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Holeček M. Aspartate-glutamate carrier 2 (citrin): a role in glucose and amino acid metabolism in the liver. BMB Rep 2023; 56:385-391. [PMID: 37254569 PMCID: PMC10390287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspartate-glutamate carrier 2 (AGC2, citrin) is a mitochondrial carrier expressed in the liver that transports aspartate from mitochondria into the cytosol in exchange for glutamate. The AGC2 is the main component of the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) that ensures indirect transport of NADH produced in the cytosol during glycolysis, lactate oxidation to pyruvate, and ethanol oxidation to acetaldehyde into mitochondria. Through MAS, AGC2 is necessary to maintain intracellular redox balance, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP synthesis. Through elevated cytosolic Ca2+ level, the AGC2 is stimulated by catecholamines and glucagon during starvation, exercise, and muscle wasting disorders. In these conditions, AGC2 increases aspartate input to the urea cycle, where aspartate is a source of one of two nitrogen atoms in the urea molecule (the other is ammonia), and a substrate for the synthesis of fumarate that is gradually converted to oxaloacetate, the starting substrate for gluconeogenesis. Furthermore, aspartate is a substrate for the synthesis of asparagine, nucleotides, and proteins. It is concluded that AGC2 plays a fundamental role in the compartmentalization of aspartate and glutamate metabolism and linkage of the reactions of MAS, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, amino acid catabolism, urea cycle, protein synthesis, and cell proliferation. Targeting of AGC genes may represent a new therapeutic strategy to fight cancer. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(7): 385-391].
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Holeček
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Hradec Králové 500 03, Czech Republic
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2
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Holeček M. Aspartate-glutamate carrier 2 (citrin): a role in glucose and amino acid metabolism in the liver. BMB Rep 2023; 56:385-391. [PMID: 37254569 PMCID: PMC10390287 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2023-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspartate-glutamate carrier 2 (AGC2, citrin) is a mitochondrial carrier expressed in the liver that transports aspartate from mitochondria into the cytosol in exchange for glutamate. The AGC2 is the main component of the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) that ensures indirect transport of NADH produced in the cytosol during glycolysis, lactate oxidation to pyruvate, and ethanol oxidation to acetaldehyde into mitochondria. Through MAS, AGC2 is necessary to maintain intracellular redox balance, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP synthesis. Through elevated cytosolic Ca2+ level, the AGC2 is stimulated by catecholamines and glucagon during starvation, exercise, and muscle wasting disorders. In these conditions, AGC2 increases aspartate input to the urea cycle, where aspartate is a source of one of two nitrogen atoms in the urea molecule (the other is ammonia), and a substrate for the synthesis of fumarate that is gradually converted to oxaloacetate, the starting substrate for gluconeogenesis. Furthermore, aspartate is a substrate for the synthesis of asparagine, nucleotides, and proteins. It is concluded that AGC2 plays a fundamental role in the compartmentalization of aspartate and glutamate metabolism and linkage of the reactions of MAS, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, amino acid catabolism, urea cycle, protein synthesis, and cell proliferation. Targeting of AGC genes may represent a new therapeutic strategy to fight cancer. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(7): 385-391].
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Holeček
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Hradec Králové 500 03, Czech Republic
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3
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Holeček M. Roles of malate and aspartate in gluconeogenesis in various physiological and pathological states. Metabolism 2023:155614. [PMID: 37286128 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gluconeogenesis, a pathway for glucose synthesis from non-carbohydrate substances, begins with the synthesis of oxaloacetate (OA) from pyruvate and intermediates of citric acid cycle in hepatocyte mitochondria. The traditional view is that OA does not cross the mitochondrial membrane and must be shuttled to the cytosol, where most enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis are compartmentalized, in the form of malate. Thus, the possibility of transporting OA in the form of aspartate has been ignored. In the article is shown that malate supply to the cytosol increases only when fatty acid oxidation in the liver is activated, such as during starvation or untreated diabetes. Alternatively, aspartate synthesized from OA by mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is transported to the cytosol in exchange for glutamate via the aspartate-glutamate carrier 2 (AGC2). If the main substrate for gluconeogenesis is an amino acid, aspartate is converted to OA via urea cycle, therefore, ammonia detoxification and gluconeogenesis are simultaneously activated. If the main substrate is lactate, OA is synthesized by cytosolic AST, glutamate is transported to the mitochondria through AGC2, and nitrogen is not lost. It is concluded that, compared to malate, aspartate is a more suitable form of OA transport from the mitochondria for gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Holeček
- Department of Physiology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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4
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Gorgoglione R, Seccia R, Ahmed A, Vozza A, Capobianco L, Lodi A, Marra F, Paradies E, Palmieri L, Coppola V, Dolce V, Fiermonte G. Generation of a Yeast Cell Model Potentially Useful to Identify the Mammalian Mitochondrial N-Acetylglutamate Transporter. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050808. [PMID: 37238678 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The human mitochondrial carrier family (MCF) consists of 53 members. Approximately one-fifth of them are still orphans of a function. Most mitochondrial transporters have been functionally characterized by reconstituting the bacterially expressed protein into liposomes and transport assays with radiolabeled compounds. The efficacy of this experimental approach is constrained to the commercial availability of the radiolabeled substrate to be used in the transport assays. A striking example is that of N-acetylglutamate (NAG), an essential regulator of the carbamoyl synthetase I activity and the entire urea cycle. Mammals cannot modulate mitochondrial NAG synthesis but can regulate the levels of NAG in the matrix by exporting it to the cytosol, where it is degraded. The mitochondrial NAG transporter is still unknown. Here, we report the generation of a yeast cell model suitable for identifying the putative mammalian mitochondrial NAG transporter. In yeast, the arginine biosynthesis starts in the mitochondria from NAG which is converted to ornithine that, once transported into cytosol, is metabolized to arginine. The deletion of ARG8 makes yeast cells unable to grow in the absence of arginine since they cannot synthetize ornithine but can still produce NAG. To make yeast cells dependent on a mitochondrial NAG exporter, we moved most of the yeast mitochondrial biosynthetic pathway to the cytosol by expressing four E. coli enzymes, argB-E, able to convert cytosolic NAG to ornithine. Although argB-E rescued the arginine auxotrophy of arg8∆ strain very poorly, the expression of the bacterial NAG synthase (argA), which would mimic the function of a putative NAG transporter increasing the cytosolic levels of NAG, fully rescued the growth defect of arg8∆ strain in the absence of arginine, demonstrating the potential suitability of the model generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruggiero Gorgoglione
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Seccia
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Amer Ahmed
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Vozza
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Loredana Capobianco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessia Lodi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Federica Marra
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Eleonora Paradies
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Vincenza Dolce
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fiermonte
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Miniero DV, Gambacorta N, Spagnoletta A, Tragni V, Loizzo S, Nicolotti O, Pierri CL, De Palma A. New Insights Regarding Hemin Inhibition of the Purified Rat Brain 2-Oxoglutarate Carrier and Relationships with Mitochondrial Dysfunction. J Clin Med 2022; 11:7519. [PMID: 36556135 PMCID: PMC9785169 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A kinetic analysis of the transport assays on the purified rat brain 2-oxoglutarate/malate carrier (OGC) was performed starting from our recent results reporting about a competitive inhibitory behavior of hemin, a physiological porphyrin derivative, on the OGC reconstituted in an active form into proteoliposomes. The newly provided transport data and the elaboration of the kinetic equations show evidence that hemin exerts a mechanism of partially competitive inhibition, coupled with the formation of a ternary complex hemin-carrier substrate, when hemin targets the OGC from the matrix face. A possible interpretation of the provided kinetic analysis, which is supported by computational studies, could indicate the existence of a binding region responsible for the inhibition of the OGC and supposedly involved in the regulation of OGC activity. The proposed regulatory binding site is located on OGC mitochondrial matrix loops, where hemin could establish specific interactions with residues involved in the substrate recognition and/or conformational changes responsible for the translocation of mitochondrial carrier substrates. The regulatory binding site would be placed about 6 Å below the substrate binding site of the OGC, facing the mitochondrial matrix, and would allow the simultaneous binding of hemin and 2-oxoglutarate or malate to different regions of the carrier. Overall, the presented experimental and computational analyses help to shed light on the possible existence of the hemin-carrier substrate ternary complex, confirming the ability of the OGC to bind porphyrin derivatives, and in particular hemin, with possible consequences for the mitochondrial redox state mediated by the malate/aspartate shuttle led by the mitochondrial carriers OGC and AGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Valeria Miniero
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Gambacorta
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. 106 Jonica, Km 419,500, 75026 Rotondella (MT), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tragni
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Loizzo
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ciro Leonardo Pierri
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Palma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Fukui K, Takahashi T, Matsunari H, Uchikura A, Watanabe M, Nagashima H, Ishihara N, Kakuma T, Watanabe Y, Yamashita Y, Yoshino M. Moving towards a novel therapeutic strategy for hyperammonemia that targets glutamine metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:1059-1069. [PMID: 35866457 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Patients with urea cycle disorders intermittently develop episodes of decompensation with hyperammonemia. Although such an episode is often associated with starvation and catabolism, its molecular basis is not fully understood. First, we attempted to elucidate the mechanism of such starvation-associated hyperammonemia. Using a mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) culture system, we found that glucose starvation increases ammonia production, and that this increase is associated with enhanced glutaminolysis. These results led us to focus on α-ketoglutarate (AKG), a glutamate dehydrogenase inhibitor, and a major anaplerotic metabolite. Hence, we sought to determine the effect of dimethyl α-ketoglutarate (DKG), a cell-permeable AKG analog, on MEFs and found that DKG mitigates ammonia production primarily by reducing flux through glutamate dehydrogenase. We also verified that DKG reduces ammonia in an NH4 Cl-challenged hyperammonemia mouse model and observed that DKG administration reduces plasma ammonia concentration to 22.8% of the mean value for control mice that received only NH4 Cl. In addition, we detected increases in ornithine concentration and in the ratio of ornithine to arginine following DKG treatment. We subsequently administered DKG intravenously to a newborn pig with hyperammonemia due to ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency and found that blood ammonia concentration declined significantly over time. We determined that this effect is associated with facilitated reductive amination and glutamine synthesis. Our present data indicate that energy starvation triggers hyperammonemia through enhanced glutaminolysis and that DKG reduces ammonia accumulation via pleiotropic mechanisms both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, cell-permeable forms of AKG are feasible candidates for a novel hyperammonemia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Fukui
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hitomi Matsunari
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Kawasaki, Japan
- Laboratory of Medical Engineering, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Ayuko Uchikura
- Laboratory of Medical Engineering, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masahito Watanabe
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Kawasaki, Japan
- Laboratory of Medical Engineering, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Naotada Ishihara
- Department of Protein Biochemistry, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | | | - Yoriko Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
- Research Institute of Medical Mass Spectrometry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yushiro Yamashita
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshino
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
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Kostiuchenko O, Lushnikova I, Kowalczyk M, Skibo G. mTOR/α-ketoglutarate-mediated signaling pathways in the context of brain neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. BBA ADVANCES 2022; 2:100066. [PMID: 37082603 PMCID: PMC10074856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2022.100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral disorders are largely associated with impaired cellular metabolism, despite the regulatory mechanisms designed to ensure cell viability and adequate brain function. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is one of the most crucial factors in the regulation of energy homeostasis and its imbalance is linked with a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advances in the metabolic pathways' modulation indicate the role of α-ketoglutarate (AKG) as a major signaling hub, additionally highlighting its anti-aging and neuroprotective properties, but the mechanisms of its action are not entirely clear. In this review, we analyzed the physiological and pathophysiological aspects of mTOR in the brain. We also discussed AKG's multifunctional properties, as well as mTOR/AKG-mediated functional communications in cellular metabolism. Thus, this article provides a broad overview of the mTOR/AKG-mediated signaling pathways, in the context of neurodegeneration and endogenous neuroprotection, with the aim to find novel therapeutic strategies.
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8
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Liu Y, Chen C, Wang X, Sun Y, Zhang J, Chen J, Shi Y. An Epigenetic Role of Mitochondria in Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162518. [PMID: 36010594 PMCID: PMC9406960 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are not only the main energy supplier but are also the cell metabolic center regulating multiple key metaborates that play pivotal roles in epigenetics regulation. These metabolites include acetyl-CoA, α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), NAD+, and O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), which are the main substrates for DNA methylation and histone post-translation modifications, essential for gene transcriptional regulation and cell fate determination. Tumorigenesis is attributed to many factors, including gene mutations and tumor microenvironment. Mitochondria and epigenetics play essential roles in tumor initiation, evolution, metastasis, and recurrence. Targeting mitochondrial metabolism and epigenetics are promising therapeutic strategies for tumor treatment. In this review, we summarize the roles of mitochondria in key metabolites required for epigenetics modification and in cell fate regulation and discuss the current strategy in cancer therapies via targeting epigenetic modifiers and related enzymes in metabolic regulation. This review is an important contribution to the understanding of the current metabolic-epigenetic-tumorigenesis concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu’e Liu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinye Wang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yihong Sun
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Juxiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yufeng Shi
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (Y.S.)
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Zhou L, Maldonado M, Padavannil A, Guo F, Letts JA. Structures of Tetrahymena's respiratory chain reveal the diversity of eukaryotic core metabolism. Science 2022; 376:831-839. [PMID: 35357889 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn7747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Respiration is a core biological energy-converting process whose last steps are carried out by a chain of multi-subunit complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. To probe the functional and structural diversity of eukaryotic respiration, we examined the respiratory chain of the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila (Tt). Using cryo-electron microscopy on a mixed sample, we solved structures of a supercomplex between Tt-complex I (CI) and Tt-CIII2 (Tt-SC I+III2) and a structure of Tt-CIV2. Tt-SC I+III2 (~2.3 MDa) is a curved assembly with structural and functional symmetry breaking. Tt-CIV2 is a ~2.7 MDa dimer with over 52 subunits per protomer, including mitochondrial carriers and a TIM83-TIM133-like domain. Our structural and functional study of the T. thermophila respiratory chain reveals divergence in key components of eukaryotic respiration, expanding our understanding of core metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhou
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Critical Care Medicine of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - María Maldonado
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Abhilash Padavannil
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Fei Guo
- BIOEM Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - James A Letts
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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10
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Glutamine-Derived Aspartate Biosynthesis in Cancer Cells: Role of Mitochondrial Transporters and New Therapeutic Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14010245. [PMID: 35008407 PMCID: PMC8750728 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In recent years, aspartate has been increasingly acknowledged as a critical player in the metabolism of cancer cells which use this metabolite for nucleotide and protein synthesis and for redox homeostasis. Most intracellular aspartate derives from the mitochondrial catabolism of glutamine. To date at least four mitochondrial transporters have been involved in this metabolic pathway. Their involvement appears to be cancer type-specific and dependent on glutamine availability. Targeting these mitochondrial transporters may represent a new attractive strategy to fight cancer. The aim of this review is to dissect the role of each of these transporters in relation to the type of cancer and the availability of nutrients in the tumoral microenvironment. Abstract Aspartate has a central role in cancer cell metabolism. Aspartate cytosolic availability is crucial for protein and nucleotide biosynthesis as well as for redox homeostasis. Since tumor cells display poor aspartate uptake from the external environment, most of the cellular pool of aspartate derives from mitochondrial catabolism of glutamine. At least four transporters are involved in this metabolic pathway: the glutamine (SLC1A5_var), the aspartate/glutamate (AGC), the aspartate/phosphate (uncoupling protein 2, UCP2), and the glutamate (GC) carriers, the last three belonging to the mitochondrial carrier family (MCF). The loss of one of these transporters causes a paucity of cytosolic aspartate and an arrest of cell proliferation in many different cancer types. The aim of this review is to clarify why different cancers have varying dependencies on metabolite transporters to support cytosolic glutamine-derived aspartate availability. Dissecting the precise metabolic routes that glutamine undergoes in specific tumor types is of upmost importance as it promises to unveil the best metabolic target for therapeutic intervention.
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11
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AbuSalim JE, Yamamoto K, Miura N, Blackman B, Brender JR, Mushti C, Seki T, Camphausen KA, Swenson RE, Krishna MC, Kesarwala AH. Simple Esterification of [1- 13C]-Alpha-Ketoglutarate Enhances Membrane Permeability and Allows for Noninvasive Tracing of Glutamate and Glutamine Production. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2144-2150. [PMID: 34554724 PMCID: PMC9107957 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) is a key metabolite and signaling molecule in cancer cells, but the low permeability of α-KG limits the study of α-KG mediated effects in vivo. Recently, cell-permeable monoester and diester α-KG derivatives have been synthesized for use in vivo, but many of these derivatives are not compatible for use in hyperpolarized carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HP-13C-MRS). HP-13C-MRS is a powerful technique that has been used to noninvasively trace labeled metabolites in real time. Here, we show that using diethyl-[1-13C]-α-KG as a probe in HP-13C-MRS allows for noninvasive tracing of α-KG metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna E. AbuSalim
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kazutoshi Yamamoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Natsuko Miura
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Burchelle Blackman
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Brender
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Chandrasekhar Mushti
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Tomohiro Seki
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kevin A. Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Rolf E. Swenson
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Murali C. Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Aparna H. Kesarwala
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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12
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Liu J, Shangguan Y, Tang D, Dai Y. Histone succinylation and its function on the nucleosome. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:7101-7109. [PMID: 34160884 PMCID: PMC8335665 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein post‐translational modifications (PTMs) of histones are ubiquitous regulatory mechanisms involved in many biological processes, including replication, transcription, DNA damage repair and ontogenesis. Recently, many short‐chain acylation histone modifications have been identified by mass spectrometry (MS). Lysine succinylation (Ksuc or Ksucc) is a newly identified histone PTM that changes the chemical environment of histones and is similar to other acylation modifications; lysine succinylation appears to accumulate at transcriptional start sites and to correlate with gene expression. Although numerous studies are ongoing, there is a lack of reviews on the Ksuc of histones. Here, we review lysine succinylation sites on histones, including the chemical characteristics and the mechanism by which lysine succinylation influences nucleosomal structure, chromatin dynamics and several diseases and then discuss lysine succinylation regulation to identify theoretical and experimental proof of Ksuc on histones and in diseases to inspire further research into histone lysine succinylation as a target of disease treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Liu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital(Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Shangguan
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital(Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Research, Central Laboratory of Guilin, 924st Hospital, Guilin, China
| | - Donge Tang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital(Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Research, Central Laboratory of Guilin, 924st Hospital, Guilin, China
| | - Yong Dai
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital(Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Research, Central Laboratory of Guilin, 924st Hospital, Guilin, China
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13
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Han M, Zhang C, Suglo P, Sun S, Wang M, Su T. l-Aspartate: An Essential Metabolite for Plant Growth and Stress Acclimation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071887. [PMID: 33810495 PMCID: PMC8037285 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
L-aspartate (Asp) serves as a central building block, in addition to being a constituent of proteins, for many metabolic processes in most organisms, such as biosynthesis of other amino acids, nucleotides, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and glycolysis pathway intermediates, and hormones, which are vital for growth and defense. In animals and humans, lines of data have proved that Asp is indispensable for cell proliferation. However, in plants, despite the extensive study of the Asp family amino acid pathway, little attention has been paid to the function of Asp through the other numerous pathways. This review aims to elucidate the most important aspects of Asp in plants, from biosynthesis to catabolism and the role of Asp and its metabolic derivatives in response to changing environmental conditions. It considers the distribution of Asp in various cell compartments and the change of Asp level, and its significance in the whole plant under various stresses. Moreover, it provides evidence of the interconnection between Asp and phytohormones, which have prominent functions in plant growth, development, and defense. The updated information will help improve our understanding of the physiological role of Asp and Asp-borne metabolic fluxes, supporting the modular operation of these networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Han
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (C.Z.); (P.S.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Can Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (C.Z.); (P.S.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Peter Suglo
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (C.Z.); (P.S.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Shuyue Sun
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (C.Z.); (P.S.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Mingyao Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (C.Z.); (P.S.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Tao Su
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (C.Z.); (P.S.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence:
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14
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Pleiotropic effects of alpha-ketoglutarate as a potential anti-ageing agent. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 66:101237. [PMID: 33340716 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An intermediate of tricarboxylic acid cycle alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is involved in pleiotropic metabolic and regulatory pathways in the cell, including energy production, biosynthesis of certain amino acids, collagen biosynthesis, epigenetic regulation of gene expression, regulation of redox homeostasis, and detoxification of hazardous substances. Recently, AKG supplement was found to extend lifespan and delay the onset of age-associated decline in experimental models such as nematodes, fruit flies, yeasts, and mice. This review summarizes current knowledge on metabolic and regulatory functions of AKG and its potential anti-ageing effects. Impact on epigenetic regulation of ageing via being an obligate substrate of DNA and histone demethylases, direct antioxidant properties, and function as mimetic of caloric restriction and hormesis-induced agent are among proposed mechanisms of AKG geroprotective action. Due to influence on mitochondrial respiration, AKG can stimulate production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria. According to hormesis hypothesis, moderate stimulation of ROS production could have rather beneficial biological effects, than detrimental ones, because of the induction of defensive mechanisms that improve resistance to stressors and age-related diseases and slow down functional senescence. Discrepancies found in different models and limitations of AKG as a geroprotective drug are discussed.
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15
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Choi I, Son H, Baek JH. Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle Intermediates: Regulators of Immune Responses. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:69. [PMID: 33477822 PMCID: PMC7832849 DOI: 10.3390/life11010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) is a series of chemical reactions used in aerobic organisms to generate energy via the oxidation of acetylcoenzyme A (CoA) derived from carbohydrates, fatty acids and proteins. In the eukaryotic system, the TCA cycle occurs completely in mitochondria, while the intermediates of the TCA cycle are retained inside mitochondria due to their polarity and hydrophilicity. Under cell stress conditions, mitochondria can become disrupted and release their contents, which act as danger signals in the cytosol. Of note, the TCA cycle intermediates may also leak from dysfunctioning mitochondria and regulate cellular processes. Increasing evidence shows that the metabolites of the TCA cycle are substantially involved in the regulation of immune responses. In this review, we aimed to provide a comprehensive systematic overview of the molecular mechanisms of each TCA cycle intermediate that may play key roles in regulating cellular immunity in cell stress and discuss its implication for immune activation and suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jea-Hyun Baek
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37554, Korea; (I.C.); (H.S.)
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16
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Raho S, Capobianco L, Malivindi R, Vozza A, Piazzolla C, De Leonardis F, Gorgoglione R, Scarcia P, Pezzuto F, Agrimi G, Barile SN, Pisano I, Reshkin SJ, Greco MR, Cardone RA, Rago V, Li Y, Marobbio CMT, Sommergruber W, Riley CL, Lasorsa FM, Mills E, Vegliante MC, De Benedetto GE, Fratantonio D, Palmieri L, Dolce V, Fiermonte G. KRAS-regulated glutamine metabolism requires UCP2-mediated aspartate transport to support pancreatic cancer growth. Nat Metab 2020; 2:1373-1381. [PMID: 33230296 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The oncogenic KRAS mutation has a critical role in the initiation of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) since it rewires glutamine metabolism to increase reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) production, balancing cellular redox homeostasis with macromolecular synthesis1,2. Mitochondrial glutamine-derived aspartate must be transported into the cytosol to generate metabolic precursors for NADPH production2. The mitochondrial transporter responsible for this aspartate efflux has remained elusive. Here, we show that mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) catalyses this transport and promotes tumour growth. UCP2-silenced KRASmut cell lines display decreased glutaminolysis, lower NADPH/NADP+ and glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratios and higher reactive oxygen species levels compared to wild-type counterparts. UCP2 silencing reduces glutaminolysis also in KRASWT PDAC cells but does not affect their redox homeostasis or proliferation rates. In vitro and in vivo, UCP2 silencing strongly suppresses KRASmut PDAC cell growth. Collectively, these results demonstrate that UCP2 plays a vital role in PDAC, since its aspartate transport activity connects the mitochondrial and cytosolic reactions necessary for KRASmut rewired glutamine metabolism2, and thus it should be considered a key metabolic target for the treatment of this refractory tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Raho
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Loredana Capobianco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Rocco Malivindi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Angelo Vozza
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Carmela Piazzolla
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco De Leonardis
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Gorgoglione
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Scarcia
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Pezzuto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Gennaro Agrimi
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Simona N Barile
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Isabella Pisano
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stephan J Reshkin
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria R Greco
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa A Cardone
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Vittoria Rago
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Faculty of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, China
| | - Carlo M T Marobbio
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco M Lasorsa
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Edward Mills
- Division of Pharmacy and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Maria C Vegliante
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere scientifico-Istituto Tumori 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | | | - Deborah Fratantonio
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenza Dolce
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Fiermonte
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy.
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17
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Oxoglutarate Carrier Inhibition Reduced Melanoma Growth and Invasion by Reducing ATP Production. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111128. [PMID: 33238375 PMCID: PMC7700517 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that (a) mitochondria in proliferating cancer cells are functional, (b) cancer cells use more oxygen than normal cells for oxidative phosphorylation, and (c) cancer cells critically rely on cytosolic NADH transported into mitochondria via the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) for ATP production. In a spontaneous lung cancer model, tumor growth was reduced by 50% in heterozygous oxoglutarate carrier (OGC) knock-out mice compared with wild-type counterparts. To determine the mechanism through which OGC promotes tumor growth, the effects of the OGC inhibitor N-phenylmaleimide (NPM) on mitochondrial activity, oxygen consumption, and ATP production were evaluated in melanoma cell lines. NPM suppressed oxygen consumption and decreased ATP production in melanoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. NPM also reduced the proliferation of melanoma cells. To test the effects of NPM on tumor growth and metastasis in vivo, NPM was administered in a human melanoma xenograft model. NPM reduced tumor growth by approximately 50% and reduced melanoma invasion by 70% at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Therefore, blocking OGC activity may be a useful approach for cancer therapy.
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18
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Pollock TB, Cholico GN, Isho NF, Day RJ, Suresh T, Stewart ES, McCarthy MM, Rohn TT. Transcriptome Analyses in BV2 Microglial Cells Following Treatment With Amino-Terminal Fragments of Apolipoprotein E. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:256. [PMID: 32922284 PMCID: PMC7456952 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that harboring the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) allele represents the single greatest risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the exact mechanism by which ApoE4 contributes to disease progression remains unknown. Recently, we demonstrated that a 151 amino-terminal fragment of ApoE4 (nApoE41–151) localizes within the nucleus of microglia in the human AD brain and traffics to the nucleus causing toxicity in BV2 microglia cells. In the present study, we examined in detail what genes may be affected following treatment by nApoE41–151. Transcriptome analyses in BV2 microglial cells following sublethal treatment with nApoE41–151 revealed the upregulation of almost 4,000 genes, with 20 of these genes upregulated 182- to 715-fold compared to untreated control cells. The majority of these 20 genes play a role in the immune response and polarization toward microglial M1 activation. As a control, an identical nApoE31–151 fragment that differed by a single amino acid at position 112 (Cys→Arg) was tested and produced a similar albeit lower level of upregulation of an identical set of genes. In this manner, enriched pathways upregulated by nApoE31–151 and nApoE41–151 following exogenous treatment included Toll receptor signaling, chemokine/cytokine signaling and apoptosis signaling. There were unique genes differentially expressed by at least two-fold for either fragment. For nApoE31–151, these included 16 times as many genes, many of which are involved in physiological functions within microglia. For nApoE41–151, on the other hand the number genes uniquely upregulated was significantly lower, with many of the top upregulated genes having unknown functions. Taken together, our results suggest that while nApoE31–151 may serve a more physiological role in microglia, nApoE41–151 may activate genes that contribute to disease inflammation associated with AD. These data support the hypothesis that the link between harboring the APOE4 allele and dementia risk could be enhanced inflammation through activation of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner B Pollock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
| | - Giovan N Cholico
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
| | - Noail F Isho
- Health Sciences Department, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ryan J Day
- Health Sciences Department, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tarun Suresh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
| | - Erica S Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
| | - Madyson M McCarthy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
| | - Troy T Rohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
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19
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Trefely S, Lovell CD, Snyder NW, Wellen KE. Compartmentalised acyl-CoA metabolism and roles in chromatin regulation. Mol Metab 2020; 38:100941. [PMID: 32199817 PMCID: PMC7300382 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many metabolites serve as important signalling molecules to adjust cellular activities and functions based on nutrient availability. Links between acetyl-CoA metabolism, histone lysine acetylation, and gene expression have been documented and studied over the past decade. In recent years, several additional acyl modifications to histone lysine residues have been identified, which depend on acyl-coenzyme A thioesters (acyl-CoAs) as acyl donors. Acyl-CoAs are intermediates of multiple distinct metabolic pathways, and substantial evidence has emerged that histone acylation is metabolically sensitive. Nevertheless, the metabolic sources of acyl-CoAs used for chromatin modification in most cases remain poorly understood. Elucidating how these diverse chemical modifications are coupled to and regulated by cellular metabolism is important in deciphering their functional significance. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this article, we review the metabolic pathways that produce acyl-CoAs, as well as emerging evidence for functional roles of diverse acyl-CoAs in chromatin regulation. Because acetyl-CoA has been extensively reviewed elsewhere, we will focus on four other acyl-CoA metabolites integral to major metabolic pathways that are also known to modify histones: succinyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, crotonoyl-CoA, and butyryl-CoA. We also briefly mention several other acyl-CoA species, which present opportunities for further research; malonyl-CoA, glutaryl-CoA, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, 2-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA, and lactyl-CoA. Each acyl-CoA species has distinct roles in metabolism, indicating the potential to report shifts in the metabolic status of the cell. For each metabolite, we consider the metabolic pathways in which it participates and the nutrient sources from which it is derived, the compartmentalisation of its metabolism, and the factors reported to influence its abundance and potential nuclear availability. We also highlight reported biological functions of these metabolically-linked acylation marks. Finally, we aim to illuminate key questions in acyl-CoA metabolism as they relate to the control of chromatin modification. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS A majority of acyl-CoA species are annotated to mitochondrial metabolic processes. Since acyl-CoAs are not known to be directly transported across mitochondrial membranes, they must be synthesized outside of mitochondria and potentially within the nucleus to participate in chromatin regulation. Thus, subcellular metabolic compartmentalisation likely plays a key role in the regulation of histone acylation. Metabolite tracing in combination with targeting of relevant enzymes and transporters will help to map the metabolic pathways that connect acyl-CoA metabolism to chromatin modification. The specific function of each acyl-CoA may be determined in part by biochemical properties that affect its propensity for enzymatic versus non-enzymatic protein modification, as well as the various enzymes that can add, remove and bind each modification. Further, competitive and inhibitory effects of different acyl-CoA species on these enzymes make determining the relative abundance of acyl-CoA species in specific contexts important to understand the regulation of chromatin acylation. An improved and more nuanced understanding of metabolic regulation of chromatin and its roles in physiological and disease-related processes will emerge as these questions are answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Trefely
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Claudia D Lovell
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Kathryn E Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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20
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Pandey N, Lanke V, Vinod PK. Network-based metabolic characterization of renal cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5955. [PMID: 32249812 PMCID: PMC7136214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging hallmark of cancer is metabolic reprogramming, which presents opportunities for cancer diagnosis and treatment based on metabolism. We performed a comprehensive metabolic network analysis of major renal cell carcinoma (RCC) subtypes including clear cell, papillary and chromophobe by integrating transcriptomic data with the human genome-scale metabolic model to understand the coordination of metabolic pathways in cancer cells. We identified metabolic alterations of each subtype with respect to tumor-adjacent normal samples and compared them to understand the differences between subtypes. We found that genes of amino acid metabolism and redox homeostasis are significantly altered in RCC subtypes. Chromophobe showed metabolic divergence compared to other subtypes with upregulation of genes involved in glutamine anaplerosis and aspartate biosynthesis. A difference in transcriptional regulation involving HIF1A is observed between subtypes. We identified E2F1 and FOXM1 as other major transcriptional activators of metabolic genes in RCC. Further, the co-expression pattern of metabolic genes in each patient showed the variations in metabolism within RCC subtypes. We also found that co-expression modules of each subtype have tumor stage-specific behavior, which may have clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishtha Pandey
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, 500032, India
| | - Vinay Lanke
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, 500032, India.,TCS Innovation Labs, Hyderabad, India
| | - P K Vinod
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, 500032, India.
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21
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Sun C, Xiao L, Zhao Y, Shi J, Yuan Y, Gu Y, Zhang F, Gao X, Yang Y, Yang R, Qin J, Zhang J, Wang C, Wang Y, Wang Z, Hu P, Chang T, Wang L, Wang G, Chen H, Li Z, Ye J. Wild-Type IDH1 and Mutant IDH1 Opposingly Regulate Podoplanin Expression in Glioma. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100758. [PMID: 32208352 PMCID: PMC7097522 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations occur frequently in lower-grade gliomas, which result in genome-wide epigenetic alterations. The wild-type IDH1 is reported to participate in lipid biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism, but its role in tumorigenesis is still unclear. In this study, the expressions of IDH1 and podoplanin (Pdpn) were determined in IDH-mutated and IDH-wild-type gliomas, and their relationships in glioma were further analyzed. In addition, the regulation of wild-type IDH1 and mutant IDH1 on Pdpn expression was investigated by luciferase assays and promoter methylation analysis. Our study showed that Pdpn was almost undetectable in IDH-mutated glioma but strongly expressed in higher-grade IDH-wild-type glioma. Pdpn overexpression promoted the migration of glioma cells but had little effect on cell growth. Moreover, Pdpn expression was positively correlated with the increased wild-type IDH1 levels in IDH-wild-type glioma. Consistently, the wild-type IDH1 greatly promoted the transcription and expression of Pdpn, but the mutant IDH1 and D-2-hydroxyglutarate significantly suppressed Pdpn expression in glioma cells. Besides, our results revealed that the methylation of CpG islands in the Pdpn promoter was opposingly regulated by wild-type and mutant IDH1 in glioma. Collectively, our results indicated that wild-type and mutant IDH1 opposingly controlled the Pdpn expression in glioma by regulating its promoter methylation, which provides a basis for understanding the relationship between wild-type and mutant IDH1 in epigenetic regulation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, 710032; Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710032
| | - Liming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, 710032
| | - Yuanlin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, 710032
| | - Jiankuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, 710032; Department of Neurology, International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, China, 710100
| | - Yuan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, 710032
| | - Yu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, 710032
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, 710032
| | - Xing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, 710032
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, 710032
| | - Risheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, 710032
| | - Junhui Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, 710032
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, 710032
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China, 610083
| | - Yingmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, 710032
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, 710032
| | - Peizhen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, 710032
| | - Ting Chang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710032
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710032
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the 74th Group Army Hospital, Guangzhou, China, 510318
| | - Huangtao Chen
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710061
| | - Zhuyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710032.
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, 710032; Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710032.
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22
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Zhang Y, Lin YH. Metabolic flux analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during redox potential-controlled very high-gravity ethanol fermentation. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 67:140-147. [PMID: 31785003 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A previously published genome-scale metabolic model namely iFF708 was modified to depict the metabolic flux distribution within Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown under a redox potential-controlled very high-gravity condition. The following modifications were made: electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation, proton gradient and ATP transportation, and malate-aspartate shuttle. With these modifications, this model could describe the experimental data collected from the above-mentioned ethanol fermentation. As a result, the simulation unveiled that the P/O ratio is critical under microaerobic conditions and the malate-aspartate shuttle is inactivated due to the shortage of electron transport across mitochondria. In other words, the limited supply of oxygen suppresses the functionality of oxidative phosphorylation, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and ETC. In terms of the glycolytic pathway, fluxes coming from glucose-6-phosphate and pyruvate nodes are insensitive to the changes of fermentation redox potential. As the initial glucose concentration is greater than 250 g/L, the interactive effect between the initial glucose concentration and redox potential level becomes noticeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishuang Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yen-Han Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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23
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Xu J, Khoury N, Jackson CW, Escobar I, Stegelmann SD, Dave KR, Perez-Pinzon MA. Ischemic Neuroprotectant PKCε Restores Mitochondrial Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase in the Neuronal NADH Shuttle after Ischemic Injury. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:418-432. [PMID: 31473978 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The preservation of mitochondrial function is a major protective strategy for cerebral ischemic injuries. Previously, our laboratory demonstrated that protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) promotes the synthesis of mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). NAD+ along with its reducing equivalent, NADH, is an essential co-factor needed for energy production from glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Yet, NAD+/NADH are impermeable to the inner mitochondrial membrane and their import into the mitochondria requires the activity of specific shuttles. The most important neuronal NAD+/NADH shuttle is the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS). The MAS has been implicated in synaptic function and is potentially dysregulated during cerebral ischemia. The aim of this study was to determine if metabolic changes induced by PKCε preconditioning involved regulation of the MAS. Using primary neuronal cultures, we observed that the activation of PKCε enhanced mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis in vitro. Conversely, inhibition of the MAS resulted in decreased oxidative phosphorylation and glycolytic capacity. We further demonstrated that activation of PKCε increased the phosphorylation of key components of the MAS in rat brain synaptosomal fractions. Additionally, PKCε increased the enzyme activity of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase 2 (GOT2), an effect that was dependent on the import of PKCε into the mitochondria and phosphorylation of GOT2. Furthermore, PKCε activation was able to rescue decreased GOT2 activity induced by ischemia. These findings reveal novel protective targets and mechanisms against ischemic injury, which involves PKCε-mediated phosphorylation and activation of GOT2 in the MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Nathalie Khoury
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Charles W Jackson
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Iris Escobar
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Samuel D Stegelmann
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Miguel A Perez-Pinzon
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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24
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The multifaceted contribution of α-ketoglutarate to tumor progression: An opportunity to exploit? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 98:26-33. [PMID: 31175937 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The thriving field that constitutes cancer metabolism has unveiled some groundbreaking facts over the past two decades, at the heart of which is the TCA cycle and its intermediates. As such and besides its metabolic role, α-ketoglutarate was shown to withstand a wide range of physiological reactions from protection against oxidative stress, collagen and bone maintenance to development and immunity. Most importantly, it constitutes the rate-limiting substrate of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases family enzymes, which are involved in hypoxia sensing and in the shaping of cellular epigenetic landscape, two major drivers of oncogenic transformation. Based on literature reports, we hereby review the benefits of this metabolite as a possible novel adjuvant therapeutic opportunity to target tumor progression. This article is part of the special issue "Mitochondrial metabolic alterations in cancer cells and related therapeutic targets".
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25
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Chipot C, Dehez F, Schnell JR, Zitzmann N, Pebay-Peyroula E, Catoire LJ, Miroux B, Kunji ERS, Veglia G, Cross TA, Schanda P. Perturbations of Native Membrane Protein Structure in Alkyl Phosphocholine Detergents: A Critical Assessment of NMR and Biophysical Studies. Chem Rev 2018; 118:3559-3607. [PMID: 29488756 PMCID: PMC5896743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins perform a host of vital cellular functions. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms whereby they fulfill these functions requires detailed biophysical and structural investigations. Detergents have proven pivotal to extract the protein from its native surroundings. Yet, they provide a milieu that departs significantly from that of the biological membrane, to the extent that the structure, the dynamics, and the interactions of membrane proteins in detergents may considerably vary, as compared to the native environment. Understanding the impact of detergents on membrane proteins is, therefore, crucial to assess the biological relevance of results obtained in detergents. Here, we review the strengths and weaknesses of alkyl phosphocholines (or foscholines), the most widely used detergent in solution-NMR studies of membrane proteins. While this class of detergents is often successful for membrane protein solubilization, a growing list of examples points to destabilizing and denaturing properties, in particular for α-helical membrane proteins. Our comprehensive analysis stresses the importance of stringent controls when working with this class of detergents and when analyzing the structure and dynamics of membrane proteins in alkyl phosphocholine detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Chipot
- SRSMC, UMR 7019 Université de Lorraine CNRS, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy F-54500, France
- Laboratoire
International Associé CNRS and University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy F-54506, France
- Department
of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - François Dehez
- SRSMC, UMR 7019 Université de Lorraine CNRS, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy F-54500, France
- Laboratoire
International Associé CNRS and University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy F-54506, France
| | - Jason R. Schnell
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | | | - Laurent J. Catoire
- Laboratory
of Biology and Physico-Chemistry of Membrane Proteins, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (IBPC), UMR
7099 CNRS, Paris 75005, France
- University
Paris Diderot, Paris 75005, France
- PSL
Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Bruno Miroux
- Laboratory
of Biology and Physico-Chemistry of Membrane Proteins, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (IBPC), UMR
7099 CNRS, Paris 75005, France
- University
Paris Diderot, Paris 75005, France
- PSL
Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Edmund R. S. Kunji
- Medical
Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluigi Veglia
- Department
of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, and Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy A. Cross
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Paul Schanda
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble F-38000, France
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26
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Colasante C, Zheng F, Kemp C, Voncken F. A plant-like mitochondrial carrier family protein facilitates mitochondrial transport of di- and tricarboxylates in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2018; 221:36-51. [PMID: 29581011 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The procyclic form of the human parasite Trypanosoma brucei harbors one single, large mitochondrion containing all tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes and respiratory chain complexes present also in higher eukaryotes. Metabolite exchange among subcellular compartments such as the cytoplasm, the mitochondrion, and the peroxisomes is crucial for redox homeostasis and for metabolic pathways whose enzymes are dispersed among different organelles. In higher eukaryotes, mitochondrial carrier family (MCF) proteins transport TCA-cycle intermediates across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Previously, we identified several MCF members that are essential for T. brucei survival. Among these, only one MCF protein, TbMCP12, potentially could transport dicarboxylates and tricarboxylates. Here, we conducted phylogenetic and sequence analyses and functionally characterised TbMCP12 in vivo. Our results suggested that similarly to its homologues in plants, TbMCP12 transports both dicarboxylates and tricarboxylates across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Deleting this carrier in T. brucei was not lethal, while its overexpression was deleterious. Our results suggest that the intracellular abundance of TbMCP12 is an important regulatory element for the NADPH balance and mitochondrial ATP-production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Colasante
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Medical Cell Biology, Aulweg 123, University of Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Fuli Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xue Yuan Road, Fu Zhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Cordula Kemp
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Voncken
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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27
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Iacobazzi V, Infantino V, Castegna A, Menga A, Palmieri EM, Convertini P, Palmieri F. Mitochondrial carriers in inflammation induced by bacterial endotoxin and cytokines. Biol Chem 2017; 398:303-317. [PMID: 27727142 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significant metabolic changes occur in the shift from resting to activated cellular status in inflammation. Thus, changes in expression of a large number of genes and extensive metabolic reprogramming gives rise to acquisition of new functions (e.g. production of cytokines, intermediates for biosynthesis, lipid mediators, PGE, ROS and NO). In this context, mitochondrial carriers, which catalyse the transport of solute across mitochondrial membrane, change their expression to transport mitochondrially produced molecules, among which citrate and succinate, to be used as intracellular signalling molecules in inflammation. This review summarises the mitochondrial carriers studied so far that are, directly or indirectly, involved in inflammation.
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28
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Curcio R, Muto L, Pierri CL, Montalto A, Lauria G, Onofrio A, Fiorillo M, Fiermonte G, Lunetti P, Vozza A, Capobianco L, Cappello AR, Dolce V. New insights about the structural rearrangements required for substrate translocation in the bovine mitochondrial oxoglutarate carrier. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1473-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Alpha-Ketoglutarate as a Molecule with Pleiotropic Activity: Well-Known and Novel Possibilities of Therapeutic Use. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 65:21-36. [PMID: 27326424 PMCID: PMC5274648 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), an endogenous intermediary metabolite in the Krebs cycle, is a molecule involved in multiple metabolic and cellular pathways. It functions as an energy donor, a precursor in the amino acid biosynthesis, a signalling molecule, as well as a regulator of epigenetic processes and cellular signalling via protein binding. AKG is an obligatory co-substrate for 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, which catalyse hydroxylation reactions on various types of substrates. It regulates the activity of prolyl-4 hydroxylase, which controls the biosynthesis of collagen, a component of bone tissue. AKG also affects the functioning of prolyl hydroxylases, which, in turn, influences the function of the hypoxia-inducible factor, an important transcription factor in cancer development and progression. Additionally, it affects the functioning of enzymes that influence epigenetic modifications of chromatin: ten-eleven translocation hydroxylases involved in DNA demethylation and the Jumonji C domain containing lysine demethylases, which are the major histone demethylases. Thus, it regulates gene expression. The metabolic and extrametabolic function of AKG in cells and the organism open many different fields for therapeutic interventions for treatment of diseases. This review presents the results of studies conducted with the use of AKG in states of protein deficiency and oxidative stress conditions. It also discusses current knowledge about AKG as an immunomodulatory agent and a bone anabolic factor. Additionally, the regulatory role of AKG and its structural analogues in carcinogenesis as well as the results of studies of AKG as an anticancer agent are discussed.
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30
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Salminen A, Kauppinen A, Kaarniranta K. 2-Oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases are sensors of energy metabolism, oxygen availability, and iron homeostasis: potential role in the regulation of aging process. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3897-914. [PMID: 26118662 PMCID: PMC11114064 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1978-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that the members of an ancient family of nonheme Fe(2+)/2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2-OGDO) are involved in the functions associated with the aging process. 2-Oxoglutarate and O2 are the obligatory substrates and Fe(2+) a cofactor in the activation of 2-OGDO enzymes, which can induce the hydroxylation of distinct proteins and the demethylation of DNA and histones. For instance, ten-eleven translocation 1-3 (TET1-3) are the demethylases of DNA, whereas Jumonji C domain-containing histone lysine demethylases (KDM2-7) are the major epigenetic regulators of chromatin landscape, known to be altered with aging. The functions of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylases (PHD1-3) as well as those of collagen hydroxylases are associated with age-related degeneration. Moreover, the ribosomal hydroxylase OGFOD1 controls mRNA translation, which is known to decline with aging. 2-OGDO enzymes are the sensors of energy metabolism, since the Krebs cycle intermediate 2-oxoglutarate is an activator whereas succinate and fumarate are the potent inhibitors of 2-OGDO enzymes. In addition, O2 availability and iron redox homeostasis control the activities of 2-OGDO enzymes in tissues. We will briefly elucidate the catalytic mechanisms of 2-OGDO enzymes and then review the potential functions of the above-mentioned 2-OGDO enzymes in the control of the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O.B. 100, 70029, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O.B. 100, 70029, Kuopio, Finland.
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31
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Monné M, Miniero DV, Daddabbo L, Palmieri L, Porcelli V, Palmieri F. Mitochondrial transporters for ornithine and related amino acids: a review. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1763-77. [PMID: 26002808 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1990-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Among the members of the mitochondrial carrier family, there are transporters that catalyze the translocation of ornithine and related substrates, such as arginine, homoarginine, lysine, histidine, and citrulline, across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The mitochondrial carriers ORC1, ORC2, and SLC25A29 from Homo sapiens, BAC1 and BAC2 from Arabidopsis thaliana, and Ort1p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been biochemically characterized by transport assays in liposomes. All of them transport ornithine and amino acids with side chains terminating at least with one amine. There are, however, marked differences in their substrate specificities including their affinity for ornithine (KM values in the mM to μM range). These differences are most likely reflected by minor differences in the substrate binding sites of these carriers. The physiological role of the above-mentioned mitochondrial carriers is to link several metabolic pathways that take place partly in the cytosol and partly in the mitochondrial matrix and to provide basic amino acids for mitochondrial translation. In the liver, human ORC1 catalyzes the citrulline/ornithine exchange across the mitochondrial inner membrane, which is required for the urea cycle. Human ORC1, ORC2, and SLC25A29 are likely to be involved in the biosynthesis and transport of arginine, which can be used as a precursor for the synthesis of NO, agmatine, polyamines, creatine, glutamine, glutamate, and proline, as well as in the degradation of basic amino acids. BAC1 and BAC2 are implicated in some processes similar to those of their human counterparts and in nitrogen and amino acid metabolism linked to stress conditions and the development of plants. Ort1p is involved in the biosynthesis of arginine and polyamines in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Monné
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
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32
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Salminen A, Haapasalo A, Kauppinen A, Kaarniranta K, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. Impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: Impact on pathogenesis via disturbed epigenetic regulation of chromatin landscape. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:1-20. [PMID: 26001589 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) was proposed over twenty years ago. However, the mechanisms of neurodegeneration and synaptic loss have remained elusive delaying the effective drug discovery. Recent studies have revealed that amyloid-β peptides as well as phosphorylated and fragmented tau proteins accumulate within mitochondria. This process triggers mitochondrial fission (fragmentation) and disturbs Krebs cycle function e.g. by inhibiting the activity of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase. Oxidative stress, hypoxia and calcium imbalance also disrupt the function of Krebs cycle in AD brains. Recent studies on epigenetic regulation have revealed that Krebs cycle intermediates control DNA and histone methylation as well as histone acetylation and thus they have fundamental roles in gene expression. DNA demethylases (TET1-3) and histone lysine demethylases (KDM2-7) are included in the family of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases (2-OGDO). Interestingly, 2-oxoglutarate is the obligatory substrate of 2-OGDO enzymes, whereas succinate and fumarate are the inhibitors of these enzymes. Moreover, citrate can stimulate histone acetylation via acetyl-CoA production. Epigenetic studies have revealed that AD is associated with changes in DNA methylation and histone acetylation patterns. However, the epigenetic results of different studies are inconsistent but one possibility is that they represent both coordinated adaptive responses and uncontrolled stochastic changes, which provoke pathogenesis in affected neurons. Here, we will review the changes observed in mitochondrial dynamics and Krebs cycle function associated with AD, and then clarify the mechanisms through which mitochondrial metabolites can control the epigenetic landscape of chromatin and induce pathological changes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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33
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Monné M, Palmieri F. Antiporters of the mitochondrial carrier family. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2014; 73:289-320. [PMID: 24745987 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800223-0.00008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic transport protein family SLC25 consists of mitochondrial carriers (MCs) that are recognized on the sequence level by a threefold repeated and conserved signature motif. The majority of MCs characterized so far catalyzes strict exchanges of substrates across the mitochondrial inner membrane. The substrates are nucleotides, metabolic intermediates, and cofactors that are required in cytoplasmic and matrix metabolism. This review summarizes and discusses the current knowledge of the antiport mechanism(s) of MCs that has been deduced from determining transport characteristics and by analyzing structural, sequence, and mutagenesis data. The mode of transport varies among different MCs with respect to how the substrate translocation depends on the electrical and pH gradients across the mitochondrial inner membrane, for example, the ADP/ATP carrier is electrogenic (electrophoretic), the GTP/GDP carrier is dependent on the pH gradient, the aspartate/glutamate carrier is dependent on both, and the oxoglutarate/malate carrier is independent of them. The structure of the bovine ADP/ATP carrier consists of a six-transmembrane α-helix bundle with a pseudo-threefold symmetry and a closed matrix gate. By using this structure as a template in homology modeling, residues engaged in substrate binding and the formation of a cytoplasmic gate in MCs have been proposed. The functional importance of the residues of the binding site, the matrix, and the cytoplasmic gates is supported by transport activities of different MCs with single point mutations. Cumulative evidence has been used to postulate a general transport mechanism for MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Monné
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy; Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Pandey A, Pain J, Ghosh AK, Dancis A, Pain D. Fe-S cluster biogenesis in isolated mammalian mitochondria: coordinated use of persulfide sulfur and iron and requirements for GTP, NADH, and ATP. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:640-57. [PMID: 25398879 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.610402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are essential cofactors, and mitochondria contain several Fe-S proteins, including the [4Fe-4S] protein aconitase and the [2Fe-2S] protein ferredoxin. Fe-S cluster assembly of these proteins occurs within mitochondria. Although considerable data exist for yeast mitochondria, this biosynthetic process has never been directly demonstrated in mammalian mitochondria. Using [(35)S]cysteine as the source of sulfur, here we show that mitochondria isolated from Cath.A-derived cells, a murine neuronal cell line, can synthesize and insert new Fe-(35)S clusters into aconitase and ferredoxins. The process requires GTP, NADH, ATP, and iron, and hydrolysis of both GTP and ATP is necessary. Importantly, we have identified the (35)S-labeled persulfide on the NFS1 cysteine desulfurase as a genuine intermediate en route to Fe-S cluster synthesis. In physiological settings, the persulfide sulfur is released from NFS1 and transferred to a scaffold protein, where it combines with iron to form an Fe-S cluster intermediate. We found that the release of persulfide sulfur from NFS1 requires iron, showing that the use of iron and sulfur for the synthesis of Fe-S cluster intermediates is a highly coordinated process. The release of persulfide sulfur also requires GTP and NADH, probably mediated by a GTPase and a reductase, respectively. ATP, a cofactor for a multifunctional Hsp70 chaperone, is not required at this step. The experimental system described here may help to define the biochemical basis of diseases that are associated with impaired Fe-S cluster biogenesis in mitochondria, such as Friedreich ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Pandey
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07101 and
| | - Jayashree Pain
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07101 and
| | - Arnab K Ghosh
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07101 and
| | - Andrew Dancis
- the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Debkumar Pain
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07101 and
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Dolce V, Cappello AR, Capobianco L. Mitochondrial tricarboxylate and dicarboxylate-tricarboxylate carriers: from animals to plants. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:462-71. [PMID: 25045044 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The citrate carrier (CiC), characteristic of animals, and the dicarboxylate-tricarboxylate carrier (DTC), characteristic of plants and protozoa, belong to the mitochondrial carrier protein family whose members are responsible for the exchange of metabolites, cofactors, and nucleotides between the cytoplasm and the mitochondrial matrix. Most of the functional data on these transporters are obtained from the studies performed with the protein purified from rat, eel yeast, and maize mitochondria or recombinant proteins from different sources incorporated into phospholipid vesicles (liposomes). The functional data indicate that CiC is responsible for the efflux of acetyl-CoA from the mitochondria to the cytosol in the form of citrate, the primer for fatty acid, cholesterol synthesis, and histone acetylation. Like the CiC, the citrate exported by DTC from the mitochondria to the cytosol in exchange for oxaloacetate can be cleaved by citrate lyase to acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate and used for fatty acid elongation and isoprenoid synthesis. In addition to its role in fatty acid synthesis, CiC is involved in other processes such as gluconeogenesis, insulin secretion, inflammation, and cancer progression, whereas DTC is involved in the production of glycerate, nitrogen assimilation, ripening of fruits, ATP synthesis, and sustaining of respiratory flux in fruit cells. This review provides an assessment of the current understanding of CiC and DTC structural and biochemical characteristics, underlying the structure-function relationship of these carriers. Furthermore, a phylogenetic relationship between CiC and DTC is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Dolce
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende Cosenza, Italy
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Hiltunen M, Kauppinen A. Krebs cycle dysfunction shapes epigenetic landscape of chromatin: Novel insights into mitochondrial regulation of aging process. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1598-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Salminen A, Kauppinen A, Hiltunen M, Kaarniranta K. Krebs cycle intermediates regulate DNA and histone methylation: epigenetic impact on the aging process. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 16:45-65. [PMID: 24910305 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Many aging theories have proposed that mitochondria and energy metabolism have a major role in the aging process. There are recent studies indicating that Krebs cycle intermediates can shape the epigenetic landscape of chromatin by regulating DNA and histone methylation. A growing evidence indicates that epigenetics plays an important role in the regulation of healthspan but also is involved in the aging process. 2-Oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) is a key metabolite in the Krebs cycle but it is also an obligatory substrate for 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2-OGDO). The 2-OGDO enzyme family includes the major enzymes of DNA and histone demethylation, i.e. Ten-Eleven Translocation (TETs) and Jumonji C domain containing (JmjC) demethylases. In addition, 2-OGDO members can regulate collagen synthesis and hypoxic responses in a non-epigenetical manner. Interestingly, succinate and fumarate, also Krebs cycle intermediates, are potent inhibitors of 2-OGDO enzymes, i.e. the balance of Krebs cycle reactions can affect the level of DNA and histone methylation and thus control gene expression. We will review the epigenetic mechanisms through which Krebs cycle intermediates control the DNA and histone methylation. We propose that age-related disturbances in the Krebs cycle function induce stochastic epigenetic changes in chromatin structures which in turn promote the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1777, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1777, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1777, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1777, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Abstract
Glutamate in neurons is an important excitatory neurotransmitter, but it also is a key metabolite. We investigated how glutamate in a neural tissue is protected from catabolism. Flux analysis using (13)C-labeled fuels revealed that retinas use activities of the malate aspartate shuttle to protect >98% of their glutamate from oxidation in mitochondria. Isolation of glutamate from the oxidative pathway relies on cytosolic NADH/NAD(+), which is influenced by extracellular glucose, lactate, and pyruvate.
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