyperactivity has been reported in male mice, maternal behavior was impaired in female mice. After an additional stress, deficits in pup care were observed in RAGE KO mother mice. This resulted in pup death within 1–2 days, suggesting that RAGE plays a critical role during the postpartum period. Thus, RAGE seems to be important in the manifestation of normal maternal behavior in dams. In this review, we summarize the significance of brain OT transport by RAGE and propose that RAGE-dependent OT can dampen stress signals during pregnancy, delivery and early postpartum periods. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no previous articles on these RAGE-dependent results. Based on these results in mice, we discuss a potential critical role of RAGE in emotion swings at the puerperium (peripartum) and postpartum periods in women. RAGE play a role in oxytocin transport via the blood-brain barrier into the brain. RAGE KO dams had maternal behavior impairment after stress exposure that is in line with the two-hit theory. The first hit is RAGE signaling absence, the second hit is a stress event occurred in the postpartum period. We can hypothesize that RAGE signaling can affect maternal depression development through oxytocin transportation into the brain.
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11
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Zhao JF, Ren T, Li XY, Guo TL, Liu CH, Wang X. Research Progress on the Role of Microglia Membrane Proteins or Receptors in Neuroinflammation and Degeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:831977. [PMID: 35281298 PMCID: PMC8913711 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.831977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are intrinsic immune cells of the central nervous system and play a dual role (pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory) in the homeostasis of the nervous system. Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia serves as an important stage of ischemic hypoxic brain injury, cerebral hemorrhage disease, neurodegeneration and neurotumor of the nervous system and is present through the whole course of these diseases. Microglial membrane protein or receptor is the basis of mediating microglia to play the inflammatory role and they have been found to be upregulated by recognizing associated ligands or sensing changes in the nervous system microenvironment. They can then allosterically activate the downstream signal transduction and produce a series of complex cascade reactions that can activate microglia, promote microglia chemotactic migration and stimulate the release of proinflammatory factor such as TNF-α, IL-β to effectively damage the nervous system and cause apoptosis of neurons. In this paper, several representative membrane proteins or receptors present on the surface of microglia are systematically reviewed and information about their structures, functions and specific roles in one or more neurological diseases. And on this basis, some prospects for the treatment of novel coronavirus neurological complications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tong Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tian-Lin Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chun-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
- Chun-Hui Liu,
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Xun Wang,
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12
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Dual Nature of RAGE in Host Reaction and Nurturing the Mother-Infant Bond. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042086. [PMID: 35216202 PMCID: PMC8880422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-enzymatic glycation is an unavoidable reaction that occurs across biological taxa. The final products of this irreversible reaction are called advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). The endogenously formed AGEs are known to be bioactive and detrimental to human health. Additionally, exogenous food-derived AGEs are debated to contribute to the development of aging and various diseases. Receptor for AGEs (RAGE) is widely known to elicit biological reactions. The binding of RAGE to other ligands (e.g., high mobility group box 1, S100 proteins, lipopolysaccharides, and amyloid-β) can result in pathological processes via the activation of intracellular RAGE signaling pathways, including inflammation, diabetes, aging, cancer growth, and metastasis. RAGE is now recognized as a pattern-recognition receptor. All mammals have RAGE homologs; however, other vertebrates, such as birds, amphibians, fish, and reptiles, do not have RAGE at the genomic level. This evidence from an evolutionary perspective allows us to understand why mammals require RAGE. In this review, we provide an overview of the scientific knowledge about the role of RAGE in physiological and pathological processes. In particular, we focus on (1) RAGE biology, (2) the role of RAGE in physiological and pathophysiological processes, (3) RAGE isoforms, including full-length membrane-bound RAGE (mRAGE), and the soluble forms of RAGE (sRAGE), which comprise endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE) and an ectodomain-shed form of RAGE, and (4) oxytocin transporters in the brain and intestine, which are important for maternal bonding and social behaviors.
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13
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Pucci M, Aria F, Premoli M, Maccarinelli G, Mastinu A, Bonini S, Memo M, Uberti D, Abate G. Methylglyoxal affects cognitive behaviour and modulates RAGE and Presenilin-1 expression in hippocampus of aged mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112608. [PMID: 34656697 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG), a potent glycotoxin that can be found in the diet, is one of the main precursors of Advanced glycation end products (AGEs). It is well known that modifications in lifestyle such as nutritional interventions can be of great value for preventing brain deterioration. This study aimed to evaluate in vivo how an oral MG treatment, that mimics a high MG dietary intake, could affect brain health. From our results, we demonstrated that MG administration affected working memory, and induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress by modulating the Receptor for Advanced glycation end products (RAGE). The gene and protein expressions of RAGE were increased in the hippocampus of MG mice, an area where the activity of glyoxalase 1, one of the main enzymes involved in MG detoxification, was found reduced. Furthermore, at hippocampus level, MG mice showed increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and increased activities of NADPH oxidase and catalase. MG administration also increased the gene and protein expressions of Presenilin-1, a subunit of the gamma-secretase protein complex linked to Alzheimer's disease. These findings suggest that high MG oral intake induces alteration directly in the brain and might establish an environment predisposing to AD-like pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - F Aria
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, United States
| | - M Premoli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - G Maccarinelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - A Mastinu
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - S Bonini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - M Memo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - D Uberti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy; Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
| | - G Abate
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
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14
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Gerasimenko M, Lopatina O, Munesue S, Harashima A, Yokoyama S, Yamamoto Y, Higashida H. Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) plays a critical role in retrieval behavior of mother mice at early postpartum. Physiol Behav 2021; 235:113395. [PMID: 33757778 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is a pattern recognition molecule belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, and it plays a role in the remodeling of endothelial cells under pathological conditions. Recently, it was shown that RAGE is a binding protein for oxytocin (OT) and a transporter of OT to the brain on neurovascular endothelial cells via blood circulation. Deletion of the mouse RAGE gene, Ager (RAGE KO), induces hyperactivity in male mice. Impairment of pup care by mother RAGE KO mice after stress exposure results in the death of neonates 1-2 days after pup birth. Therefore, to understand the role of RAGE during the postpartum period, this study aims to examine parental behavior in female RAGE KO mice and ultrasonic vocalizations in pups. RAGE KO mothers without stress before delivery raised their pups and displayed hyperactivity at postpartum day (PPD) 3. KO dams showed impaired retrieval or interaction behavior after additional stress, such as body restraint stress or exposure to a novel environment, but such impaired behavior disappeared at PPD 7. Postnatal day 3 pups emitted ultrasonic vocalizations at >60 kHz as a part of the mother-pup relationship, but the number and category of calls by RAGE KO pups were significantly lower than wild-type pups. The results indicate that RAGE is important in the manifestation of normal parental behavior in dams and for receiving maternal care by mouse pups; moreover, brain OT recruited by RAGE plays a role in damping of signals of additional external stress and endogenous stress during the early postpartum period. Thus, RAGE-dependent OT may be critical for initiating and maintaining the normal mother-child relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gerasimenko
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Olga Lopatina
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan; Laboratory for Social Brain Studies, Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, and Department of Biochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V. F. Voino-Yasentsky, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russian Federation
| | - Seiichi Munesue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Ai Harashima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yokoyama
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Haruhiro Higashida
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan; Laboratory for Social Brain Studies, Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, and Department of Biochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V. F. Voino-Yasentsky, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russian Federation.
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15
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Takeuchi M, Sakasai-Sakai A, Takata T, Takino JI, Koriyama Y, Kikuchi C, Furukawa A, Nagamine K, Hori T, Matsunaga T. Intracellular Toxic AGEs (TAGE) Triggers Numerous Types of Cell Damage. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030387. [PMID: 33808036 PMCID: PMC8001776 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The habitual intake of large amounts of sugar, which has been implicated in the onset/progression of lifestyle-related diseases (LSRD), induces the excessive production of glyceraldehyde (GA), an intermediate of sugar metabolism, in neuronal cells, hepatocytes, and cardiomyocytes. Reactions between GA and intracellular proteins produce toxic advanced glycation end-products (toxic AGEs, TAGE), the accumulation of which contributes to various diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular disease. The cellular leakage of TAGE affects the surrounding cells via the receptor for AGEs (RAGE), thereby promoting the onset/progression of LSRD. We demonstrated that the intracellular accumulation of TAGE triggered numerous cellular disorders, and also that TAGE leaked into the extracellular space, thereby increasing extracellular TAGE levels in circulating fluids. Intracellular signaling and the production of reactive oxygen species are affected by extracellular TAGE and RAGE interactions, which, in turn, facilitate the intracellular generation of TAGE, all of which may contribute to the pathological changes observed in LSRD. In this review, we discuss the relationships between intracellular TAGE levels and numerous types of cell damage. The novel concept of the “TAGE theory” is expected to open new perspectives for research into LSRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (A.S.-S.); (T.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-76-218-8456
| | - Akiko Sakasai-Sakai
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (A.S.-S.); (T.T.)
| | - Takanobu Takata
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (A.S.-S.); (T.T.)
| | - Jun-ichi Takino
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan; (J.-i.T.); (T.H.)
| | - Yoshiki Koriyama
- Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan; (Y.K.); (A.F.)
| | - Chigusa Kikuchi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan; (C.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Ayako Furukawa
- Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan; (Y.K.); (A.F.)
| | - Kentaro Nagamine
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan;
| | - Takamitsu Hori
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan; (J.-i.T.); (T.H.)
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan; (C.K.); (T.M.)
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