Assisted hatching in assisted reproduction: a state of the art

Comparison of live birth rate and fetal outcomes between fresh embryo and frozen-thawed embryo transfers: a prospective study

BACKGROUND

The study aimed to compare the pregnancy, prenatal, and postnatal outcomes between fresh and frozen embryo transfer (ET) in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles at Al-Zahra Referral Women's Hospital in northwest Iran.

METHODS

A prospective study was conducted among all infertile women (N = 469) who underwent embryo transfer between 2018 and 23 at Al-Zahra referral infertility center. Patients in cycles with fresh embryo transfer and patients for whom frozen embryos were transferred were compared in terms of live birth rate and fetal outcomes. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS

The majority of the participants were primary infertility 83.3%. The rate of chemical and clinical pregnancy was (21.8% vs. 17.2%) and (19% vs. 13.4%) in the fresh embryo and the frozen embryo transfers, respectively. Likewise, the rate of live births was (14.1% vs. 9.1%), respectively. The number of retrieved oocytes was significantly higher in frozen ET compared to fresh ET (P = 0.001). In the final analysis, after adjusting for potential confounders, no significant associations were found for clinical pregnancy (AOR = 1.51; 95% CI: 0.90-2.5; P = 0.125) and chemical pregnancy (AOR = 1.31; 95% CI: 0.81-2.3; P = 0.238) rates between fresh and frozen ETs. Similarly, there were no significant differences in live birth rate (AOR = 1.6; 95% CI: 0.54-12.4), preterm birth (AOR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.33-5.5), and primary infertility (AOR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.34-1.6) between fresh and frozen ETs. The incidence of multiple pregnancies and spontaneous abortion was (5% vs. 13.8%) and (22.2% vs. 30.2%) in the fresh embryo and frozen embryo groups, respectively.

CONCLUSION

No significant differences in perinatal and postnatal outcomes were found between fresh and frozen embryo transfers.

Cellular mechanisms of monozygotic twinning: clues from assisted reproduction

BACKGROUND

Monozygotic (MZ) twins are believed to arise from the fission of a single fertilized embryo at different stages. Monochorionic MZ twins, who share one chorion, originate from the splitting of the inner cell mass (ICM) within a single blastocyst. In the classic model for dichorionic MZ twins, the embryo splits before compaction, developing into two blastocysts. However, there are a growing number of ART cases where a single blastocyst transfer results in dichorionic MZ twins, indicating that embryo splitting may occur even after blastocyst formation.

OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE

For monochorionic MZ twins, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the cellular mechanisms involved in ICM splitting, drawing from both ART cases and animal experiments. In addition, we critically re-examine the classic early splitting model for dichorionic MZ twins. We explore cellular mechanisms leading to two separated blastocysts in ART, potentially causing dichorionic MZ twins.

SEARCH METHODS

Relevant studies including research articles, reviews, and conference papers were searched in the PubMed database. Cases of MZ twins from IVF clinics were found by using combinations of terms including 'monozygotic twins' with 'IVF case report', 'ART', 'single embryo transfer', or 'dichorionic'. The papers retrieved were categorized based on the implicated mechanisms or as those with unexplained mechanisms. Animal experiments relating to MZ twins were found using 'mouse embryo monozygotic twins', 'mouse 8-shaped hatching', 'zebrafish janus mutant', and 'nine-banded armadillo embryo', along with literature collected through day-to-day reading. The search was limited to articles in English, with no restrictions on publication date or species.

OUTCOMES

For monochorionic MZ twins, ART cases and mouse experiments demonstrate evidence that a looser ICM in blastocysts has an increased chance of ICM separation. Physical forces facilitated by blastocoel formation or 8-shaped hatching are exerted on the ICM, resulting in monochorionic MZ twins. For dichorionic MZ twins, the classic model resembles artificial cloning of mouse embryos in vitro, requiring strictly controlled splitting forces, re-joining prevention, and proper aggregation, which allows the formation of two separate human blastocysts under physiological circumstances. In contrast, ART procedures involving the transfer of a single blastocysts after atypical hatching or vitrified-warmed cycles might lead to blastocyst separation. Differences in morphology, molecular mechanisms, and timing across various animal model systems for MZ twinning can impede this research field. As discussed in future directions, recent developments of innovative in vitro models of human embryos may offer promising avenues for providing fundamental novel insights into the cellular mechanisms of MZ twinning during human embryogenesis.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS

Twin pregnancies pose high risks to both the fetuses and the mother. While single embryo transfer is commonly employed to prevent dizygotic twin pregnancies in ART, it cannot prevent the occurrence of MZ twins. Drawing from our understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying monochorionic and dichorionic MZ twinning, along with insights into the genetic mechanisms, could enable improved prediction, prevention, and even intervention strategies during ART procedures.

REGISTRAITON NUMBER

N/A.

Isoorientin Promotes Early Porcine Embryonic Development by Alleviating Oxidative Stress and Improving Lipid Metabolism

Isoorientin (ISO) is a natural lignan glycoside flavonoid found in various plants, including Charcot and Stonecrop. ISO exhibits diverse physiological and pharmacological effects, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antianxiety, and anti-myocardial ischaemic properties, as well as lipid metabolism regulation. This study investigated the impact of ISO supplementation on oxidative stress and lipid accumulation in porcine early embryos, along with its underlying mechanisms. Porcine embryos were cultured in vitro under different concentrations of ISO (0, 1, 10, and 100 nM). The results revealed that 10 nM ISO significantly enhanced the blastocyst rate and total embryonic cell count in vitro. ISO-treated embryos exhibited reduced reactive oxygen species levels and elevated glutathione levels compared to the untreated group. In addition, ISO treatment significantly increased the expression of the key antioxidant regulator Nrf2, improved mitochondrial function, and reduced lipid droplet accumulation. Concurrently, early embryo autophagy and apoptosis levels decreased. Furthermore, ISO treatment upregulated antioxidant-related genes (SOD1, SOD2, and CAT) and mitochondrial biogenesis related genes (NRF1, NRF2, and SIRT1), while downregulating lipid synthesis-related genes (SREBP1 and FASN). Additionally, lipid hydrolysis-related genes (ACADS) were elevated. These findings collectively suggest that ISO may facilitate early embryonic development in pigs by ameliorating oxidative stress and lipid metabolism.

A Successful Pregnancy Outcome Using Laser-Assisted Hatching and Platelet-Rich Plasma Perfusion in Advanced Maternal and Paternal Age: A Case Report

Infertility affects millions globally, with advanced parental age posing a significant risk. This case report details a couple who experienced secondary infertility for 12 years. Following multiple unsuccessful attempts at assisted reproductive technology (ART), a personalized treatment regimen involving platelet-rich plasma (PRP) perfusion and laser-assisted hatching (LAH) resulted in a successful pregnancy. Diagnostic evaluations identified specific reproductive challenges, leading to tailored interventions. A positive pregnancy outcome was achieved after PRP treatment enhanced endometrial thickness and LAH facilitated embryo implantation. This case highlights the importance of individualized treatment strategies in infertility management and proves the potential efficacy of PRP and LAH in overcoming recurrent implantation failure. Further research is needed to explain the roles of PRP and LAH in improving pregnancy outcomes, especially in older parents and couples with a history of failed in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments.

Unlocking the Potential of Assisted Hatching in Assisted Reproductive Technology: A Narrative Review

The present study is set in the broad field of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and examines various procedures under assisted hatching (AH). It also reviews their effects on implantation success rates. The primary emphasis is on explaining who has benefited and how many have benefited from these interventions. The most important factor determining the success rate of ART is implantation. To increase these rates, we use AH in our clinics to enhance each embryo's chances at life and substantially improve overall results. This comprehensive review includes various approaches, such as chemical-based measures (such as applying Tyrode's solution) and mechanical techniques (such as zona drilling and partial zona dissection). The individual techniques are carefully scrutinized, considering their mechanical detailing, methods of applying therapeutic effects, and the appropriateness of matching present social circumstances. The review begins by analyzing the basic nature of AH as a medium for embryo implantation and then focuses on how this detailed view reveals the advantages and drawbacks of various methods. Moreover, the articles discuss improvements in AH technology and many of the most modern technological developments that can help fine-tune ART issues. A major problem with these methodologies is that they involve serious risks and legal complications. However, a broad assessment of these topics allows us to understand their impact on fertility treatments. This review is written as a guidebook for physicians and researchers working in reproductive medicine. It compiles all current knowledge, providing literature to build on successes that will make breakthroughs possible in ART. Indeed, this is a valuable reference for guiding us in navigating complex AH procedures. It advances ARTs step by step toward perfection.

Two laser-assisted hatching methods of embryos in ART: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Laser-assisted hatching (LAH) stands as the predominant technique for removing the zona pellucida (ZP) in embryos, primarily consisting of two methods: drilling laser-assisted hatching (D-LAH) and thinning laser-assisted hatching (T-LAH). Presently, both methods have limitations, and their comparative efficacy for embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy remains uncertain.

AIM

Evaluate the impact of D-LAH and T-LAH on clinical pregnancy rates within assisted reproductive technology (ART).

METHODS

We systematically searched electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library until July 20, 2022. This study encompassed observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A 95% confidence interval (CI) was utilized for assessing the risk ratio (RR) of pregnancy outcomes. The level of heterogeneity was measured using I2 statistics, considering a value exceeding 50% as indicative of substantial heterogeneity.

RESULTS

The meta-analysis scrutinized 9 studies involving 2405 clinical pregnancies from D-LAH and 2239 from T-LAH. Findings suggested no considerable variation in the clinical pregnancy rates between the two techniques (RR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.79-1.10, I2 = 71%, P = 0.41). Subgroup analyses also revealed no substantial differences. However, D-LAH exhibited a notably higher occurrence of singleton pregnancies compared to T-LAH (RR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.08-4.82, I2 = 89%, P = 0.03). There were no noteworthy distinctions observed in other secondary outcomes encompassing implantation rate, multiple pregnancies, ongoing pregnancy, miscarriage, premature birth, and live birth.

CONCLUSION

Both the primary findings and subgroup analyses showed no marked variance in clinical pregnancy rates between D-LAH and T-LAH. Therefore, patients with varying conditions should select their preferred LAH technique after assessing their individual situation. However, due to the restricted number of studies involved, accurately gauging the influence of these laser techniques on clinical outcomes is challenging, necessitating further RCTs and high-quality studies to enhance the success rate of ART.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

PROSPERO: CRD42022347066.

Enhancing endometrial receptivity: the roles of human chorionic gonadotropin in autophagy and apoptosis regulation in endometrial stromal cells

Inadequate endometrial receptivity often results in embryo implantation failure and miscarriage. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a key signaling molecule secreted during early embryonic development, which regulates embryonic maternal interface signaling and promotes embryo implantation. This study aimed to examine the impact of hCG on endometrial receptivity and its underlying mechanisms. An exploratory study was designed, and endometrial samples were obtained from women diagnosed with simple tubal infertility or male factor infertile (n = 12) and recurrent implantation failure (RIF, n = 10). Using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting, luteinizing hormone (LH)/hCG receptor (LHCGR) levels and autophagy were detected in the endometrial tissues. Subsequently, primary endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) were isolated from these control groups and treated with hCG to examine the presence of LHCGR and markers of endometrial receptivity (HOXA10, ITGB3, FOXO1, LIF, and L-selectin ligand) and autophagy-related factors (Beclin1, LC3, and P62). The findings revealed that the expressions of receptivity factors, LHCGR, and LC3 were reduced in the endometrial tissues of women with RIF compared with the control group, whereas the expression of P62 was elevated. The administration of hCG to ESCs specifically activated LHCGR, stimulating an increase in the endometrial production of HOXA10, ITGB3, FOXO1, LIF and L-selectin ligands. Furthermore, when ESCs were exposed to 0.1 IU/mL hCG for 72 h, the autophagy factors Beclin1 and LC3 increased within the cells and P62 decreased. Moreover, the apoptotic factor Bax increased and Bcl-2 declined. However, when small interfering RNA was used to knock down LHCGR, hCG was less capable of controlling endometrial receptivity and autophagy molecules in ESCs. In addition, hCG stimulation enhanced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and mTOR proteins. These results suggest that women with RIF exhibit lower levels of LHCGR and compromised autophagy function in their endometrial tissues. Thus, hCG/LHCGR could potentially improve endometrial receptivity by modulating autophagy and apoptosis.

Mechanical Hatching as a Therapeutic Intervention for Improving Implantation Rate in a 32-Year-Old Female With Recurrent Implantation Failures: A Case Report

This case report explores the application of mechanical hatching as a successful intervention in the treatment of primary infertility for a couple with a consanguineous marriage history and recurrent implantation failure. A 32-year-old female patient and her 37-year-old spouse, after six years of unsuccessful attempts to conceive, underwent multiple intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET) cycles without success. Normal parameters were observed in semen analysis and hormone tests for the male and female partners, respectively. Despite a series of failed assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures, the implementation of mechanical hatching using partial zona dissection (PZD) pipettes led to a positive pregnancy outcome. The case underscores the potential efficacy of individualized approaches, specifically mechanical hatching, in addressing challenges associated with implantation failure, offering hope to couples facing infertility issues.

Clinical and neonatal outcomes of complete zona pellucida removal by laser-assisted hatching after single vitrified-warmed blastocyst transfer

Laser-assisted hatching (LAH) is a widely used and unavoidable technique in assisted reproductive technology after frozen embryo transfer (FET). We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of completely ZP (zona pellucida) removed by an assisted laser group compared to an intact group after FET. This retrospective study involved 320 SVBT  single vitrified-warmed blastocyst transfers of 213 patients who underwent clomiphene citrate (CC) based minimal stimulation protocol. This study compared 160 SVBT with ZP that were completely removed using laser-assisted (laser beams of 10-15, a wavelength of 1.48 μm, and duration of 1.8-2.2 ms) to 160 cases of intact SVBT. Fisher's exact test, chi-squared test, and logistic regression are used for statistical analysis. The women's age, cause of infertility, BMI, transferred embryo day, insemination methods, and blastocyst grade were not significantly different between two groups. The implantation rate (66.2% vs. 51.2%, P < 0.01), the clinical pregnancy rate (CPR, 52.5% vs. 39.3%, P = 0.01), and the live birth rate (LBR, 43.7% vs. 29.3%, P < 0.01) were significantly higher in the completely ZP removed than the intact group. In logistic regression analysis, the laser-assisted hatching group showed about 2 times higher implantation rate and CPR and LBR than the control group. But miscarriage, gestational weeks, gender, birth weight, and twin births were insignificant between two groups. Our study suggests ZP free embryo transfer by assisted laser is more effective and safer than intact embryo transfer.

Good practice recommendations on add-ons in reproductive medicine†

STUDY QUESTION

Which add-ons are safe and effective to be used in ART treatment?

SUMMARY ANSWER

Forty-two recommendations were formulated on the use of add-ons in the diagnosis of fertility problems, the IVF laboratory and clinical management of IVF treatment.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

The innovative nature of ART combined with the extremely high motivation of the patients has opened the door to the wide application of what has become known as 'add-ons' in reproductive medicine. These supplementary options are available to patients in addition to standard fertility procedures, typically incurring an additional cost. A diverse array of supplementary options is made available, encompassing tests, drugs, equipment, complementary or alternative therapies, laboratory procedures, and surgical interventions. These options share the common aim of stating to enhance pregnancy or live birth rates, mitigate the risk of miscarriage, or expedite the time to achieving pregnancy.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

ESHRE aimed to develop clinically relevant and evidence-based recommendations focusing on the safety and efficacy of add-ons currently used in fertility procedures in order to improve the quality of care for patients with infertility.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

ESHRE appointed a European multidisciplinary working group consisting of practising clinicians, embryologists, and researchers who have demonstrated leadership and expertise in the care and research of infertility. Patient representatives were included in the working group. To ensure that the guidelines are evidence-based, the literature identified from a systematic search was reviewed and critically appraised. In the absence of any clear scientific evidence, recommendations were based on the professional experience and consensus of the working group. The guidelines are thus based on the best available evidence and expert agreement. Prior to publication, the guidelines were reviewed by 46 independent international reviewers. A total of 272 comments were received and incorporated where relevant.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

The multidisciplinary working group formulated 42 recommendations in three sections; diagnosis and diagnostic tests, laboratory tests and interventions, and clinical management.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

Of the 42 recommendations, none could be based on high-quality evidence and only four could be based on moderate-quality evidence, implicating that 95% of the recommendations are supported only by low-quality randomized controlled trials, observational data, professional experience, or consensus of the development group.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

These guidelines offer valuable direction for healthcare professionals who are responsible for the care of patients undergoing ART treatment for infertility. Their purpose is to promote safe and effective ART treatment, enabling patients to make informed decisions based on realistic expectations. The guidelines aim to ensure that patients are fully informed about the various treatment options available to them and the likelihood of any additional treatment or test to improve the chance of achieving a live birth.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

All costs relating to the development process were covered from ESHRE funds. There was no external funding of the development process or manuscript production. K.L. reports speakers fees from Merck and was part of a research study by Vitrolife (unpaid). T.E. reports consulting fees from Gynemed, speakers fees from Gynemed and is part of the scientific advisory board of Hamilton Thorne. N.P.P. reports grants from Merck Serono, Ferring Pharmaceutical, Theramex, Gedeon Richter, Organon, Roche, IBSA and Besins Healthcare, speakers fees from Merck Serono, Ferring Pharmaceutical, Theramex, Gedeon Richter, Organon, Roche, IBSA and Besins Healthcare. S.R.H. declares being managing director of Fertility Europe, a not-for-profit organization receiving financial support from ESHRE. I.S. is a scientific advisor for and has stock options from Alife Health, is co-founder of IVFvision LTD (unpaid) and received speakers' fee from the 2023 ART Young Leader Prestige workshop in China. A.P. reports grants from Gedeon Richter, Ferring Pharmaceuticals and Merck A/S, consulting fees from Preglem, Novo Nordisk, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Gedeon Richter, Cryos and Merck A/S, speakers fees from Gedeon Richter, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Merck A/S, Theramex and Organon, travel fees from Gedeon Richter. The other authors disclosed no conflicts of interest.

DISCLAIMER

This Good Practice Recommendations (GPRs) document represents the views of ESHRE, which are the result of consensus between the relevant ESHRE stakeholders and are based on the scientific evidence available at the time of preparation.ESHRE GPRs should be used for information and educational purposes. They should not be interpreted as setting a standard of care or bedeemedinclusive of all proper methods of care, or be exclusive of other methods of care reasonably directed to obtaining the same results.Theydo not replace the need for application of clinical judgement to each individual presentation, or variations based on locality and facility type.Furthermore, ESHRE GPRs do not constitute or imply the endorsement, or favouring, of any of the included technologies by ESHRE.

Assisted Reproduction and Discussion of Rare Cases in Monozygotic Twinning

Assisted reproductive technology is a crucial factor that increases the incidence of monozygotic twinning in humans. This article discusses the impact of various indicators in assisted reproductive technology studies on pregnancy outcomes, especially studies with a large number of clinical cases. Furthermore, three rare cases in multiples pregnancy are discussed: fetus papyraceous of a pair of male monozygotic twins in a set of triplets, two pairs of sesquizygotic twins with sex-discordance, and rare conjoined triplets.

Chrysoeriol Improves In Vitro Porcine Embryo Development by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Autophagy

Chrysoeriol (CHE) is a flavonoid substance that exists in many plants. It has various physiological and pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and protective activity, especially for the cardiovascular system and liver. Among common livestock embryos, porcine embryos are often considered high-quality objects for studying the antioxidant mechanisms of oocytes. Because porcine embryos contain high levels of lipids, they are more vulnerable to external stimuli, which affect development. Our study explored the influence of CHE supplementation on oxidative stress in porcine oocytes and its possible mechanisms. Different concentrations of CHE (0, 0.1, 1, and 3 µM) were supplemented in the in vitro culture medium of the porcine oocytes. The results showed that supplementation with 1 µM CHE significantly increased the blastocyst rate and total cell number of embryos in vitro. After finding the beneficial effects of CHE, we measured reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) when the oocytes reached the 4-cell stage of development and determined the levels of apoptosis, cell proliferation, and autophagy at the blastocyst stage of development. The expression levels of some related genes were preliminarily detected by qRT-PCR. The results showed that the apoptosis of blastocysts in the CHE-treated culture also decreased compared with the untreated culture. Furthermore, CHE downregulated intracellular ROS and increased GSH in the embryos. CHE was also shown to improve the activity of mitochondria and inhibit the occurrence of autophagy. In addition, antioxidant-related genes (SOD1, SOD2, and CAT) and cell pluripotency-related genes (SOX2, OCT4, and NANOG) were upregulated. At the same time, apoptosis-related (Caspase 3) and autophagy-related (LC3B) genes showed a downward trend after supplementation with CHE. These results indicate that CHE improved the development of porcine embryos in vitro by reducing oxidative stress and autophagy levels.

Trophectoderm formation: regulation of morphogenesis and gene expressions by RHO, ROCK, cell polarity, and HIPPO signaling

In brief

Trophectoderm is the first tissue to differentiate in the early mammalian embryo and is essential for hatching, implantation, and placentation. This review article discusses the roles of Ras homolog family members (RHO) and RHO-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinases (ROCK) in the molecular and cellular regulation of trophectoderm formation.

Abstract

The trophectoderm (TE) is the first tissue to differentiate during the preimplantation development of placental mammals. It constitutes the outer epithelial layer of the blastocyst and is responsible for hatching, uterine attachment, and placentation. Thus, its formation is the key initial step that enables the viviparity of mammals. Here, we first describe the general features of TE formation at the morphological and molecular levels. Prospective TE cells form an epithelial layer enclosing an expanding fluid-filled cavity by establishing the apical-basal cell polarity, intercellular junctions, microlumen, and osmotic gradient. A unique set of genes is expressed in TE that encode the transcription factors essential for the development of trophoblasts of the placenta upon implantation. TE-specific gene expressions are driven by the inhibition of HIPPO signaling, which is dependent on the prior establishment of the apical-basal polarity. We then discuss the specific roles of RHO and ROCK as essential regulators of TE formation. RHO and ROCK modulate the actomyosin cytoskeleton, apical-basal polarity, intercellular junctions, and HIPPO signaling, thereby orchestrating the epithelialization and gene expressions in TE. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying TE formation is crucial for assisted reproductive technologies in human and farm animals, as it provides foundation to help improve procedures for embryo handling and selection to achieve better reproductive outcomes.

The Current Practice of Assisted Hatching for Embryos in Fertility Centres: a General Survey

At present, there is no standardised protocol for assisted hatching (AH) and the field is beset with contradictory data. We hypothesised that such contradiction may be related to inconsistencies in clinical practice. This study aimed to investigate the application, preferences, and variations of AH in current clinical practice prior to embryo transfer (AHpET) and biopsy (AHpBP). An online voluntary survey, consisted of 25 questions regarding different aspects of AH, was circulated amongst different fertility centres via newsletters between October 2019 and March 2020. One-hundred twenty-nine different fertility centres participated in the survey. AHpBP was widely used (90.6% [48/53]) amongst these centres, especially for trophectoderm biopsy (92.2% [47/51]). In contrast, only 64.6% (73/113) of centres administrated AHpET; the application of AHpET was even lower in UK-based centres (36.6% [15/41]). Although laser pulses have become the predominant technique for AH, significant variation existed in the precise strategy. Zona pellucida (ZP) drilling was the main method for AHpBP, whilst both ZP drilling and ZP thinning were applied equally for AHpET. Furthermore, the ZP manipulation varied widely with regards to the size of the ZP opening and the extension of ZP thinning. This is the first representative survey relating to the current practice of AH. Laser-assisted AH is used extensively, especially for AHpBP. However, there is significant disparity in clinical practice across different centres. Future research should aim to create a standardised protocol for AH to help reduce the evident variation in clinical practice and investigate the true value of AH.

Comparison of the impact of laser-assisted hatching on fresh cleavage and blastocyst embryo transfer and association with pregnancy outcomes

Objective:

Assisted hatching (AH) techniques can improve live birth (LB) and clinical pregnancy (CP) rates. Since there are limited data regarding this subject, we investigated the impact of laser-assisted hatching (LAH) on fresh embryo transfer (ET) and association with pregnancy outcomes in unselected patient population.

Materials and Methods:

This retrospective study included the fresh ETs performed at our center between April 2010 and April 2019. Among 3.782 fresh ETs, 3.286 underwent LAH (n=1.583 at cleavage stage and n=1.703 at blastocyst stage) while 496 underwent non-assisted hatching (NAH) (n=213 at cleavage stage and n=283 at blastocyst stage). The ETs were performed at the blastocyst or cleavage stages, and single or double embryos were transferred. LB rate was the primary outcome, while secondary outcomes were the pregnancy test, monozygotic twinning (MZT), and CP rates.

Results:

The LAH and NAH groups showed similar LB, pregnancy test, CP, and MZT rates at cleavage and blastocyst stages. On the other hand, LAH significantly affected LB rates at the blastocyst stage (20.6% at blastocyst stage vs. 16% at the cleavage stage, p=0.001).

Conclusion:

In conclusion, LAH does not improve reproductive outcomes of fresh blastocyst-stage and cleavage-stage ETs. However, LAH significant impacts LB rates in the blastocyst stage than the cleavage stage.

Placental histology following assisted hatching in fresh transfer cycles

PURPOSE

To assess placental histological findings following assisted hatching in fresh transfer in vitro fertilization cycles.

METHODS

Evaluation of a historic cohort of live singleton deliveries after fresh embryo transfer (ET) at a single university medical center between 2009 and 2017. We compared perinatal outcomes and placental histology in cases where assisted hatching was performed prior to ET (AH group) and cases with no AH (no AH group).

RESULTS

Overall, 166 deliveries following AH were compared to 494 deliveries with no AH. Patients' demographics were similar between the groups. Median antral follicle count was significantly lower in the AH group, median 11 (range 1-50) vs. 16 (range 1-80), p < 0.001, and the primary indication for infertility treatment significantly more often diminished ovarian reserve (p < 0.001). Cycle characteristics in the AH group included a higher gonadotropin dose employed, and a lower rate of single and blastocyte transfer. Pregnancies following AH were associated with less low-lying placentas, 0.6% vs. 6.2%, p = 0.001, and comparable for other perinatal outcomes. After adjusting for confounders, the rate of bilobated placentas was higher following AH, aOR 7.10, 95% CI 1.50-33.51. The rate of perivillous depositions was higher with AH, aOR, 95% CI 3.18, 1.46-6.93, and the rate of chorangiosis lower in this group, aOR, 95% CI 0.32, 0.11-0.93. The overall rate of vascular lesions was similar between the groups.

CONCLUSION

Pregnancies following AH are notable for a lower rate of placenta previa, yet a higher rate of bilobated placentas and perivillous depositions and less chorangiosis, warranting further investigation.

Hatching is modulated by microRNA-378a-3p derived from extracellular vesicles secreted by blastocysts

SignificanceHatching from the zona pellucida is a prerequisite for embryo implantation and is less likely to occur in vitro for reasons unknown. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by the embryo into the culture medium. Yet the role that embryonic EVs and their cargo microRNAs (miRNAs) play in blastocyst hatching has not been elucidated, partially due to the difficulties of isolating them from low amounts of culture medium. Here, we optimized EV-miRNA isolation from medium conditioned by individually cultured bovine embryos and subsequently showed that miR-378a-3p, which was up-regulated in EVs secreted by blastocysts, plays a crucial role in promoting blastocyst hatching. This demonstrates the regulatory effect of miR-378-3p on hatching, which is an established embryo quality parameter linked with implantation.

Assisted Hatching Treatment of Piezo-Mediated Small Hole on Zona Pellucida in Morula Stage Embryos Improves Embryo Implantation and Litter Size in Mice

For in vitro produced embryos generated from in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedure, the intra- and extra-environmental factors during in vitro culture have significant impact on latter embryo development and fetus growth. Assisted hatching (AH), an effective approach to facilitate hatchability for in vitro generated embryos, is an essential step for successful embryo implantation in the uterus. However, regarding the different AH methods reported in clinical practice, it is still unknown whether zona pellucida (ZP) broken is based on AH applied in diverse stages of embryos affect implantation and fetal development. Here, piezo-mediated AH treatments were classified into four categories: (1) drilling one small hole (SH) with a diameter of 10 μm on ZP (SH); (2) drilling one large hole (LH) with a diameter of 40 μm on ZP (LH); (3) made a small area with diameter of 40-μm thinner on ZP [small area thinner (ST)]; (4) made a large area with a diameter of 80-μm thinner [large area thinner (LT)]. These four AH treatments were applied in different stage embryos including two-cell, four-cell, and morula. The most efficient AH approach was chosen according to the final hatch rate at 120 h after fertilization. We found that the approach of SH applied in morula-stage embryos obtained the highest hatch rate. To further investigate if this treatment has any side effect on later development after embryo transfer, we evaluated embryo implantation, gestational period, litter size, and growth. Our results showed that SH applied in morula-stage embryos could facilitate the implantation process and increase litter size. Meanwhile, this approach had no side effect on birth weight, growth, or gender ratio in the offspring. We conclude that drilling a SH on ZP in morula-stage embryos is an effective and reliable AH approach for in vitro cultured embryos in rodent. And this approach is worth further investigating in human-assisted reproductive technology.

An investigation of the effects of laser-assisted zona pellucida drilling on the preimplantation mouse embryo and the competency of embryo implantation

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the impact of laser-assisted zona pellucida (ZP) drilling on the mouse embryo, with particular emphasis on molecular mechanisms, and the efficiency of embryo attachment capability using an in vitro model of implantation.

DESIGN

Experimental study.

SETTING

Academic research laboratory.

ANIMAL(S)

C57BL/6JOlaHsd mouse embryos and B6C3F1 × B6D2F1 mouse embryos.

INTERVENTION(S)

Eight-cell stage mouse embryos were randomly assigned to a laser-assisted ZP drilling group (n = 343), ZP partial drilling group (n = 312), ZP quarter thinning group (n = 289), and control group (n = 353). Embryos were cultured in vitro from E2.5 to E4.5 for 48 hours. To investigate the capacity to implant, E4.5 embryos (laser-assisted drilling group [n = 46], ZP partial drilling group [n = 28], ZP quarter thinning group [n = 26], and control group [n = 36]) were then transferred onto an attachment model on the basis of Ishikawa cells and cultured for another 72 hours.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Blastocyst formation, hatching status, and hatching morphology at E4.5. Blastocyst cell components, the extent of apoptosis in embryonic cells (DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation, and expression of apoptosis-related genes), the expression of heat shock protein 70, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) generated by RNA sequencing. Fully hatched embryo rate and stable attachment rate in the in vitro attachment model.

RESULT(S)

There were no significant differences between the laser-assisted ZP manipulation groups and control group with respect to the formation of blastocysts, cell number, embryonic cell apoptosis, and cellular stress. All 3 of the laser-assisted ZP manipulations significantly increased the hatching rate at E4.5 compared with the control group, especially the ZP drilling group. However, only the ZP drilling group was associated with a significantly higher proportion of "8"-shaped hatching blastocysts. Furthermore, RNA sequencing identified 48 DEGs between blastocysts from the laser-assisted drilling group and control group; the metabolic pathways were significantly enriched in these DEGs. In addition, there were no significant differences between the laser-assisted ZP manipulation groups and control group with respect to the rate of stable attachment at E7.5, although a significantly higher entrapment rate was observed in the ZP drilling group.

CONCLUSION(S)

Laser-assisted ZP manipulations did not induce cellular apoptosis or stress in mouse blastocysts. Nevertheless, for the first time, we found that laser-assisted ZP drilling could alter the embryonic transcriptome and may affect metabolic activity. Furthermore, although laser-assisted ZP manipulations can enhance the initiation of hatching, it is evident that ZP drilling comes with a potential risk of embryo entrapment.

The effect of chemical treatment of the sheep embryo zona pellucida on the ability of blastocysts to hatch after vitrification and warming

BACKGROUND

The embryo release from the zona pellucida is of prerequisites of successful implantation.

OBJECTIVES

Regarding the negative impact of embryo cryopreservation on the blastocysts hatchability, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of treating embryonic zona pellucida with pronase or acidic Tyrode's solution (ATS) before morula formation on the viability, freezability, and hatchability of vitrified-warmed resulted blastocysts.

METHODS

In the first experiment, the zona pellucida of 3- and 4-day-old embryos were treated with the above compounds for 30 or 45 s. Then, the competency of the treated embryos to reach to blastocyst stage and the hatchability of resulting blastocysts were investigated. In the second experiment, the cryo-survivability and hatching rate of blastocysts resulting from 3-day-old embryos treated with pronase and ATS for 30 s were tested.

RESULTS

In the first experiment and in contrast to the 45 s exposure, 30-s exposure of embryos to pronase or ATS did not have negative effect on the viability and development of embryos to blastocyst stage. In the second experiment, the freezability of blastocysts derived from 3-day-old embryos treated with pronase and ATS for 30 s was not different from that of the control group. However, the hatching rate of the pronase group was significantly higher than that of the control group.

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study showed that reducing the thickness of zona pellucida of sheep embryos with pronase had no negative effect on the developmental competency and freezability of the treated embryos and improved the hatchability of vitrified-warmed blastocysts.

Site specificity of blastocyst hatching significantly influences pregnancy outcomes in mice

Blastocysts hatch from the zona pellucida (ZP) to enable implantation into the uterine endometrial epithelium, but little is known regarding the effect of hatching sites on pregnancy outcomes. Murine hatching embryos were categorized into five groups based on initial trophectoderm projection (TEP)/ZP position corresponding to the inner cell mass center. In blastocysts (3.5 dpc) post-12 hours in vitro culture, TEP rates of A-site (44.4%) and B-site (38.6%) embryos were higher than those of C-site (12.5%) and D-site (3.1%) embryos, while the O-site (1.4%) was the lowest (P < .05). Post-ET A-site (55.6%) and B-site (65.6%) birth rates were higher than those of C-site embryos (21.3%) and controls (P < .05). Furthermore, live birth rate of B-site embryos remained higher than C-site embryos (68.8% vs 31.3%; P < .05) when both were transferred into the same recipients. Different TEP site blastocysts exhibited different implantation competences: the implantation rate of C-site embryos was lower than that of both A- and B-site groups (67.7% vs 84.3% and 83.2%, respectively; P < .05) at 2 days post-ET. C-site embryos also had a distinctly higher ratio of developmental defects (47.5%) than A- and B-site embryos (22.5% and 14.6%, respectively), with implantation failure mainly associated with poor birth rate, a finding corroborated by differential gene expression analysis such as LIF, LIFR, and S100a9. Surprisingly, acidified Tyrode's solution (AAH)-treated B-site blastocysts had a significantly increased birth rate (77.1%) than C-site (55.3%) and controls (43.4%). Site specificity and differential gene expression during embryo hatching can be applied in ART screening. More importantly, assisted hatching by AAH is effective and feasible for improving pregnancy and term development, particularly at the B-site, for humans and in animal husbandry.

Obstetric and neonatal outcomes after frozen-thawed embryos transfer with laser-assisted hatching: a retrospective cohort study

PURPOSE

To ascertain if assisted hatching (AH) increases the risk of placenta-associated diseases and perinatal outcomes after frozen-thawed cleavage-stage embryo transfer.

METHODS

We retrospectively evaluated 924 women who conceived with frozen-thawed cleavage-stage embryos transfer with (n = 390) or without (n = 534) laser-AH between 2013 and 2015. Data were obtained from the database on in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients in Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital. We assessed neonatal (preterm birth, low birthweight, fetal macrosomia, stillbirth) and obstetric (miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, post-term pregnancy, gestational diabetes (GDM), preeclampsia, intrahepatic cholestasis (ICP), placenta previa, placental abruption, premature rupture of membranes) outcomes.

RESULTS

In twins, the median birthweight was lower in the AH group than that in the control group, and the prevalence of low birthweight (< 2500 g) was significantly higher in the AH group; after adjusting for maternal age, body mass index, mode of fertilization, and parity, no significant difference was found. In twins, no significant difference was detected in the prevalence of stillbirth or preterm pregnancy. In singleton births, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of low birthweight, macrosomia, preterm pregnancy or post-term pregnancy between the two groups. In singletons and twins, there were no significant differences in the prevalence of miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, preeclampsia, GDM, ICP, or placenta abruption between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

AH is a relatively safe method and our study provides important information for using this method in carefully selected patients.

Human Embryogenesis: A Comparative Perspective

Understanding human embryology has historically relied on comparative approaches using mammalian model organisms. With the advent of low-input methods to investigate genetic and epigenetic mechanisms and efficient techniques to assess gene function, we can now study the human embryo directly. These advances have transformed the investigation of early embryogenesis in nonrodent species, thereby providing a broader understanding of conserved and divergent mechanisms. Here, we present an overview of the major events in human preimplantation development and place them in the context of mammalian evolution by comparing these events in other eutherian and metatherian species. We describe the advances of studies on postimplantation development and discuss stem cell models that mimic postimplantation embryos. A comparative perspective highlights the importance of analyzing different organisms with molecular characterization and functional studies to reveal the principles of early development. This growing field has a fundamental impact in regenerative medicine and raises important ethical considerations.

Application of Stem Cell Therapy for Infertility

Infertility creates an immense impact on the psychosocial wellbeing of affected couples, leading to poor quality of life. Infertility is now considered to be a global health issue affecting approximately 15% of couples worldwide. It may arise from factors related to the male (30%), including varicocele, undescended testes, testicular cancer, and azoospermia; the female (30%), including premature ovarian failure and uterine disorders; or both partners (30%). With the recent advancement in assisted reproduction technology (ART), many affected couples (80%) could find a solution. However, a substantial number of couples cannot conceive even after ART. Stem cells are now increasingly being investigated as promising alternative therapeutics in translational research of regenerative medicine. Tremendous headway has been made to understand the biology and function of stem cells. Considering the minimum ethical concern and easily available abundant resources, extensive research is being conducted on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) for their potential application in reproductive medicine, especially in cases of infertility resulting from azoospermia and premature ovarian insufficiency. However, most of these investigations have been carried out in animal models. Evolutionary divergence observed in pluripotency among animals and humans requires caution when extrapolating the data obtained from murine models to safely apply them to clinical applications in humans. Hence, more clinical trials based on larger populations need to be carried out to investigate the relevance of stem cell therapy, including its safety and efficacy, in translational infertility medicine.

Assisted hatching on assisted conception (in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI))

BACKGROUND

Failure of implantation and conception may result from inability of the blastocyst to escape from its outer coat, which is known as the zona pellucida. Artificial disruption of this coat is known as assisted hatching and has been proposed as a method for improving the success of assisted conception by facilitating embryo implantation.

OBJECTIVES

To determine effects of assisted hatching (AH) of embryos derived from assisted conception on live birth and multiple pregnancy rates.  SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group Specialised Register (until May 2020), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; until May 2020), in the Cochrane Library; MEDLINE (1966 to May 2020); and Embase (1980 to May 2020). We also searched trial registers for ongoing and registered trials (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov - a service of the US National Institutes of Health; http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Default.aspx - The World Health Organization International Trials Registry Platform search portal) (May 2020).

SELECTION CRITERIA

Two review authors identified and independently screened trials. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of AH (mechanical, chemical, or laser disruption of the zona pellucida before embryo replacement) versus no AH that reported live birth or clinical pregnancy data.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

We used standard methodological procedures recommended by Cochrane. Two review authors independently performed quality assessments and data extraction.

MAIN RESULTS

We included 39 RCTs (7249 women). All reported clinical pregnancy data, including 2486 clinical pregnancies. Only 14 studies reported live birth data, with 834 live birth events. The quality of evidence ranged from very low to low. The main limitations were serious risk of bias associated with poor reporting of study methods, inconsistency, imprecision, and publication bias. Five trials are currently ongoing. We are uncertain whether assisted hatching improved live birth rates compared to no assisted hatching (odds ratio (OR) 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92 to 1.29; 14 RCTs, N = 2849; I² = 20%; low-quality evidence). This analysis suggests that if the live birth rate in women not using assisted hatching is about 28%, the rate in those using assisted hatching will be between 27% and 34%. Analysis of multiple pregnancy rates per woman showed that in women who were randomised to AH compared with women randomised to no AH, there may have been a slight increase in multiple pregnancy rates (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.68; 18 RCTs, N = 4308; I² = 48%; low-quality evidence). This suggests that if the multiple pregnancy rate in women not using assisted hatching is about 9%, the rate in those using assisted hatching will be between 10% and 14%. When all of the included studies (39) are pooled, the clinical pregnancy rate in women who underwent AH may improve slightly in comparison to no AH (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.33; 39 RCTs, N = 7249; I² = 55%; low-quality evidence). However, when a random-effects model is used due to high heterogeneity, there may be little to no difference in clinical pregnancy rate (P = 0.04). All 14 RCTs that reported live birth rates also reported clinical pregnancy rates, and analysis of these studies illustrates that AH may make little to no difference in clinical pregnancy rates when compared to no AH (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.25; 14 RCTs, N = 2848; I² = 45%). We are uncertain about whether AH affects miscarriage rates due to the quality of the evidence (OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.56; 17 RCTs, N = 2810; I² = 0%; very low-quality evidence).

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

This update suggests that we are uncertain of the effects of assisted hatching (AH) on live birth rates. AH may lead to increased risk of multiple pregnancy. The risks of complications associated with multiple pregnancy may be increased without evidence to demonstrate an increase in live birth rate, warranting careful consideration of the routine use of AH for couples undergoing in vitro fertilisation (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). AH may offer a slightly increased chance of achieving a clinical pregnancy, but data quality was of low grade. We are uncertain about whether AH influences miscarriage rates.

A human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) delivery platform using engineered uterine exosomes to improve endometrial receptivity

AIM

Endometrial exosomes carry bioactive agents to uterine epithelial cells and trophectoderm to promote implantation. On the other hand, intrauterine administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) could improve endometrial receptivity. Therefore, we investigated the delivery of hCG to the endometrial cells by uterine exosomes to increase endometrial receptivity.

MAIN METHODS

Exosomes were isolated from uterine fluid and characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and western blotting. The freeze-thaw cycle and sonication methods were used to load hCG into the exosomes. The drug release pattern and uptake of exosomes into the endometrial cells were evaluated. Finally, the influence of hCG loaded-exosomes on the expression of several endometrial receptivity markers was evaluated.

KEY FINDINGS

The isolated uterine fluid exosomes had a cup-shaped or spherical morphology with a mean size of 91.8 nm and zeta potential of -9.75 mV. The average loading capacity of exosomes for hCG was 710.05 ± 73.74 and 245.06 ± 95.66 IU/mg using the sonication and freeze-thaw cycle methods, respectively. The effect of hCG loaded-exosomes on the endometrial receptivity was greater than the hCG or exosomes alone. We found that hCG upregulated LIF and Trophinin and downregulated Muc-16 and IGFBP1 genes. Interestingly, the effect of hCG on the expression of LIF and Muc-16 was significantly intensified when used in the form of hCG loaded-exosomes.

SIGNIFICANCE

These findings strengthen our hope in using uterine fluid-derived exosome as an effective carrier for proteins or other therapeutic agents to effective delivery into endometrial cells.

Expression and function of interleukin-1β is required for hamster blastocyst hatching: Involvement of hatching-associated cathepsin proteases

In mammals, the phenomenon of blastocyst hatching is an essential prerequisite for successful implantation. Blastocyst hatching is regulated by various molecules. Of them, cytokines, expressed by preimplantation embryos, are thought to be functionally important in blastocyst development and hatching, but their mechanistic roles are not clearly understood. Here, we examined the involvement of two cytokines, namely, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and its natural antagonist, IL-1ra, in blastocyst hatching in the golden hamster. Blastocysts expressed both cytokines and their receptor, IL-1rt1. Supplementation of IL-1β to cultured eight-cell embryos improved blastocyst hatching (84.1% ± 4.2% vs. 66.6% ± 6.8%; treated vs. control). This improvement was diminished by IL-1ra treatment (23.6% ± 12.9% vs. 76.4% ± 12.9%; treated vs. control). Interestingly, IL-1β-treated embryos showed increased messenger RNA expression of zonalytic proteases, that is, cathepsin-L and -B by 1.9 ± 0.5- and 3.5 ± 0.1-folds, respectively. This was accompanied by their increased enzyme activities; cathepsin-L by 2.8 ± 0.7 fold and -B by 2.3 ± 0.7-fold. Strikingly, proteases and IL-1β were intensely colocalized to trophectodermal projections of hatching blastocysts. This is the first report to show the involvement of embryonic IL-1β in regulating hatching-associated proteases required for blastocyst hatching.

Incidence and risk factors for velamentous umbilical cord insertion in singleton pregnancies after assisted reproductive technology

AIM

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is gaining popularity worldwide. However, it is associated with increased incidence of velamentous umbilical cord insertion (VCI) in the placenta, resulting in adverse perinatal outcomes. This study aimed to identify the risk factors that might affect the incidence of VCI in pregnancies after ART treatment.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed the records of 906 singleton pregnancies via ART; all women delivered in our facility. Three ART-related variables and infant sex were examined: (1) fertilization method (conventional in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection), (2) type of embryo at the time of transfer (fresh or frozen-thawed), (3) developmental stage of embryo at the time of transfer (cleavage stage or blastocyst), and (4) infant sex (male or female). Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the impact of these variables on the incidence of VCI.

RESULTS

Of 906 cases, 55 had VCI (incidence rate, 6.1%). After adjusting for potential confounders, blastocyst stage of development (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 4.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.9-12.7) and female sex (aOR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.2-3.9) emerged as independent risk factors for the development of VCI. The fertilization method and type of embryo at the time of transfer did not affect the incidence of VCI.

CONCLUSIONS

Blastocyst stage of development and female sex pose a higher risk for developing VCI. Thus, more attention should be paid to pregnancies achieved by blastocyst and with a female fetus to detect VCI proactively and safeguard the health of both mother and fetus/neonate.

Comparison of Anti-Oxidative Effect of Human Adipose- and Amniotic Membrane-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Conditioned Medium on Mouse Preimplantation Embryo Development

Oxidative stress is a major cause of damage to the quantity and quality of embryos produced in vitro. Antioxidants are usually supplemented to protect embryos from the suboptimal in vitro culture (IVC) environment. Amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSC) have emerged as a promising regenerative therapy, and their paracrine factors with anti-oxidative effects are present in AMSC conditioned medium (CM). We examined the anti-oxidative potential of human AMSC-CM treatment during IVC on mouse preimplantation embryo development and antioxidant gene expression in the forkhead box O (FoxO) pathway. AMSC-CM (10%) was optimal for overall preimplantation embryo developmental processes and upregulated the expression of FoxOs and their downstream antioxidants in blastocysts (BL). Subsequently, compared to adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ASC)-CM, AMSC-CM enhanced antioxidant gene expression and intracellular GSH levels in the BL. Total antioxidant capacity and SOD activity were greater in AMSC-CM than in ASC-CM. Furthermore, SOD and catalase were more active in culture medium supplemented with AMSC-CM than in ASC-CM. Lastly, the anti-apoptotic effect of AMSC-CM was observed with the regulation of apoptosis-related genes and mitochondrial membrane potential in BL. In conclusion, the present study established AMSC-CM treatment at an optimal concentration as a novel antioxidant intervention for assisted reproduction.

Evaluation of the impact of laser-assisted hatching techniques on the hatching process of mouse blastocysts using time-lapse microscopy

OBJECTIVE

To study the effect of zona opening (ZO) and 2 zona thinning (ZT) techniques on the hatching process of mouse embryos using a last-generation laser system and time-lapse microscopy (TLM).

DESIGN

Prospective randomized study.

SETTING

Private research center.

ANIMALS

A total of 267 F1 hybrid (B6/CBA) mice embryos were included.

INTERVENTION(S)

Morulae were randomly selected and the zona pellucida (ZP) manipulated using a laser system according to 4 experimental groups: control (ZP intact, n = 59), ZO (25 μm hole, n = 70), ZT25 (25% perimeter thinned, n = 71), and ZT35 (35% perimeter thinned, n = 67). Embryo development was monitored by TLM until day 6.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Time to first breach the ZP, hatching time, time to complete hatching, multiple breaching, multiple hatching, loss of cells, hole size, and embryo quality were analyzed.

RESULT(S)

No significant differences in the proportion of completely hatched embryos were found among groups. However, the time (average hours ± SD) to complete hatching was significantly delayed in the control group compared with all laser-treated groups: 118.3 ± 9.5 hours in the ZT25 group, 116.6 ± 8.7 hours in the ZT35 group, and 120.4 ± 9.9 hours in the ZO group. The applied laser techniques did not interfere with the quality of the blastocysts at day 5/6 of culture.

CONCLUSION(S)

ZO, ZT25, and ZT35 embryos hatched significantly earlier than the zona intact group without increasing the multiple hatching rates, suggesting an improvement of the hatching process. This study found that the pattern of the hatching process after ZT and ZO differs.

A comparison of the clinical effects of thinning and drilling on laser-assisted hatching

To systematically investigate the effects of two methods used for laser-assisted hatching (LAH) on clinical outcomes after day 4 (D4) on frozen-embryo-transfer (FET) cycles. Data from 11471 infertile patients who underwent FET cycles between January 2014 and October 2018 was retrospectively analyzed. The 1410 patients who met the inclusion criteria were further categorized into two groups based on the hatching procedure used: the thinning laser-assisted hatching group (T-LAH, 716 patients), and the drilling laser-assisted hatching group (D-LAH, 694 patients). The baseline characteristics of the patients were consistent between the two groups. However, the rates of implantation and clinical pregnancy were significantly higher in the T-LAH group compared to the D-LAH group (32.73% vs. 29.09%, P < 0.01, and 50.98% vs. 43.95%, P < 0.01). The proportion of live birth was also higher in the T-LAH group, but the difference was insignificant (39.11% vs. 36.89%, P > 0.05). Moreover, there were no significant differences in rates of miscarriages, multiple pregnancies, ectopic pregnancies, preterm births, and congenital disabilities between the two groups. Nonetheless, significantly higher rates of implantation and pregnancy were reported in the T-LAH group compared to the D-LAH group among patients aged <35 years, patients with at least one previously failed cycle, and patients with an endometrial thickness of 8-10 mm. T-LAH is superior to D-LAH in improving clinical implantation and pregnancy outcomes in D4 FET, particularly in patients aged <35 years with at least one previously failed cycle or an endometrial thickness of 8-10 mm. The findings of this study provide theoretical support for clinical individualized diagnosis and treatment of patients with infertility.

Obstetric, neonatal and child development outcomes following assisted hatching treatment: a retrospective cohort study

Assisted hatching (AH) involves artificial disruption of the zona pellucida prior to embryo transfer. The purpose of this study is to examine the safety of AH technique and its effect on obstetrical, perinatal and neonatal outcomes and risk of developmental delay. This is a retrospective cohort of ART cycles using laser AH technique. The study group consisted of 120 cases of AH cycles resulting in singleton pregnancies and live births compared with 113 control cases. A current phone questionnaire was conducted to assess child development in the first year of life. AH was not associated with increased risk for all obstetrical and perinatal outcomes examined including PPROM, gestational diabetes, hypertensive diseases of pregnancy, delivery by cesarean section, gestational age at delivery, low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth and neonatal Apgar score (p>.05). No significant differences were observed between AH and control group in rates and risk of congenital malformations (5.8 vs. 4.4%, respectively, OR 1.33, 95% CI 0.41-4.34) and developmental delay (19.2 vs. 12.8%, respectively, OR 1.62, 95% CI 0.74-3.52). AH did not increase the risk of obstetrical and neonatal complications in singleton pregnancies, including congenital malformations and child developmental delay. AH may therefore be considered a safe method of ART.

Anti-Oxidative Effects of Human Adipose Stem Cell Conditioned Medium with Different Basal Medium during Mouse Embryo In Vitro Culture

Simple Summary

Assisted reproductive techniques, which are used to resolve various infertility problems, have advanced following the emphasis on their use. Embryos produced in vitro rather than in vivo are exposed to greater stress, with the quality of the embryos being affected by the in vitro culture conditions. To reduce oxidative stress and consequent apoptosis of embryos for successful implantation and pregnancy maintenance, the present study evaluated the anti-oxidative effect of human adipose stem cell conditioned medium (ASC-CM) with different basal medium as supplement in in vitro culture (IVC) medium for mouse preimplantation embryo. Treatment of 5% human ASC-CM based on Dulbecco′s modified Eagle′s medium (DMEM-CM) indicated an enhanced development of mouse in vitro fertilized embryo, decreased expression level of indicators for oxidative stress, and apoptosis in blastocysts. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that DMEM-CM can be an optimal supplement during IVC to promote in vitro embryo development and the success rate of assisted reproduction with its anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects.

Abstract

The quality of embryos produced by assisted reproductive techniques should be advanced by the improvement of in vitro culture conditions for successful implantation and pregnancy maintenance. We investigated the anti-oxidative effect of human adipose stem cell (ASC) conditioned medium with its optimal basal medium, Dulbecco′s modified Eagle′s medium (DMEM-CM), or keratinocyte serum-free medium (KSFM-CM) as supplements during in vitro culture (IVC) of in vitro fertilized mouse embryo. At first, preimplantation embryo development was evaluated in KSFM-CM and DMEM-CM supplemented cultures at various concentrations. The blastocyst (BL) and hatched BL formation rates were significantly increased in 5% DMEM-CM, while no difference was observed from KSFM-CM. Next, comparing the efficacy of KSFM-CM and DMEM-CM at the same concentration, DMEM-CM enhanced the developmental rate of 16 cells, morula, BL, and hatched BL. The expression level of reactive oxygen species decreased and that of glutathione increased in BL cultured with DMEM-CM, which confirms its anti-oxidative effect. Furthermore, apoptosis in BL cultured with DMEM-CM was reduced compared with that in KSFM-CM. This study demonstrated that the comparative effect of human ASC-CM made of two different basal media during mouse embryo IVC and anti-oxidative effect of 5% DMEM-CM was optimal to improve preimplantation embryo development.

Mouse embryos exposed to oxygen concentrations that mimic changes in the oviduct and uterus show improvement in blastocyst rate, blastocyst size, and accelerated cell division

After in vivo fertilisation, the preimplantation embryo goes through cleavage during migration along the oviduct in mammals or the fallopian tube in a woman and ends up inside the uterus. This study investigates the effect of a protocol aimed at closely reproducing that natural oxygen concentration in the oviduct (7 % O2 from day 1 to day 3 and 2 % from day 3 to day 5), in contrast to the concentrations (5 % or 20 %) widely used in practice in ART using morphokinetic. Female mice (BI6/CBAca) were sacrificed, and zygotes were isolated 20 h after mating and randomly allocated to three parallel groups, which were grown under high atmospheric, low, or sequential oxygen concentrations. Zygotes were cultured in GTL medium (Vitrolife) and observed by the Primovision time-lapse system. Blastocyst rate at 120 h in the sequential group (91.3 %) was significantly increased over the high (76.3 %) and low (74.4 %) groups. Blastocyst size was also enlarged in the sequential group compared to the high and low groups. Moreover, cell division in the sequential group was significantly faster at almost every cleavage stage than it was in the other groups. Notably, the duration of the interims between stages also differed significantly between the groups. This study demonstrated that, in comparison to routinely used high or low oxygen conditions, oxygen concentrations mimicking changes in the oviduct and uterus significantly improve the blastocyst rate and size and accelerate cell division at several stages as well as the interims between cleavage events.

Exosomes and soluble secretome from hormone-treated endometrial epithelial cells direct embryo implantation

A successful pregnancy requires a synchronous dialogue between endometrium and embryo within the endometrial milieu. The aim of this study was to assess the role in the implantation of mediators in the endometrial milieu. Total secretome (TS), soluble secretome (SS) and small extracellular vesicles (containing exosomes) were generated from hormonally primed human endometrial epithelial cell culture medium. Human trophectoderm stem cell-derived spheroids were cultured with TS, SS or exosomes (30 µg/ml) on hormonally primed epithelial cells, with exosomes significantly increasing cell adhesion and outgrowth. Furthermore, F1 mouse 2-cell embryos were cultured in groups for 48 h followed by culture with each secretome fraction (30 µg/ml) for 48 h. Blastocyst cell number and hatching were quantified. In addition, blastocysts were further cultured on a fibronectin matrix for 72 h or transferred to recipient mice (with corresponding secretomes) with embryo implantation assessed after 6 days. Exosomes significantly increased total cell number in mouse embryos and complete hatching from zona pellucida, with both exosomes and SS significantly enhancing mouse embryo outgrowth. Importantly, exosomes increased the embryo implantation rate in comparison to other secretome fractions (normalized based on treatment amount) from the endometrial epithelia. These data indicate that endometrial epithelial exosomes support embryo growth, development and implantation while the SS has selective involvement specifically on mouse embryo outgrowth. This finding provides new insights into the molecular differences of endometrial secretome components in implantation and early embryo development and may implicate endometrial exosomes in the pathophysiology of implantation failure in infertility.

Does assisted hatching affect live birth in fresh, first cycle in vitro fertilization in good and poor prognosis patients?

PURPOSE

To assess the effect of assisted hatching (AH) on live birth rate (LBR) in first cycle, fresh in vitro fertilization (IVF) in good and poor prognosis patients.

METHODS

Retrospective cohort using cycles reported to the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcomes Reporting System. Live birth rate was compared in women who underwent first cycle, autologous, fresh IVF cycles with (n = 48,858) and without (n = 103,413) AH from 2007 to 2015.

RESULTS

The propensity-weighted LBR was 39.2% with AH versus 43.9% without AH in all patients. The rate difference (RD) with AH was - 4.7% ([CI - 0.053, - 0.040], P < 0.001) with the calculated number needed to harm being 22. AH affected live birth in both good prognosis and poor prognosis patients. The propensity-weighted monozygotic twinning (MZT) rate was 2.3% in patients treated with AH as compared to 1.2% patients that did not receive AH. The RD with AH on MZT in fresh, first IVF cycles was 1.1% ([0.008, 0.014], P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

AH may affect LBR across all patients and in poor prognosis patients in fresh IVF cycles. Caution should be exercised when applying this technology. More prospective research is needed.

Automatic System for the Blastocyst Embryo Manipulation and Rotation

Cell manipulation plays a vital role in the success rate and efficiency of the cell microsurgical operations, including biopsy of cell internal organelles such as the embryo biopsy, in which the embryo is manipulated and reoriented safely to a predefined desired position and orientation. In this paper, a simplified approach for the blastocyst embryo reorientation is proposed. It utilizes conventional tools and techniques currently in use in manual approaches in research labs and In Vitro Fertilization clinics, and controls the process using a vision feedback system. An experimental setup is developed to verify the dynamic behavior of the proposed approach, in which a stationary holding micropipette is used to hold the embryo, which is then rotated in two coordinate directions through friction contact with a moving substrate, in our case a glass microscope slide. The embryo rotates on the holding micropipette tip, due to the relatively low friction of this contact. A computer vision algorithm is used to estimate the embryo orientation coordinates, and use this information as a feedback signal to a simple proportional controller to control the embryo rotation angle. Experimental results demonstrate that the system is capable of cell rotation in two independent coordinates, suitable for embryo microsurgical task execution.

Estimation of embryo transfer media viscosity and consideration of its effect on media and uterine fluid interactions

RESEARCH QUESTION

What are the viscosities of media used for human embryo transfer and what is the possible effect of viscosity as it relates to interactions between transfer media and uterine fluid.

DESIGN

Chamber slide filling times, in seconds, were used to calculate viscosity for each commercial and in-house modified medium, with 12 or 24 replicates per medium under standard operating procedure temperature and gas equilibration conditions used for embryo transfer. Means, standard deviations and coefficients of variation were calculated, and each viscosity was estimated using a regression equation; viscosities for each medium were presented for comparative purposes.

RESULTS

Complete culture media (G1-Plus, G2-Plus, G-TL, 1-Step, Global Total, Global Total HEPES, and Sperm Wash Medium) had viscosity estimates of 1.65 cP, 1.77 cP, 1.68 cP, 1.29cP, 1.18 cP, 1.15 cP, and 1.20 cP, respectively. Complete transfer media (EmbryoGlue, UTM), had viscosity estimates of 3.59 cP and 1.28 cP, respectively. Global HEPES medium with 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50% synthetic serum substitute (SSS) volume per volume had viscosity estimates 1.16 cP, 1.23 cP, 1.25 cP, and 1.34 cP, respectively. For reference, water had a viscosity estimate of 1.06 cP.

CONCLUSIONS

A relatively narrow distribution of viscosities was observed across several transfer media despite the various commercial or in-house modifications. These data demonstrate the vast difference between viscosities of embryo transfer media and the assumed viscosity of uterine fluid (1000 cP). Contemporary embryo transfer media may be well-suited for IVF, but evaluation of all variables, e.g. media viscosity in the context of embryo transfer, adds to the knowledge base that should be available to practitioners.

Effects of laser-assisted thinning versus opening on clinical outcomes according to maternal age in patients with repeated implantation failure

Laser-assisted thinning (LAT) and laser-assisted opening (LAO) are performed as part of human in vitro fertilization (IVF) to increase the implantation rate in patients with a poor prognosis and in cases of repeated implantation failure. However, an insufficient number of studies have directly compared LAT and LAO using the same methods. Therefore, we compared the effects of LAT and LAO on clinical outcomes according to maternal age in patients with repeated implantation failure. This retrospective study was performed in 509 IVF cycles (458 patients). The cycles were divided based on maternal age and the method used (< 38 years LAT, n = 119 vs. LAO, n = 179 and ≥ 38 years LAT, n = 72 vs. LAO, n = 139). Cleavage-stage embryos before transfer were either thinned or opened using a 1.46-μm noncontact diode laser. We compared the implantation rates and pregnancy outcomes of cycles between LAT and LAO according to maternal age. The characteristics of patients did not differ significantly among the groups (p > 0.05), with the exception of mixed factor infertility, which was more common in the LAT group than in the LAO group among patients < 38 years of age (10.1% vs. 2.8%, p = 0.008). The LAT and LAO groups showed similar rates of biochemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, abortion, implantation, singleton pregnancy, and twin pregnancy (p > 0.05). In conclusion, LAT and LAO had similar clinical outcomes. Therefore, we did not find any evidence that LAT is superior to LAO. In fact, the patients ≥ 38 years of age who underwent LAO tended to have a lower abortion rate. Further study is necessary to confirm these results in a larger population.

In vitro versus In vivo: Development-, Apoptosis-, and Implantation- Related Gene Expression in Mouse Blastocyst

Background

While mammalian embryos can adapt to their environments, their sensitivity overshadows their adaptability in suboptimal in vitro conditions. Therefore, the environment in which the gametes are fertilized or to which the embryo is exposed can greatly affect the quality of the embryo and consequently its implantation potential.

Objectives

Since providing an optimal culture condition needs a deep understanding of the environmental effects, and regarding the fact that normal morphology fails to be a reliable indicator of natural embryo development, the current study aimed at comparing in vivo- and in vitro-derived blastocysts at the molecular level.

Materials and Methods

In vivo and in vitro mouse blastocysts were obtained by flushing the uterine horns and in vitro fertilization/culture, respectively. Normal blastocysts of both groups were evaluated in terms of hatching rate and expression of three lineage-differentiation-, apoptosis-, and implantation-related genes.

Results

The hatching rate was lower in In vitro fertilization (IVF)-produced blastocysts in comparison with that of the in vivo counterparts. More importantly, the study results indicated significant changes in the expression levels of eight out of ten selected genes, especially Mmp-9 (about -10.7-fold). The expression of Mmp-9 in trophoblast cells is required for successful implantation and trophoblast invasion.

Conclusions

The current study, in addition to confirming that the altered gene expression pattern of in vitro-produced embryos resulted in normal morphology, provided a possible reason for lower implantation rate of in vitro-produced blastocysts regarding the Mmp-9 expression.

CDX2 is essential for human IVF early embryonic development

Human in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos usually have developmental block at 4-8 cell stages, in which only 30%-50% percent of IVF embryos develop to blastocyst stage. This is the main cause for low efficiency and repeated treatment failure in human fertility therapy. Transcription factor CDX2 is one of the key genes in human early embryonic development, which decides the differentiation from blastomere to trophoblastic lineage. However, the relationship between the developmental block of human IVF embryos and CDX2 is poorly understood. In this study, we showed that CDX2 is crucial for human IVF embryonic development. q-PCR analysis confirmed that the level of CDX2 in developmental block embryos was dramatically decreased. Immunofluorescence analysis further demonstrated that CDX2 protein level in developmental block embryos was significantly decreased compared with that in control embryos. We also addressed whether re-expression of CDX2 could rescue developmental block defects in human IVF developmental block embryos. As expected, these developmental block defects could be partially rescued by overexpression of CDX2 protein. In conclusion, these findings suggest that CDX2 plays an important role in the process of human early embryonic development.

Mechanics of mouse blastocyst hatching revealed by a hydrogel-based microdeformation assay

Blastocyst hatching is crucial for implantation of mammalian embryos and a common failure point during in vitro fertilization (IVF). We have little knowledge of the mechanical basis whereby an embryo hatches out of the zona pellucida. We have developed a technique to measure blastocyst pressure, allowing us to quantify physiological parameters and providing additional measures of efficiency in IVF optimization. We find that mechanical stretching of the zona by the blastocyst is essential for efficient hatching. Cryopreservation and thawing of embryos is common during IVF. Our technique reveals significant differences in microphysiology between fresh and thawed embryos. Our experimental and associated mathematical techniques are also applicable to other biological systems involving cavity formation, providing an approach for measuring forces in diverse contexts.

Mammalian embryos are surrounded by an acellular shell, the zona pellucida. Hatching out of the zona is crucial for implantation and continued development of the embryo. Clinically, problems in hatching can contribute to failure in assisted reproductive intervention. Although hatching is fundamentally a mechanical process, due to limitations in methodology most studies focus on its biochemical properties. To understand the role of mechanical forces in hatching, we developed a hydrogel deformation-based method and analytical approach for measuring pressure in cyst-like tissues. Using this approach, we found that, in cultured blastocysts, pressure increased linearly, with intermittent falls. Inhibition of Na/K-ATPase led to a dosage-dependent reduction in blastocyst cavity pressure, consistent with its requirement for cavity formation. Reducing blastocyst pressure reduced the probability of hatching, highlighting the importance of mechanical forces in hatching. These measurements allowed us to infer details of microphysiology such as osmolarity, ion and water transport kinetics across the trophectoderm, and zona stiffness, allowing us to model the embryo as a thin-shell pressure vessel. We applied this technique to test whether cryopreservation, a process commonly used in assisted reproductive technology (ART), leads to alteration of the embryo and found that thawed embryos generated significantly lower pressure than fresh embryos, a previously unknown effect of cryopreservation. We show that reduced pressure is linked to delayed hatching. Our approach can be used to optimize in vitro fertilization (IVF) using precise measurement of embryo microphysiology. It is also applicable to other biological systems involving cavity formation, providing an approach for measuring forces in diverse contexts.

Thinning and drilling laser-assisted hatching in thawed embryo transfer: A randomized controlled trial

Objective

In frozen and thawed embryos, the zona pellucida (ZP) can be damaged due to hardening. Laser-assisted hatching (LAH) of embryos can increase the pregnancy rate. This study compared thinning and drilling of the ZP before frozen embryo transfer (FET).

Methods

Patients were randomly allocated into two groups for LAH using thinning or drilling on day 2 after thawing. Twenty-five percent of the ZP circumference and 50% of the ZP thickness was removed in the thinning group, and a hole 40 µm in diameter was made in the drilling group.

Results

A total of 171 in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection FET cycles, including 85 cycles with drilling LAH and 86 cycles with thinning LAH, were carried out. The thinning group had a similar β-human chorionic gonadotropin-positive rate (38.4% vs. 29.4%), implantation rate (16.5% vs. 14.4%), clinical pregnancy rate (36.0% vs. 25.9%), miscarriage rate (5.8% vs. 2.4%), ongoing pregnancy rate (30.2% vs. 23.5%), and multiple pregnancy rate (7.0% vs. 10.6%) to the drilling LAH group. There were no significant differences in pregnancy outcomes between subgroups defined based on age (older or younger than 35 years) or ZP thickness (greater or less than 17 µm) according to the LAH method.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrated that partial ZP thinning or drilling resulted in similar outcomes in implantation and pregnancy rates using thawed embryos, irrespective of women's age or ZP thickness.

Laser-assisted cell removing (LACR) technology contributes to the purification process of the undifferentiated cell fraction during pluripotent stem cell culture

Purification of undifferentiated cells by removing differentiated parts is an essential step in pluripotent stem cell culture. This process has been traditionally performed manually using a fine glass capillary or plastic tip under a microscope, or by culturing in a selective medium supplemented with anti-differentiation inhibitors. However, there are several inevitable problems associated with these methods, such as contamination or biological side-effects. Here, we developed a laser-assisted cell removing (LACR) technology that enables precise, fast, and contact-less cell removal. Using LACR combined with computational image recognition/identification-discriminating technology, we achieved automatic cell purification (A-LACR). Practicability of A-LACR was evaluated by two demonstrations: selective removal of trophoblast stem (TS) cells from human iPS and TS cell co-cultures, and purification of undifferentiated iPS cells by targeting differentiated cells that spontaneously developed. Our results suggested that LACR technology is a novel approach for stem cell processing in regenerative medicine.

Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Apigenin on Number of Viable and Apoptotic Blastomeres, Zona Pellucida Thickness and Hatching Rate of Mouse Embryos

Background

Apigenin is a plant-derived compound belonging to the flavonoids category and bears protective effects on different cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of apigenin on the number of viable and apoptotic blastomeres, the zona pellucida (ZP) thickness and hatching rate of pre-implantation mouse embryos exposed to H₂O₂ and actinomycin D.

Materials and Methods

In this experimental study, 420 two-cell embryos were randomly divided into six groups: i. Control, ii. Apigenin, iii. H₂O₂ , iv. Apigenin+H₂O₂ , v. Actinomycin D, and vi. Apigenin+Actinomycin D. The percentage of blastocysts and hatched blastocysts was calculated. Blastocyst ZP thickness was also measured. In addition, viable blastomeres quantity was counted by Hoechst and propidium iodide staining and the number of apoptotic blastomeres was counted by TUNEL assay.

Results

The results of viable and apoptotic blastomeres quantity, the ZP thickness, and the percentage of blastocysts and hatched blastocysts were significantly more favorable in the apigenin group, rather than the control group (P<0.05). The results of the apigenin+H₂O₂ group were significantly more favorable than the H₂O₂ group (P<0.05); and the results of apigenin+actinomycin D group were significantly more favorable than actinomycin D group (P<0.05).

Conclusion

The results suggest that apigenin may protect mouse embryos against H₂O₂ and actinomycin D. So that it increases the number of viable blastomeres and decreases the number of apoptotic blastomeres, which may cause expanding the blastocysts, thinning of the ZP thickness and increasing the rate of hatching in mouse embryos.

Revisiting embryo assisted hatching approaches: a systematic review of the current protocols

Zona pellucida (ZP) manipulation, termed "assisted hatching" (AH), has been introduced in order to favor embryo hatching and ultimately improve assisted reproductive technology success but with poor proofs of safety and biological plausibility. We herein provide a systematic review of clinical outcomes following the application of different methods of ZP manipulation on fresh or frozen/thawed embryos at different developmental stages in different groups of patients. Out of the 69 papers that compared the clinical outcomes deriving from hatched versus non-hatched embryos, only 11 considered blastocysts while the rest referred to cleavage stage embryos. The ZP thinning of fresh embryos either by chemical or laser approach was shown to provide very limited benefit in terms of clinical outcomes. Better results were observed with procedures implying a higher degree of zona manipulation, including zona removal. Studies comparing the mechanical or chemical procedures to those laser-mediated consistently reported a superiority of the latter ones over the former. Literature is consistent for a benefit of ZP breaching in thawed blastocysts. This review provides the current knowledge on the AH procedure in order to improve its efficacy in the appropriate context. Embryologists might benefit from the approaches presented herein in order to improve Assisted Reproduction Technologies (ART) outcomes.

En masse lentiviral gene delivery to mouse fertilized eggs via laser perforation of zona pellucida

Lentiviruses are highly efficient vehicles for delivering genes into cells. They readily transduce primary and immortalized cells in vivo and in vitro. Genes delivered by lentiviruses are incorporated and replicated as part of their host genome and therefore offer a powerful tool for creation of stable cell lines and transgenic animals. However, the zona pellucida surrounding the fertilized eggs acts as a barrier and hinders lentiviral transduction of embryos. Here, we utilize a laser, typically used to perforate the zona pellucida for in vitro fertilization, to permeabilize the zona for lentiviral gene delivery. A single hole in the zona is sufficient for the lentivirus to gain access to fertilized eggs without the need for microinjection for en masse gene delivery. Embryos generated by this method elicit no damage and can develop to term for creation of transgenic animals.

Cleavage-stage embryo micromanipulation in the clinical setting

Embryo micromanipulation was developed after introduction of microinjection to overcome infertility. Embryo micromanipulation may be performed at any embryo stage from pronuclear to blastocyst. The technique started out as basic and turned out to be increasingly more complex. Embryo micromanipulation at the cleavage-stage includes a wide range of techniques, from opening the zona pellucida in order to improve the chance of implantation, to removing detrimental components from the embryo to enhance embryo development or blastomeres for preimplantation genetic diagnosis and embryo splitting. Evaluating the impact(s) of different micromanipulation techniques on epigenetics of the embryo and considering quality control during these techniques are important issues in this regard. This review aims to discuss the micromanipulation of cleavage-stage embryos in clinical assisted reproductive technology (ART).

ABBREVIATIONS

ART: assisted reproductive technology; ICSI: intracytoplasmic sperm injection; IVF: in vitro fertilization; PGD: preimplantation genetic diagnosis; PZD: partial zona dissection; ZP: zona pellucida; SUZI: subzonal insemination; PVS: perivitelline space; AH: assisted hatching; LAH: laserassisted hatching; ZT: zona thinning; UV: ultraviolet; IR: infrared; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; FISH: fluorescent in situ hybridization; NGS: next generation sequencing; QC: quality control; QA: quality assurance.