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Wang Q, Feng D, Jia S, Lu Q, Zhao M. B-Cell Receptor Repertoire: Recent Advances in Autoimmune Diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2024; 66:76-98. [PMID: 38459209 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-024-08984-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
In the field of contemporary medicine, autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are a prevalent and debilitating group of illnesses. However, they present extensive and profound challenges in terms of etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. A major reason for this is the elusive pathophysiological mechanisms driving disease onset. Increasing evidence suggests the indispensable role of B cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Interestingly, B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoires in autoimmune diseases display a distinct skewing that can provide insights into disease pathogenesis. Over the past few years, advances in high-throughput sequencing have provided powerful tools for analyzing B-cell repertoire to understand the mechanisms during the period of B-cell immune response. In this paper, we have provided an overview of the mechanisms and analytical methods for generating BCR repertoire diversity and summarize the latest research progress on BCR repertoire in autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), multiple sclerosis (MS), and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Overall, B-cell repertoire analysis is a potent tool to understand the involvement of B cells in autoimmune diseases, facilitating the creation of innovative therapeutic strategies targeting specific B-cell clones or subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Major Skin Diseases and Skin Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Delong Feng
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Major Skin Diseases and Skin Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Sujie Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, China.
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Major Skin Diseases and Skin Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, China.
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.
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de Paiva CS, Trujillo-Vargas CM, Schaefer L, Yu Z, Britton RA, Pflugfelder SC. Differentially Expressed Gene Pathways in the Conjunctiva of Sjögren Syndrome Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702755. [PMID: 34349764 PMCID: PMC8326832 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune condition that targets the salivary and lacrimal glands, with cardinal clinical signs of dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca, KCS) and dry mouth. The conjunctiva of SS patients is often infiltrated by immune cells that participate in the induction and maintenance of local inflammation. The purpose of this study was to investigate immune-related molecular pathways activated in the conjunctiva of SS patients. Female SS patients (n=7) and controls (n=19) completed a series of oral, ocular surface exams. Symptom severity scores were evaluated using validated questionnaires (OSDI and SANDE). All patients fulfilled the ACR/EULAR criteria for SS and the criteria for KCS. Fluorescein and lissamine green dye staining evaluated tear-break-up time (TBUT), corneal and conjunctival disease, respectively. Impression cytology of the temporal bulbar conjunctiva was performed to collect cells lysed and subjected to gene expression analysis using the NanoString Immunology Panel. 53/594 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed between SS and healthy controls; 49 DEGs were upregulated, and 4 were downregulated (TRAF5, TGFBI, KLRAP1, and CMKLRI). The top 10 DEGs in descending order were BST2, IFITM1, LAMP3, CXCL1, IL19, CFB, LY96, MX1, IL4R, CDKN1A. Twenty pathways had a global significance score greater or equal to 2. Spearman correlations showed that 29/49 upregulated DEGs correlated with either TBUT (inverse) or OSDI or conjunctival staining score (positive correlations). Venn diagrams identified that 26/29 DEGs correlated with TBUT, 5/26 DEGs correlated with OSDI, and 16/26 correlated with conjunctival staining scores. Five upregulated DEGs (CFB, CFI, IL1R1, IL2RG, IL4R) were uniquely negatively correlated with TBUT. These data indicate that the conjunctiva of SS patients exhibits a phenotype of immune activation, although some genes could be inhibitory. Some of the DEGs and pathways overlap with previous DEGs in salivary gland biopsies, but new DEGs were identified, and some of these correlated with symptoms and signs of dry eye. Our results indicate that gene analysis of conjunctiva imprints is a powerful tool to understand the pathogenesis of SS and develop new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia S. de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Claudia M. Trujillo-Vargas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Grupo de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Laura Schaefer
- Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Robert A. Britton
- Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Sáez Moya M, Gutiérrez-Cózar R, Puñet-Ortiz J, Rodríguez de la Concepción ML, Blanco J, Carrillo J, Engel P. Autoimmune B Cell Repertoire in a Mouse Model of Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666545. [PMID: 33968069 PMCID: PMC8103202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In genetically prone individuals, chronic immune activation may lead to expansion of autoreactive lymphocyte clones that can induce organ damage developing autoimmune disorders. Sjögren’s Syndrome (SjS) is a systemic chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects exocrine glands. Despite the accumulated evidences of profound B-cell alterations of humoral immunity, the repertoire and development of B-cell autoreactivity in SjS remains to be determined. We hypothesize that SjS mice will have an increased frequency of self-reactive B cells with a progressive evolution to antigen-driven oligoclonality. Here, we study the B cell repertoire of NOD.H-2h4 mice, a mouse model of spontaneous autoimmunity mimicking SjS without developing diabetes. A library of 168 hybridomas from NOD.H-2h4 mice and 186 C57BL/6J splenocytes at different ages was created. The presence of mono or polyreactive autoantibodies to several antigens was evaluated by ELISA, and their staining patterns and cellular reactivity were tested by IFA and FACS. We observed a higher frequency of autoreactivity among B-cell clones from NOD.H-2h4 mice as compared to wild-type mice. The presence of polyreactive and autoreactive IgG clones increased with mice age. Strikingly, all anti-Ro52 autoantibodies were polyreactive. No loss of polyreactivity was observed upon antibody class switching to IgG. There was a progression to oligoclonality in IgG B cells with mice aging. Our results indicate that in the NOD.H-2h4 mouse model of SjS, IgG+ B cells are mainly polyreactive and might expand following an unknown antigen-driven positive selection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sáez Moya
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rebeca Gutiérrez-Cózar
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Puñet-Ortiz
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Catalonia, Spain.,AIDS and Related Diseases Chair, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVIC-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Cohen PL, McCulloch A. Fingolimod reduces salivary infiltrates and increases salivary secretion in a murine Sjögren's model. J Autoimmun 2020; 115:102549. [PMID: 33059968 PMCID: PMC7683371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren's Syndrome (SjS) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease causing xerostomia, xerophthalmia, and systemic symptoms. The principal pathological finding in SjS is the accumulation of lymphocytes in exocrine glandular tissue and elsewhere, leading to secretory dysfunction and other abnormalities. A rational therapeutic approach might be to interfere with lymphocyte migration to the periphery from central lymphoid tissues. We thus examined in an animal model of SjS the effects of Fingolimod (FTY720, Gilenya™), which interferes with migration of lymphocytes to peripheral sites. Fingolimod induces sequestration of lymphocytes in lymphoid organs by altering lymphocyte expression of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors. In the C57Bl/6. NOD.Aec1Aec2 (AEC) model of SjS, Fingolimod reduced circulating T and B cell numbers. Treatment of AEC mice with Fingolimod increased salivary output and decreased the size of salivary gland infiltrates. Oral Fingolimod thus merits further consideration in the management of SjS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Cohen
- Departments of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3322 North Broad Street, Room 201, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Amanda McCulloch
- Microbiology/Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3322 North Broad Street, Room 201, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
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Mielle J, Tison A, Cornec D, Le Pottier L, Daien C, Pers JO. B cells in Sjögren's syndrome: from pathophysiology to therapeutic target. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2019; 60:2545-2560. [PMID: 30770916 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological abnormalities associated with B lymphocytes are a hallmark of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Those patients present abnormal distribution of B lymphocytes in peripheral blood and B cells in exocrine glands. B cells produce auto-antibodies, cytokines and present antigens but can also suppressive functions. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge on B cells in primary Sjögren's syndrome patients, demonstrate their critical role in the immunopathology of the disease and describe the past and current trials targeting B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Mielle
- Departement of Rheumatology, UMR5535, Inflammation and Cancer, University of Montpellier and Teaching hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alice Tison
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, Inserm, France.,Service de Rhumatologie, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Divi Cornec
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, Inserm, France.,Service de Rhumatologie, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | | | - Claire Daien
- Departement of Rheumatology, UMR5535, Inflammation and Cancer, University of Montpellier and Teaching hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Pflugfelder SC, de Paiva CS. The Pathophysiology of Dry Eye Disease: What We Know and Future Directions for Research. Ophthalmology 2017; 124:S4-S13. [PMID: 29055361 PMCID: PMC5657523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and laboratory studies performed over the past few decades have discovered that dry eye is a chronic inflammatory disease that can be initiated by numerous extrinsic or intrinsic factors that promote an unstable and hyperosmolar tear film. These changes in tear composition, in some cases combined with systemic factors, lead to an inflammatory cycle that causes ocular surface epithelial disease and neural stimulation. Acute desiccation activates stress signaling pathways in the ocular surface epithelium and resident immune cells. This triggers production of innate inflammatory mediators that stimulate the production of matrix metalloprotease, inflammatory cell recruitment, and dendritic cell maturation. These mediators, combined with exposure of autoantigens, can lead to an adaptive T cell-mediated response. Cornea barrier disruption develops by protease-mediated lysis of epithelial tight junctions, leading to accelerated cell death; desquamation; an irregular, poorly lubricated cornea surface; and exposure and sensitization of epithelial nociceptors. Conjunctival goblet cell dysfunction and death are promoted by the T helper 1 cytokine interferon gamma. These epithelial changes further destabilize the tear film, amplify inflammation, and create a vicious cycle. Cyclosporine and lifitegrast, the 2 US Food and Drug Administration-approved therapies, inhibit T-cell activation and cytokine production. Although these therapies represent a major advance in dry eye therapy, they are not effective in improving discomfort and corneal epithelial disease in all patients. Preclinical studies have identified other potential therapeutic targets, biomarkers, and strategies to bolster endogenous immunoregulatory pathways. These discoveries will, it is hoped, lead to further advances in diagnostic classification and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Abstract
Immune tolerance hinders the potentially destructive responses of lymphocytes to host tissues. Tolerance is regulated at the stage of immature B cell development (central tolerance) by clonal deletion, involving apoptosis, and by receptor editing, which reprogrammes the specificity of B cells through secondary recombination of antibody genes. Recent mechanistic studies have begun to elucidate how these divergent mechanisms are controlled. Single-cell antibody cloning has revealed defects of B cell central tolerance in human autoimmune diseases and in several human immunodeficiency diseases caused by single gene mutations, which indicates the relevance of B cell tolerance to disease and suggests possible genetic pathways that regulate tolerance.
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Dry eye disease and uveitis: A closer look at immune mechanisms in animal models of two ocular autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:1181-1192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zouali M. Transcriptional and metabolic pre-B cell receptor-mediated checkpoints: implications for autoimmune diseases. Mol Immunol 2014; 62:315-20. [PMID: 24602812 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
At the pre-B cell stage of lymphocyte development, immunoglobulin light-chains are not yet produced, and heavy-chains are covalently linked to surrogate light-chains composed of VpreB and λ5 to form the pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) in a non-covalent association with signal-transducing modules. Even tough the pre-BCR does not have the potential to bind conventional antigens, accumulating evidence indicates that pre-BCR-mediated checkpoints are important both for negative and positive selection of self-reactivity, and that defects in these regulatory nodes may be associated with autoimmune disease. Thus, the transcription factor BACH2, which represents a susceptibility locus for rheumatoid arthritis, has recently emerged as a crucial mediator of negative selection at a pre-BCR checkpoint. The lysosome-associated protein LAPTM5, which is highly expressed in an animal model of Sjögren's syndrome, plays a role in down-modulation of the pre-BCR. Studies of copy number variation in rheumatoid arthritis suggest that a reduced dosage of the VPREB1 gene is involved in disease pathogenesis. Notably, animal models of autoimmune disease exhibit defects in pre-B to naïve B cell checkpoints. Administration of a pre-BCR ligand, which also plays a role in anergy both in human and murine B lymphocytes, ameliorates disease in experimental models of autoimmunity. Further investigation is required to gain a better insight into the molecular mechanisms of pre-BCR-mediated checkpoints and to determine their relevance to autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moncef Zouali
- Inserm, UMR 1132, F-75475 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbone Paris Cité, F-75475 Paris, France.
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Nickerson KM, Christensen SR, Cullen JL, Meng W, Luning Prak ET, Shlomchik MJ. TLR9 promotes tolerance by restricting survival of anergic anti-DNA B cells, yet is also required for their activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1447-56. [PMID: 23296704 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-reactive B cells frequently arise in the bone marrow but are tolerized by mechanisms including receptor editing, functional anergy, and/or deletion. TLR9, a sensor of endosomal dsDNA, both promotes and regulates systemic autoimmunity in vivo, but the precise nature of its apparently contradictory roles in autoimmunity remained unclear. In this study, using the 3H9 anti-DNA BCR transgene in the autoimmune-prone MRL.Fas(lpr) mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus, we identify the stages at which TLR9 contributes to establishing and breaking B cell tolerance. Although TLR9 is dispensable for L chain editing during B cell development in the bone marrow, TLR9 limits anti-DNA B cell life span in the periphery and is thus tolerogenic. In the absence of TLR9, anti-DNA B cells have much longer life spans and accumulate in the follicle, neither activated nor deleted. These cells retain some characteristics of anergic cells, in that they have elevated basal BCR signaling but impaired induced responses and downregulate their cell-surface BCR expression. In contrast, whereas TLR9-intact anergic B cells accumulate near the T/B border, TLR9-deficient anti-DNA B cells are somewhat more dispersed throughout the follicle. Nonetheless, in older autoimmune-prone animals, TLR9 expression specifically within the B cell compartment is required for spontaneous peripheral activation of anti-DNA B cells and their differentiation into Ab-forming cells via an extrafollicular pathway. Thus, TLR9 has paradoxical roles in regulating anti-DNA B cells: it helps purge the peripheral repertoire of autoreactive cells, yet is also required for their activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Nickerson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Singh N, Cohen PL. The T cell in Sjogren's syndrome: force majeure, not spectateur. J Autoimmun 2012; 39:229-33. [PMID: 22709856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is characterized by infiltration of exocrine glands with T and B lymphocytes, leading to glandular dysfunction and frequently accompanied by hypergammaglobulinemia and autoantibodies. The role of T cells, which predominate in the lesions, has attracted much interest. CD4 T cells seem to be responding to autoantigens on apoptotic cells, such as the Ro and La antigens, or to the cytoskeletal antigen α-fodrin. Physical injury to ocular surfaces may also lead to T cell mediated responses to self antigens and perpetuate disease. Within the salivary glands, T cell responsiveness is further promoted by the special capacity of salivary epithelial tissue to provide costimulation and enhanced antigen presentation. Cytokines are key mediators of the T cell contribution to pathology, with roles attributed both to Th1 and Th2 cells. Recently, striking data implicate Th17 cells in the stimulation of B cells, and a role for the related cytokine IL-21 produced by follicular T helper cells is now appreciated. Dysfunction of T regulatory cells has been shown to have a role in the exuberant production of cytokines by Th17 cells. Beyond their role in provoking B cell hyperactivity and immunoglobulin secretion, T cells are directly involved in destruction of glands through Fas and perforin-mediated cytotoxicity. Animal models of SS have confirmed the role of T cell derived cytokines in disease and support a role for effector-memory cells in pathogenesis. Further elucidation of the role of T cells will open avenues for better treatment of SS, whose current management is still mainly supportive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Singh
- Temple University School of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, 3322 North Broad Street, Suite 205, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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