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Zhang Z, He A, Xu Z, Yang K, Kong X. Neuromuscular Magnetic Field Measurement Based on Superconducting Bio-Sensors. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1768. [PMID: 37763931 PMCID: PMC10535156 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
These years, disease-causing and disabling diseases have caused great concern. Neurological musculoskeletal disorders are diverse and affect people of a wide range of ages. And the lack of comprehensive diagnostic methods places a huge burden on healthcare systems and social economies. In this paper, the current status of clinical research on neuromuscular diseases is introduced, and the advantages of magnetic field measurement compared with clinical diagnostic methods are illustrated. A comprehensive description of the related technology of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), magnetic field detection noise suppression scheme, the development trend of the sensor detection system, and the application and model establishment of the neuromuscular magnetic field is also given in this paper. The current research and development trends worldwide are compared simultaneously, and finally the conclusions and outlook are put forward. Based on the description of the existing literature and the ideas of other researchers, the next development trends and my own research ideas are presented in this paper, that is, starting from the establishment of a neuromuscular model, combining medical and industrial work, designing a sensor system that meets clinical needs, and laying the foundation for the clinical application of a bio-magnetic system. This review promotes a combination between medicine and industry, and guides researchers on considering the challenges of sensor development in terms of clinical needs. In addition, in this paper, the development trends are described, including the establishment of the model, the clinical demand for sensors, and the challenges of system development so as to give certain guidance to researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidan Zhang
- The Institute for Future Wireless Research (iFWR), Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Z.Z.); (A.H.); (K.Y.)
- The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Anran He
- The Institute for Future Wireless Research (iFWR), Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Z.Z.); (A.H.); (K.Y.)
- The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zihan Xu
- The Institute for Future Wireless Research (iFWR), Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Z.Z.); (A.H.); (K.Y.)
- The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Kun Yang
- The Institute for Future Wireless Research (iFWR), Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Z.Z.); (A.H.); (K.Y.)
- The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiangyan Kong
- The Institute for Future Wireless Research (iFWR), Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Z.Z.); (A.H.); (K.Y.)
- The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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2
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Fowler J, Miaja-Avila L, O’Neil G, Ullom J, Whitelock H, Swetz D. The potential of microcalorimeter X-ray spectrometers for measurement of relative fluorescence-line intensities. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hashimoto T, Aikawa S, Akaishi T, Asano H, Bazzi M, Bennett DA, Berger M, Bosnar D, Butt AD, Curceanu C, Doriese WB, Durkin MS, Ezoe Y, Fowler JW, Fujioka H, Gard JD, Guaraldo C, Gustafsson FP, Han C, Hayakawa R, Hayano RS, Hayashi T, Hays-Wehle JP, Hilton GC, Hiraiwa T, Hiromoto M, Ichinohe Y, Iio M, Iizawa Y, Iliescu M, Ishimoto S, Ishisaki Y, Itahashi K, Iwasaki M, Ma Y, Murakami T, Nagatomi R, Nishi T, Noda H, Noumi H, Nunomura K, O'Neil GC, Ohashi T, Ohnishi H, Okada S, Outa H, Piscicchia K, Reintsema CD, Sada Y, Sakuma F, Sato M, Schmidt DR, Scordo A, Sekimoto M, Shi H, Shirotori K, Sirghi D, Sirghi F, Suzuki K, Swetz DS, Takamine A, Tanida K, Tatsuno H, Trippl C, Uhlig J, Ullom JN, Yamada S, Yamaga T, Yamazaki T, Zmeskal J. Measurements of Strong-Interaction Effects in Kaonic-Helium Isotopes at Sub-eV Precision with X-Ray Microcalorimeters. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:112503. [PMID: 35363014 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.112503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the 3d→2p transition x rays of kaonic ^{3}He and ^{4}He atoms using superconducting transition-edge-sensor microcalorimeters with an energy resolution better than 6 eV (FWHM). We determined the energies to be 6224.5±0.4(stat)±0.2(syst) eV and 6463.7±0.3(stat)±0.1(syst) eV, and widths to be 2.5±1.0(stat)±0.4(syst) eV and 1.0±0.6(stat)±0.3(stat) eV, for kaonic ^{3}He and ^{4}He, respectively. These values are nearly 10 times more precise than in previous measurements. Our results exclude the large strong-interaction shifts and widths that are suggested by a coupled-channel approach and agree with calculations based on optical-potential models.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hashimoto
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai 319-1184, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Aikawa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - T Akaishi
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - H Asano
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - M Bazzi
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell' INFN, Frascati I-00044, Italy
| | - D A Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - M Berger
- Stefan-Meyer-Institut für subatomare Physik, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - D Bosnar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - A D Butt
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - C Curceanu
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell' INFN, Frascati I-00044, Italy
| | - W B Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - M S Durkin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Y Ezoe
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - J W Fowler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - H Fujioka
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - J D Gard
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - C Guaraldo
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell' INFN, Frascati I-00044, Italy
| | - F P Gustafsson
- Stefan-Meyer-Institut für subatomare Physik, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - C Han
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - R Hayakawa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - R S Hayano
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - T Hayashi
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - J P Hays-Wehle
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - G C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - T Hiraiwa
- Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - M Hiromoto
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Y Ichinohe
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - M Iio
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Y Iizawa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - M Iliescu
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell' INFN, Frascati I-00044, Italy
| | - S Ishimoto
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Y Ishisaki
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - K Itahashi
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - M Iwasaki
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Y Ma
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - T Murakami
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - R Nagatomi
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - T Nishi
- RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - H Noda
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - H Noumi
- Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - K Nunomura
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - G C O'Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - T Ohashi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - H Ohnishi
- Research Center for Electron Photon Science (ELPH), Tohoku University, Sendai 982-0826, Japan
| | - S Okada
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Engineering Science Laboratory, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - H Outa
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - K Piscicchia
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell' INFN, Frascati I-00044, Italy
| | - C D Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Y Sada
- Research Center for Electron Photon Science (ELPH), Tohoku University, Sendai 982-0826, Japan
| | - F Sakuma
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - M Sato
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - D R Schmidt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - A Scordo
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell' INFN, Frascati I-00044, Italy
| | - M Sekimoto
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - H Shi
- Stefan-Meyer-Institut für subatomare Physik, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - K Shirotori
- Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - D Sirghi
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell' INFN, Frascati I-00044, Italy
| | - F Sirghi
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell' INFN, Frascati I-00044, Italy
| | - K Suzuki
- Stefan-Meyer-Institut für subatomare Physik, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - D S Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - A Takamine
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - K Tanida
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai 319-1184, Japan
| | - H Tatsuno
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - C Trippl
- Stefan-Meyer-Institut für subatomare Physik, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - J Uhlig
- Chemical Physics, Lund University, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - J N Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - S Yamada
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - T Yamaga
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - T Yamazaki
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - J Zmeskal
- Stefan-Meyer-Institut für subatomare Physik, Vienna A-1030, Austria
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Brown AD, Brekosky RP, Colazo-Petit F, Greenhouse MA, Hays-Wehle JP, Kutyrev AS, Mikula V, Rostem K, Wollack EJ, Moseley SH. Excess Heat Capacity in Mo/Au Transition Edge Sensor Bolometric Detectors. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY COMMITTEE 2021; 31:2101404. [PMID: 33967568 PMCID: PMC8097932 DOI: 10.1109/tasc.2021.3065922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Excess heat capacity in a bolometric detector has the consequence of increasing or leading to multiple device time constants. The Mo/Au bilayer transition edge sensor (TES) bolometric detectors initially fabricated for the high resolution mid-infrared spectrometer (HIRMES) exhibited two response thermalization scales, one of which is a few times longer than estimates based upon the properties of the bulk materials employed in the design. The relative contribution of this settling time to the overall time response of the detectors is roughly proportional to the pixel area, which ranges between ~0.3 and 2.6 mm2. Use of laser ablation to remove sections of the silicon membranes comprising the pixels results in a detector response with a smaller contribution from the secondary time constant. Additional information about the nature of this excess heat capacity is gleaned from glancing incidence x-ray diffraction, which reveals the presence of molybdenum silicides near the silicon surface which is a consequence of the bi-layer deposition. Quantitative analysis of the concentration of excess molybdenum, estimated with secondary ion mass spectroscopy, is commensurate to the additional heat capacity needed to explain the anomalous time response of the detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Brown
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - R P Brekosky
- SSAI, Lanham, MD 20706 USA.; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | | | - M A Greenhouse
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - J P Hays-Wehle
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA
| | - A S Kutyrev
- University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - V Mikula
- American University, Washington, DC 20016 USA
| | - K Rostem
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA
| | - E J Wollack
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - S H Moseley
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Quantum Circuits, Inc., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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van der Hulst P, van der Kuur J, Nieuwenhuizen A, Vaccaro D, Akamatsu H, van Winden P, van Leeuwen BJ, den Herder JW. Frequency shift algorithm: Design of a baseband phase locked loop for frequency-domain multiplexing readout of x-ray transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:073101. [PMID: 34340431 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) is an extremely sensitive device, which is used to measure the energy of individual x-ray photons. For astronomical spectrometry applications, SRON develops a frequency domain multiplexing readout system for kilopixel arrays of such TESs. Each TES is voltage biased at a specific frequency in the range of 1-5 MHz. Isolation between the individual pixels is obtained through very narrow-band (high-Q) lithographic LC resonators. To prevent energy resolution degradation due to intermodulation line noise, the bias frequencies are distributed on a regular grid. The requirements on the accuracy of the LC resonance frequency are very high. The deviation of the resonance frequencies due to production tolerances is significant with respect to the bandwidth, and a controller is necessary to compensate for the LC series impedance. We present two such controllers: a simple orthogonal proportional-integral controller and a more complex impedance estimator. Both controllers operate in baseband and try to make the TES current in-phase with the bias voltage, effectively operating as phase-locked loops. They allow off-LC-resonance operation of the TES pixels while preserving the TES thermal response and energy resolution. Extensive experimental results-published in a companion paper recently-with the proposed methods show that these controllers allow the preservation of single pixel energy resolution in multiplexed operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul van der Hulst
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van der Kuur
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Kapteynborg, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Nieuwenhuizen
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Vaccaro
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hiroki Akamatsu
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick van Winden
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bert-Joost van Leeuwen
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem den Herder
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
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A Review of X-ray Microcalorimeters Based on Superconducting Transition Edge Sensors for Astrophysics and Particle Physics. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11093793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The state-of-the-art technology of X-ray microcalorimeters based on superconducting transition-edge sensors (TESs), for applications in astrophysics and particle physics, is reviewed. We will show the advance in understanding the detector physics and describe the recent breakthroughs in the TES design that are opening the way towards the fabrication and the read-out of very large arrays of pixels with unprecedented energy resolution. The most challenging low temperature instruments for space- and ground-base experiments will be described.
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Taralli E, D'Andrea M, Gottardi L, Nagayoshi K, Ridder ML, de Wit M, Vaccaro D, Akamatsu H, Bruijn MP, Gao JR. Performance and uniformity of a kilo-pixel array of Ti/Au transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:023101. [PMID: 33648117 DOI: 10.1063/5.0027750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Uniform large transition-edge sensor (TES) arrays are fundamental for the next generation of x-ray space observatories. These arrays are required to achieve an energy resolution ΔE < 3 eV full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the soft x-ray energy range. We are currently developing x-ray microcalorimeter arrays for use in the future laboratory and space-based x-ray astrophysics experiments and ground-based spectrometers. In this contribution, we report on the development and the characterization of a uniform 32 × 32 pixel array with 140 × 30 μm2 Ti/Au TESs with the Au x-ray absorber. We report on extensive measurements on 60 pixels in order to show the uniformity of our large TES array. The averaged critical temperature is Tc = 89.5 ± 0.5 mK, and the variation across the array (∼1 cm) is less than 1.5 mK. We found a large region of detector's bias points between 20% and 40% of the normal-state resistance where the energy resolution is constantly lower than 3 eV. In particular, results show a summed x-ray spectral resolution ΔEFWHM = 2.50 ± 0.04 eV at a photon energy of 5.9 keV, measured in a single-pixel mode using a frequency domain multiplexing readout system developed at SRON/VTT at bias frequencies ranging from 1 MHz to 5 MHz. Moreover, we compare the logarithmic resistance sensitivity with respect to temperature and current (α and β, respectively) and their correlation with the detector's noise parameter M, showing a homogeneous behavior for all the measured pixels in the array.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Taralli
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M D'Andrea
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L Gottardi
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - K Nagayoshi
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M L Ridder
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M de Wit
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D Vaccaro
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H Akamatsu
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M P Bruijn
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J R Gao
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Fowler JW, O’Neil GC, Alpert BK, Bennett DA, Denison EV, Doriese WB, Hilton GC, Hudson LT, Joe YI, Morgan KM, Schmidt DR, Swetz DS, Szabo CI, Ullom JN. Absolute energies and emission line shapes of the L x-ray transitions of lanthanide metals. METROLOGIA 2021; 58:10.1088/1681-7575/abd28a. [PMID: 34354301 PMCID: PMC8335601 DOI: 10.1088/1681-7575/abd28a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We use an array of transition-edge sensors, cryogenic microcalorimeters with 4 eV energy resolution, to measure L x-ray emission-line profiles of four elements of the lanthanide series: praseodymium, neodymium, terbium, and holmium. The spectrometer also surveys numerous x-ray standards in order to establish an absolute-energy calibration traceable to the international system of units for the energy range 4 keV to 10 keV. The new results include emission line profiles for 97 lines, each expressed as a sum of one or more Voigt functions; improved absolute energy uncertainty on 71 of these lines relative to existing reference data; a median uncertainty on the peak energy of 0.24 eV, four to ten times better than the median of prior work; and six lines that lack any measured values in existing reference tables. The 97 lines comprise nearly all of the most intense L lines from these elements under broad-band x-ray excitation. The work improves on previous measurements made with a similar cryogenic spectrometer by the use of sensors with better linearity in the absorbed energy and a gold x-ray absorbing layer that has a Gaussian energy-response function. It also employs a novel sample holder that enables rapid switching between science targets and calibration targets with excellent gain balancing. Most of the results for peak energy values shown here should be considered as replacements for the currently tabulated standard reference values, while the line shapes given here represent a significant expansion of the scope of available reference data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Fowler
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - G C O’Neil
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - B K Alpert
- Applied & Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - D A Bennett
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - E V Denison
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - W B Doriese
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - G C Hilton
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - L T Hudson
- Radiation Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
| | - Y-I Joe
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - K M Morgan
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - D R Schmidt
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - D S Swetz
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - C I Szabo
- Radiation Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
- Theiss Research, 7411 Eads Ave, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - J N Ullom
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
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9
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Szypryt P, Bennett DA, Boone WJ, Dagel AL, Dalton G, Doriese WB, Durkin M, Fowler JW, Garboczi EJ, Gard JD, Hilton GC, Imrek J, Jimenez ES, Kotsubo VY, Larson K, Levine ZH, Mates JAB, McArthur D, Morgan KM, Nakamura N, O'Neil GC, Ortiz NJ, Pappas CG, Reintsema CD, Schmidt DR, Swetz DS, Thompson KR, Ullom JN, Walker C, Weber JC, Wessels AL, Wheeler JW. Design of a 3000-Pixel Transition-Edge Sensor X-Ray Spectrometer for Microcircuit Tomography. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY COMMITTEE 2021; 31:10.1109/tasc.2021.3052723. [PMID: 35529769 PMCID: PMC9074750 DOI: 10.1109/tasc.2021.3052723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Feature sizes in integrated circuits have decreased substantially over time, and it has become increasingly difficult to three-dimensionally image these complex circuits after fabrication. This can be important for process development, defect analysis, and detection of unexpected structures in externally sourced chips, among other applications. Here, we report on a non-destructive, tabletop approach that addresses this imaging problem through x-ray tomography, which we uniquely realize with an instrument that combines a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with a transition-edge sensor (TES) x-ray spectrometer. Our approach uses the highly focused SEM electron beam to generate a small x-ray generation region in a carefully designed target layer that is placed over the sample being tested. With the high collection efficiency and resolving power of a TES spectrometer, we can isolate x-rays generated in the target from background and trace their paths through regions of interest in the sample layers, providing information about the various materials along the x-ray paths through their attenuation functions. We have recently demonstrated our approach using a 240 Mo/Cu bilayer TES prototype instrument on a simplified test sample containing features with sizes of ∼ 1 μm. Currently, we are designing and building a 3000 Mo/Au bilayer TES spectrometer upgrade, which is expected to improve the imaging speed by factor of up to 60 through a combination of increased detector number and detector speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Szypryt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Douglas A Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | | | - Amber L Dagel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA
| | | | | | - M Durkin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Joseph W Fowler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | - Edward J Garboczi
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | - Johnathon D Gard
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Gene C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | - Jozsef Imrek
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | | | - Vincent Y Kotsubo
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | - Kurt Larson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA
| | - Zachary H Levine
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | - John A B Mates
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | | | - Kelsey M Morgan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Nathan Nakamura
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | - Galen C O'Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | - Nathan J Ortiz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | | | - Carl D Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | - Daniel R Schmidt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | - Daniel S Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | | | - Joel N Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | | | - Joel C Weber
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Abigail L Wessels
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
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10
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Hudson L, Cline J, Henins A, Mendenhall M, Szabo C. Contemporary x-ray wavelength metrology and traceability. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020; 167:108392. [PMID: 32489233 PMCID: PMC7266105 DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report recent advances in absolute x-ray wavelength metrology in the context of producing modern standard reference data. Primary x-ray wavelength standards are produced today using diffraction spectrometers using crystal optics arranged to be operated in dispersive and non-dispersive geometries, giving natural-line-width limited profiles with high resolution and accuracy. With current developments, measurement results can be made traceable to the Système internationale definition of the meter by using diffraction crystals that have absolute lattice-spacing provenance through x-ray-optical interferometry. Recent advances in goniometry, innovation of electronic x-ray area detectors, and new in situ alignment and measurement methods now permit robust measurement and quantification of previously-elusive systematic uncertainties. This capability supports infrastructures like the NIST Standard Reference Data programs and the International Initiative on X-ray Fundamental Parameters and their contributions to science and industry. Such data projects are further served by employing complementary wavelength-and energy-dispersive spectroscopic techniques. This combination can provide, among other things, new tabulations of less-intense x-ray lines that need to be identified in x-ray fluorescence investigation of uncharacterized analytes. After delineating the traceability chain for primary x-ray wavelength standards, and NIST efforts to produce standard reference data and materials in particular, this paper posits the new opportunities for x-ray reference data tabulation that modern methods now afford.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.T. Hudson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - J.P. Cline
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - A. Henins
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - M.H. Mendenhall
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - C.I. Szabo
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
- Theiss Research, 7411 Eads Ave, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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11
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Walker S, Sierra CE, Austermann JE, Beall JA, Becker DT, Dober BJ, Duff SM, Hilton GC, Hubmayr J, Van Lanen JL, McMahon JJ, Simon SM, Ullom JN, Vissers MR. Demonstration of 220/280 GHz Multichroic Feedhorn-Coupled TES Polarimeter. JOURNAL OF LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS 2020; 199:10.1007/s10909-019-02316-1. [PMID: 33487736 PMCID: PMC7818388 DOI: 10.1007/s10909-019-02316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design and measurement of feedhorn-coupled, transition-edge sensor (TES) polarimeters with two passbands centered at 220 GHz and 280 GHz, intended for observations of the cosmic microwave background. Each pixel couples polarized light in two linear polarizations by use of a planar orthomode transducer and senses power via four TES bolometers, one for each band in each linear polarization. Previous designs of this detector architecture incorporated passbands from 27 to 220 GHz; we now demonstrate this technology at frequencies up to 315 GHz. Observational passbands are defined with an on-chip diplexer, and Fourier-transform-spectrometer measurements are in excellent agreement with simulations. We find coupling from feedhorn to TES bolometer using a cryogenic, temperature-controlled thermal source. We determine the optical efficiency of our device is η = 77% ± 6% (75% ± 5%) for 220 (280) GHz, relative to the designed passband shapes. Lastly, we compare two power-termination schemes commonly used in wide-bandwidth millimeter-wave polarimeters and find equal performance in terms of optical efficiency and passband shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Walker
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - J. E. Austermann
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J. A. Beall
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D. T. Becker
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - B. J. Dober
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S. M. Duff
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - G. C. Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J. Hubmayr
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J. L. Van Lanen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - J. N. Ullom
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M. R. Vissers
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
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12
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Szypryt P, O’Neil GC, Takacs E, Tan JN, Buechele SW, Naing AS, Bennett DA, Doriese WB, Durkin M, Fowler JW, Gard JD, Hilton GC, Morgan KM, Reintsema CD, Schmidt DR, Swetz DS, Ullom JN, Ralchenko Y. A transition-edge sensor-based x-ray spectrometer for the study of highly charged ions at the National Institute of Standards and Technology electron beam ion trap. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:123107. [PMID: 31893849 PMCID: PMC8772522 DOI: 10.1063/1.5116717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on the design, commissioning, and initial measurements of a Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) x-ray spectrometer for the Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Over the past few decades, the NIST EBIT has produced numerous studies of highly charged ions in diverse fields such as atomic physics, plasma spectroscopy, and laboratory astrophysics. The newly commissioned NIST EBIT TES Spectrometer (NETS) improves the measurement capabilities of the EBIT through a combination of high x-ray collection efficiency and resolving power. NETS utilizes 192 individual TES x-ray microcalorimeters (166/192 yield) to improve upon the collection area by a factor of ∼30 over the 4-pixel neutron transmutation doped germanium-based microcalorimeter spectrometer previously used at the NIST EBIT. The NETS microcalorimeters are optimized for the x-ray energies from roughly 500 eV to 8000 eV and achieve an energy resolution of 3.7 eV-5.0 eV over this range, a more modest (<2×) improvement over the previous microcalorimeters. Beyond this energy range, NETS can operate with various trade-offs, the most significant of which are reduced efficiency at lower energies and being limited to a subset of the pixels at higher energies. As an initial demonstration of the capabilities of NETS, we measured transitions in He-like and H-like O, Ne, and Ar as well as Ni-like W. We detail the energy calibration and data analysis techniques used to transform detector counts into x-ray spectra, a process that will be the basis for analyzing future data.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Szypryt
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - G. C. O’Neil
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - E. Takacs
- Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - J. N. Tan
- Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - S. W. Buechele
- Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - A. S. Naing
- Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D. A. Bennett
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - W. B. Doriese
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - M. Durkin
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - J. W. Fowler
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - J. D. Gard
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - G. C. Hilton
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - K. M. Morgan
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - C. D. Reintsema
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D. R. Schmidt
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D. S. Swetz
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J. N. Ullom
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Yu. Ralchenko
- Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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13
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Lee SJ, Titus CJ, Alonso Mori R, Baker ML, Bennett DA, Cho HM, Doriese WB, Fowler JW, Gaffney KJ, Gallo A, Gard JD, Hilton GC, Jang H, Joe YI, Kenney CJ, Knight J, Kroll T, Lee JS, Li D, Lu D, Marks R, Minitti MP, Morgan KM, Ogasawara H, O'Neil GC, Reintsema CD, Schmidt DR, Sokaras D, Ullom JN, Weng TC, Williams C, Young BA, Swetz DS, Irwin KD, Nordlund D. Soft X-ray spectroscopy with transition-edge sensors at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource beamline 10-1. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:113101. [PMID: 31779391 DOI: 10.1063/1.5119155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present results obtained with a new soft X-ray spectrometer based on transition-edge sensors (TESs) composed of Mo/Cu bilayers coupled to bismuth absorbers. This spectrometer simultaneously provides excellent energy resolution, high detection efficiency, and broadband spectral coverage. The new spectrometer is optimized for incident X-ray energies below 2 keV. Each pixel serves as both a highly sensitive calorimeter and an X-ray absorber with near unity quantum efficiency. We have commissioned this 240-pixel TES spectrometer at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource beamline 10-1 (BL 10-1) and used it to probe the local electronic structure of sample materials with unprecedented sensitivity in the soft X-ray regime. As mounted, the TES spectrometer has a maximum detection solid angle of 2 × 10-3 sr. The energy resolution of all pixels combined is 1.5 eV full width at half maximum at 500 eV. We describe the performance of the TES spectrometer in terms of its energy resolution and count-rate capability and demonstrate its utility as a high throughput detector for synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy. Results from initial X-ray emission spectroscopy and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering experiments obtained with the spectrometer are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jun Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | | | | | - Douglas A Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Hsiao-Mei Cho
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - William B Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Joseph W Fowler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Kelly J Gaffney
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alessandro Gallo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Johnathon D Gard
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Gene C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Hoyoung Jang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Young Il Joe
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | | | - Jason Knight
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Thomas Kroll
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jun-Sik Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Dale Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Donghui Lu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ronald Marks
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Michael P Minitti
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Kelsey M Morgan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | | | - Galen C O'Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Carl D Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Daniel R Schmidt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | | | - Joel N Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - Betty A Young
- Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Daniel S Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Kent D Irwin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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14
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Doriese WB, Bandler SR, Chaudhuri S, Dawson CS, Denison EV, Duff SM, Durkin M, FitzGerald CT, Fowler JW, Gard JD, Hilton GC, Irwin KD, Joe YI, Morgan KM, O'Neil GC, Pappas CG, Reintsema CD, Rudman DA, Smith SJ, Stevens RW, Swetz DS, Szypryt P, Ullom JN, Vale LR, Weber JC, Young BA. Optimization of Time- and Code-Division-Multiplexed Readout for Athena X-IFU. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY COMMITTEE 2019; 29:10.1109/TASC.2019.2905577. [PMID: 31360051 PMCID: PMC6662226 DOI: 10.1109/tasc.2019.2905577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Readout of a large, spacecraft-based array of superconducting transition-edge sensors (TESs) requires careful management of the layout area and power dissipation of the cryogenic-circuit components. We present three optimizations of our time- (TDM) and code-division-multiplexing (CDM) systems for the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU), a several-thousand-pixel-TES array for the planned Athena-satellite mission. The first optimization is a new readout scheme that is a hybrid of CDM and TDM. This C/TDM architecture balances CDM's noise advantage with TDM's layout compactness. The second is a redesign of a component: the shunt resistor that provides a dc-voltage bias to the TESs. A new layout and a thicker Pd-Au resistive layer combine to reduce this resistor's area by more than a factor of 5. Third, we have studied the power dissipated by the first-stage SQUIDs (superconducting quantum-interference devices) and the readout noise versus the critical current of the first-stage SqUIDs. As a result, the X-IFU TDM and C/TDM SQUIDs will have a specified junction critical current of 5 μA. Based on these design optimizations and TDM experiments described by Durkin, et al. (these proceedings), TDM meets all requirements to be X-IFU's backup-readout option. Hybrid C/TDM is another viable option that could save spacecraft resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - S R Bandler
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - S Chaudhuri
- Stanford University Dept. of Physics, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - C S Dawson
- Stanford University Dept. of Physics, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - E V Denison
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - S M Duff
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - M Durkin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - C T FitzGerald
- Santa Clara University Dept. of Physics, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA
| | - J W Fowler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J D Gard
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - G C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - K D Irwin
- Stanford University Dept. of Physics, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Y I Joe
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - K M Morgan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - G C O'Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - C G Pappas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - C D Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - D A Rudman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - S J Smith
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - R W Stevens
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - D S Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - P Szypryt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J N Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - L R Vale
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J C Weber
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - B A Young
- Stanford University Dept. of Physics, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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15
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Weber JC, Fowler JW, Durkin M, Morgan KM, Mates JAB, Bennett DA, Doriese WB, Schmidt DR, Hilton GC, Swetz DS, Ullom JN. Configurable error correction of code-division multiplexed TES detectors with a cryotron switch. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2019; 114:10.1063/1.5089870. [PMID: 38487744 PMCID: PMC10938549 DOI: 10.1063/1.5089870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The development of a superconducting analog to the transistor with extremely low power dissipation will accelerate the proliferation of low-temperature circuitry operating in the milliKelvin regime. The thin-film, magnetically actuated cryotron switch is a candidate building block for more complicated and flexible milliKelvin circuitry. We demonstrate its utility for implementing reconfigurable circuitry by integrating a cryotron switch into flux-summed code-division SQUID multiplexed readout for large arrays of transition-edge-sensor (TES) microcalorimeters. Code-division multiplexing eliminates the noise penalty of time-division multiplexing while being drop-in compatible with the latter's control electronics. However, code-division multiplexing is susceptible to single-point failure mechanisms which can result in an unconstrained demodulation matrix and the loss of information from many sensing elements. In the event of a failure, the integrated cryotron switch provides a zero-signal output from a single TES, enabling the demodulation matrix used to compute TES signals from SQUID signals to be constrained and data recovered from the remaining sensors. This demonstration of configurable error correction provides both a realworld application of the cryotron switch and a foundation for more complex circuitry at milliKelvin temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C. Weber
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Joseph W. Fowler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Malcolm Durkin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Kelsey M. Morgan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - John A. B. Mates
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Doug A. Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - W. Bertrand Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Daniel R. Schmidt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Gene C. Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Daniel S. Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Joel N. Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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16
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Titus CJ, Baker ML, Lee SJ, Cho HM, Doriese WB, Fowler JW, Gaffney K, Gard JD, Hilton GC, Kenney C, Knight J, Li D, Marks R, Minitti MP, Morgan KM, O'Neil GC, Reintsema CD, Schmidt DR, Sokaras D, Swetz DS, Ullom JN, Weng TC, Williams C, Young BA, Irwin KD, Solomon EI, Nordlund D. L-edge spectroscopy of dilute, radiation-sensitive systems using a transition-edge-sensor array. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:214201. [PMID: 29221417 PMCID: PMC5720893 DOI: 10.1063/1.5000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We present X-ray absorption spectroscopy and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) measurements on the iron L-edge of 0.5 mM aqueous ferricyanide. These measurements demonstrate the ability of high-throughput transition-edge-sensor (TES) spectrometers to access the rich soft X-ray (100-2000 eV) spectroscopy regime for dilute and radiation-sensitive samples. Our low-concentration data are in agreement with high-concentration measurements recorded by grating spectrometers. These results show that soft-X-ray RIXS spectroscopy acquired by high-throughput TES spectrometers can be used to study the local electronic structure of dilute metal-centered complexes relevant to biology, chemistry, and catalysis. In particular, TES spectrometers have a unique ability to characterize frozen solutions of radiation- and temperature-sensitive samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Titus
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Michael L Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Sang Jun Lee
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Hsiao-Mei Cho
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - William B Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Joseph W Fowler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Kelly Gaffney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Johnathon D Gard
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Gene C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Chris Kenney
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jason Knight
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Dale Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ronald Marks
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Michael P Minitti
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Kelsey M Morgan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Galen C O'Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Carl D Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Daniel R Schmidt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Daniel S Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Joel N Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - Betty A Young
- Department of Physics, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Kent D Irwin
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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17
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Doriese WB, Abbamonte P, Alpert BK, Bennett DA, Denison EV, Fang Y, Fischer DA, Fitzgerald CP, Fowler JW, Gard JD, Hays-Wehle JP, Hilton GC, Jaye C, McChesney JL, Miaja-Avila L, Morgan KM, Joe YI, O'Neil GC, Reintsema CD, Rodolakis F, Schmidt DR, Tatsuno H, Uhlig J, Vale LR, Ullom JN, Swetz DS. A practical superconducting-microcalorimeter X-ray spectrometer for beamline and laboratory science. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:053108. [PMID: 28571411 DOI: 10.1063/1.4983316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We describe a series of microcalorimeter X-ray spectrometers designed for a broad suite of measurement applications. The chief advantage of this type of spectrometer is that it can be orders of magnitude more efficient at collecting X-rays than more traditional high-resolution spectrometers that rely on wavelength-dispersive techniques. This advantage is most useful in applications that are traditionally photon-starved and/or involve radiation-sensitive samples. Each energy-dispersive spectrometer is built around an array of several hundred transition-edge sensors (TESs). TESs are superconducting thin films that are biased into their superconducting-to-normal-metal transitions. The spectrometers share a common readout architecture and many design elements, such as a compact, 65 mK detector package, 8-column time-division-multiplexed superconducting quantum-interference device readout, and a liquid-cryogen-free cryogenic system that is a two-stage adiabatic-demagnetization refrigerator backed by a pulse-tube cryocooler. We have adapted this flexible architecture to mate to a variety of sample chambers and measurement systems that encompass a range of observing geometries. There are two different types of TES pixels employed. The first, designed for X-ray energies below 10 keV, has a best demonstrated energy resolution of 2.1 eV (full-width-at-half-maximum or FWHM) at 5.9 keV. The second, designed for X-ray energies below 2 keV, has a best demonstrated resolution of 1.0 eV (FWHM) at 500 eV. Our team has now deployed seven of these X-ray spectrometers to a variety of light sources, accelerator facilities, and laboratory-scale experiments; these seven spectrometers have already performed measurements related to their applications. Another five of these spectrometers will come online in the near future. We have applied our TES spectrometers to the following measurement applications: synchrotron-based absorption and emission spectroscopy and energy-resolved scattering; accelerator-based spectroscopy of hadronic atoms and particle-induced-emission spectroscopy; laboratory-based time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy with a tabletop, broadband source; and laboratory-based metrology of X-ray-emission lines. Here, we discuss the design, construction, and operation of our TES spectrometers and show first-light measurements from the various systems. Finally, because X-ray-TES technology continues to mature, we discuss improvements to array size, energy resolution, and counting speed that we anticipate in our next generation of TES-X-ray spectrometers and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - P Abbamonte
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - B K Alpert
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D A Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - E V Denison
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Y Fang
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - D A Fischer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - C P Fitzgerald
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J W Fowler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J D Gard
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J P Hays-Wehle
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - G C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - C Jaye
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - J L McChesney
- Argonne National Laboratory, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - L Miaja-Avila
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - K M Morgan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Y I Joe
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - G C O'Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - C D Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - F Rodolakis
- Argonne National Laboratory, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - D R Schmidt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - H Tatsuno
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - J Uhlig
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - L R Vale
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J N Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D S Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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18
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Lowell PJ, Mates JAB, Doriese WB, Hilton GC, Morgan KM, Swetz DS, Ullom JN, Schmidt DR. A Thin-Film Cryotron Suitable For Use as an Ultra-Low-Temperature Switch. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2016; 109:10.1063/1.4964345. [PMID: 38495106 PMCID: PMC10941307 DOI: 10.1063/1.4964345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Low-temperature superconducting circuits have become important for many scientific applications. However, there are presently no high current-capacity switches (~1 mA) with low power dissipation for sub-Kelvin operation. One candidate for a sub-Kelvin switch is the cryotron, a device in which the superconductivity of a wire is suppressed with a magnetic field. Here, we demonstrate a cryotron switch suitable for sub-Kelvin temperatures. In the closed state, the maximum device current is about 900 μA. The device is switched to its open state with 2 mA of control current and has a leakage of approximately 500 nA. The transition between the closed and open states of the device is faster than 200 ns, where the measurement is limited by the speed of our measurement apparatus. We also discuss low-temperature applications for our cryotron such as a single-pole, double-throw switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Lowell
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | | | - W Bertrand Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Gene C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Kelsey M Morgan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Daniel S Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Joel N Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Daniel R Schmidt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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