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Ornelas-González A, González-González M, Rito-Palomares M. Microcarrier-based stem cell bioprocessing: GMP-grade culture challenges and future trends for regenerative medicine. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:1081-1095. [PMID: 33730936 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1898328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, stem cell-based therapies have been proposed as an alternative for the treatment of many diseases. Stem cells (SCs) are well known for their capacity to preserve themselves, proliferate, and differentiate into multiple lineages. These characteristics allow stem cells to be a viable option for the treatment of diverse diseases. Traditional methodologies based on 2-dimensional culture techniques (T-flasks and Petri dishes) are simple and well standardized; however, they present disadvantages that limit the production of the cell yield required for regenerative medicine applications. Lately, microcarrier (MC)-based culture techniques have emerged as an attractive platform for expanding stem cells in suspension systems. Although the use of stem cell expansion on MCs has recently shown significant increase, their implementation for medical purposes is been hampered by bottlenecks in upstream and downstream processing. Therefore, there is an urgent need in the development of bioprocesses that simplify stem cell cultures under xeno-free conditions and detachment from MCs without diminishing their pluripotency and viability. A critical analysis of the factors that impact the up and downstream bioprocessing on MC-based stem cell cultures is presented in this review. This analysis aims to raise the awareness of the current drawbacks that limit MC-based stem cell bioprocessing in regenerative medicine and propose alternatives to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Rito-Palomares
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
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3D Culture of MSCs on a Gelatin Microsphere in a Dynamic Culture System Enhances Chondrogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082688. [PMID: 32294921 PMCID: PMC7215541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancement in cartilage tissue engineering has explored the potential of 3D culture to mimic the in vivo environment of human cartilaginous tissue. Three-dimensional culture using microspheres was described to play a role in driving the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to chondrocyte lineage. However, factors such as mechanical agitation on cell chondrogenesis during culture on the microspheres has yet to be elucidated. In this study, we compared the 2D and 3D culture of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on gelatin microspheres (GMs) in terms of MSC stemness properties, immune-phenotype, multilineage differentiation properties, and proliferation rate. Then, to study the effect of mechanical agitation on chondrogenic differentiation in 3D culture, we cultured BMSCs on GM (BMSCs-GM) in either static or dynamic bioreactor system with two different mediums, i.e., F12: DMEM (1:1) + 10% FBS (FD) and chondrogenic induction medium (CIM). Our results show that BMSCs attached to the GM surface and remained viable in 3D culture. BMSCs-GM proliferated faster and displayed higher stemness properties than BMSCs on a tissue culture plate (BMSCs-TCP). GMs also enhanced the efficiency of in-vitro chondrogenesis of BMSCs, especially in a dynamic culture with higher cell proliferation, RNA expression, and protein expression compared to that in a static culture. To conclude, our results indicate that the 3D culture of BMSCs on gelatin microsphere was superior to 2D culture on a standard tissue culture plate. Furthermore, culturing BMSCs on GM in dynamic culture conditions enhanced their chondrogenic differentiation.
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Wang X, Zheng X, Duan Y, Ma L, Gao C. Defined Substrate by Aptamer Modification with the Balanced Properties of Selective Capture and Stemness Maintenance of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:15170-15180. [PMID: 30942571 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The recruitment of endogenous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as an alluring approach for in situ tissue regeneration, always accompanies with other types of cells. Therefore, it is of enormous value to bestow a substrate with the property of selective capture to MSCs. However, it was reported that when MSCs are cultured on a substrate with excessive affinity, their stemness diminished. Therefore, constructing a substrate with the balanced ability of selective capture and stemness maintenance becomes a big challenge. In this study, an Aptamer 19S (Apt19S)-modified substrate was fabricated by grafting Apt19S on a PEGylated glass substrate. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results verified that the antifouling poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) layer was created. Tracking by ellipsometry, the thicknesses of PEG layers were proved to increase with PEG concentration. The results of the quartz crystal microbalance also validated that the Apt19S densities could be modulated by the concentrations of the Apt19S solution. The results of the cell adhesion assay indicated that the modification of Apt19S caused a significant increase in the adhesion ratio and area of rBMSCs. Selective adhesion was confirmed by coculture of rBMSCs with macrophages and NIH3T3 cells, demonstrating that a higher proportion of rBMSCs adhered to the Apt19S-modified substrate. The results of specific capture were further confirmed by a flow model to simulate the body fluid flow. The comprehensive results of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence staining, proliferation capacity, and differentiation assay showed that the stemness of rBMSCs was maintained better on a substrate with the appropriate Apt19S density. All of these results indicated that Apt19S modification is an effective strategy to endow a substrate with the specific capture ability of MSCs, and the balance between selective capture and stemness maintenance can be achieved by the precise regulation of the aptamer density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Xiaowen Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Yiyuan Duan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Lie Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
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Shao N, Guo J, Guan Y, Zhang H, Li X, Chen X, Zhou D, Huang Y. Development of Organic/Inorganic Compatible and Sustainably Bioactive Composites for Effective Bone Regeneration. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3637-3648. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jinshan Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yuyao Guan
- Department of Radiology, China Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - HuanHuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Dongfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yubin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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Gao L, Huang Z, Yan S, Zhang K, Xu S, Li G, Cui L, Yin J. Sr-HA-graft-Poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate) Nanocomposite Microcarriers: Controllable Sr 2+ Release for Accelerating Osteogenenisis and Bony Nonunion Repair. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:3742-3752. [PMID: 28960963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The microcarrier system offers an attractive method for cellular amplification and phenotype enhancement in the field of bone tissue engineering. However, it remains a challenge to fabricate porous microcarriers with osteoinductive activity for speedy and high-quality osseointegration in regeneration of serious complication of bone fracture, like nonunion. Here, we present a facile method for the first time manufacture microcarriers with osteogenic effects and properties based on well controlled and long-term Sr2+ release. At first, strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite was prepared (Sr-HA) and a novel Sr-HA-graft-poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate) (Sr-HA-PBLG) nanocomposite was synthesized. Then, the microcarriers with highly interconnected macropores were fabricated by a double emulsion method, which allowed cells to adhere and proliferate and secrete extracellular matrix. Besides, the microcarriers with a relatively uniform diameter of 271.5 ± 45.0 μm are feasible for injection. The Sr-HA-PBLG microcarriers efficiently promoted osteogenic gene expression in vitro. With injection of the Sr-HA-PBLG microcarriers loading adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) into the nonunion sites, bone regeneration was observed at 8 weeks after injection in a mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Gao
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyue Huang
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University , 200119, Shanghai, China
| | - Shifeng Yan
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunxi Zhang
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghua Xu
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Guifei Li
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Cui
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tong Ji University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100038, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Yin
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
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Sugaya H, Mishima H, Gao R, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R, Aoto K, Li M, Yoshioka T, Ogawa T, Ochiai N, Yamazaki M. Fate of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells following autologous transplantation in a rabbit model of osteonecrosis. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:198-204. [PMID: 26794712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Internalizing quantum dots (i-QDs) are a useful tool for tracking cells in vivo in models of tissue regeneration. We previously synthesized i-QDs by conjugating QDs with a unique internalizing antibody against a heat shock protein 70 family stress chaperone. In the present study, i-QDs were used to label rabbit mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that were then transplanted into rabbits to assess differentiation potential in an osteonecrosis model. METHODS The i-QDs were taken up by bone marrow-derived MSCs collected from the iliac of 12-week-old Japanese white rabbits that were positive for cluster of differentiation (CD)81 and negative for CD34 and human leukocyte antigen DR. The average rate of i-QD internalization was 93.3%. At 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks after transplantation, tissue repair was evaluated histologically and by epifluorescence and electron microscopy. RESULTS The i-QDs were detected at the margins of the drill holes and in the necrotized bone trabecular. There was significant colocalization of the i-QD signal in transplanted cells and markers of osteoblast and mineralization at 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-transplantation, while i-QDs were detected in areas of mineralization at 12 and 24 weeks post-transplantation. Moreover, i-QDs were observed in osteoblasts in regenerated tissue by electron microscopy, demonstrating that the tissue was derived from transplanted cells. CONCLUSION These results indicate that transplanted MSCs can differentiate into osteoblasts and induce tissue repair in an osteonecrosis model and can be tracked over the long term by i-QD labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Sugaya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hajime Mishima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Ran Gao
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sunil C Kaul
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsuya Aoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yoshioka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ogawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Ochiai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamazaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Park SY, Choi JW, Park JK, Song EH, Park SA, Kim YS, Shin YS, Kim CH. Tissue-engineered artificial oesophagus patch using three-dimensionally printed polycaprolactone with mesenchymal stem cells: a preliminary report. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2016; 22:712-7. [PMID: 26969739 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivw048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There has been a recent focus on 3D printing with regard to tissue engineering. We evaluated the efficacy of a 3D-printed (3DP) scaffold coated with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded in fibrin for the repair of partial oesophageal defects. METHODS MSCs from rabbit bone marrow were cultured, and a 3DP polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold was coated with the MSCs seeded in fibrin. The fibrin/MSC-coated 3DP PCL scaffold was implanted on a 5 × 10 mm artificial oesophageal defect in three rabbits (3DP/MSC group) and 3DP PCL-only scaffolds were implanted in three rabbits (3DP-only group). Three weeks post-procedure, the implanted sites were evaluated radiologically and histologically. RESULTS None of the rabbits showed any infection, stenosis or granulation on computed tomography. In the 3DP/MSC group, the replaced scaffolds were completely covered with regenerating mucosal epithelium and smooth muscle cells as determined by haematoxylin and eosin and Desmin staining. However, mucosal epithelium and smooth muscle cell regeneration was not evident in the 3DP-only group. CONCLUSIONS Use of the 3DP scaffold coated with MSCs seeded in fibrin resulted in successful restoration of the shape and histology of the cervical oesophagus without any graft rejection; thus, this is a promising material for use as an artificial oesophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Yong Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Choi
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Kyeong Park
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea Department of Molecular Science & Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hye Song
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su A Park
- Nature-Inspired Mechanical System Team, Nano Convergence & Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea Department of Molecular Science & Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Jamshidi P, Chouhan G, Williams RL, Cox SC, Grover LM. Modification of gellan gum with nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite facilitates cell expansion and spontaneous osteogenesis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1568-76. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Jamshidi
- School of Metallurgy and Materials; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - Gurpreet Chouhan
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - Richard L. Williams
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - Sophie C. Cox
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - Liam M. Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston B15 2TT United Kingdom
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Aljawish A, Muniglia L, Chevalot I. Growth of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on films of enzymatically modified chitosan. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:491-500. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhadi Aljawish
- Université De Lorraine, Laboratoire D'ingénierie Des Biomolécules (LIBio); TSA40602-F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Lionel Muniglia
- Université De Lorraine, Laboratoire D'ingénierie Des Biomolécules (LIBio); TSA40602-F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Isabelle Chevalot
- Université De Lorraine, Laboratoire Réactions Et Génie Des Procédés (LRGP-CNRS-UMR 7274); TSA40602-F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy France
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Gopal K, Amirhamed HA, Kamarul T. Advances of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of cartilage defects: a systematic review. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 239:663-9. [PMID: 24764239 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214530364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies represent a new option for treating damaged cartilage. However, the outcomes following its clinical application have seldom been previously compared. The present paper presents the systematic review of current literatures on MSC-based therapy for cartilage repair in clinical applications. Ovid, Scopus, PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and Google Scholar online databases were searched using several keywords, which include "cartilage" and "stem cells". Only studies using bone marrow-derived MSC (BM-MSC) to treat cartilage defects clinically were included in this review. The clinical outcomes were compared, and the quality of the tissue repair was analysed where possible. Of the 996 articles, only six (n = 6) clinical studies have described the use of BM-MSC in clinical applications. Two studies were cohort observational trials, three were case series, and one was a case report. In the two comparative trials, BM-MSCs produced superior repair to cartilage treatment without cells and have comparable outcomes to autologous chondrocyte implantation. The case series and case-control studies have demonstrated that use of BM-MSCs resulted in better short- to long-term clinical outcomes with minimal complications. In addition, histological analyses in two studies have resulted in good repair tissue formation at the damaged site, composed mainly of hyaline-like cartilage. Although results of the respective studies are highly indicative that BM-MSC-based therapy is superior, due to the differences in methods and selection criteria used, it was not possible to make direct comparison between the studies. In conclusion, published studies do suggest that BM-MSCs could provide superior cartilage repair. However, due to limited number of reports, more robust studies might be required before a definitive conclusion can be drawn.
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Wang WZ, Yao XD, Huang XJ, Li JQ, Xu H. Effects of TGF-β1 and alginate on the differentiation of rabbit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into a chondrocyte cell lineage. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:995-1002. [PMID: 26622428 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a three-dimensional (3D) culture system of sodium alginate gel on the directional differentiation induction of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into chondrocytes, as well as the in vitro gene transfection technique. The biological characteristics of the passage and proliferation of rabbit BMSCs were investigated under conditions of in vitro monolayer and 3D culture of sodium alginate gel. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 gene recombinant adenoviral cosmid vectors and the recombinant adenoviral vector Ad.TGF-β1 were constructed, and the effect of Ad.TGF-β1 transfection on the differentiation of BMSCs into chondrocytes was investigated. The whole bone marrow rinsing method was used to obtain, separate and purify the rabbit BMSCs, and the in vitro monolayer and 3D culture of sodium alginate gel were thus successfully and stably established. A safe, stable and efficient method of constructing Ad.TGF-β1 TGF-β1 gene recombinant adenoviral vectors was established. Following TGF-β1 transfection, BMSCs were able to continuously secrete significantly increased amounts of specific extracellular matrix components of chondrocytes, such as collagen II and proteoglycans. Furthermore, the effects in the post-gene transfection 3D culture group were found to be enhanced compared with those in the monolayer culture group. In conclusion, the 3D culture system of sodium alginate gel and in vitro gene transfection exhibited significant inductive effects on differentiation, which could be used to promote BMSCs to differentiate into chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Zong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Command, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Command, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jin Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Command, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Quan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Command, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Command, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
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Goldshmid R, Mironi-Harpaz I, Shachaf Y, Seliktar D. A method for preparation of hydrogel microcapsules for stem cell bioprocessing and stem cell therapy. Methods 2015; 84:35-43. [PMID: 25931428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for the preparation of suspension culture microcapsules used in the bioprocessing of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) is reported. The microcapsules are prepared from a semi-synthetic hydrogel comprising Pluronic®F127 conjugated to denatured fibrinogen. The Pluronic-fibrinogen adducts display a lower critical solubility temperature (LCST) at ∼30 °C, thus enabling mild, cell-compatible physical crosslinking of the microcapsules in a warm gelation bath. Cell-laden microgels were prepared from a solution of Pluronic-fibrinogen hydrogel precursor and hMSCs; these were cultivated for up to 15 days in laboratory-scale suspension bioreactors and harvested by reducing the temperature of the microcapsules to disassemble the physical polymer network. The viability, proliferation and cell recovery yields of the hMSCs were shown to be better than photo-chemically crosslinked microcapsules made from a similar material. The cell culture yields, which exceeded 300% after 15 days in suspension culture, were comparable to other microcarrier systems used for the mass production of hMSCs. The simplicity of this methodology, both in terms of the cell inoculation and mild recovery conditions, represent distinct advantages for stem cell bioprocessing with suspension culture bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revital Goldshmid
- The Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; The Interdisciplinary Program for Biotechnology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Iris Mironi-Harpaz
- The Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Yonatan Shachaf
- The Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Dror Seliktar
- The Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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Zhao G, Liu F, Lan S, Li P, Wang L, Kou J, Qi X, Fan R, Hao D, Wu C, Bai T, Li Y, Liu JY. Large-scale expansion of Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells on gelatin microbeads, with retention of self-renewal and multipotency characteristics and the capacity for enhancing skin wound healing. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:38. [PMID: 25889402 PMCID: PMC4413550 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Successful stem cell therapy relies on large-scale generation of stem cells and their maintenance in a proliferative multipotent state. This study aimed to establish a three-dimension culture system for large-scale generation of hWJ-MSC and investigated the self-renewal activity, genomic stability and multi-lineage differentiation potential of such hWJ-MSC in enhancing skin wound healing. METHODS hWJ-MSC were seeded on gelatin microbeads and cultured in spinning bottles (3D). Cell proliferation, karyotype analysis, surface marker expression, multipotent differentiation (adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic potentials), and expression of core transcription factors (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and C-MYC), as well as their efficacy in accelerating skin wound healing, were investigated and compared with those of hWJ-MSC derived from plate cultres (2D), using in vivo and in vitro experiments. RESULTS hWJ-MSC attached to and proliferated on gelatin microbeads in 3D cultures reaching a maximum of 1.1-1.30×10(7) cells on 0.5 g of microbeads by days 8-14; in contrast, hWJ-MSC derived from 2D cultures reached a maximum of 6.5 -11.5×10(5) cells per well in a 24-well plate by days 6-10. hWJ-MSC derived by 3D culture incorporated significantly more EdU (P<0.05) and had a significantly higher proliferation index (P<0.05) than those derived from 2D culture. Immunofluorescence staining, real-time PCR, flow cytometry analysis, and multipotency assays showed that hWJ-MSC derived from 3D culture retained MSC surface markers and multipotency potential similar to 2D culture-derived cells. 3D culture-derived hWJ-MSC also retained the expression of core transcription factors at levels comparable to their 2D culture counterparts. Direct injection of hWJ-MSC derived from 3D or 2D cultures into animals exhibited similar efficacy in enhancing skin wound healing. CONCLUSIONS Thus, hWJ-MSC can be expanded markedly in gelatin microbeads, while retaining MSC surface marker expression, multipotent differential potential, and expression of core transcription factors. These cells also efficiently enhanced skin wound healing in vivo, in a manner comparable to that of hWJ-MSC obtained from 2D culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifang Zhao
- Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China. .,Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China.
| | - Feilin Liu
- Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China.
| | - Shaowei Lan
- Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China.
| | - Pengdong Li
- Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China.
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China.
| | - Junna Kou
- Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaojuan Qi
- Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China.
| | - Ruirui Fan
- Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China.
| | - Deshun Hao
- Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China.
| | - Chunling Wu
- Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China. .,Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS - Michigan State University Joint Laboratory of Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P R China.
| | - Tingting Bai
- Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China.
| | - Yulin Li
- Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China.
| | - Jin Yu Liu
- Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China. .,Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China.
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14
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Abstract
With a range of therapeutic uses, from diabetes and Crohn's disease to wound repair, interest in the function, characterization, and expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is growing rapidly. When considering the therapeutic use of MSCs, one must take into account a multitude of options including the ideal source of MSCs, the ideal donor, and the best means of expansion. Here we discuss different sources of MSCs, including cord blood, bone marrow, and adipose tissue, the option of using autologous and allogeneic donors, and finally we discuss GMP-applicable expansion protocols aimed at expanding MSCs for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Hanley
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA,
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15
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The proliferation and tenogenic differentiation potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell are influenced by specific uniaxial cyclic tensile loading conditions. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2014; 14:649-63. [PMID: 25351891 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-014-0628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been previously demonstrated that mechanical stimuli are important for multipotent human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) to maintain good tissue homeostasis and even to enhance tissue repair processes. In tendons, this is achieved by promoting the cellular proliferation and tenogenic expression/differentiation. The present study was conducted to determine the optimal loading conditions needed to achieve the best proliferation rates and tenogenic differentiation potential. The effects of mechanical uniaxial stretching using different rates and strains were performed on hMSCs cultured in vitro. hMSCs were subjected to cyclical uniaxial stretching of 4, 8 or 12 % strain at 0.5 or 1 Hz for 6, 24, 48 or 72 h. Cell proliferation was analyzed using alamarBlue[Formula: see text] assay, while hMSCs differentiation was analyzed using total collagen assay and specific tenogenic gene expression markers (type I collagen, type III collagen, decorin, tenascin-C, scleraxis and tenomodulin). Our results demonstrate that the highest cell proliferation is observed when 4 % strain [Formula: see text] 1 Hz was applied. However, at 8 % strain [Formula: see text] 1 Hz loading, collagen production and the tenogenic gene expression were highest. Increasing strain or rates thereafter did not demonstrate any significant increase in both cell proliferation and tenogenic differentiation. In conclusion, our results suggest that 4 % [Formula: see text] 1 Hz cyclic uniaxial loading increases cell proliferation, but higher strains are required for superior tenogenic expressions. This study suggests that selected loading regimes will stimulate tenogenesis of hMSCs.
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16
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Perez RA, Riccardi K, Altankov G, Ginebra MP. Dynamic cell culture on calcium phosphate microcarriers for bone tissue engineering applications. J Tissue Eng 2014; 5:2041731414543965. [PMID: 25383168 PMCID: PMC4221955 DOI: 10.1177/2041731414543965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing appropriate cell culturing techniques to populate scaffolds has become a great challenge in tissue engineering. This work describes the use of spinner flask dynamic cell cultures to populate hydroxyapatite microcarriers for bone tissue engineering. The microcarriers were obtained through the emulsion of a self-setting aqueous α-tricalcium phosphate slurry in oil. After setting, hydroxyapatite microcarriers were obtained. The incorporation of gelatin in the liquid phase of the α-tricalcium phosphate slurry allowed obtaining hybrid gelatin/hydroxyapatite-microcarriers. Initial cell attachment on the microcarriers was strongly influenced by the speed of the dynamic culture, achieving higher attachment at low speed (40 r/min) as compared to high speed (80 r/min). Under moderate culture speeds (40 r/min), the number of cells present in the culture as well as the number of microcarrier-containing cells considerably increased after 3 days, particularly in the gelatin-containing microcarriers. At longer culture times in dynamic culture, hydroxyapatite-containing microcarriers formed aggregates containing viable and extracellular matrix proteins, with a significantly higher number of cells compared to static cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Perez
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain ; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain ; Department of NanoBioMedical Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Kiara Riccardi
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain ; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - George Altankov
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain ; ICREA - Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Pau Ginebra
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain ; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
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17
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Jin L, Ji S, Shen M, Zhang J, Han J, Ni J. Expansion, characterization, and differentiation of rabbit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in serum-free medium. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2014.929026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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18
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Chang JW, Park SA, Park JK, Choi JW, Kim YS, Shin YS, Kim CH. Tissue-engineered tracheal reconstruction using three-dimensionally printed artificial tracheal graft: preliminary report. Artif Organs 2014; 38:E95-E105. [PMID: 24750044 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing has come into the spotlight in the realm of tissue engineering. We intended to evaluate the plausibility of 3D-printed (3DP) scaffold coated with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded in fibrin for the repair of partial tracheal defects. MSCs from rabbit bone marrow were expanded and cultured. A half-pipe-shaped 3DP polycaprolactone scaffold was coated with the MSCs seeded in fibrin. The half-pipe tracheal graft was implanted on a 10 × 10-mm artificial tracheal defect in four rabbits. Four and eight weeks after the operation, the reconstructed sites were evaluated bronchoscopically, radiologically, histologically, and functionally. None of the four rabbits showed any sign of respiratory distress. Endoscopic examination and computed tomography showed successful reconstruction of trachea without any collapse or blockage. The replaced tracheas were completely covered with regenerated respiratory mucosa. Histologic analysis showed that the implanted 3DP tracheal grafts were successfully integrated with the adjacent trachea without disruption or granulation tissue formation. Neo-cartilage formation inside the implanted graft was sufficient to maintain the patency of the reconstructed trachea. Scanning electron microscope examination confirmed the regeneration of the cilia, and beating frequency of regenerated cilia was not different from those of the normal adjacent mucosa. The shape and function of reconstructed trachea using 3DP scaffold coated with MSCs seeded in fibrin were restored successfully without any graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
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19
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Mesenchymal stem cells prevent hypertrophic scar formation via inflammatory regulation when undergoing apoptosis. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2648-2657. [PMID: 24714203 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The cutaneous wound-healing process can lead to hypertrophic scar formation, during which exaggerated inflammation has been demonstrated to have an important role. Therefore, an exploration of strategies designed to regulate this inflammatory process is warranted. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have recently been demonstrated to regulate inflammation in various diseases. In this regard, using a rabbit model, we locally injected human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) derived from bone marrow to treat hypertrophic scar formation, and explored their underlying mechanisms. We found that hMSC therapy efficiently regulated inflammation and prevented scar formation. We attributed the therapeutic effects of hMSCs to their secretion of an anti-inflammatory protein, TNF-alpha-stimulated gene/protein 6 (TSG-6). Unexpectedly, after injection, the number of surviving hMSCs decreased markedly and the hMSCs underwent extensive apoptosis, which was demonstrated to promote their secretion of TSG-6, partially through the activation of caspase-3. Moreover, H2O2-induced apoptotic hMSCs showed higher inflammatory regulatory abilities. The inhibition of caspase-3 decreased the inflammatory regulatory abilities of hMSCs and attenuated their therapeutic effects. Our results demonstrate that hMSCs can efficiently prevent hypertrophic scar formation via inflammatory regulation. In addition, we found that apoptosis has an important role in the activation of the inflammatory regulatory abilities of hMSCs.
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Subhan RA, Puvanan K, Murali MR, Balaji Raghavendran HR, Shani S, Abdullah BJJ, Amir Abbas A, Mohamed JA, Kamarul T. Fluoroscopy assisted minimally invasive transplantation of allogenic mesenchymal stromal cells embedded in HyStem reduces the progression of nucleus pulposus degeneration in the damaged ntervertebral [corrected] disc: a preliminary study in rabbits. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:818502. [PMID: 24983002 PMCID: PMC3985321 DOI: 10.1155/2014/818502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to develop a technique for minimally invasive and accurate delivery of stem cells to augment nucleus pulposus (NP) in damaged intervertebral discs (IVD). IVD damage was created in noncontiguous discs at L4-L5 level; rabbits (N = 12) were randomly divided into three groups: group I treated with MSCs in HyStem hydrogel, group II treated with HyStem alone, and group III received no intervention. MSCs and hydrogel were administered to the damaged disc under guidance of fluoroscopy. Augmentation of NP was assessed through histological and MRI T2 mapping of the NP after eight weeks of transplantation. T2 weighted signal intensity was higher in group I than in groups II and III (P < 0.05). Disc height index showed maximum disc height in group I compared to groups II and III. Histological score of the degenerative index was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in group I (8.6 ± 1.8) than that in groups II (11.6 ± 2.3) and III (18.0 ± 5.7). Immunohistochemistry staining for collagen type II and aggrecan staining were higher in group I as compared to other groups. Our results demonstrate that the minimally invasive administration of MSCs in hyaluronan hydrogel (HyStem) augments the repair of NP in damaged IVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifa Aquidah Subhan
- Tissue Engineering Group, NOCERAL, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Karunanithi Puvanan
- Tissue Engineering Group, NOCERAL, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Malliga Raman Murali
- Tissue Engineering Group, NOCERAL, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanumantha Rao Balaji Raghavendran
- Tissue Engineering Group, NOCERAL, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Samuel Shani
- Tissue Engineering Group, NOCERAL, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Basri Johan Jeet Abdullah
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azlina Amir Abbas
- Tissue Engineering Group, NOCERAL, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamal Azmi Mohamed
- Tissue Engineering Group, NOCERAL, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tunku Kamarul
- Tissue Engineering Group, NOCERAL, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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21
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Maintenance of human adipose derived stem cell (hASC) differentiation capabilities using a 3D culture. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1529-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Tay LX, Lim CK, Mansor A, Kamarul T. Differential protein expression between chondrogenic differentiated MSCs, undifferentiated MSCs and adult chondrocytes derived from Oryctolagus cuniculus in vitro. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:24-33. [PMID: 24396283 PMCID: PMC3880988 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.7244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This preliminary study aims to determine the differentially expressed proteins from chondrogenic differentiated multipotent stromal cells (cMSCs) in comparison to undifferentiated multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) and adult chondrocytes (ACs). METHODS ACs and bone marrow-derived MSCs were harvested from New Zealand White rabbits (n = 3). ACs and cMSCs were embedded in alginate and were cultured using a defined chondrogenic medium containing transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGF-β3). Chondrogenic expression was determined using type-II collagen, Safranin-O staining and glycosaminoglycan analyses. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) was used to isolate proteins from MSCs, cMSCs and ACs before being identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The differentially expressed proteins were then analyzed using image analysis software. RESULTS Both cMSCs and ACs were positively stained with type-II collagen and safranin-O. The expression of glycosaminoglycan in cMSCs was comparable to AC at which the highest level was observed at day-21 (p>0.05). Six protein spots were found to be most differentially expressed between MSCs, cMSCs and ACs. The protein spots cofilin-1 (CFL1) and glycealdehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) from cMSCs had expression levels similar to that of ACs whereas the others (ie. MYL6B, ALDOA, TAGLN2, EF1-alpha), did not match the expression level of ACs. CONCLUSION Despite having similar phenotypic expressions to ACs, cMSCs expressed proteins which were not typically expected. This may explain the reason for the unexplained lack of improvement in cartilage repair outcomes reported in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Xin Tay
- 1. Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Center of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya,50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chin-Keong Lim
- 2. Centre of Studies for Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi Mara, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Azura Mansor
- 1. Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Center of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya,50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tunku Kamarul
- 1. Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Center of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya,50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; 3. Clinical Investigative Centre (CIC), University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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23
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Hui JHP, Goyal D, Nakamura N, Ochi M. Cartilage repair: 2013 Asian update. Arthroscopy 2013; 29:1992-2000. [PMID: 24286798 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite financial and regulatory hurdles, Asian scientists and clinicians have made important contributions in the area of cartilage repair. Because it is impossible to include observations on all the published articles in one review, our attempt is to highlight Asian progress in this area during recent years (2005 to the present), reviewing research development and clinical studies. In the former, our discussion of in vitro studies focuses on (1) potential sources of stem cells--such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from marrow, cord blood, synovium, and mobilized peripheral blood--which are capable of enhancing cartilage repair and (2) the use of growth factors and scaffolds with and without cells. Our discussion of animal studies attempts to summarize activities in evaluating surgical procedures and determining the route of cell administration, as well as studies on matrices and scaffolds. It ranges from the use of small animals such as rats and rabbits to larger animals like pigs and dogs. The local adherent technique, enhancement of microfracture with poly(l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffold, adenovirus-mediated bone morphogenic protein (BMP) genes, and MSCs--whether they are magnetically labeled, suspended in hyaluronic acid, or immobilized with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)--have all been able to engineer a repair of the osteochondral defect. Although published Asian reports of clinical studies on cartilage repair are few, the findings of relevant trials are summarized in our discussion of these investigations. There has been a long history of use of laboratory-derived MSCs for cartilage repair. Recent progress has suggested the potential utility of cord blood and mobilized peripheral blood in this area, as well as more injectable bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cells. Finally, we make a few suggestions on the direction of research and development activities and the need for collaborative approaches by regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H P Hui
- Cartilage Repair Program, Therapeutic Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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24
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Application of human mesenchymal and pluripotent stem cell microcarrier cultures in cellular therapy: Achievements and future direction. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1032-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Sart S, Agathos SN, Li Y. Engineering stem cell fate with biochemical and biomechanical properties of microcarriers. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1354-66. [PMID: 24124017 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microcarriers have been widely used for various biotechnology applications because of their high scale-up potential, high reproducibility in regulating cellular behavior, and well-documented compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). Recently, microcarriers have been emerging as a novel approach for stem cell expansion and differentiation, enabling potential scale-up of stem cell-derived products in large bioreactors. This review summarizes recent advances of using microcarriers in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and pluripotent stem cell (PSC) cultures. From the reported data, efficient expansion and differentiation of stem cells on microcarriers rely on their ability to modulate cell shape (i.e. round or spreading) and cell organization (i.e. aggregate size). Nonetheless, current screening of microcarriers remains empirical, and accurate understanding of how stem cells interact with microcarriers still remains unknown. This review suggests that accurate characterization of biochemical and biomechanical properties of microcarriers is required to fully exploit their potential in regulating stem cell fate decision. Due to the variety of microcarriers, such detailed analyses should lead to the rational design of application-specific microcarriers, enabling the exploitation of reproducible effects for large scale biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Sart
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
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26
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Nam HY, Karunanithi P, Loo WC, Naveen S, Chen H, Hussin P, Chan L, Kamarul T. The effects of staged intra-articular injection of cultured autologous mesenchymal stromal cells on the repair of damaged cartilage: a pilot study in caprine model. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R129. [PMID: 24286235 PMCID: PMC3979160 DOI: 10.1186/ar4309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Treatment of chondral injuries remains a major issue despite the many advances made in cartilage repair techniques. Although it has been postulated that the use of marrow stimulation in combination with cell-based therapy may provide superior outcome, this has yet to be demonstrated. A pilot study was thus conducted to determine if bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) have modulatory effects on the repair outcomes of bone marrow stimulation (BMS) techniques. Methods Two full-thickness chondral 5 mm diameter defects were created in tandem on the medial condyle of left stifle joints of 18 Boer caprine (N = 18). Goats were then divided equally into three groups. Simultaneously, bone marrow aspirates were taken from the iliac crests from the goats in Group 1 and were sent for BM-MSC isolation and expansion in vitro. Six weeks later, BMS surgery, which involves subchondral drilling at the defect sites, was performed. After two weeks, the knees in Group 1 were given autologous intra-articular BM-MSCs (N = 6). In Group 2, although BMS was performed there were no supplementations provided. In Group 3, no intervention was administered. The caprines were sacrificed after six months. Repairs were evaluated using macroscopic assessment through the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) scoring, histologic grading by O’Driscoll score, biochemical assays for glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and gene expressions for aggrecan, collagen II and Sox9. Results Histological and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated hyaline-like cartilage regeneration in the transplanted sites particularly in Group 1. In contrast, tissues in Groups 2 and 3 demonstrated mainly fibrocartilage. The highest ICRS and O’Driscoll scorings was also observed in Group 1, while the lowest score was seen in Group 3. Similarly, the total GAG/total protein as well as chondrogenic gene levels were expressed in the same order, that is highest in Group 1 while the lowest in Group three. Significant differences between these 3 groups were observed (P <0.05). Conclusions This study suggests that supplementing intra-articular injections of BM-MSCs following BMS knee surgery provides superior cartilage repair outcomes.
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Wee AS, Lim CK, Merican AM, Ahmad TS, Kamarul T. Total cell pooling in vitro: an effective isolation method for bone marrow-derived multipotent stromal cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 49:424-32. [PMID: 23708918 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cellular proliferation and the ability to undergo multilineage differentiation make bone marrow-derived multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) potentially useful for clinical applications. Several methods have been described to isolate a homogenous bone marrow-derived MSCs population; however, none has been proven most effective, mainly due to their effects on proliferation and differentiation capability of the isolated cells. It is hypothesized that our newly established total cell pooling method may provide a better alternative as compared to the standard isolation method (density gradient centrifugation method). For the total cell pooling method, MSCs were isolated from rabbit bone marrow and were subsequently cultured in the growth medium without further separation as in the standard isolation method. The total cell pooling method was 65 min faster than the standard isolation method in completing cell isolation. Nevertheless, both methods did not differ significantly in the number of primary viable cells and population doubling time in the cultures (p > 0.05). The isolated cells from both methods expressed CD29 and CD44 markers, but not CD45 markers. Furthermore, they displayed multilineage differentiation characteristics of chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and adipocytes. In conclusion, both methods provide similar efficiency in the isolation of rabbit bone marrow-derived MSCs; however, the total cell pooling method is technically simpler and more cost effective than the standard isolation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Sze Wee
- Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Centre for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Park JH, Pérez RA, Jin GZ, Choi SJ, Kim HW, Wall IB. Microcarriers designed for cell culture and tissue engineering of bone. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 19:172-90. [PMID: 23126371 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microspherical particulates have been an attractive form of biomaterials that find usefulness in cell delivery and tissue engineering. A variety of compositions, including bioactive ceramics, degradable polymers, and their composites, have been developed into a microsphere form and have demonstrated the potential to fill defective bone and to populate tissue cells on curved matrices. To enhance the capacity of cell delivery, the conventional solid form of spheres is engineered to have either a porous structure to hold cells or a thin shell to in-situ encapsulate cells within the structure. Microcarriers can also be a potential reservoir system of bioactive molecules that have therapeutic effects in regulating cell behaviors. Due to their specific form, advanced technologies to culture cell-loaded microcarriers are required, such as simple agitation or shaking, spinner flask, and rotating chamber system. Here, we review systematically, from material design to culture technology, the microspherical carriers used for the delivery of cells and tissue engineering, particularly of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hui Park
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Nanobiomedical Science & WCU Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2012; 17:688-99. [PMID: 23147911 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32835af316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Amini AR, Laurencin CT, Nukavarapu SP. Differential analysis of peripheral blood- and bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells for enhanced vascularization in bone tissue engineering. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:1507-15. [PMID: 22378621 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For tissue engineering applications, effective bone regeneration requires rapid neo-vascularization of implanted grafts to ensure the survival of cells in the early post-implantation phase. Incorporation of autologous endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) for the promotion of primitive vascular network formation ex vivo has offered great promise for improved graft survival, enhanced rate of vascularization and bone regeneration in vivo. For clinical usage, identification of an optimal EPC isolation source from the patient is critical. We have, for the first time, characterized and directly compared EPCs from rabbit peripheral blood and bone marrow (PB-EPCs and BM-EPCs, respectively). PB-EPCs outperformed BM-EPCs on all measures. PB-EPCs displayed typical endothelial cell markers, such as CD31, as well as high angiogenic potential in three-dimensional extracellular matrix in vitro. Furthermore, PB-EPCs cultured simultaneously with mesenchymal stem cells, displayed significantly enhanced expression levels of key osteogenic and vascular markers, including alkaline phosphatase, bone morphogenetic protein 2, and vascular endothelial growth factor. On the contrary, putative BM-EPCs did not express CD31, and instead, expressed key smooth muscle markers. BM-EPCs further failed to display vasculogenic activity. Hence, the highly angiogenic PB-derived EPCs may serve as an ideal cell population for enhanced vascularization and success of engineered bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami R Amini
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
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Ferrari C, Balandras F, Guedon E, Olmos E, Chevalot I, Marc A. Limiting cell aggregation during mesenchymal stem cell expansion on microcarriers. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:780-7. [PMID: 22374883 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are known to be a valuable cell source for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, one of the main limiting steps in their clinical use is the amplification step. MSC expansion on microcarriers has emerged during the last few years, fulfilling the lack of classical T-flasks expansion. Even if the therapeutic potential of MSC as aggregates has been recently highlighted, cell aggregation during expansion has to be avoided. Thus, MSC culture on microcarriers has still to be improved, notably concerning cell aggregation prevention. The aim of this study was to limit cell aggregation during MSC expansion on Cytodex-1®, by evaluating the impact of several culture parameters. First, MSC cultures were performed at different agitation rates (0, 25, and 75 rpm) and different initial cell densities (25 and 50×10(6) cell g(-1) Cytodex-1®). Then, the MSC aggregates were put into contact with additional available surfaces (T-flask, fresh and used Cytodex-1®) at different times (before and after cell aggregation). The results showed that cell aggregation was partly induced by agitation and prevented in static cultures. Moreover, cell aggregation was dependent on cell density and correlated with a decrease in the total cell number. It was however shown that the aggregated organization could be dissociated when in contact with additional surfaces such as T-flasks or fresh Cytodex-1® carriers. Finally, cell aggregation could be successfully limited in spinner flask by adding fresh Cytodex-1® carriers before its onset. Those results indicated that MSC expansion on agitated Cytodex-1® microcarriers could be performed without cell aggregation, avoiding a decrease in total cell number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ferrari
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, UPR-CNRS 3349, INPL-ENSAIA, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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