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Yamashita N, Flowers N, Fogaça MD. The effects of feeding frequency on jaw loading in two lemur species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 184:e24916. [PMID: 38441408 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies on oral processing are often snapshots of behaviors that examine feeding through individual bouts. In this study, we expand on our previous work comparing bite/chew variables per feeding bout to summed daily biting, chewing, and food intake to interpret loading that could have potential morphological effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS We observed sympatric Lemur catta and Propithecus verreauxi over two field seasons in the dry forest of Bezà Mahafaly Special Reserve in southwestern Madagascar. Bite and chew rates determined from videos filmed during observations were multiplied with time spent feeding on specific foods during focal follows to calculate daily values for each feeding bout. Food mechanical properties (FMPs) were tested on dietary items with a portable tester. We contrasted daily bite/chew numbers and intake with FMPs, species, season, and food shape. RESULTS Daily bite and chew numbers increased with maximum, but not average, food toughness. Daily intake decreased with average and maximum toughness. Season had a strong effect on daily bites and chews, but not on intake. Food shape influenced intake and total bite and chew numbers. The lemur species did not differ in our models. DISCUSSION Maximum food toughness impacted feeding behaviors and intake, which is consistent with higher loads having a greater effect on morphology. In contrast to feeding per bout, cumulative biting and chewing did not differ between species; taking feeding frequency into consideration affects interpretation of jaw loading. Finally, biting, as much as chewing, may generate strains that impact morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayuta Yamashita
- Institute of Population Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Flowers
- Institute of Population Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariana Dutra Fogaça
- Institute of Population Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Neotropical Primates Research Group-NeoPRego, São Paulo, Brazil
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Letourneau J, Carrion VM, Jiang S, Osborne OW, Holmes ZC, Fox A, Epstein P, Tan CY, Kirtley M, Surana NK, David LA. Interplay between particle size and microbial ecology in the gut microbiome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.26.591376. [PMID: 38712077 PMCID: PMC11071529 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.26.591376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Physical particles can serve as critical abiotic factors that structure the ecology of microbial communities. For non-human vertebrate gut microbiomes, fecal particle size (FPS) has been known to be shaped by chewing efficiency and diet. However, little is known about what drives FPS in the human gut. Here, we analyzed FPS by laser diffraction across a total of 76 individuals and found FPS to be strongly individualized. Surprisingly, a behavioral intervention with 41 volunteers designed to increase chewing efficiency did not impact FPS. Dietary patterns could also not be associated with FPS. Instead, we found evidence that mammalian and human gut microbiomes shaped FPS. Fecal samples from germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice exhibited increased FPS relative to colonized mice. In humans, markers of longer transit time were correlated with smaller FPS. Gut microbiota diversity and composition were also associated with FPS. Finally, ex vivo culture experiments using human fecal microbiota from distinct donors showed that differences in microbiota community composition can drive variation in particle size. Together, our results support an ecological model in which the human gut microbiome plays a key role in reducing the size of food particles during digestion, and that the microbiomes of individuals vary in this capacity. These new insights also suggest FPS in humans to be governed by processes beyond those found in other mammals and emphasize the importance of gut microbiota in shaping their own abiotic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Letourneau
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Verónica M Carrion
- Duke Office of Clinical Research, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Sharon Jiang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Olivia W Osborne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Zachary C Holmes
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Aiden Fox
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Piper Epstein
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Chin Yee Tan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Michelle Kirtley
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Neeraj K Surana
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
- Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Lawrence A David
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
- Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
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Flowers N, Fogaça MD, Razafindrabe Maminiaina HF, Razafimampiandra JC, Dolezal M, Yamashita N. Comparing effects of food mechanical properties on oral processing behaviors in two sympatric lemur species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 182:45-58. [PMID: 37431971 PMCID: PMC10952892 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The link between diet and the masticatory apparatus in primates is complex. We investigated how food mechanical properties (FMPs) and food geometry affect feeding behaviors and subsequent jaw loading. We compared oral processing in two sympatric lemur species with distinct diets and mandibular morphologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS All-day focal follows of Lemur catta (Lc) and Propithecus verreauxi (Pv) were conducted in both the dry and wet seasons at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve. We collected activity budget data, filmed feeding bouts, and collected food items to measure their mechanical properties with an FLS-1 portable tester. Feeding videos for the top food items they spent the most time consuming were analyzed frame-by-frame to assess bite and chew numbers and rates. RESULTS Lc bite more and at a slower rate on tougher (maximum) foods, chew more for tougher (average) foods, and chew less for stiffer leaves. Pv initially increase chew number for tougher (average) foods, but their behavior is less affected as food toughness increases. Pv chew less and more slowly but spend more of the day feeding than Lc. Additionally, they have a tougher (maximum) diet than Lc. DISCUSSION Lc adjust their feeding behaviors depending on the FMPs of their top food items, while Pv feed more consistently. The more robust masticatory apparatus of Pv may not require them to adjust their feeding behaviors for more mechanically challenging foods. Furthermore, the two species show distinct differences in chewing. Exploring chewing on a daily scale could aid in understanding its impact on the loading of the masticatory apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Flowers
- Institute of Population GeneticsUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
| | - Mariana Dutra Fogaça
- Institute of Population GeneticsUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
- Neotropical Primate Research Group – NeoPReGoSão PauloBrazil
| | | | | | - Marlies Dolezal
- Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
| | - Nayuta Yamashita
- Institute of Population GeneticsUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
- Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
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Oral Processing of Three Guenon Species in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121850. [PMID: 36552359 PMCID: PMC9775981 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Three guenon species in Taï National Park frequently form and maintain stable polyspecific associations despite significant feeding competition. This dietary overlap provides an opportunity to examine how closely related and anatomically similar taxa process the same foods. Our research examines whether the oral-processing behaviors of these guenons differ when they consume the same foods. Methods: Data on oral-processing behavior were collected on one habituated group each of Cercopithecus campbelli, C. diana, and C. petaurista in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire from January 2016 to December 2018. We recorded the frequency with which foods were introduced to the mouth (ingestive action) and the frequency with which foods were processed using incisors, canines, and postcanine teeth. Oral-processing profiles for species-specific plant foods, fungi, and invertebrates were compared using Monte Carlo resampling. We quantified oral-processing behavior during a total of 2316 five-minute focal periods. Diana monkeys use their incisors significantly more per ingestive action than Campbell's monkeys or Lesser spot-nosed guenons. Lesser spot-nosed guenons use their incisors more than Campbell's monkeys. Diana monkeys also use significantly more post-canine chews per ingestive action than Campbell's monkeys and Lesser spot-nosed guenons. Lesser spot-nosed guenons generally use fewer post-canine chews than Diana monkeys but more than Campbell's monkeys. Canine use during feeding was rare in all three taxa. The three study species use different oral-processing profiles when consuming the same foods. These results are intriguing given the overall similarity in dental and cranial anatomy in these taxa. The oral-processing profiles we report do not encompass the full dietary breadth of all species; however, the behavioral diversity demonstrated during consumption of the same foods suggests that insight into feeding behavior is more likely obtained by examining oral processing of individual foods rather than broad food categories. Furthermore, these results underscore that important variation in feeding behavior is not necessarily associated with morphological differences in dental or craniofacial anatomy.
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Feeding ecology of the last European colobine monkey, Dolichopithecus ruscinensis. J Hum Evol 2022; 168:103199. [PMID: 35667203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Currently, very little is known about the ecology of extinct Eurasian cercopithecids. Dietary information is crucial in understanding the ecological adaptations and diversity of extinct cercopithecids and the evolution of this family. For example, the colobine genus Dolichopithecus is represented by multiple large-bodied species that inhabited Eurasia during the Pliocene-Early Pleistocene. The available evidence, though limited, suggests semiterrestrial locomotion, which contrasts with most extant African and Asian colobines that exhibit morphological and physiological adaptations for arboreality and folivory. These differences raise questions regarding the dietary specialization of early colobine taxa and how/if that influenced their dispersion out of Africa and into Eurasia. To further our understanding of the ecology of Plio-Pleistocene cercopithecids, we characterized the dental capabilities and potential dietary adaptations of Dolichopithecus ruscinensis through dental topographic and enamel thickness analyses on an M1 from the locality of Serrat d'en Vacquer, Perpignan (France). We also assessed the feeding behavior of D. ruscinensis through dental microwear texture analysis on a broad sample of fossil molars from fossil sites in France, Greece, Bulgaria, and Romania. Dental topographic and enamel thickness analyses suggest that D. ruscinensis could efficiently process a wide range of foods. Results of the dental microwear texture analysis suggest that its diet ranged from folivory to the consumption of more mechanically challenging foods. Collectively, this suggests a more opportunistic feeding behavior for Dolichopithecus than characteristic of most extant colobines.
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Masticatory and ingestive effort in Procolobus verus, a small-bodied African colobine. Primates 2022; 63:271-282. [PMID: 35362914 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-00978-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The olive colobus (Procolobus verus) is the smallest extant colobine. Based on the axiom that folivory is associated with larger body mass, the olive colobus is expected to be less folivorous than its sister taxon Piliocolobus badius, but previous studies show that the opposite is true. Here we test the hypothesis that masticatory and ingestive effort in the olive colobus is greater due to allometric factors related to bite force scaling and throughput of ingested foods. We analyzed oral processing data collected on olive colobus in the Taï Forest, Ivory Coast, between May 2016 and May 2018. We compare these with previously published data on P. badius and Colobus polykomos from Taï. In terms of overall feeding effort, olive colobus invest more effort (i.e., chewing cycles) than the larger colobines. When contrasts are restricted to commonly consumed foods, this greater energetic investment is not consistently observed. Ingestion of young leaves is associated with a reduced number of masticatory cycles in all three colobine species. A slightly elevated average effort in the olive colobus during young leaf feeding suggests this food source is more challenging in smaller monkeys, but mature leaf processing effort is generally the same among Taï colobines. Thus, for olive colobus, leaf ductility may be more problematic than leaf toughness in terms of masticatory effort. While there may be an allometric cost to being a small colobine, food selectivity is an important mitigating factor.
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8
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Nett EM, Jaglowski B, Ravosa LJ, Ravosa DD, Ravosa MJ. Mechanical properties of food and masticatory behavior in llamas, Llama glama. J Mammal 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Mammals typically process food items more extensively in their oral cavities than do other vertebrates. Dental morphology, jaw-muscle activity patterns, mandibular movements, and tongue manipulation work to facilitate oral fragmentation of dietary items. While processing mechanically challenging foods, mammals modulate mandibular movements and bite forces via recruitment of greater jaw-adductor muscle forces and protracted biting or chewing. Because jaw-loading patterns are influenced by magnitude; frequency; and duration of muscular, bite, and reaction forces during routine feeding behaviors, relatively larger jaws are thought to be more characteristic of mammals that experience higher masticatory loads due to the processing of mechanically challenging foods. The ease of food fracture during post-canine biting and chewing is mainly determined by food stiffness and toughness. Such foods have been associated with increased loading magnitude and/or greater amounts of cyclical loading (i.e., chewing duration). Dietary properties are thought to modulate cyclical loading through changes in chewing frequency and chewing investment. On the other hand, chewing frequency has been found to be independent of dietary properties in rabbits and primates; however, little evidence exists regarding the influence of dietary properties on these parameters in a broader range of mammals. Here, we assessed chewing behavior in seven adult llamas (Llama glama) processing foods with a wide range of mechanical properties (grain, hay, carrots, and dried corn). Each subject was filmed at 60 frames/s, with video slowed for frame-by-frame computer analysis to obtain length of feeding bout and number of chewing cycles for each food type. These parameters were used to calculate chewing frequency (chews/s), chewing investment (chews/g), and chewing duration (s/g). Chewing frequency was not significantly related to mechanical properties of food, but chewing investment and chewing duration were significantly related to dietary stiffness and toughness. Therefore, cyclical loading is positively influenced by stiff and tough foods. This suggests that variation in jaw morphology in extinct and extant mammals is positively related to dietary stiffness and toughness, which requires greater chewing investment and increased chewing duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Nett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Brielle Jaglowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Luca J Ravosa
- Program in Graphic Design Technology, Southwestern Michigan College, Dowagiac, MI, USA
| | - Dominick D Ravosa
- Department of Geography, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Matthew J Ravosa
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, and Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Cubí M, Llorente M. Hand preference for a bimanual coordinated task in captive hatinh langurs (Trachypithecus hatinhensis) and grey-shanked douc langurs (Pygathrix cinerea). Behav Processes 2021; 187:104393. [PMID: 33839239 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Right-handedness in humans reflects the functional brain specialisation of the left hemisphere. To better understand the origins of this population-level tendency, it is crucial to understand manual lateralisation in other non-human primate species. The aim of this article is to present a first approach to the hand preference of two primates from Vietnam, the endangered hatinh langur (Trachypithecus hatinhensis) and the critically endangered grey-shanked douc langur (Pygathrix cinerea). Eighteen individuals from each species (N = 36) were evaluated by means of the bimanual coordinated tube task and their responses were recorded in terms of manual events and bouts. Our results showed that subjects presented strong individual-level preferences but not lateralisation at the group-level. No sex differences were detected within species. The index finger was used in all of the extractions during this bimanual task, alone (86 %) or in combination with other fingers (14 %). In addition, hatinh langurs exhibited a greater strength of hand preferences than grey-shanked douc langurs, pointing to a possible higher manual specialisation during the leaf-eating process. These findings help to broaden our scarce knowledge of manual laterality in Asian colobine monkeys and confirm the bimanual tube task as a sensitive measure for assessing manual laterality in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cubí
- Fundació UdG: Innovació i Formació, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Pic de Peguera 11, Girona, 17003, Spain.
| | - Miquel Llorente
- Fundació UdG: Innovació i Formació, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Pic de Peguera 11, Girona, 17003, Spain; Serra Húnter Fellow, Departament de Psicologia, Facultat d'Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, Plaça de Sant Domènec 9, Girona, 17004, Spain; Institut de Recerca i Estudis en Primatologia - IPRIM, 17246 Santa Cristina d'Aro, Girona, Spain.
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Fannin LD, Guatelli-Steinberg D, Geissler E, Morse PE, Constantino PJ, McGraw WS. Enamel chipping in Taï Forest cercopithecids: Implications for diet reconstruction in paleoanthropological contexts. J Hum Evol 2020; 141:102742. [PMID: 32179368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antemortem enamel chipping in living and fossil primates is often interpreted as evidence of hard-object feeding (i.e., 'durophagy'). Laboratory analyses of tooth fracture have modeled the theoretical diets and loading conditions that may produce such chips. Previous chipping studies of nonhuman primates tend to combine populations into species samples, despite the fact that species can vary significantly in diet across their ranges. Chipping is yet to be analyzed across population-specific species samples for which long-term dietary data are available. Here, we test the association between enamel chipping and diet in a community of cercopithecid primates inhabiting the Taï Forest, Ivory Coast. We examined fourth premolars and first molars (n = 867) from naturally deceased specimens of Cercocebus atys, Colobus polykomos, Piliocolobus badius,Procolobus verus, and three species of Cercopithecus. We found little support for a predictive relationship between enamel chipping and diet across the entire Taï monkey community. Cercocebus atys, a dedicated hard-object feeder, exhibited the highest frequencies of (1) chipped teeth and (2) chips of large size; however, the other monkey with a significant degree of granivory, Co. polykomos, exhibited the lowest chip frequency. In addition, primates with little evidence of mechanically challenging or hard-food diets-such as Cercopithecus spp., Pi. badius, and Pr. verus-evinced higher chipping frequencies than expected. The equivocal and stochastic nature of enamel chipping in the Taï monkeys suggests nondietary factors contribute significantly to chipping. A negative association between canopy preference and chipping suggests a role of exogenous particles in chip formation, whereby taxa foraging closer to the forest floor encounter more errant particulates during feeding than species foraging in higher strata. We conclude that current enamel chipping models may provide insight into the diets of fossil primates, but only in cases of extreme durophagy. Given the role of nondietary factors in chip formation, our ability to reliably reconstruct a range of diets from a gradient of chipping in fossil taxa is likely weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Fannin
- Department of Anthropology, 4064 Smith Laboratory, The Ohio State University, 174 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210-1106, USA.
| | - Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg
- Department of Anthropology, 4064 Smith Laboratory, The Ohio State University, 174 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210-1106, USA
| | - Elise Geissler
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7305, USA
| | - Paul E Morse
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-9976, USA; Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7800, USA
| | - Paul J Constantino
- Department of Biology, Saint Michael's College, Colchester, VT, 05439, USA
| | - W Scott McGraw
- Department of Anthropology, 4064 Smith Laboratory, The Ohio State University, 174 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210-1106, USA
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Teaford MF, Ungar PS, Taylor AB, Ross CF, Vinyard CJ. The dental microwear of hard-object feeding in laboratory Sapajus apella and its implications for dental microwear formation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 171:439-455. [PMID: 31922261 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study seeks to determine if (a) consumption of hard food items or a mixture of food items leads to the formation of premolar or molar microwear in laboratory capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) in one feeding session and (b) rates of microwear formation are associated with the number of food items consumed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five adult male capuchins were used in two experiments, one where they were fed unshelled Brazil nuts, and the other where they were fed a mixture of food items. Dental impressions were taken before and after each feeding session. Epoxy casts made from those impressions then were used in SEM analyses of rates of microwear formation. Upper and lower premolars and molars were analyzed. Qualitative comparisons were made and Spearman's rank-order correlations used to examine the relationship between rates of microwear formation and number of Brazil nuts consumed. RESULTS Premolars and molars generally showed new microwear in the form of pits and scratches. However, the incidence of those features was low (0-6%). Rates of microwear formation were highest during the consumption of Brazil nuts. DISCUSSION Variations in the rate of microwear formation on the premolars likely reflected patterns of ingestion whereas consistency in the rate of microwear on the molars likely reflected patterns of chewing. While dental microwear formation seemed to be correlated with the number of hard objects consumed, rates did differ between individuals. Differences in results between the two experiments demonstrate some of the limitations in our knowledge of dental microwear formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Teaford
- Department of Basic Science, Touro University, Vallejo, California
| | - Peter S Ungar
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Andrea B Taylor
- Department of Basic Science, Touro University, Vallejo, California
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Patterns and Constraints of Craniofacial Variation in Colobine Monkeys: Disentangling the Effects of Phylogeny, Allometry and Diet. Evol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-019-09469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Scott JE, Campbell RM, Baj LM, Burns MC, Price MS, Sykes JD, Vinyard CJ. Dietary signals in the premolar dentition of primates. J Hum Evol 2018; 121:221-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Coiner-Collier S, Vogel ER, Scott RS. Trabecular Anisotropy in the Primate Mandibular Condyle Is Associated with Dietary Toughness. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1342-1359. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin R. Vogel
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Human Evolutionary Studies; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; New Brunswick New Jersey
| | - Robert S. Scott
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Human Evolutionary Studies; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; New Brunswick New Jersey
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Glowacka H, McFarlin SC, Vogel ER, Stoinski TS, Ndagijimana F, Tuyisingize D, Mudakikwa A, Schwartz GT. Toughness of the Virunga mountain gorilla (
Gorilla beringei beringei
) diet across an altitudinal gradient. Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Halszka Glowacka
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Institute of Human OriginsArizona State UniversityTempeArizona
| | - Shannon C. McFarlin
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human PaleobiologyThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - Erin R. Vogel
- Department of Anthropology, RutgersThe State University of New JerseyNew BrunswickNew Jersey
| | | | - Felix Ndagijimana
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund InternationalKarisoke Research CenterMusanzeRwanda
| | - Deo Tuyisingize
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund InternationalKarisoke Research CenterMusanzeRwanda
| | - Antoine Mudakikwa
- Department of Tourism and ConservationRwanda Development BoardKigaliRwanda
| | - Gary T. Schwartz
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Institute of Human OriginsArizona State UniversityTempeArizona
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Coiner-Collier S, Scott RS, Chalk-Wilayto J, Cheyne SM, Constantino P, Dominy NJ, Elgart AA, Glowacka H, Loyola LC, Ossi-Lupo K, Raguet-Schofield M, Talebi MG, Sala EA, Sieradzy P, Taylor AB, Vinyard CJ, Wright BW, Yamashita N, Lucas PW, Vogel ER. Primate dietary ecology in the context of food mechanical properties. J Hum Evol 2016; 98:103-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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McGraw WS, van Casteren A, Kane E, Geissler E, Burrows B, Daegling DJ. Feeding and oral processing behaviors of two colobine monkeys in Tai Forest, Ivory Coast. J Hum Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Growing up tough: Comparing the effects of food toughness on juvenile feeding in Sapajus libidinosus and Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus. J Hum Evol 2016; 98:76-89. [PMID: 27544691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies of primate feeding ontogeny provide equivocal support for reduced juvenile proficiency. When immatures exhibit decreased feeding competency, these differences are attributed to a spectrum of experience- and strength-related constraints and are often linked to qualitative assessments of food difficulty. However, few have investigated age-related differences in feeding ability relative to mechanical property variation across the diet, both within and among food types. In this study, we combined dietary toughness and feeding behavior data collected in the wild from cross-sectional samples of two primate taxa, Sapajus libidinosus and Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus, to test the prediction that small-bodied juveniles are less efficient at processing tough foods than adults. We defined feeding efficiency as the time spent to ingest and masticate one food item (item bout length) and quantified the toughness and size of foods processed during those feeding bouts. To make the datasets comparable, we limited the dataset to foods processed by more than one age class and opened without tools. The overall toughness of foods processed by both species overlapped considerably, and juveniles and adults in both taxa processed foods of comparable toughness. Feeding efficiency decreased in response to increasing food toughness in leaf monkeys and in response to food size in both taxa. Age was found to be a significant predictor of bout length in leaf monkeys, but not in bearded capuchins. Juvenile S. libidinosus processed smaller fruits than adults, suggesting they employ behavioral strategies to mitigate the effect of consuming large (and occasionally large and tough) foods. We suggest future intra- and interspecific research of juvenile feeding competency utilize intake rates scaled by food size and geometry, as well as by detailed measures of feeding time (e.g., ingestion vs. mastication), in addition to food mechanical properties to facilitate comparisons across diverse food types and feeding behaviors.
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Dunham NT, Lambert AL. The role of leaf toughness on foraging efficiency in Angola black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus angolensis palliatus). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 161:343-54. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah T. Dunham
- Department of Anthropology; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210
| | - Alexander L. Lambert
- Engineering Department; Star Dynamics Corporation; 4455 Reynolds Dr Hilliard Ohio 43026
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Berthaume MA. Food mechanical properties and dietary ecology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 159:S79-104. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Berthaume
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Deutscher Platz 6 Leipzig 04103 Germany
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21
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Measures of food intake in mantled howling monkeys. Primates 2016; 57:161-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-016-0513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ravosa MJ, Scott JE, McAbee KR, Veit AJ, Fling AL. Chewed out: an experimental link between food material properties and repetitive loading of the masticatory apparatus in mammals. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1345. [PMID: 26557436 PMCID: PMC4636421 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a model organism (rabbits) that resembles a number of mammalian herbivores in key aspects of its chewing behaviors, we examined how variation in dietary mechanical properties affects food breakdown during mastication. Such data have implications for understanding phenotypic variation in the mammalian feeding apparatus, particularly with respect to linking jaw form to diet-induced repetitive loading. Results indicate that chewing frequency (chews/s) is independent of food properties, whereas chewing investment (chews/g) and chewing duration(s), which are proportional to repetitive loading of the jaws, are positively related to food stiffness and toughness. In comparisons of displacement-limited and stress-limited fragmentation indices, which respectively characterize the intraoral breakdown of tough and stiff foods, increases in chewing investment and duration are linked solely to stiffness. This suggests that stiffer foods engender higher peak loads and increased cyclical loading. Our findings challenge conventional wisdom by demonstrating that toughness does not, by itself, underlie increases in cyclical loading and loading duration. Instead, tough foods may be associated with such jaw-loading patterns because they must be processed in greater volumes owing to their lower nutritive quality and for longer periods of time to increase oral exposure to salivary chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Ravosa
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, and Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Jeremiah E. Scott
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States of America
| | - Kevin R. McAbee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Anna J. Veit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Annika L. Fling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
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Chalk J, Wright BW, Lucas PW, Schuhmacher KD, Vogel ER, Fragaszy D, Visalberghi E, Izar P, Richmond BG. Age-related variation in the mechanical properties of foods processed by Sapajus libidinosus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:199-209. [PMID: 26381730 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The diet of tufted capuchins (Sapajus) is characterized by annual or seasonal incorporation of mechanically protected foods. Reliance on these foods raises questions about the dietary strategies of young individuals that lack strength and experience to access these resources. Previous research has demonstrated differences between the feeding competencies of adult and juvenile tufted capuchins. Here we test the hypothesis that, compared to adults, juveniles will process foods with lower toughness and elastic moduli. MATERIALS AND METHODS We present data on variation in the toughness and elastic modulus of food tissues processed by Sapajus libidinosus during the dry season at Fazenda Boa Vista, Brazil. Food mechanical property data were collected using a portable universal mechanical tester. RESULTS Results show that food tissues processed by the capuchins showed significant differences in toughness and stiffness. However, we found no relationship between an individual's age and mean or maximum food toughness or elastic modulus, indicating both juvenile and adult S. libidinosus are able to process foods of comparable properties. DISCUSSION Although it has been suggested that juveniles avoid mechanically protected foods, age-related differences in feeding competence are not solely due to variation in food toughness or stiffness. Other factors related to food type (e.g., learning complex behavioral sequences, achieving manual dexterity, obtaining physical strength to lift stone tools, or recognizing subtle cues about food state) combined with food mechanical properties better explain variation in juvenile feeding competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Chalk
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA
| | - Barth W Wright
- Department of Anatomy, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, MO
| | - Peter W Lucas
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | | | - Erin R Vogel
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | | | - Elisabetta Visalberghi
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrícia Izar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brian G Richmond
- Anthropology Division, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY
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Taniguchi H. How the physical properties of food influence its selection by infant Japanese macaques inhabiting a snow-covered area. Am J Primatol 2014; 77:285-95. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Human Evolution Studies; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
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25
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Venkataraman VV, Glowacka H, Fritz J, Clauss M, Seyoum C, Nguyen N, Fashing PJ. Effects of dietary fracture toughness and dental wear on chewing efficiency in geladas (Theropithecus gelada). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 155:17-32. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Halszka Glowacka
- Institute of Human Origins; School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University; Tempe AZ
| | - Julia Fritz
- Clinic for Zoo Animals; Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals; Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Chalachew Seyoum
- Institute of Human Origins; School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University; Tempe AZ
- Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage; Addis Ababa; Ethiopia
| | - Nga Nguyen
- Department of Anthropology; California State University Fullerton; CA
- Environmental Studies Program; California State University Fullerton; CA
| | - Peter J. Fashing
- Department of Anthropology; California State University Fullerton; CA
- Environmental Studies Program; California State University Fullerton; CA
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Faecal particle size in free-ranging primates supports a ‘rumination’ strategy in the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus). Oecologia 2014; 174:1127-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Strait DS, Constantino P, Lucas PW, Richmond BG, Spencer MA, Dechow PC, Ross CF, Grosse IR, Wright BW, Wood BA, Weber GW, Wang Q, Byron C, Slice DE, Chalk J, Smith AL, Smith LC, Wood S, Berthaume M, Benazzi S, Dzialo C, Tamvada K, Ledogar JA. Viewpoints: Diet and dietary adaptations in early hominins: The hard food perspective. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 151:339-55. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Strait
- Department of Anthropology; University at Albany; Albany; NY; 12222
| | - Paul Constantino
- Department of Biological Sciences; Marshall University; Huntington; WV; 25755
| | - Peter W. Lucas
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences; Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University; Kuwait
| | | | - Mark A. Spencer
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change; Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University; Tempe; AZ; 85287-4104
| | - Paul C. Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry; Dallas; TX; 75246
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy; University of Chicago; Chicago; IL; 60637
| | - Ian R. Grosse
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Massachusetts; Amherst; MA; 01003-2210
| | - Barth W. Wright
- Department of Anatomy; Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences; Kansas City; MO; 64106-1453
| | | | - Gerhard W. Weber
- Department of Anthropology; University of Vienna; A-1090; Vienna; Austria
| | - Qian Wang
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences; Mercer University School of Medicine; Macon; GA; 31207
| | - Craig Byron
- Department of Biology; Mercer University; Macon; GA; 31207
| | - Dennis E. Slice
- School of Computational Science and Department of Biological Science; Florida State University; Tallahassee; FL; 32306-4120
| | - Janine Chalk
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Durham; NC; 27708-0383
| | - Amanda L. Smith
- Department of Anthropology; University at Albany; Albany; NY; 12222
| | - Leslie C. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry; Dallas; TX; 75246
| | - Sarah Wood
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Massachusetts; Amherst; MA; 01003-2210
| | - Michael Berthaume
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Massachusetts; Amherst; MA; 01003-2210
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; 04103; Leipzig; Germany
| | - Christine Dzialo
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Massachusetts; Amherst; MA; 01003-2210
| | - Kelli Tamvada
- Department of Anthropology; University at Albany; Albany; NY; 12222
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Wright BW, Willis MS. Relationships between the diet and dentition of Asian leaf monkeys. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 148:262-75. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yamashita N, Cuozzo FP, Sauther ML. Interpreting food processing through dietary mechanical properties: A Lemur catta case study. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 148:205-14. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Scott JE. Folivory, frugivory, and postcanine size in the cercopithecoidea revisited. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 146:20-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tombak KJ, Reid AJ, Chapman CA, Rothman JM, Johnson CA, Reyna-Hurtado R. Patch depletion behavior differs between sympatric folivorous primates. Primates 2011; 53:57-64. [PMID: 21909710 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-011-0274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Food competition in group-living animals is commonly accepted as a critical determinant of foraging strategies and social organization. Here we examine food patch depletion behavior in a leaf-eating (folivorous) primate, the guereza (Colobus guereza). Snaith and Chapman (2005) studied the sympatric folivorous red colobus (Procolobus rufomitratus), which shares many food resources with the guereza. They determined that red colobus deplete the patches (feeding trees) they use, while we found contrary evidence for guerezas using the same methods. We found that the time guerezas spent feeding in a patch was affected by neither tree size, an indicator of food abundance, nor the size of the feeding group, an indicator of feeding competition. For their principal food item (young leaves), intake rate remained constant and coincided with a decrease in the distance moved to find food within a patch, implying that guerezas do not deplete patches. This points to a fundamental difference in the use of food by guerezas and red colobus, which may be linked to the large difference in their group sizes and/or to a disparity in their digestive physiologies. However, further analyses revealed that the number of feeders within a patch did not affect patch depletion patterns in either species, leaving the potential for a physiological basis as the most plausible explanation. Our research highlights the need for a more critical examination of folivorous primate feeding ecology and social behavior, as all folivorous primates are typically lumped into a single category in socioecological models, which may account for conflicting evidence in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaia J Tombak
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
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McGraw WS, Vick AE, Daegling DJ. Sex and age differences in the diet and ingestive behaviors of sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) in the Tai forest, Ivory coast. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010; 144:140-53. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ravosa MJ, Ross CF, Williams SH, Costley DB. Allometry of masticatory loading parameters in mammals. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:557-71. [PMID: 20235312 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Considerable research on the scaling of loading patterns in mammalian locomotor systems has not been accompanied by a similarly comprehensive analysis of the interspecific scaling of loading regimes in the mammalian masticatory complex. To address this deficiency, we analyzed mandibular corpus bone strain in 11 mammalian taxa varying in body size by over 2.5 orders of magnitude, including goats, horses, alpacas, pigs, and seven primate taxa. During alert chewing and biting of hard/tough foods, bone-strain data were collected with rosette gauges placed along the lateral aspect of the mandibular corpus below the molars or premolars. Bone-strain data were used to characterize relevant masticatory loading parameters: peak loading magnitudes, chewing cycle duration, chewing frequency, occlusal duty factor, loading rate, and loading time. Interspecific analyses indicate that much as observed in limb elements, corpus peak-strain magnitudes are similar across mammals of disparate body sizes. Chewing frequency is inversely correlated with body size, much as with locomotor stride frequency. Some of this allometric variation in chewing frequency appears to be due to a negative correlation with loading time, which increases with body size. Similar to the locomotor apparatus, occlusal duty factor, or the duration of the chewing cycle during which the corpus is loaded, does not vary with body size. Peak principal-strain magnitudes are most strongly positively correlated with loading rate and only secondarily with loading, with this complex relationship best described by a multiple regression equation with an interaction term between loading rate and loading time. In addition to informing interpretations of craniomandibular growth, form, function, and allometry, these comparisons provide a skeleton-wide perspective on the patterning of osteogenic stimuli across body sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Ravosa
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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Grueter CC, Li D, Ren B, Wei F, Xiang Z, van Schaik CP. Fallback foods of temperate-living primates: a case study on snub-nosed monkeys. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010; 140:700-15. [PMID: 19890849 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Only a few primate species thrive in temperate regions characterized by relatively low temperature, low rainfall, low species diversity, high elevation, and especially an extended season of food scarcity during which they suffer from dietary stress. We present data of a case study of dietary strategies and fallback foods in snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the Samage Forest, Northwest Yunnan, PRC. The snub-nosed monkeys adjusted intake of plant food items corresponding with changes in the phenology of deciduous trees in the forest and specifically showed a strong preference for young leaves in spring. A non-plant food, lichens (Parmeliaceae), featured prominently in the diet throughout the year (annual representation in the diet was about 67%) and became the dominant food item in winter when palatable plant resources were scarce. Additional highly sought winter foods were frost-resistant fruits and winter buds of deciduous hardwoods. The snub-nosed monkeys' choice of lichens as a staple fallback food is likely because of their spatiotemporal consistency in occurrence, nutritional and energetic properties, and the ease with which they can be harvested. Using lichens is a way to mediate effects of seasonal dearth in palatable plant foods and ultimately a key survival strategy. The snub-nosed monkeys' fallback strategy affects various aspects of their biology, e.g., two- and three-dimensional range use and social organization. The higher abundance of lichens at higher altitudes explains the monkeys' tendency to occupy relatively high altitudes in winter despite the prevailing cold. As to social organization, the wide temporal and spatial availability of lichens strongly reduces the ecological costs of grouping, thus allowing for the formation of "super-groups." Usnea lichens, the snub-nosed monkeys' primary dietary component, are known to be highly susceptible to human-induced environmental changes such as air pollution, and a decline of this critical resource base could have devastating effects on the last remaining populations. Within the order Primates, lichenivory is a rare strategy and only found in a few species or populations inhabiting montane areas, i.e., Macaca sylvanus, Colobus angolensis, and Rhinopithecus roxellana. Other temperate-dwelling primates rely mainly on buds and bark as winter fallback foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril C Grueter
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Wieczkowski J. Brief communication: Puncture and crushing resistance scores of Tana river mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus) diet items. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2009; 140:572-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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