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Salvator H, Mahlaoui N, Suarez F, Marcais A, Longchampt E, Tcherakian C, Givel C, Chabrol A, Caradec E, Lortholary O, Lanternier F, Goyard C, Couderc LJ, Catherinot E. [Pulmonary complications of Chronic Granulomatous Disease]. Rev Mal Respir 2024; 41:156-170. [PMID: 38272769 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Chronic Granulomatosis Disease (CGD) is an inherited immune deficiency due to a mutation in the genes coding for the subunits of the NADPH oxidase enzyme that affects the oxidative capacity of phagocytic cells. It is characterized by increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections, particularly Aspergillus, as well as complications associated with hyperinflammation and granulomatous tissue infiltration. There exist two types of frequently encountered pulmonary manifestations: (1) due to their being initially pauci-symptomatic, possibly life-threatening infectious complications are often discovered at a late stage. Though their incidence has decreased through systematic anti-bacterial and anti-fungal prophylaxis, they remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality; (2) inflammatory complications consist in persistent granulomatous mass or interstitial pneumoniae, eventually requiring immunosuppressive treatment. Pulmonary complications recurring since infancy generate parenchymal and bronchial sequelae that impact functional prognosis. Hematopoietic stem cell allograft is a curative treatment; it is arguably life-sustaining and may limit the morbidity of the disease. As a result of improved pediatric management, life expectancy has increased dramatically. That said, new challenges have appeared with regard to adults: difficulties of compliance, increased inflammatory manifestations, acquired resistance to anti-infectious therapies. These different developments underscore the importance of the transition period and the need for multidisciplinary management.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Salvator
- Service de pneumologie, hôpital Foch, 40, rue Worth, 92150 Suresnes, France; UMR0892 VIM-Suresnes Inrae, université Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France; Faculté de Sciences de la Vie Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.
| | - N Mahlaoui
- Centre de référence déficits immunitaires héréditaires (CEREDIH), hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, institut Imagine, université Paris Cité, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Service d'hématologie-immunologie et rhumatologie pédiatrique, hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - F Suarez
- Centre de référence déficits immunitaires héréditaires (CEREDIH), hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, institut Imagine, université Paris Cité, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Service d'hématologie adultes, hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, université Paris Cité, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - A Marcais
- Service d'hématologie adultes, hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, université Paris Cité, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - E Longchampt
- Service d'anatomopathologie, hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - C Tcherakian
- Service de pneumologie, hôpital Foch, 40, rue Worth, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - C Givel
- Service de pneumologie, hôpital Foch, 40, rue Worth, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - A Chabrol
- Service de pneumologie, hôpital Foch, 40, rue Worth, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - E Caradec
- Service de pneumologie, hôpital Foch, 40, rue Worth, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - O Lortholary
- Service de maladies infectieuses, hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Centre national de référence des mycoses invasives et antifongiques, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, unite mixté de recherche (UMR) 2000, Institut Pasteur, université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - F Lanternier
- Service de maladies infectieuses, hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Centre national de référence des mycoses invasives et antifongiques, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, unite mixté de recherche (UMR) 2000, Institut Pasteur, université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - C Goyard
- Service de pneumologie, hôpital Foch, 40, rue Worth, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - L J Couderc
- Service de pneumologie, hôpital Foch, 40, rue Worth, 92150 Suresnes, France; UMR0892 VIM-Suresnes Inrae, université Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | - E Catherinot
- Service de pneumologie, hôpital Foch, 40, rue Worth, 92150 Suresnes, France
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Krzyzanowski D, Oszer A, Madzio J, Zdunek M, Kolodrubiec J, Urbanski B, Mlynarski W, Janczar S. The paradox of autoimmunity and autoinflammation in inherited neutrophil disorders - in search of common patterns. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1128581. [PMID: 37350970 PMCID: PMC10283154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1128581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital defects of neutrophil number or function are associated with a severe infectious phenotype that may require intensive medical attention and interventions to be controlled. While the infectious complications in inherited neutrophil disorders are easily understood much less clear and explained are autoimmune and autoinflammatory phenomena. We survey the clinical burden of autoimmunity/autoinflammation in this setting, search for common patterns, discuss potential mechanisms and emerging treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Krzyzanowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Oszer
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Madzio
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Zdunek
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Julia Kolodrubiec
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Urbanski
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Mlynarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Szymon Janczar
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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3
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Hays LMC, Black M, Prunty MP, Murthy S, van de Veerdonk FL, Annane D, Binnie A, Burrell A, Derde LPG, Gordon AC, Green C, Guillon A, Keat K, Lawler PR, Lye DC, Mayr FB, McArthur CJ, McAuley DF, McVerry BJ, Morpeth SC, Phua J, Pletz M, Reyes LF, Saxena M, Seppelt I, Shankar-Hari M, Sligl WI, Turner AM, Uyeki TM, Vazquez-Grande G, Webb SA, Ainscough K, P Haren A, Hills T, Nichol A. Could treatment with immunomodulatory agents targeting IL-1, IL-6, or JAK signalling improve outcomes in patients with severe influenza pneumonia? A systematic and narrative review. HRB Open Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.13613.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Influenza is a global cause of morbidity and mortality and a significant risk for a future pandemic infection. Host hyperinflammation, similar to that seen in COVID-19, may occur in response to influenza virus pneumonia, with Janus kinase (JAK) signalling and proinflammatory cytokines Interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 involved. Immune modulation treatment of hospitalised and critically ill COVID-19 patients, including with IL-6 and JAK inhibitors, has been found to be beneficial. Significant interest exists in the use of immunomodulatory agents targeting these pathways in the treatment of severe influenza pneumonia. Methods: We conducted a review with both systematic and narrative methods to assess whether, in patients with severe influenza pneumonia, treatment with immunomodulatory agents targeting IL-1, IL-6 or JAK signalling, in comparison to no immune modulation, is beneficial and improves clinical outcomes. Results: Our systematic search screened 5409 records and found no randomised controlled trials of IL-1, IL-6 or JAK immunomodulatory agents in patients with severe influenza pneumonia. To support this systematic search, we provide a narrative review of the biological rationale, previous use of these agents, including in hospitalised patients with COVID-19, and an overview of their safety profiles. Conclusions: Although immune modulation has proven successful in treating hospitalised and critically ill patients with COVID-19 and a biological rationale exists for testing these agents in influenza, no agents targeting IL-1, IL-6 or JAK signalling have been assessed in randomised controlled trials of patients with severe influenza pneumonia. This highlights a significant evidence gap.
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Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a child with chronic granulomatous disease: A rare complication of a rare disorder. Med J Armed Forces India 2022; 78:99-102. [PMID: 35035051 PMCID: PMC8737091 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency disorder (PID) of phagocytic cells resulting in failure to eradicate catalase positive microorganisms like Staphylococci and fungal infections; due to deficiency or malfunction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase subunits in phagocytic leucocytes. We illustrate here one such case; a six year old girl who was admitted in our hospital with history of prolonged fever, non resolving bilateral otitis media and recurrent pneumonia. She was evaluated for an underlying PID and was found to have CGD based on Nitro blue Tetrazolium (NBT) Slide Test and flow cytometric Dihydrorhodamine (DHR) assay. The child was symptomatic despite initial treatment with first-line followed by second-line antibiotics. During the course of current systemic infection, she also developed infection-associated secondary Hemophagocytic Lympho Histiocytosis (HLH) as suggested by her clinical and laboratory parameters. Despite a thorough search, no microorganism could be isolated and so she was treated with empircal antibiotic therapy comprising of meropenem, linezolid and an antifungal. Fever resolved with gradual improvement of laboratory parameters and finally spontaneous resolution of HLH. We conclude that a high index of suspicion for PID is required in a child with recurrent infections. Identification of underlying infectious agent should be attempted to start targeted antimicrobial therapy; both to prevent as well as cure infection associated secondary HLH.
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Marzollo A, Conti F, Rossini L, Rivalta B, Leonardi L, Tretti C, Tosato F, Chiriaco M, Ursu GM, Natalucci CT, Martella M, Borghesi A, Mancini C, Ciolfi A, di Matteo G, Tartaglia M, Cancrini C, Dotta A, Biffi A, Finocchi A, Bresolin S. Neonatal Manifestations of Chronic Granulomatous Disease: MAS/HLH and Necrotizing Pneumonia as Unusual Phenotypes and Review of the Literature. J Clin Immunol 2021; 42:299-311. [PMID: 34718934 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inborn error of immunity (IEI), characterized by a deficient phagocyte killing due to the inability of NADPH oxidase to produce reactive oxygen species in the phagosome. Patients with CGD suffer from severe and recurrent infections and chronic inflammatory disorders. Onset of CGD has been rarely reported in neonates and only as single case reports or small case series. We report here the cases of three newborns from two different kindreds, presenting with novel infectious and inflammatory phenotypes associated with CGD. A girl with CYBA deficiency presented with necrotizing pneumonia, requiring a prolonged antibiotic treatment and resulting in fibrotic pulmonary changes. From the second kindred, the first of two brothers developed a fatal Burkholderia multivorans sepsis and died at 24 days of life. His younger brother had a diagnosis of CYBB deficiency and presented with Macrophage Activation Syndrome/Hemophagocytic Lympho-Histiocytosis (MAS/HLH) without any infection, that could be controlled with steroids. We further report the findings of a review of the literature and show that the spectrum of microorganisms causing infections in neonates with CGD is similar to that of older patients, but the clinical manifestations are more diverse, especially those related to the inflammatory syndromes. Our findings extend the spectrum of the clinical presentation of CGD to include unusual neonatal phenotypes. The recognition of the very early, potentially life-threatening manifestations of CGD is crucial for a prompt diagnosis, improvement of survival and reduction of the risk of long-term sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Marzollo
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Division, Padua University Hospital, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128, Padua, Italy. .,Fondazione Citta' Della Speranza, Istituto Di Ricerca Pediatrica, Via Ricerca Scientifica, 4, 35127, Padua, Italy.
| | - Francesca Conti
- Pediatric Unit-IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Linda Rossini
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Division, Padua University Hospital, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Beatrice Rivalta
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Leonardi
- Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Tretti
- Maternal and Child Health Department, Padua University, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Tosato
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, PD, Italy
| | - Maria Chiriaco
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Tea Natalucci
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Division, Padua University Hospital, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Maddalena Martella
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Division, Padua University Hospital, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Borghesi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Mancini
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciolfi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gigliola di Matteo
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Dotta
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Biffi
- Maternal and Child Health Department, Padua University, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Bresolin
- Maternal and Child Health Department, Padua University, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128, Padua, Italy
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6
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Castano-Jaramillo LM, Yamazaki-Nakashimada MA, O'Farrill-Romanillos PM, Muzquiz Zermeño D, Scheffler Mendoza SC, Venegas Montoya E, García Campos JA, Sánchez-Sánchez LM, Gámez González LB, Ramírez López JM, Bustamante Ogando JC, Vásquez-Echeverri E, Medina Torres EA, Lopez-Herrera G, Blancas Galicia L, Berrón Ruiz L, Staines-Boone AT, Espinosa-Padilla SE, Segura Mendez NH, Lugo Reyes SO. COVID-19 in the Context of Inborn Errors of Immunity: a Case Series of 31 Patients from Mexico. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:1463-1478. [PMID: 34114122 PMCID: PMC8191444 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) have a compromised or inappropriate immune response. Although they might be considered a high-risk group for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, the reported impact of COVID-19 in these patients has been reassuring, while the differential susceptibility of distinct types of IEI remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to describe the findings and outcomes of our known patients with IEI who were diagnosed with COVID-19. METHODS In a retrospective study from March 2020 to February 2021, four centers in Mexico collected clinical, laboratory, and genetic data from pediatric and adult patients with known diagnoses of IEI who presented with COVID-19, based on compatible symptoms and positive SARS-CoV-2 testing or known household exposure. RESULTS We report 31 patients with known IEI from Mexico who presented with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Seventy-four percent were male, 52% were pediatric, and 81% survived. Their ages ranged from 5 months to 56 years, with a median of 17 years. Sixty-five percent had predominant antibody deficiencies, 48% were hospitalized, and 26% required ICU. Pediatric patients had a higher hospital admission rate than adults. Inpatient mortality was 40%, and ICU mortality rate was 63%. Forty-eight percent developed pneumonia, while 36% had evidence of hyperinflammation (4 adults and 7 children). Predominant laboratory features were lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia, seen in 70 and 44% of patients, respectively. The serum D-dimer median value was 2.6 (0.5-20.6) μg/mL, and the median highest ferritin value was 1015 (32-10,303) ng/mL. Intravenous immunoglobulin was used in 80% of patients. Other treatments included macrolides (39%) and corticosteroids (29%). Six patients died from secondary infection or uncontrolled systemic inflammation. DISCUSSION Although impaired immunity due to IEI may be a predisposing factor for severe COVID-19, most of our patients with IEI who acquired the SARS-CoV-2 infection developed a well-tolerated infection and survived, as have more than 80% of worldwide reported patients to date. An impaired immune or inflammatory response may be a predisposing factor for some and a protective factor for others. A systematic review of the literature could help identify those patients at risk of severe disease and complications. Healthcare-associated infections should be aggressively prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patricia M O'Farrill-Romanillos
- Allergy and Immunology Department, Hospital de Especialidades, National Medical Center, Siglo XXI" IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Edna Venegas Montoya
- Immunology Service, Hospital de Especialidades UMAE 25 IMSS, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | | | | | - Luisa B Gámez González
- Clinical Immunology Service, Hospital Infantil Especialidades de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | | | - Juan Carlos Bustamante Ogando
- Immune Deficiencies Lab., National Institute of Pediatrics, Av Iman 1, Torre de Investigacion Piso 9, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacan, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Estefanía Vásquez-Echeverri
- Immune Deficiencies Lab., National Institute of Pediatrics, Av Iman 1, Torre de Investigacion Piso 9, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacan, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Alejandro Medina Torres
- Immune Deficiencies Lab., National Institute of Pediatrics, Av Iman 1, Torre de Investigacion Piso 9, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacan, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Lopez-Herrera
- Immune Deficiencies Lab., National Institute of Pediatrics, Av Iman 1, Torre de Investigacion Piso 9, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacan, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lizbeth Blancas Galicia
- Immune Deficiencies Lab., National Institute of Pediatrics, Av Iman 1, Torre de Investigacion Piso 9, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacan, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Berrón Ruiz
- Immune Deficiencies Lab., National Institute of Pediatrics, Av Iman 1, Torre de Investigacion Piso 9, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacan, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Sara Elva Espinosa-Padilla
- Immune Deficiencies Lab., National Institute of Pediatrics, Av Iman 1, Torre de Investigacion Piso 9, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacan, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nora Hilda Segura Mendez
- Allergy and Immunology Department, Hospital de Especialidades, National Medical Center, Siglo XXI" IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Saul O Lugo Reyes
- Immune Deficiencies Lab., National Institute of Pediatrics, Av Iman 1, Torre de Investigacion Piso 9, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacan, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Squire JD, Vazquez SN, Chan A, Smith ME, Chellapandian D, Vose L, Teppa B, Hanson IC, Chinn IK, Forbes-Satter L, Seeborg FO, Nicholas SK, Martinez CA, Allen CE, Connors TJ, Satwani P, Shtessel M, Ale H, Noroski LM, Rider NL, Milner JD, Leiding JW. Case Report: Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis With Disseminated Infection in Chronic Granulomatous Disease-A Serious Cause of Mortality. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581475. [PMID: 33362767 PMCID: PMC7756012 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immune deficiency due to defects in phagocyte respiratory burst leading to severe and life-threatening infections. Patients with CGD also suffer from disorders of inflammation and immune dysregulation including colitis and granulomatous lung disease, among others. Additionally, patients with CGD may be at increased risk of systemic inflammatory disorders such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). The presentation of HLH often overlaps with symptoms of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis and therefore can be difficult to identify, especially in patients with a primary immune deficiency in which incidence of infection is increased. Thorough evaluation and empiric treatment for bacterial and fungal infections is necessary as HLH in CGD is almost always secondary to infection. Simultaneous treatment of infection with anti-microbials and inflammation with immunosuppression may be needed to blunt the hyperinflammatory response in secondary HLH. Herein, we present a series of X-linked CGD patients who developed HLH secondary to or with concurrent disseminated CGD-related infection. In two patients, CGD was a known diagnosis prior to development of HLH and in the other two CGD was diagnosed as part of the evaluation for HLH. Concurrent infection and HLH were fatal in three; one case was successfully treated, ultimately receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The current literature on presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of HLH in CGD is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline D Squire
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Stephanie N Vazquez
- Graduate Medical Education, Memorial Healthcare System, Hollywood, FL, United States
| | - Angela Chan
- Division of Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michele E Smith
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Deepak Chellapandian
- Blood and Marrow Transplant, Johns Hopkins-All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Laura Vose
- Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins-All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Beatriz Teppa
- Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins-All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - I Celine Hanson
- Sections of Immunology Allergy and Retrovirology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ivan K Chinn
- Sections of Immunology Allergy and Retrovirology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lisa Forbes-Satter
- Sections of Immunology Allergy and Retrovirology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Filiz O Seeborg
- Sections of Immunology Allergy and Retrovirology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sarah K Nicholas
- Sections of Immunology Allergy and Retrovirology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Caridad A Martinez
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children's Hospital Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Carl E Allen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children's Hospital Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Thomas J Connors
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Prakash Satwani
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Shtessel
- Division of Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hanadys Ale
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, FL, United States
| | - Lenora M Noroski
- Sections of Immunology Allergy and Retrovirology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nicholas L Rider
- Sections of Immunology Allergy and Retrovirology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Division of Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer W Leiding
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
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8
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Vignesh P, Loganathan SK, Sudhakar M, Chaudhary H, Rawat A, Sharma M, Shekar A, Vaiphei K, Kumar N, Singh Sachdeva MU, Jindal AK, Suri D, Gupta A, Ray P, Imai K, Ohara O, Nonoyama S, Lau YL, Singh S. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Children with Chronic Granulomatous Disease-Single-Center Experience from North India. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2020; 9:771-782.e3. [PMID: 33259975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited defect in components of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase complex that results in potential life-threatening infective and noninfective complications. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an unusual but important inflammatory complication of CGD. Optimal management strategies have not yet been identified in children with CGD who develop HLH. OBJECTIVE To analyze clinical and laboratory features of HLH in CGD from a tertiary-care center in North India. METHODS A retrospective review of medical records of children with CGD diagnosed in the last 20 years was performed. Clinical and laboratory features of children with CGD who developed HLH were analyzed. RESULTS Of 80 patients diagnosed with CGD, 5 (6.25%) had evidence of HLH. All 5 were males; 4 had X-linked CGD and 1 had autosomal recessive CGD (NCF2 defect). Two children with CGD had HLH as the predominant presenting manifestation mimicking the clinical presentation of congenital HLH. Infectious triggers identified were bloodstream infections (n = 3) (Candida albicans, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Francisella noatuensis), pneumonia (n = 4), and splenic abscess (n = 1). We document the first human infection with a fish pathogen, F. noatuensis, in a child with X-linked CGD. Although mortality was seen in 3 children who received only intravenous (IV) immunoglobulin therapy, the other 2 who received IV methylprednisolone pulse therapy survived. CONCLUSION HLH can be a presenting manifestation of CGD, and workup for CGD must be considered in children with HLH. Early recognition with optimal management of both infectious trigger and HLH is very important to prevent mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandiarajan Vignesh
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sathish Kumar Loganathan
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Murugan Sudhakar
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Himanshi Chaudhary
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Rawat
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Megha Sharma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aravind Shekar
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kim Vaiphei
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Narender Kumar
- Department of Hematology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Man-Updesh Singh Sachdeva
- Department of Hematology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankur Kumar Jindal
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepti Suri
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anju Gupta
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pallab Ray
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kohsuke Imai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Nonoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yu Lung Lau
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Surjit Singh
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Prince BT, Thielen BK, Williams KW, Kellner ES, Arnold DE, Cosme-Blanco W, Redmond MT, Hartog NL, Chong HJ, Holland SM. Geographic Variability and Pathogen-Specific Considerations in the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Granulomatous Disease. Pediatric Health Med Ther 2020; 11:257-268. [PMID: 32801991 PMCID: PMC7383027 DOI: 10.2147/phmt.s254253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare but serious primary immunodeficiency with varying prevalence and rates of X-linked and autosomal recessive disease worldwide. Functional defects in the phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase complex predispose patients to a relatively narrow spectrum of bacterial and fungal infections that are sometimes fastidious and often difficult to identify. When evaluating and treating patients with CGD, it is important to consider their native country of birth, climate, and living situation, which may predispose them to types of infections that are atypical to your routine practice. In addition to recurrent and often severe infections, patients with CGD and X-linked female carriers are also susceptible to developing many non-infectious complications including tissue granuloma formation and autoimmunity. The DHR-123 oxidation assay is the gold standard for making the diagnosis and it along with genetic testing can help predict the severity and prognosis in patients with CGD. Disease management focuses on prophylaxis with antibacterial, antifungal, and immunomodulatory medications, prompt identification and treatment of acute infections, and prevention of secondary granulomatous complications. While hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation is the only widely available curative treatment for patients with CGD, recent advances in gene therapy may provide a safer, more direct alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Prince
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Beth K Thielen
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kelli W Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Erinn S Kellner
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Danielle E Arnold
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wilfredo Cosme-Blanco
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Veteran Affairs Caribbean Healthcare System, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Margaret T Redmond
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas L Hartog
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Spectrum Health Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Hey J Chong
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven M Holland
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Langer S, Radhakrishnan N, Pradhan S, Das J, Saraf A, Kotwal J. Clinical and Laboratory Profiles of 17 Cases of Chronic Granulomatous Disease in North India. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2020; 37:45-51. [PMID: 33707834 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-020-01316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary immune deficiency disorder is often suspected in children with recurrent deep seated and fungal infections and those admitted to pediatric intensive care units. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is inherited disorder leading to infections caused due to defective superoxide production. Cases referred for testing for a primary immunodeficiency disorder were tested for Dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) assay by flow cytometry and nitroblue tetrazolium dye (NBT) slide test. The unstimulated and stimulated samples were tested for oxidative burst activity which gives bright fluorescence due to formation of Rhodamine 123 on flow cytometry and blue formazan pigment in NBT slide test. The test results were reported in real time. From a total of 330 patients screened for chronic granulomatous disease using DHR and NBT slide test, 17 patients (5.1%) were found to have CGD. These included 12 boys and 5 girls. They presented with deep seated infections, recurrent and multiple abscess, recurrent pneumonia and granulomatous lymphadenitis. The causative organisms were Mycobacteriae, Staphylococcus, Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas, Aspergillus and Cytomegalovirus. In 6 out of 17 positive cases family studies were carried out. On follow up five children succumbed to disease, two patients underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplant, the chimerism status was demonstrated by repeat DHR assay at day 50 post-transplant. Rest are in follow up under prophylactic antibiotics and supportive care. As facilities for molecular testing are not easily available for primary immuno deficiency disorders, flow cytometry based clinical laboratories can help to screen for some of the frequently suspected disorders like chronic granulomatous disease. This has aided in paediatric care in our centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Langer
- Sir Ganga Rama Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060 India
| | | | - Soma Pradhan
- Sir Ganga Rama Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060 India
| | - Jasmita Das
- Sir Ganga Rama Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060 India
| | - Amrita Saraf
- Department of Haematology and Clinical Pathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060 India
| | - Jyoti Kotwal
- Department of Haematology and Clinical Pathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060 India
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11
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Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency of phagocyte function due to defective NADPH oxidase (phox). Compared with the common types of CYBB/gp91phox, NCF1/p47phox, and CYBA/p22phox deficiency, NCF4/p40phox deficiency is a mild and atypical form of CGD without invasive bacterial or fungal infections. It can be diagnosed using serum-opsonized E.coli as a stimulus in dihydrorhodamine (DHR) assay. Patients with CYBC1/Eros deficiency, a new and rare form of CGD, present as loss of respiratory burst and gp91phox expression in phagocytes. Neutrophils from patients with CGD are deficient in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETosis), autophagy, and apoptosis. The hyper-activation of NF-ĸB and inflammasome in CGD phagocytes also lead to long-lasting production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory manifestations, such as granuloma formation and inflammatory bowel disease-like colitis. Patients with CGD and X-linked female carriers also have a higher incidence of autoimmune diseases. The implementation of antimicrobial, anti-fungal, and interferon-γ prophylaxis has greatly improved overall survival. Residual NADPH oxidase activity is significantly associated with disease severity and the chance of survival of the patient. New therapeutic approaches using immunomodulators for CGD-related inflammatory manifestations are under investigation, including pioglitazone, tamoxifen, and rapamycin. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the curative treatment. Outcomes of HSCT have improved substantially over the last decade with overall survival more than 84-90%, but there are debates about designing optimal conditioning protocols using myeloablative or reduced-intensity regimens. The gene therapy for X-linked CGD using hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells transduced ex vivo by lentiviral vector encoding the human gp91phox gene demonstrated persistence of adequate oxidase-positive neutrophils in a small number of patients. Gene therapy using genome-editing technology such as CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases is a promising approach for patients with CGD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hui Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsu Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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12
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The genetics of macrophage activation syndrome. Genes Immun 2020; 21:169-181. [PMID: 32291394 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-020-0098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), or secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), is a cytokine storm syndrome associated with multi-organ system dysfunction and high mortality rates. Laboratory and clinical features resemble primary HLH, which arises in infancy (1 in 50,000 live births) from homozygous mutations in various genes critical to the perforin-mediated cytolytic pathway employed by NK cells and cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes. MAS/secondary HLH is about ten times more common and typically presents beyond infancy extending into adulthood. The genetics of MAS are far less defined than for familial HLH. However, the distinction between familial HLH and MAS/secondary HLH is blurred by the finding of heterozygous perforin-pathway mutations in MAS patients, which may function as hypomorphic or partial dominant-negative alleles and contribute to disease pathogenesis. In addition, mutations in a variety of other pathogenic pathways have been noted in patients with MAS/secondary HLH. Many of these genetically disrupted pathways result in a similar cytokine storm syndrome, and can be broadly categorized as impaired viral control (e.g., SH2P1A), dysregulated inflammasome activity (e.g., NLRC4), other immune defects (e.g., IKBKG), and dysregulated metabolism (e.g., LIPA). Collectively these genetic lesions likely combine with states of chronic inflammation, as seen in various rheumatic diseases (e.g., still disease), with or without identified infections, to result in MAS pathology as explained by the threshold model of disease. This emerging paradigm may ultimately support genetic risk stratification for high-risk chronic and even acute inflammatory disorders. Moving forward, continued whole-exome and -genome sequencing will likely identify novel MAS gene associations, as well as noncoding mutations altering levels of gene expression.
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13
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Wei A, Ma H, Zhang L, Li Z, Zhang Q, Wang D, Zhang L, Lian H, Zhang R, Wang T. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis resulting from a cytokine storm triggered by septicemia in a child with chronic granuloma disease: a case report and literature review. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:100. [PMID: 32126983 PMCID: PMC7053071 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-1996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare potentially fatal illness characterized by impaired natural killer and cytotoxic T cell function. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited immune deficiency caused by a defect in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex. CGD patients display an increased susceptibility to infection with bacteria and fungi. Repeated infections lead to an increased risk for developing HLH. The case of CGD with repeated Salmonella septicemia complicated with HLH is very rare, and the CGD mutation identified has not been reported. CASE PRESENTATION A 3-year-old boy was admitted to our hospital for fever, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia. According to the clinical manifestations and laboratory results, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) was diagnosed. Blood and bone marrow culture confirmed septicemia due to Salmonella Typhimurium. On the basis of antiinfection treatment, methylprednisolone was used to control HLH. After treatment, the clinical symptoms and laboratory results improved. Gene analysis showed a novel hemizygous CYBB gene mutation: c.302A > G (p.H101P). Combined with a past history of recurrent infection, the child was diagnosed with HLH secondary to CGD triggered by septicemia. CONCLUSIONS In case of a known (or highly suspected) CGD with a documented infection, clinical or biological features of HLH should encourage the physician to make possible to confirm or not the HLH. Therefore, to initiate the adequate treatment in association with anti-infective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology; National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University); Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education; Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Honghao Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology; National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University); Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education; Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology; National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University); Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education; Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Hematology and Oncology Laboratory, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Hematology and Oncology Laboratory, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology; National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University); Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education; Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology; National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University); Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education; Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Hongyun Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology; National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University); Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education; Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology; National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University); Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education; Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China. .,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nanlishi Road No. 56, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, P.R. China.
| | - Tianyou Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology; National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University); Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education; Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China. .,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nanlishi Road No. 56, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, P.R. China.
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14
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Blancas-Galicia L, Santos-Chávez E, Deswarte C, Mignac Q, Medina-Vera I, León-Lara X, Roynard M, Scheffler-Mendoza SC, Rioja-Valencia R, Alvirde-Ayala A, Lugo Reyes SO, Staines-Boone T, García-Campos J, Saucedo-Ramírez OJ, Del-Río_Navarro BE, Zamora-Chávez A, López-Larios A, García-Pavón-Osorio S, Melgoza-Arcos E, Canseco-Raymundo MR, Mogica-Martínez D, Venancio-Hernández M, Pacheco-Rosas D, Pedraza-Sánchez S, Guevara-Cruz M, Saracho-Weber F, Gámez-González B, Wakida-Kuzunoki G, Morán-Mendoza AR, Macías-Robles AP, Ramírez-Rivera R, Vargas-Camaño E, Zarate-Hernández C, Gómez-Tello H, Ramírez-Sánchez E, Ruíz-Hernández F, Ramos-López D, Acuña-Martínez H, García-Cruz ML, Román-Jiménez MG, González-Villarreal MG, Álvarez-Cardona A, Llamas-Guillén BA, Cuellar-Rodríguez J, Olaya-Vargas A, Ramírez-Uribe N, Boisson-Dupuis S, Casanova JL, Espinosa-Rosales FJ, Serafín-López J, Yamazaki-Nakashimada M, Espinosa-Padilla S, Bustamante J. Genetic, Immunological, and Clinical Features of the First Mexican Cohort of Patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease. J Clin Immunol 2020; 40:475-493. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Henderson LA, Cron RQ. Macrophage Activation Syndrome and Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Childhood Inflammatory Disorders: Diagnosis and Management. Paediatr Drugs 2020; 22:29-44. [PMID: 31732958 PMCID: PMC7334831 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-019-00367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), a form of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, is a frequently fatal complication of a variety of pediatric inflammatory disorders. MAS has been most commonly associated with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA), as approximately 10% of children with sJIA develop fulminant MAS, with another 30-40% exhibiting a more subclinical form of the disease. Children with other rheumatologic conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus and Kawasaki disease are also at risk for MAS. Moreover, MAS also complicates various genetic autoinflammatory disorders such as gain of function mutations in the cytosolic inflammasome NLRC4, pediatric hematologic malignancies (e.g., T-cell lymphoma), and primary immunodeficiencies characterized by immune dysregulation. Disease-specific and broadly inclusive diagnostic criteria have been developed to facilitate the diagnosis of MAS. Recently, simple screening tools such as the serum ferritin to erythrocyte sedimentation rate ratio have been proposed. Early diagnosis and rapid initiation of immunosuppression are essential for the effective management of MAS. With a better understanding of the pathophysiology of MAS and the advent of novel therapeutics, a broad immunosuppressive approach to treatment is giving way to targeted anti-cytokine therapies. These treatments include agents that block interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-18, interferon-γ, as well as inhibitors of downstream targets of cytokine signaling (e.g., Janus kinases). Increased early recognition of MAS among pediatric inflammatory disorders combined with the use of effective and less toxic cytokine-targeted therapies should lower the mortality of this frequently fatal disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Henderson
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, 10th Floor Karp Family Research Building, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Randy Q. Cron
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Children’s of Alabama, 1600 7th Ave. S., CPPN, suite G10, Birmingham, AL 35233-1711, USA
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16
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Georgiadou S, Gatselis NK, Stefos A, Zachou K, Makaritsis K, Rigopoulou EI, Dalekos GN. Efficient management of secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with intravenous steroids and γ-immunoglobulin infusions. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:3394-3406. [PMID: 31750324 PMCID: PMC6854401 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i21.3394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH) is a rare life-threatening condition mainly associated with underlying infections, malignancies, and autoimmune or immune-mediated diseases.
AIM To analyse all sHLH cases that were diagnosed and managed under real-world circumstances in our department focusing on the treatment schedule and the outcome.
METHODS Prospectively collected data from all adult patients fulfilling the criteria of sHLH who diagnosed and managed from January 1, 2010 to June 1, 2018, in our department of the tertiary care university hospital of Larissa, Greece, were analysed retrospectively (n = 80; 52% male; median age: 55 years). The electronic records and/or written charts of the patients were reviewed for the demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, underlying causes of sHLH, laboratory parameters, treatment schedule and 30-d-mortality rate. Most of patients had received after consent intravenous γ-immunoglobulin (IVIG) for 5 d (total dose 2 g/kg) in combination with intravenous steroid pulses followed by gradual tapering of prednisolone.
RESULTS Seventy-five patients (94%) reported fever > 38.5 °C, 47 (59%) had liver or spleen enlargement and 76 (95%) had ferritin > 500 ng/mL including 20 (25%) having considerably high levels (> 10000 ng/mL). Anaemia and thrombocytopenia occurred in 72% and leucopoenia in 47% of them. Underlying infections were diagnosed in 59 patients (74%) as follows: leishmaniasis alone in 15/80 (18.9%), leishmaniasis concurrently with Coxiella Burnetti or non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 2/80 (2.5%), bacterial infections in 14/80 (17.5%) including one case with concurrent non-Hodgkin lymphoma, viral infections in 13/80 (16.3%), fungal infections in 2/80 (2.5%), infections by mycobacteria in 1/80 (1.3%) and unidentified pathogens in 12/80 (15%). Seventy-two patients (90%) had received combination treatment with IVIG and intravenous steroids. Overall, sHLH resolved in 76% of patients, 15% died within the first month but 82.5% of patients were still alive 6 mo after diagnosis. Univariate analysis showed older age, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, low fibrinogen, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and delay of diagnosis as factors that negatively affected remission. However, multivariate analysis showed low platelets and DIC as the only independent predictors of adverse outcome.
CONCLUSION sHLH still carries a remarkable morbidity and mortality. Underlying infections were the major cause and therefore, they should be thoroughly investigated in patients with sHLH. Early recognition and combination treatment with IVIG and corticosteroids seem an efficient treatment option with successful outcome in this life-threatening condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Georgiadou
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Greece
| | - Nikolaos K Gatselis
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Greece
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41447, Greece
| | - Aggelos Stefos
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Zachou
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Greece
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41447, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Makaritsis
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Greece
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41447, Greece
| | - Eirini I Rigopoulou
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Greece
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41447, Greece
| | - George N Dalekos
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Greece
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41447, Greece
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Meda Spaccamela V, Valencia RG, Pastukhov O, Duppenthaler A, Dettmer MS, Erb J, Steiner UC, Hillinger S, Speckmann C, Ehl S, Reichenbach J, Siler U. High Levels of IL-18 and IFN-γ in Chronically Inflamed Tissue in Chronic Granulomatous Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2236. [PMID: 31681257 PMCID: PMC6813411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is caused by a malfunctioning nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex in phagocytes, leading to impaired bacterial and fungal killing and hyperinflammation. Objective: To characterize macrophage subsets and cytokine/chemokine signaling loops involved in CGD tissue hyperinflammation. Methods: Cytokine/chemokine production and surface marker expression were analyzed in inflamed tissue of four CGD patients and compared to cytokine/chemokine released by CGD macrophages upon priming to different macrophage subpopulations. Furthermore, the re-priming capacity of CGD pro-inflammatory M1 to M2a anti-inflammatory macrophages was evaluated. Results: In human CGD inflammatory tissue, IL-18 and IFN-γ were detected in significant quantity. Immunofluorescence analysis identified macrophages as one source of IL-18 in inflamed tissue. In vitro, CGD macrophages could be primed and re-primed into all inflammatory/anti-inflammatory macrophage subpopulations. IL-18 was also released by M1 CGD and control macrophages. Conclusion: CGD pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages remain M1 primed in vivo. As CGD M1 macrophages can be re-primed to anti-inflammatory M2a phenotype in vitro, macrophages are kept in M1 state in vivo by a persistent pro-inflammatory environment. Our results suggest a paracrine signaling loop between M1 macrophage derived IL-18 and non-macrophage derived IFN-γ maintaining macrophage pro-inflammatory activity in CGD tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Meda Spaccamela
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital and Children's Research Center, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rocio G Valencia
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital and Children's Research Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oleksandr Pastukhov
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital and Children's Research Center, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Duppenthaler
- Unit of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Juliane Erb
- Center for Dentistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs C Steiner
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Hillinger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Speckmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Institute for Immunodeficiency, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Institute for Immunodeficiency, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Janine Reichenbach
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital and Children's Research Center, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Unit of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Siler
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital and Children's Research Center, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Urriola N, Williams A, Keat K. Macrophage activation syndrome/haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to Burkholderia cepacia complex septicaemia in an elderly female carrier of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease with extreme lyonisation: 'cepacia syndrome' revisited. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/8/e230434. [PMID: 31473638 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-230434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked carriers of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) may become phenotypically affected if substantial skewing from lyonisation occurs. We describe a 73-year-old female carrier with an overt CGD phenotype due to skewed lyonisation, complicated by macrophage activation syndrome (MAS)/haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) secondary to Burkholderiacepacia complex septicaemia that was successfully treated with a combination of three antibiotics, an antifungal, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) and ciclosporin. Fully phenotypic immunodeficiency is possible in X-linked CGD carriers when skewed lyonisation occurs, rendering such patients to all the same sequelae of CGD such as MAS/HLH. MAS/HLH should be thoroughly excluded when evaluating 'cepacia syndrome' in non-CGD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Urriola
- Immunology, Campbelltown Hospital, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Williams
- Immunopathology, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karuna Keat
- Immunology, Campbelltown Hospital, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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Kawasaki disease and immunodeficiencies in children: case reports and literature review. Rheumatol Int 2019; 39:1829-1838. [PMID: 31312887 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-019-04382-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) has features that appear supporting an infectious cause with a secondary deranged inflammatory/autoimmune response. The association of KD in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and the presence of KD in patients with immunodeficiency disorders support the infectious theory. We present four KD patients associated with immunodeficiencies: one with X-linked agammaglobulinemia, one with HIV infection, and two with leukemia; one of these patients also had Down syndrome. We did a literature search to find out all reported cases of immunodeficiency with KD in children. In immunodeficiency disorders, the inability of the immune system to eradicate the pathogens coupled to an exaggerated inflammatory response, especially in chronic granulomatous disease, may lead to the development of KD. The study of patients with immunodeficiencies complicated with KD may shed light into the etiopathogenesis of the disease.
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Personalized medicine is based on understanding mechanisms of disease and putting this in the context of an individual patient, which eventually helps to guide tailored diagnostic and therapeutic intervention. In this review we focus on one pulmonary infection that has major impact on society, namely influenza, and highlight the way we think personalized medicine could have an impact on the outcome of this pulmonary infection. RECENT FINDINGS When a patient's defect is known, one could envision that restoring this defect in addition to the standard treatment regimen might result in a better clinical outcome. By highlighting the way one can explore mechanisms of disease, the recent progress in understanding influenza and its complications, and clinical observations, we have written a hypothesis-driven review that underscores in our opinion the way we could think about personalized medicine and realize its translation to the clinics. SUMMARY This strategy will identify essential mechanisms that cause disease, design simple functional tests that have the ability to identify defects in these relevant mechanisms in individual patients, and explore targeted therapy to restore these defects, ideally with existing drugs.
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21
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Chiriaco M, Salfa I, Di Matteo G, Rossi P, Finocchi A. Chronic granulomatous disease: Clinical, molecular, and therapeutic aspects. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2016; 27:242-53. [PMID: 26680691 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare primary immunodeficiency caused by defects in the genes encoding any of the NADPH oxidase components responsible for the respiratory burst of phagocytic leukocytes. CGD is a genetically heterogeneous disease with an X-linked recessive (XR-CGD) form caused by mutations in the CYBB gene encoding the gp91(phox) protein, and an autosomal recessive (AR-CGD) form caused by mutations in the CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 genes encoding p22(phox) , p47(phox) , p67(phox) , and p40(phox) , respectively. Patients suffering from this disease are susceptible to severe life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections and excessive inflammation characterized by granuloma formation in any organ, for instance, the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract. An early diagnosis of and the prompt treatment for these conditions are crucial for an optimal outcome of affected patients. To prevent infections, CGD patients should receive lifelong antibiotics and antifungal prophylaxis. These two measures, as well as newer more effective antimicrobials, have significantly modified the natural history of CGD, resulting in a remarkable change in overall survival, which is now around 90%, reaching well into adulthood. At present, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only definitive treatment that can cure CGD and reverse organ dysfunction. Timing, donor selection, and conditioning regimens remain the key points of this therapy. In recent years, gene therapy (GT) for XR-CGD has been proposed as an alternative to HSCT for CGD patients without a matched donor. After the failure of the first trials performed with retroviral vectors, some groups have proposed the use of regulated SIN-lentiviral vectors targeting gp91(phox) expression in myeloid cells to increase the safety and efficacy of the GT protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiriaco
- University Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Salfa
- University Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Gigliola Di Matteo
- University Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Rossi
- University Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- University Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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22
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Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is the most common symptomatic phagocytic defect. It is caused by mutations in genes encoding protein subunits of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex. CGD is characterized by a defective intracellular killing of phagocytosed organisms due to a defective oxidative burst in the neutrophils and macrophages. It is inherited in either X-linked recessive or autosomal recessive pattern. Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus species are the most common organisms reported. Infections with Burkholderia, Serratia, and Nocardia warrant a screen for CGD. Suppurative lymphadenitis, cutaneous abscesses, pneumonia and diarrhea constitute the most common problems in children with CGD. A small percentage of children develop autoimmune manifestations (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, colitis, autoimmune hepatitis) and warrant immunosuppression. X-linked carriers of CGD are at an increased risk of developing autoimmune diseases. Nitroblue-tetrazolium dye reduction test and dihydro-rhodamine assay by flow cytometry are the screening tests for this disorder. While most children do well on long term antibiotic and antifungal prophylaxis, those with severe forms warrant hematopoietic stem cell transplant. The role of regular interferon-γ injections is debatable. Evidence for white cell transfusions is sparse, and gene therapy is under trial.This current review highlights various aspects and studies in CGD. X-linked form of CGD has been noted to carry a poorer prognosis compared to autosomal recessive variants. However, recent evidence suggests that outcome in CGD is determined by the amount of residual NADPH oxidase activity irrespective of mode of inheritance.
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23
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de Oliveira-Junior EB, Zurro NB, Prando C, Cabral-Marques O, Pereira PVS, Schimke LF, Klaver S, Buzolin M, Blancas-Galicia L, Santos-Argumedo L, Pietropaolo-Cienfuegos DR, Espinosa-Rosales F, King A, Sorensen R, Porras O, Roxo-Junior P, Forte WCN, Orellana JC, Lozano A, Galicchio M, Regairaz L, Grumach AS, Costa-Carvalho BT, Bustamante J, Bezrodnik L, Oleastro M, Danielian S, Condino-Neto A. Clinical and Genotypic Spectrum of Chronic Granulomatous Disease in 71 Latin American Patients: First Report from the LASID Registry. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:2101-7. [PMID: 26185101 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM We analyzed data from 71 patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) with a confirmed genetic diagnosis, registered in the online Latin American Society of Primary Immunodeficiencies (LASID) database. RESULTS Latin American CGD patients presented with recurrent and severe infections caused by several organisms. The mean age at disease onset was 23.9 months, and the mean age at CGD diagnosis was 52.7 months. Recurrent pneumonia was the most frequent clinical condition (76.8%), followed by lymphadenopathy (59.4%), granulomata (49.3%), skin infections (42%), chronic diarrhea (41.9%), otitis (29%), sepsis (23.2%), abscesses (21.7%), recurrent urinary tract infection (20.3%), and osteomyelitis (15.9%). Adverse reactions to bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination were identified in 30% of the studied Latin American CGD cases. The genetic diagnoses of the 71 patients revealed 53 patients from 47 families with heterogeneous mutations in the CYBB gene (five novel mutations: p.W361G, p.C282X, p.W483R, p.R226X, and p.Q93X), 16 patients with the common deletion c.75_76 del.GT in exon 2 of NCF1 gene, and two patients with mutations in the CYBA gene. CONCLUSION The majority of Latin American CGD patients carry a hemizygous mutation in the CYBB gene. They also presented a wide range of clinical manifestations most frequently bacterial and fungal infections of the respiratory tract, skin, and lymph nodes. Thirty percent of the Latin American CGD patients presented adverse reactions to BCG, indicating that this vaccine should be avoided in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nuria Bengala Zurro
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Prando
- Children's Hospital Little Prince, Research Institute Pelé Little Prince, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Otavio Cabral-Marques
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lena-Friederick Schimke
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefanie Klaver
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Buzolin
- Center for Investigation in Pediatrics, State University of Campinas Medical School, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Centro de Investigacion de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Ricardo Sorensen
- Department of Pediatrics and JMF Diagnostic Center for PIDD, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Oscar Porras
- Hospital Nacional de Niños, "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera", San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Persio Roxo-Junior
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Julio Cesar Orellana
- Division Alergia e Inmunologia Clinica, Hospital de Ninos de la Santisima Trinidad, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Lozano
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Queen Fabiola University Clinic, Catholic University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | | | - Lorena Regairaz
- Unidad de Inmunología, Hospital de Niños Sor María Ludovica La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1163 Imagine Institute, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Liliana Bezrodnik
- Dr. Ricardo Gutierrez Children's Hospital, Immunology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matias Oleastro
- Servicio de Inmunología y Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Danielian
- Servicio de Inmunología y Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Bode SF, Ammann S, Al-Herz W, Bataneant M, Dvorak CC, Gehring S, Gennery A, Gilmour KC, Gonzalez-Granado LI, Groß-Wieltsch U, Ifversen M, Lingman-Framme J, Matthes-Martin S, Mesters R, Meyts I, van Montfrans JM, Pachlopnik Schmid J, Pai SY, Soler-Palacin P, Schuermann U, Schuster V, Seidel MG, Speckmann C, Stepensky P, Sykora KW, Tesi B, Vraetz T, Waruiru C, Bryceson YT, Moshous D, Lehmberg K, Jordan MB, Ehl S. The syndrome of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in primary immunodeficiencies: implications for differential diagnosis and pathogenesis. Haematologica 2015; 100:978-88. [PMID: 26022711 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.121608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a hyperinflammatory syndrome defined by clinical and laboratory criteria. Current criteria were created to identify patients with familial hemophagocytic lmyphohistiocytosis in immediate need of immunosuppressive therapy. However, these criteria also identify patients with infection-associated hemophagocytic inflammatory states lacking genetic defects typically predisposing to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. These patients include those with primary immunodeficiencies, in whom the pathogenesis of the inflammatory syndrome may be distinctive and aggressive immunosuppression is contraindicated. To better characterize hemophagocytic inflammation associated with immunodeficiencies, we combined an international survey with a literature search and identified 63 patients with primary immunodeficiencies other than cytotoxicity defects or X-linked lymphoproliferative disorders, presenting with conditions fulfilling current criteria for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Twelve patients had severe combined immunodeficiency with <100/μL T cells, 18 had partial T-cell deficiencies; episodes of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis were mostly associated with viral infections. Twenty-two patients had chronic granulomatous disease with hemophagocytic episodes mainly associated with bacterial infections. Compared to patients with cytotoxicity defects, patients with T-cell deficiencies had lower levels of soluble CD25 and higher ferritin concentrations. Other criteria for hemophagocytoc lymphohistiocytosis were not discriminative. Thus: (i) a hemophagocytic inflammatory syndrome fulfilling criteria for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis can be the initial manifestation of primary immunodeficiencies; (ii) this syndrome can develop despite severe deficiency of T and NK cells, implying that the pathophysiology is distinct and not appropriately described as "lympho"-histiocytosis in these patients; and (iii) current criteria for hemophagocytoc lymphohistiocytosis are insufficient to differentiate hemophagocytic inflammatory syndromes with different pathogeneses. This is important because of implications for therapy, in particular for protocols targeting T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Fn Bode
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Ammann
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Waleed Al-Herz
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Mihaela Bataneant
- Discipline of Pediatrics III, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania
| | - Christopher C Dvorak
- Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Blood and Marrow Transplant Division, UCSF, Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephan Gehring
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrew Gennery
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kimberly C Gilmour
- Camelia Botnar Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Luis I Gonzalez-Granado
- Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hematology & Oncology Unit, Pediatrics, Hospital 12 Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ute Groß-Wieltsch
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Olga Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marianne Ifversen
- Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | | | | | - Rolf Mesters
- Department of Medicine/Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Micriobiology and Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris M van Montfrans
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's, Hospital/University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Pachlopnik Schmid
- Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sung-Yun Pai
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pere Soler-Palacin
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit. Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Uta Schuermann
- Children's Hospital of Datteln, University of Witten-Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - Volker Schuster
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus G Seidel
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Carsten Speckmann
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Bianca Tesi
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Vraetz
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Despina Moshous
- Unit for Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology (UIHR), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Kai Lehmberg
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, University of Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael B Jordan
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immunodeficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati Medical School, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
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25
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Inoue S, Mangat C, Rafe'e Y, Sharman M. Forme Fruste of HLH (haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis): diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr-2014-206190. [PMID: 25634853 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-206190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants and young children often present with a persistent febrile episode, sick appearance and negative infectious disease work-up. These patients present serious diagnostic and therapeutic problems to those who provide medical care, particularly since these children are clinically sick. We present a 13 month old child who presented with this clinical challenge. She was ultimately thought to have an incomplete form of HLH with underlying pathophysiology of hypercytokinemia, but also could have been a case of incomplete form of Kawasaki disease. She responded to IVIG, but this does not differentiate one diagnosis from another. Unfortunately we failed to obtain tests to exclude genetic etiologies of HLH, which would be important for predicting severity and risks of future recurrence. We wish to present this case so that one should do a thorough work up to establish a firm diagnosis of HLH and to search for genetic causes of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Inoue
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Hurley Children's Hospital, Flint, Michigan, USA
| | - Chetna Mangat
- Department of Pediatrics, Hurley Children's Hospital, Flint, Michigan, USA
| | - Yaseen Rafe'e
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hurley Children's Hospital, Flint, Michigan, USA
| | - Mahesh Sharman
- Department of Intensive Care, Hurley Children's Hospital, Flint, Michigan, USA
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26
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Valentine G, Thomas TA, Nguyen T, Lai YC. Chronic granulomatous disease presenting as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a case report. Pediatrics 2014; 134:e1727-30. [PMID: 25422023 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2014-2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent infections and a dysregulated inflammatory response. Infection-triggered hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), which manifests itself as pathologic hyperactive inflammation, has been observed in subjects with CGD. However, there have been no reports of HLH as the initial presentation with subsequent diagnosis of CGD. Furthermore, the primary therapeutic strategy for HLH focuses on immunosuppressive therapies, which limits immune-mediated tissue damage. With immunodeficiency, this therapeutic strategy may worsen the outcome. This article discusses an 8-week-old Hispanic male who presented with fever of unknown origin. The initial diagnostic evaluation demonstrated pathologic hyperactive inflammation, meeting the HLH-2004 diagnostic criteria without an identified infectious etiology. Immunosuppressive therapy was initiated, with subsequent disseminated candida septic shock and sepsis-induced multisystem organ failure. Additional evaluations ultimately established the diagnosis of CGD. We transitioned to an immune-enhancing strategy with granulocyte and immunoglobulin infusions, and intensified antifungal therapies. These interventions ultimately led to the clearance of the fungal infection and the resolution of the hyperactive inflammatory state. This case represents the first reported case of HLH as the presenting finding leading to the subsequent diagnosis of CGD. It serves as a reminder that both immunodeficiency and inflammatory disorders may share features of pathologic hyperactive inflammation and highlights the conundrum that clinicians face when treating HLH in the setting of an unresolved infection. In this case report, we demonstrate that immune-enhancing therapies may aid in the control and the clearance of the infection, thus paradoxically decreasing the pathologic hyperactive inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Valentine
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Tessy A Thomas
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Trung Nguyen
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yi-Chen Lai
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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27
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Successful stem cell transplantation in a child with chronic granulomatous disease associated with contiguous gene deletion syndrome and complicated by macrophage activation syndrome. Clin Immunol 2014; 154:112-5. [PMID: 25063445 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Chronic granulomatous disease: two decades of experience from a tertiary care centre in North West India. J Clin Immunol 2013; 34:58-67. [PMID: 24276928 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) results from an inherited defect in the phagocytic cells of the immune system. It is a genetically heterogenous disease caused by defects in one of the five major subunits of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex. There is a paucity of data from India on CGD. We herein describe the clinical features in 17 children with CGD from a single tertiary referral center in India. A detailed analysis of the clinical features, laboratory investigations and outcome of 17 children 7 with X-linked (XL) and 10 with autosomal recessive (AR) form was performed. Diagnosis of CGD was based on an abnormal granulocyte oxidative burst evaluated by either Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) test or flow cytometry based Dihyrorhodamine 123 assay or both. The molecular diagnosis was confirmed by genetic mutation analysis in 13 cases. The mean age at diagnosis and the age at onset of symptoms was significantly lower in children diagnosed with XL- CGD compared those with AR disease. Mutations were detected in CYBB gene in 6 patients with XL-CGD and NCF-1 gene mutations were observed in 7 cases of AR- CGD. The course and outcome of the disease was much worse in children diagnosed with X-linked form of disease compared to AR forms of the disease; 4/7 (57%) children with X-CGD were dead at the time of data analysis. This is one of the largest series on chronic granulomatous disease from any developing country.
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Undiagnosed Chronic Granulomatous Disease, Burkholderia cepacia complex Pneumonia, and Acquired Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: A Deadly Association. Case Rep Pulmonol 2013; 2013:874197. [PMID: 24058739 PMCID: PMC3766577 DOI: 10.1155/2013/874197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Chronic granulomatous disease is a rare inherited disorder of the phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. The clinical course of the disease is marked by recurrent infections, including Burkholderia cepacia complex infection. Case Report. Here we report the case of a 21-year-old male hospitalized for a Burkholderia cepacia complex pneumonia. Despite the broad spectrum antibiotic treatment, fever continued and patient's condition worsened. Anemia and thrombocytopenia developed together with hypofibrinogenemia. The patient died of multiple organ dysfunction 17 days after his admission. Autopsy revealed hemophagocytosis, suggesting the diagnosis of acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. DNA analysis showed a deletion in the p47phox gene, confirming the diagnosis of autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease. Discussion. In addition to chronic granulomatous disease, recent findings have demonstrated that Burkholderia cepacia complex can decrease activity of the NADPH oxidase. Interestingly, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is characterized by an impaired function of the T-cell mediated inflammation which is partly regulated by the NADPH oxidase. Physicians should therefore pay particular attention to this deadly association.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2012; 25:718-28. [PMID: 23147811 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0b013e32835af239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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