1
|
Okumura T, Azuma T, Bennett DA, Chiu I, Doriese WB, Durkin MS, Fowler JW, Gard JD, Hashimoto T, Hayakawa R, Hilton GC, Ichinohe Y, Indelicato P, Isobe T, Kanda S, Katsuragawa M, Kawamura N, Kino Y, Mine K, Miyake Y, Morgan KM, Ninomiya K, Noda H, O'Neil GC, Okada S, Okutsu K, Paul N, Reintsema CD, Schmidt DR, Shimomura K, Strasser P, Suda H, Swetz DS, Takahashi T, Takeda S, Takeshita S, Tampo M, Tatsuno H, Ueno Y, Ullom JN, Watanabe S, Yamada S. Proof-of-Principle Experiment for Testing Strong-Field Quantum Electrodynamics with Exotic Atoms: High Precision X-Ray Spectroscopy of Muonic Neon. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:173001. [PMID: 37172243 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.173001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To test bound-state quantum electrodynamics (BSQED) in the strong-field regime, we have performed high precision x-ray spectroscopy of the 5g-4f and 5f- 4d transitions (BSQED contribution of 2.4 and 5.2 eV, respectively) of muonic neon atoms in the low-pressure gas phase without bound electrons. Muonic atoms have been recently proposed as an alternative to few-electron high-Z ions for BSQED tests by focusing on circular Rydberg states where nuclear contributions are negligibly small. We determined the 5g_{9/2}- 4f_{7/2} transition energy to be 6297.08±0.04(stat)±0.13(syst) eV using superconducting transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters (5.2-5.5 eV FWHM resolution), which agrees well with the most advanced BSQED theoretical prediction of 6297.26 eV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Okumura
- Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - T Azuma
- Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - D A Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - I Chiu
- Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - W B Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - M S Durkin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J W Fowler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J D Gard
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - T Hashimoto
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC), Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai 319-1184, Japan
| | - R Hayakawa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - G C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Y Ichinohe
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - P Indelicato
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, Case 74, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T Isobe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Kanda
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - M Katsuragawa
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - N Kawamura
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Y Kino
- Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - K Mine
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - Y Miyake
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - K M Morgan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - K Ninomiya
- Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - H Noda
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - G C O'Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - S Okada
- Engineering Science Laboratory, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - K Okutsu
- Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - N Paul
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, Case 74, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - C D Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D R Schmidt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - K Shimomura
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - P Strasser
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - H Suda
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - D S Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - T Takahashi
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - S Takeda
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - S Takeshita
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - M Tampo
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - H Tatsuno
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Y Ueno
- Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - J N Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - S Watanabe
- Department of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - S Yamada
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hashimoto T, Aikawa S, Akaishi T, Asano H, Bazzi M, Bennett DA, Berger M, Bosnar D, Butt AD, Curceanu C, Doriese WB, Durkin MS, Ezoe Y, Fowler JW, Fujioka H, Gard JD, Guaraldo C, Gustafsson FP, Han C, Hayakawa R, Hayano RS, Hayashi T, Hays-Wehle JP, Hilton GC, Hiraiwa T, Hiromoto M, Ichinohe Y, Iio M, Iizawa Y, Iliescu M, Ishimoto S, Ishisaki Y, Itahashi K, Iwasaki M, Ma Y, Murakami T, Nagatomi R, Nishi T, Noda H, Noumi H, Nunomura K, O'Neil GC, Ohashi T, Ohnishi H, Okada S, Outa H, Piscicchia K, Reintsema CD, Sada Y, Sakuma F, Sato M, Schmidt DR, Scordo A, Sekimoto M, Shi H, Shirotori K, Sirghi D, Sirghi F, Suzuki K, Swetz DS, Takamine A, Tanida K, Tatsuno H, Trippl C, Uhlig J, Ullom JN, Yamada S, Yamaga T, Yamazaki T, Zmeskal J. Measurements of Strong-Interaction Effects in Kaonic-Helium Isotopes at Sub-eV Precision with X-Ray Microcalorimeters. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:112503. [PMID: 35363014 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.112503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the 3d→2p transition x rays of kaonic ^{3}He and ^{4}He atoms using superconducting transition-edge-sensor microcalorimeters with an energy resolution better than 6 eV (FWHM). We determined the energies to be 6224.5±0.4(stat)±0.2(syst) eV and 6463.7±0.3(stat)±0.1(syst) eV, and widths to be 2.5±1.0(stat)±0.4(syst) eV and 1.0±0.6(stat)±0.3(stat) eV, for kaonic ^{3}He and ^{4}He, respectively. These values are nearly 10 times more precise than in previous measurements. Our results exclude the large strong-interaction shifts and widths that are suggested by a coupled-channel approach and agree with calculations based on optical-potential models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Hashimoto
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai 319-1184, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Aikawa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - T Akaishi
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - H Asano
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - M Bazzi
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell' INFN, Frascati I-00044, Italy
| | - D A Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - M Berger
- Stefan-Meyer-Institut für subatomare Physik, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - D Bosnar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - A D Butt
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - C Curceanu
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell' INFN, Frascati I-00044, Italy
| | - W B Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - M S Durkin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Y Ezoe
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - J W Fowler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - H Fujioka
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - J D Gard
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - C Guaraldo
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell' INFN, Frascati I-00044, Italy
| | - F P Gustafsson
- Stefan-Meyer-Institut für subatomare Physik, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - C Han
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - R Hayakawa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - R S Hayano
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - T Hayashi
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - J P Hays-Wehle
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - G C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - T Hiraiwa
- Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - M Hiromoto
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Y Ichinohe
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - M Iio
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Y Iizawa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - M Iliescu
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell' INFN, Frascati I-00044, Italy
| | - S Ishimoto
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Y Ishisaki
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - K Itahashi
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - M Iwasaki
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Y Ma
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - T Murakami
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - R Nagatomi
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - T Nishi
- RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - H Noda
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - H Noumi
- Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - K Nunomura
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - G C O'Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - T Ohashi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - H Ohnishi
- Research Center for Electron Photon Science (ELPH), Tohoku University, Sendai 982-0826, Japan
| | - S Okada
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Engineering Science Laboratory, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - H Outa
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - K Piscicchia
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell' INFN, Frascati I-00044, Italy
| | - C D Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Y Sada
- Research Center for Electron Photon Science (ELPH), Tohoku University, Sendai 982-0826, Japan
| | - F Sakuma
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - M Sato
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - D R Schmidt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - A Scordo
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell' INFN, Frascati I-00044, Italy
| | - M Sekimoto
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - H Shi
- Stefan-Meyer-Institut für subatomare Physik, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - K Shirotori
- Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - D Sirghi
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell' INFN, Frascati I-00044, Italy
| | - F Sirghi
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell' INFN, Frascati I-00044, Italy
| | - K Suzuki
- Stefan-Meyer-Institut für subatomare Physik, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - D S Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - A Takamine
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - K Tanida
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai 319-1184, Japan
| | - H Tatsuno
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - C Trippl
- Stefan-Meyer-Institut für subatomare Physik, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - J Uhlig
- Chemical Physics, Lund University, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - J N Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - S Yamada
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - T Yamaga
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - T Yamazaki
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - J Zmeskal
- Stefan-Meyer-Institut für subatomare Physik, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Okumura T, Azuma T, Bennett DA, Caradonna P, Chiu I, Doriese WB, Durkin MS, Fowler JW, Gard JD, Hashimoto T, Hayakawa R, Hilton GC, Ichinohe Y, Indelicato P, Isobe T, Kanda S, Kato D, Katsuragawa M, Kawamura N, Kino Y, Kubo MK, Mine K, Miyake Y, Morgan KM, Ninomiya K, Noda H, O'Neil GC, Okada S, Okutsu K, Osawa T, Paul N, Reintsema CD, Schmidt DR, Shimomura K, Strasser P, Suda H, Swetz DS, Takahashi T, Takeda S, Takeshita S, Tampo M, Tatsuno H, Tong XM, Ueno Y, Ullom JN, Watanabe S, Yamada S. Deexcitation Dynamics of Muonic Atoms Revealed by High-Precision Spectroscopy of Electronic K X Rays. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 127:053001. [PMID: 34397250 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.053001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We observed electronic K x rays emitted from muonic iron atoms using superconducting transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters. The energy resolution of 5.2 eV in FWHM allowed us to observe the asymmetric broad profile of the electronic characteristic Kα and Kβ x rays together with the hypersatellite K^{h}α x rays around 6 keV. This signature reflects the time-dependent screening of the nuclear charge by the negative muon and the L-shell electrons, accompanied by electron side feeding. Assisted by a simulation, these data clearly reveal the electronic K- and L-shell hole production and their temporal evolution on the 10-20 fs scale during the muon cascade process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Okumura
- Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - T Azuma
- Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - D A Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - P Caradonna
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - I Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - W B Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - M S Durkin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J W Fowler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J D Gard
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - T Hashimoto
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC), Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai 319-1184, Japan
| | - R Hayakawa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - G C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Y Ichinohe
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - P Indelicato
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, Case 74, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T Isobe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Kanda
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - D Kato
- National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS), Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan
| | - M Katsuragawa
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - N Kawamura
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Y Kino
- Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - M K Kubo
- Department of Natural Sciences, College of Liberal Arts, International Christian University, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
| | - K Mine
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - Y Miyake
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - K M Morgan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - K Ninomiya
- Department of Chemistry, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - H Noda
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - G C O'Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - S Okada
- Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - K Okutsu
- Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - T Osawa
- Materials Sciences Research Center (MSRC), Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai 319-1184, Japan
| | - N Paul
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, Case 74, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - C D Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D R Schmidt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - K Shimomura
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - P Strasser
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - H Suda
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - D S Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - T Takahashi
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - S Takeda
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - S Takeshita
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - M Tampo
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - H Tatsuno
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - X M Tong
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Y Ueno
- Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - J N Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - S Watanabe
- Department of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - S Yamada
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tollefson AD, Smith CM, Carpenter MH, Croce MP, Fassbender ME, Koehler KE, Lilley LM, O'Brien EM, Schmidt DR, Stein BW, Ullom JN, Yoho MD, Mercer DJ. Measurement of 227Ac impurity in 225Ac using decay energy spectroscopy. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 172:109693. [PMID: 33774323 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
225Ac is a valuable medical radionuclide for targeted α therapy, but 227Ac is an undesirable byproduct of an accelerator-based synthesis method under investigation. Sufficient detector sensitivity is critical for quantifying the trace impurity of 227Ac, with the 227Ac/225Ac activity ratio predicted to be approximately 0.15% by end-of-bombardment (EOB). Superconducting transition edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeters offer high resolution energy spectroscopy using the normal-to-superconducting phase transition to measure small changes in temperature. By embedding 225Ac production samples in a gold foil thermally coupled to a TES microcalorimeter we can measure the decay energies of the radionuclides embedded with high resolution and 100% detection efficiency. This technique, known as decay energy spectroscopy (DES), collapses several peaks from α decays into single Q-value peaks. In practice there are more complex factors in the interpretation of data using DES, which we will discuss herein. Using this technique we measured the EOB 227Ac impurity to be (0.142 ± 0.005)% for a single production sample. This demonstration has shown that DES is a useful tool for quantitative measurements of complicated spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A D Tollefson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - C M Smith
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - M H Carpenter
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - M P Croce
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - M E Fassbender
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - K E Koehler
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - L M Lilley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - E M O'Brien
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - D R Schmidt
- NIST Boulder Laboratories, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - B W Stein
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - J N Ullom
- NIST Boulder Laboratories, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - M D Yoho
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - D J Mercer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fowler JW, O’Neil GC, Alpert BK, Bennett DA, Denison EV, Doriese WB, Hilton GC, Hudson LT, Joe YI, Morgan KM, Schmidt DR, Swetz DS, Szabo CI, Ullom JN. Absolute energies and emission line shapes of the L x-ray transitions of lanthanide metals. Metrologia 2021; 58:10.1088/1681-7575/abd28a. [PMID: 34354301 PMCID: PMC8335601 DOI: 10.1088/1681-7575/abd28a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We use an array of transition-edge sensors, cryogenic microcalorimeters with 4 eV energy resolution, to measure L x-ray emission-line profiles of four elements of the lanthanide series: praseodymium, neodymium, terbium, and holmium. The spectrometer also surveys numerous x-ray standards in order to establish an absolute-energy calibration traceable to the international system of units for the energy range 4 keV to 10 keV. The new results include emission line profiles for 97 lines, each expressed as a sum of one or more Voigt functions; improved absolute energy uncertainty on 71 of these lines relative to existing reference data; a median uncertainty on the peak energy of 0.24 eV, four to ten times better than the median of prior work; and six lines that lack any measured values in existing reference tables. The 97 lines comprise nearly all of the most intense L lines from these elements under broad-band x-ray excitation. The work improves on previous measurements made with a similar cryogenic spectrometer by the use of sensors with better linearity in the absorbed energy and a gold x-ray absorbing layer that has a Gaussian energy-response function. It also employs a novel sample holder that enables rapid switching between science targets and calibration targets with excellent gain balancing. Most of the results for peak energy values shown here should be considered as replacements for the currently tabulated standard reference values, while the line shapes given here represent a significant expansion of the scope of available reference data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Fowler
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - G C O’Neil
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - B K Alpert
- Applied & Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - D A Bennett
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - E V Denison
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - W B Doriese
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - G C Hilton
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - L T Hudson
- Radiation Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
| | - Y-I Joe
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - K M Morgan
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - D R Schmidt
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - D S Swetz
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - C I Szabo
- Radiation Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
- Theiss Research, 7411 Eads Ave, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - J N Ullom
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Szypryt P, O’Neil GC, Takacs E, Tan JN, Buechele SW, Naing AS, Bennett DA, Doriese WB, Durkin M, Fowler JW, Gard JD, Hilton GC, Morgan KM, Reintsema CD, Schmidt DR, Swetz DS, Ullom JN, Ralchenko Y. A transition-edge sensor-based x-ray spectrometer for the study of highly charged ions at the National Institute of Standards and Technology electron beam ion trap. Rev Sci Instrum 2019; 90:123107. [PMID: 31893849 PMCID: PMC8772522 DOI: 10.1063/1.5116717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on the design, commissioning, and initial measurements of a Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) x-ray spectrometer for the Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Over the past few decades, the NIST EBIT has produced numerous studies of highly charged ions in diverse fields such as atomic physics, plasma spectroscopy, and laboratory astrophysics. The newly commissioned NIST EBIT TES Spectrometer (NETS) improves the measurement capabilities of the EBIT through a combination of high x-ray collection efficiency and resolving power. NETS utilizes 192 individual TES x-ray microcalorimeters (166/192 yield) to improve upon the collection area by a factor of ∼30 over the 4-pixel neutron transmutation doped germanium-based microcalorimeter spectrometer previously used at the NIST EBIT. The NETS microcalorimeters are optimized for the x-ray energies from roughly 500 eV to 8000 eV and achieve an energy resolution of 3.7 eV-5.0 eV over this range, a more modest (<2×) improvement over the previous microcalorimeters. Beyond this energy range, NETS can operate with various trade-offs, the most significant of which are reduced efficiency at lower energies and being limited to a subset of the pixels at higher energies. As an initial demonstration of the capabilities of NETS, we measured transitions in He-like and H-like O, Ne, and Ar as well as Ni-like W. We detail the energy calibration and data analysis techniques used to transform detector counts into x-ray spectra, a process that will be the basis for analyzing future data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Szypryt
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - G. C. O’Neil
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - E. Takacs
- Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - J. N. Tan
- Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - S. W. Buechele
- Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - A. S. Naing
- Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D. A. Bennett
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - W. B. Doriese
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - M. Durkin
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - J. W. Fowler
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - J. D. Gard
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - G. C. Hilton
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - K. M. Morgan
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - C. D. Reintsema
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D. R. Schmidt
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D. S. Swetz
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J. N. Ullom
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Yu. Ralchenko
- Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jaeckel FT, Ambarish CV, Christensen N, Gruenke R, Hu L, McCammon D, McPheron M, Meyer M, Nelms KL, Roy A, Wulf D, Zhang S, Zhou Y, Adams JS, Bandler SR, Chervenak JA, Datesman AM, Eckart ME, Ewin AJ, Finkbeiner FM, Kelley R, Kilbourne CA, Miniussi AR, Porter FS, Sadleir JE, Sakai K, Smith SJ, Wakeham N, Wassell E, Yoon W, Morgan KM, Schmidt DR, Swetz DS, Ullom JN. Energy calibration of high-resolution X-Ray TES microcalorimeters with 3 eV optical photons. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 2019; 29:2100104. [PMID: 31186605 PMCID: PMC6557579 DOI: 10.1109/tasc.2019.2899856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the improving energy resolution of transitionedge sensor (TES) based microcalorimeters, performance verification and calibration of these detectors has become increasingly challenging, especially in the energy range below 1 keV where fluorescent atomic X-ray lines have linewidths that are wider than the detector energy resolution and require impractically high statistics to determine the gain and deconvolve the instrumental profile. Better behaved calibration sources such as grating monochromators are too cumbersome for space missions and are difficult to use in the lab. As an alternative, we are exploring the use of pulses of 3 eV optical photons delivered by an optical fiber to generate combs of known energies with known arrival times. Here, we discuss initial results of this technique obtained with 2 eV and 0.7 eV resolution X-ray microcalorimeters. With the 2 eV detector, we have achieved photon number resolution for pulses with mean photon number up to 133 (corresponding to 0.4 keV).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F T Jaeckel
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - C V Ambarish
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - N Christensen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - R Gruenke
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - L Hu
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - D McCammon
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - M McPheron
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - M Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - K L Nelms
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - A Roy
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - D Wulf
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - S Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Y Zhou
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - J S Adams
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - S R Bandler
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - J A Chervenak
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - A M Datesman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - M E Eckart
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - A J Ewin
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - F M Finkbeiner
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - R Kelley
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - C A Kilbourne
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - A R Miniussi
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - F S Porter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - J E Sadleir
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - K Sakai
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - S J Smith
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - N Wakeham
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - E Wassell
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - W Yoon
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - K M Morgan
- National Institute for Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - D R Schmidt
- National Institute for Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - D S Swetz
- National Institute for Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - J N Ullom
- National Institute for Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Morgan KM, Becker DT, Bennett DA, Gard JD, Imrek J, Mates JAB, Pappas CG, Reintsema CD, Schmidt DR, Ullom JN, Weber J, Wessels A, Swetz DS. Expanding the Capability of Microwave Multiplexed Readout for Fast Signals in Microcalorimeters. J Low Temp Phys 2019; 199:10.1007/s10909-019-02250-2. [PMID: 33335337 PMCID: PMC7739880 DOI: 10.1007/s10909-019-02250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microwave SQUID multiplexing has become a key technology for reading out large arrays of X-ray and gamma-ray microcalorimeters with mux factors of 100 or more. The desire for fast X-ray pulses that accommodate photon counting rates of hundreds or thousands of counts per second per sensor drives system design toward high sensor current slew rate. Typically, readout of high current slew rate events is accomplished by increasing the sampling rate, such that rates of order 1MHz may be necessary for some experiments. In our microwave multiplexed readout scheme, the effective sampling rate is set by the frequency of the flux-ramp modulation (f r) used to linearize the SQUID response. The maximum current slew rate between samples is then nominally Φ 0 f r/2M in (where M in is the input coupling) because it is generally not possible to distinguish phase shifts of > π from negative phase shifts of < -π. However, during a pulse, we know which direction the current ought to be slewing, and this makes it possible to reconstruct a pulse where the magnitude of the phase shift between samples is > π. We describe a practical algorithm to identify and reconstruct pulses that exceed this nominal slew rate limit on the rising edge. Using pulses produced by X-ray transition-edge sensors, we find that the pulse reconstruction has a negligible impact on energy resolution compared to arrival time effects induced by under-sampling the rising edge. This technique can increase the effective slew rate limit by more than a factor of two, thereby either reducing the resonator bandwidth required or extending the energy range of measurable photons. The extra margin could also be used to improve crosstalk or to decrease readout noise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Morgan
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - D. T. Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - D. A. Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J. D. Gard
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J. Imrek
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J. A. B. Mates
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - C. G. Pappas
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - C. D. Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - D. R. Schmidt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J. N. Ullom
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J. Weber
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - A. Wessels
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - D. S. Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schmidt DR, Woolf NJ, Zega TJ, Ziurys LM. Extreme 13C, 15N and 17O isotopic enrichment in the young planetary nebula K4-47. Nature 2018; 564:378-381. [PMID: 30568193 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0763-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carbon, nitrogen and oxygen are the three most abundant elements in the Galaxy after hydrogen and helium. Whereas hydrogen and helium were created in the Big Bang, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen arise from nucleosynthesis in stars. Of particular interest1,2 are the isotopic ratios 12C/13C, 14N/15N and 16O/17O because they are effective tracers of nucleosynthesis and help to benchmark the chemical processes that occurred in primitive interstellar material as it evolved into our Solar System3. However, the origins of the rare isotopes 15N and 17O remain uncertain, although novae and very massive stars that explode as supernovae are postulated4-6 to be the main sources of 15N. Here we report millimetre-wavelength observations of the young bipolar planetary nebula K4-47 that indicate another possible source for these isotopes. We identify various carbon-bearing molecules in K4-47 that show that this object is carbon-rich, and find unusually high enrichment in rare carbon (13C), oxygen (17O) and nitrogen (15N) isotopes: 12C/13C = 2.2 ± 0.8, 16O/17O = 21.4 ± 10.3 and 14N/15N = 13.6 ± 6.5 (uncertainties are three standard deviations); for comparison, the corresponding solar ratios7 are 89.4 ± 0.2, 2,632 ± 7 and 435 ± 57. One possible interpretation of these results is that K4-47 arose from a J-type asymptotic giant branch star that underwent a helium-shell flash (an explosive nucleosynthetic event that converts large quantities of helium to carbon and other elements), enriching the resulting planetary nebula in 15N and 17O and creating its bipolar geometry. Other possible explanations are that K4-47 is a binary system or that it resulted from a white dwarf merger, as has been suggested for object CK Vul8. These results suggest that nucleosynthesis of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen is not well understood and that the classification of certain stardust grains must be reconsidered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Schmidt
- Department of Astronomy, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - N J Woolf
- Department of Astronomy, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - T J Zega
- Department of Planetary Science, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - L M Ziurys
- Department of Astronomy, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,Arizona Radio Observatory, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Doriese WB, Abbamonte P, Alpert BK, Bennett DA, Denison EV, Fang Y, Fischer DA, Fitzgerald CP, Fowler JW, Gard JD, Hays-Wehle JP, Hilton GC, Jaye C, McChesney JL, Miaja-Avila L, Morgan KM, Joe YI, O'Neil GC, Reintsema CD, Rodolakis F, Schmidt DR, Tatsuno H, Uhlig J, Vale LR, Ullom JN, Swetz DS. A practical superconducting-microcalorimeter X-ray spectrometer for beamline and laboratory science. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:053108. [PMID: 28571411 DOI: 10.1063/1.4983316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We describe a series of microcalorimeter X-ray spectrometers designed for a broad suite of measurement applications. The chief advantage of this type of spectrometer is that it can be orders of magnitude more efficient at collecting X-rays than more traditional high-resolution spectrometers that rely on wavelength-dispersive techniques. This advantage is most useful in applications that are traditionally photon-starved and/or involve radiation-sensitive samples. Each energy-dispersive spectrometer is built around an array of several hundred transition-edge sensors (TESs). TESs are superconducting thin films that are biased into their superconducting-to-normal-metal transitions. The spectrometers share a common readout architecture and many design elements, such as a compact, 65 mK detector package, 8-column time-division-multiplexed superconducting quantum-interference device readout, and a liquid-cryogen-free cryogenic system that is a two-stage adiabatic-demagnetization refrigerator backed by a pulse-tube cryocooler. We have adapted this flexible architecture to mate to a variety of sample chambers and measurement systems that encompass a range of observing geometries. There are two different types of TES pixels employed. The first, designed for X-ray energies below 10 keV, has a best demonstrated energy resolution of 2.1 eV (full-width-at-half-maximum or FWHM) at 5.9 keV. The second, designed for X-ray energies below 2 keV, has a best demonstrated resolution of 1.0 eV (FWHM) at 500 eV. Our team has now deployed seven of these X-ray spectrometers to a variety of light sources, accelerator facilities, and laboratory-scale experiments; these seven spectrometers have already performed measurements related to their applications. Another five of these spectrometers will come online in the near future. We have applied our TES spectrometers to the following measurement applications: synchrotron-based absorption and emission spectroscopy and energy-resolved scattering; accelerator-based spectroscopy of hadronic atoms and particle-induced-emission spectroscopy; laboratory-based time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy with a tabletop, broadband source; and laboratory-based metrology of X-ray-emission lines. Here, we discuss the design, construction, and operation of our TES spectrometers and show first-light measurements from the various systems. Finally, because X-ray-TES technology continues to mature, we discuss improvements to array size, energy resolution, and counting speed that we anticipate in our next generation of TES-X-ray spectrometers and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W B Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - P Abbamonte
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - B K Alpert
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D A Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - E V Denison
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Y Fang
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - D A Fischer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - C P Fitzgerald
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J W Fowler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J D Gard
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J P Hays-Wehle
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - G C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - C Jaye
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - J L McChesney
- Argonne National Laboratory, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - L Miaja-Avila
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - K M Morgan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Y I Joe
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - G C O'Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - C D Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - F Rodolakis
- Argonne National Laboratory, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - D R Schmidt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - H Tatsuno
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - J Uhlig
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - L R Vale
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J N Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D S Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ziurys LM, Adande GR, Edwards JL, Schmidt DR, Halfen DT, Woolf NJ. Prebiotic chemical evolution in the astrophysical context. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2015; 45:275-88. [PMID: 25894971 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-015-9431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An ever increasing amount of molecular material is being discovered in the interstellar medium, associated with the birth and death of stars and planetary systems. Radio and millimeter-wave astronomical observations, made possible by high-resolution laboratory spectroscopy, uniquely trace the history of gas-phase molecules with biogenic elements. Using a combination of both disciplines, the full extent of the cycling of molecular matter, from circumstellar ejecta of dying stars - objects which expel large amounts of carbon - to nascent solar systems, has been investigated. Such stellar ejecta have been found to exhibit a rich and varied chemical content. Observations demonstrate that this molecular material is passed onto planetary nebulae, the final phase of stellar evolution. Here the star sheds almost its entire original mass, becoming an ultraviolet-emitting white dwarf. Molecules such as H2CO, HCN, HCO(+), and CCH are present in significant concentrations across the entire age span of such nebulae. These data suggest that gas-phase polyatomic, carbon-containing molecules survive the planetary nebula phase and subsequently are transported into the interstellar medium, seeding the chemistry of diffuse and then dense clouds. The extent of the chemical complexity in dense clouds is unknown, hindered by the high spectral line density. Organic species such as acetamide and methyl amine are present in such objects, and NH2CHO has a wide Galactic distribution. However, organophosphorus compounds have not yet been detected in dense clouds. Based on carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios, molecular material from the ISM appears to become incorporated into solar system planetesimals. It is therefore likely that interstellar synthesis influences prebiotic chemistry on planet surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Ziurys
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0065, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Uhlig J, Doriese WB, Fowler JW, Swetz DS, Jaye C, Fischer DA, Reintsema CD, Bennett DA, Vale LR, Mandal U, O'Neil GC, Miaja-Avila L, Joe YI, El Nahhas A, Fullagar W, Gustafsson FP, Sundström V, Kurunthu D, Hilton GC, Schmidt DR, Ullom JN. High-resolution X-ray emission spectroscopy with transition-edge sensors: present performance and future potential. J Synchrotron Radiat 2015; 22:766-75. [PMID: 25931095 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515004312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) is a powerful element-selective tool to analyze the oxidation states of atoms in complex compounds, determine their electronic configuration, and identify unknown compounds in challenging environments. Until now the low efficiency of wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectrometer technology has limited the use of XES, especially in combination with weaker laboratory X-ray sources. More efficient energy-dispersive detectors have either insufficient energy resolution because of the statistical limits described by Fano or too low counting rates to be of practical use. This paper updates an approach to high-resolution X-ray emission spectroscopy that uses a microcalorimeter detector array of superconducting transition-edge sensors (TESs). TES arrays are discussed and compared with conventional methods, and shown under which circumstances they are superior. It is also shown that a TES array can be integrated into a table-top time-resolved X-ray source and a soft X-ray synchrotron beamline to perform emission spectroscopy with good chemical sensitivity over a very wide range of energies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Uhlig
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - W B Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MS 817.03, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J W Fowler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MS 817.03, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - D S Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MS 817.03, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - C Jaye
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - D A Fischer
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - C D Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MS 817.03, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - D A Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MS 817.03, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - L R Vale
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MS 817.03, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - U Mandal
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - G C O'Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MS 817.03, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - L Miaja-Avila
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MS 817.03, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Y I Joe
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MS 817.03, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - A El Nahhas
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - W Fullagar
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - V Sundström
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - D Kurunthu
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - G C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MS 817.03, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - D R Schmidt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MS 817.03, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J N Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MS 817.03, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Uhlig J, Fullagar W, Ullom JN, Doriese WB, Fowler JW, Swetz DS, Gador N, Canton SE, Kinnunen K, Maasilta IJ, Reintsema CD, Bennett DA, Vale LR, Hilton GC, Irwin KD, Schmidt DR, Sundström V. Table-top ultrafast x-ray microcalorimeter spectrometry for molecular structure. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:138302. [PMID: 23581383 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.138302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This work presents an x-ray absorption measurement by use of ionizing radiation generated by a femtosecond pulsed laser source. The spectrometer was a microcalorimetric array whose pixels are capable of accurately measuring energies of individual radiation quanta. An isotropic continuum x-ray spectrum in the few-keV range was generated from a laser plasma source with a water-jet target. X rays were transmitted through a ferrocene powder sample to the detector, whose pixels have average photon energy resolution ΔE=3.14 eV full-width-at-half-maximum at 5.9 keV. The bond distance of ferrocene was retrieved from this first hard-x-ray absorption fine-structure spectrum collected with an energy-dispersive detector. This technique will be broadly enabling for time-resolved observations of structural dynamics in photoactive systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Uhlig
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Genetic feedback loops in cells break detailed balance and involve bimolecular reactions; hence, exact solutions revealing the nature of the stochastic fluctuations in these loops are lacking. We here consider the master equation for a gene regulatory feedback loop: a gene produces protein which then binds to the promoter of the same gene and regulates its expression. The protein degrades in its free and bound forms. This network breaks detailed balance and involves a single bimolecular reaction step. We provide an exact solution of the steady-state master equation for arbitrary values of the parameters, and present simplified solutions for a number of special cases. The full parametric dependence of the analytical non-equilibrium steady-state probability distribution is verified by direct numerical solution of the master equations. For the case where the degradation rate of bound and free protein is the same, our solution is at variance with a previous claim of an exact solution [J. E. M. Hornos, D. Schultz, G. C. P. Innocentini, J. Wang, A. M. Walczak, J. N. Onuchic, and P. G. Wolynes, Phys. Rev. E 72, 051907 (2005), and subsequent studies]. We show explicitly that this is due to an unphysical formulation of the underlying master equation in those studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Grima
- SynthSys Edinburgh, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bennett DA, Horansky RD, Schmidt DR, Hoover AS, Winkler R, Alpert BK, Beall JA, Doriese WB, Fowler JW, Fitzgerald CP, Hilton GC, Irwin KD, Kotsubo V, Mates JAB, O'Neil GC, Rabin MW, Reintsema CD, Schima FJ, Swetz DS, Vale LR, Ullom JN. A high resolution gamma-ray spectrometer based on superconducting microcalorimeters. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:093113. [PMID: 23020368 DOI: 10.1063/1.4754630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Improvements in superconductor device fabrication, detector hybridization techniques, and superconducting quantum interference device readout have made square-centimeter-sized arrays of gamma-ray microcalorimeters, based on transition-edge sensors (TESs), possible. At these collecting areas, gamma microcalorimeters can utilize their unprecedented energy resolution to perform spectroscopy in a number of applications that are limited by closely-spaced spectral peaks, for example, the nondestructive analysis of nuclear materials. We have built a 256 pixel spectrometer with an average full-width-at-half-maximum energy resolution of 53 eV at 97 keV, a useable dynamic range above 400 keV, and a collecting area of 5 cm(2). We have demonstrated multiplexed readout of the full 256 pixel array with 236 of the pixels (91%) giving spectroscopic data. This is the largest multiplexed array of TES microcalorimeters to date. This paper will review the spectrometer, highlighting the instrument design, detector fabrication, readout, operation of the instrument, and data processing. Further, we describe the characterization and performance of the newest 256 pixel array.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Flowers-Jacobs NE, Schmidt DR, Lehnert KW. Intrinsic noise properties of atomic point contact displacement detectors. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:096804. [PMID: 17359186 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.096804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We measure the noise added by an atomic point contact operated as a displacement detector. With a microwave technique, we increase the measurement speed of atomic point contacts by a factor of 500. The measurement is then fast enough to detect the resonant motion of a nanomechanical beam at frequencies up to 60 MHz and sensitive enough to observe the random thermal motion of the beam at 250 mK. We demonstrate a shot-noise limited imprecision of 2.3 fm/square root[Hz] and observe a 78 aN/square root[Hz] backaction force, yielding a total uncertainty in the beam's displacement that is 42 times the standard-quantum limit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N E Flowers-Jacobs
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schmidt DR, Hogh B, Andersen O, Fuchs J, Fledelius H, Petersen E. The national neonatal screening programme for congenital toxoplasmosis in Denmark: results from the initial four years, 1999-2002. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91:661-5. [PMID: 16861484 PMCID: PMC2083029 DOI: 10.1136/adc.2004.066514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe the outcome of four years' nationwide neonatal screening for congenital toxoplasmosis in liveborn newborns. METHODS Congenital toxoplasmosis was diagnosed if specific Toxoplasma gondii IgM antibodies were detected in eluate from the PKU Guthrie filter paper card from a child. Infants diagnosed with congenital toxoplasmosis were examined for intracranial and retinal lesions and treated for three months with sulphadiazine, pyrimethamine, and folinic acid continuously. RESULTS Eluates from PKU-cards from 262 912 newborns were analysed. The birth prevalence of congenital toxoplasma infection was 2.1 per 10 000 liveborns. Congenital toxoplasmosis was suspected in 96 infants and confirmed in 55. Forty seven children were examined for intracranial and retinal lesions soon after birth; 12 had clinical signs at this first examination. Of these, 5 had intracranial calcifications, 2 had retinochoroidal lesions, 4 had intracranial calcifications and retinochoroidal lesions, and 1 had hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications, and retinochoroidal lesions. Ninety four eyes were examined soon after birth; there were central retinochoroidal lesions in 9. Two children had macular lesion of both eyes, five had macular lesions of one eye. At 1 year of age, 10/68 eyes had central lesions, and at 3 years of age, 5/32 had central lesions. Thus new retinochoroidal lesions developed in three eyes in the observation period. CONCLUSIONS Neonatal screening is feasible for diagnosing children with congenital toxoplasmosis at birth in low endemic areas. Retinochoroiditis with macular lesion was diagnosed in 9.6% of the eyes at birth and in 15.6% of the eyes examined at 3 years of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Schmidt
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schmidt DR, Schoelkopf RJ, Cleland AN. Photon-mediated thermal relaxation of electrons in nanostructures. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93:045901. [PMID: 15323773 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.045901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the thermal properties of nanoscale electron systems have ignored the effect of electrical noise radiated between the electron gas and the environment, through the electrical leads. Here we calculate the effect of this photon-mediated process, and show that the low-temperature thermal conductance is equal to the quantum of thermal conductance, GQ = pi2kB2T/3h, times a coupling coefficient. We find that, at very low temperatures, the photon conductance is the dominant route for thermal equilibration, while at moderate temperatures this relaxation mode adds one quantum of thermal conductance to that due to phonon transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Andersen O, Fledelius HC, Fuchs HJ, Høgh B, Petersen E, Schmidt DR. [Follow-up of children with congenital toxoplasmosis]. Ugeskr Laeger 2001; 163:6292. [PMID: 11723694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O Andersen
- Hillerød Sygehus, børneafdelingen og øjenafdelingen
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Moon RD, Hinton JL, O'Rourke SD, Schmidt DR. Nutritional value of fresh and composted poultry manure for house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae. J Econ Entomol 2001; 94:1308-1317. [PMID: 11681699 DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493-94.5.1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A sand dilution assay was developed to study how composting affects the nutritional value of stored laying hen manure for larvae of the house fly, Musca domestica L. Equal numbers of eggs were inoculated into graded amounts of stock manure and incubated under standardized moisture conditions. Survival and mass per emerging adult diminished with progressively lower supplies of manure per larva, whether the manure was diluted into clean, white sand or placed on top of an equal volume of sand. Mass of adults per original egg was an increasing linear function of log, manure supply, with extrapolated lower supply threshold, S(L) = 0.06 g per egg. It is proposed that S(L) is a measure of a substrate's nutritional value--the greater the threshold, the lower its value. Dilution of the same stock manure in loam or sandy loam reduced the manure's apparent nutritional value, and dehydration of the stock manure to 20% water before rehydration to 70% also reduced nutritional value. Assays of bulk samples from replicated piles of laying hen manure mixed with sunflower hulls indicated the mixture was nutritionally equivalent to the stock manure, but that 3-4 wk of subsequent aerobic, thermophilic composting reduced it to approximately 10% of its initial value. These results suggest that composting may be a useful technique for reducing the fly breeding potential of laying hen manure and other substrates that must be stored before spreading and incorporation on crop land.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R D Moon
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhu J, Schmidt DR, Randall GW, Morey RV. Seepage from deep bedded and poultry litter systems. J Environ Sci Health B 2000; 35:585-598. [PMID: 10968609 DOI: 10.1080/03601230009373294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The work reported indicates that there could be a potential of ground water pollution by NO3-N from turkey facilities built on both sandy and clay soils. At four different depths (30.54, 61.08, 91.62, and 122.16 cm), the NO3-N levels for the clay soil were 1572, 497, 66, and 28 ppm, and those for the sandy soil were 293, 425, 324, and 164 ppm, respectively. No significant P increases were observed but there did exist a significant increase of K in the topsoil for both clay and sandy turkey structures. The results show that swine hoop houses with less than three or four years of age may not pose a threat to groundwater pollution due to the leaching of nutrients. The only dairy feedlot sampled in this study, although it has been used for more than 20 years, did not show leaching of NO3-N and P. However, it did show a significantly elevated concentration of potassium in the topsoil, as compared to the background sample. More sites should be investigated to verify this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zhu
- University of Minnesota, Southern Research and Outreach Center, Waseca 56093, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schmidt DR, Schreiber SL. Molecular association between ATR and two components of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylating complex, HDAC2 and CHD4. Biochemistry 1999; 38:14711-7. [PMID: 10545197 DOI: 10.1021/bi991614n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)- and Rad3-related protein (ATR) is a phosphatidylinositol-kinase (PIK)-related kinase that has been implicated in the response of human cells to multiple forms of DNA damage and may play a role in the DNA replication checkpoint. The purification of an ATR complex allowed identification of chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 4 (CHD4) as an ATR-associated protein by tandem mass spectrometric sequencing. CHD4 (also called Mi-2beta) is a component of a histone-deacetylase-2 (HDAC2)-containing complex, the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylating (NRD) complex. Endogenous ATR, CHD4, and HDAC2 are shown to coimmunoprecipitate, and ATR and HDAC2 coelute through two biochemical purification steps. Other members of the NRD complex, HDAC1, MTA1, and MTA2, are also detectable in ATR immunoprecipitates. ATR's association with CHD4 and HDAC2 suggests that there may be a linkage between ATR's role in mediating checkpoints induced by DNA damage and chromatin modulation via remodeling and deacetylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Schmidt
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether associations exist between body fatness and injury rates in high school football linemen. DESIGN Prospective, injury surveillance study during a 2-week preseason and 10-week regular season. SETTING 10 public high schools in Texas. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred fifteen varsity and junior varsity high school football linemen. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Injury rates (injuries per 1000 hours of playing time) for groups of players above a given body fat level and at or below a given body fat level. Rates were computed as the number of injuries per group divided by the group's aggregate playing time (practice + game time). The null hypothesis was that there is no difference in injury rates between players above a given level of body fat and those at or below that level of body fat. Body fat was determined from chest, abdomen, and thigh skinfold measurements using standard conversion equations. Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) was also calculated for each player. RESULTS The overall injury rate was 5.66 injuries per 1000 hours of playing time. Percent body fat ranged from 9.3% to 40.2%. BMI ranged from 19.9 to 46.6 kg/m2. Sixty-seven players sustained 86 injuries, the most common of which were ankle sprains and medial collateral ligament sprains. No difference in overall injury rates between higher and lower fat groups was seen at any body fat level. Players in higher body fat groups, however, had significantly greater lower extremity injury rates than did players in lower fat groups between 18% and 27% body fat and again 32% to 33%, but not at intermediate levels or >33%. Players in higher BMI groups had significantly greater lower extremity injury rates than did players in lower BMI groups throughout the range from 24 to 36 kg/m2, except at 34 kg/m2. CONCLUSION Both higher body fatness and BMI were associated with increased rates of lower extremity injury among high school football linemen. BMI appears to be associated more consistently with increased lower extremity injury rates than is body fat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Gómez
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 78284-7808, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Riggi KS, Messina DF, Schmidt DR. Patellar dislocation with radiographs mimicking the lateral capsular sign. Clin J Sport Med 1998; 8:62-4. [PMID: 9448962 DOI: 10.1097/00042752-199801000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K S Riggi
- Orthopaedic Surgery Associates of San Antonio, Texas 78240-1501, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chang CC, Schmidt DR. Initiation and proliferation of carrot callus using a combination of antibiotics. Planta 1991; 185:523-6. [PMID: 24186530 DOI: 10.1007/bf00202962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/1991] [Accepted: 07/09/1991] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Calli were initiated from carrot (Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus Hoffm.) root expiants and grown on media supplemented with a combination of carbenicillin at 0.3 mg/ml and vancomycin at 0.1 mg/ml in the absence of plant hormones or hormone analogs. The growth rate was about half of that obtained with a combination of α-naphthaleneacetic acid and N(6)-benzyladenine at 1 mg/l each. Carbenicillin in the combination with vancomycin could be replaced by penicillin G; other penicillins tested in this combination, however, caused only limited growth. The calli produced can be grown on media supplemented with α-naphthaleneacetic acid and N(6)-benzyladenine, but not on media without the antibiotics and the plant growth substances. Calli obtained using the plant growth substances can also be subcultured on media supplemented with only the antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, 53141-2000, Kenosha, WI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Affiliation(s)
- D R Schmidt
- Cardiology Service/SGHMMC, Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center, Lackland AFB, TX 78236-5300
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Leptospirosis occurred in a 45-year-old man with presumed infection from an exposure to contaminated water at his source of employment. An intensive epidemiological investigation, including serological examination of all family members and pets and cultures on the patient and his family pets (cats and dogs), proved that the leptospiral organism was acquired by the patient's exposure to his dogs. The risk of acquiring infection from dogs that are asymptomatic and vaccinated is emphasized by this report.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Schmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wilford Hall US Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, TX 78236-5300
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Schmidt DR, Henry JH. Stress injuries of the adolescent extensor mechanism. Clin Sports Med 1989; 8:343-55. [PMID: 2665957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stress injury to the extensor mechanism is common, and we expect it to become more so as adolescent athletes train earlier and more vigorously. The clinical and radiographic findings of a number of these stress injuries are described. Our young athletes challenge us to continue studying these stress injuries with the goal of offering them more effective preventative programs. The success of our study will probably lie in the areas of stretching, cross training, and strength programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Schmidt
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78284
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Robson MC, Zachary LS, Schmidt DR, Faibisoff B, Hekmatpanah J. Reconstruction of large cranial defects in the presence of heavy radiation damage and infection utilizing tissue transferred by microvascular anastomoses. Plast Reconstr Surg 1989; 83:438-42. [PMID: 2645596 DOI: 10.1097/00006534-198903000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Six cases of large defects of the scalp, skull, and dura following tumor ablation and radiation are presented. Each was accompanied by chronic infection in the irradiated defect. Efforts to reconstruct the resulting defects with local flaps were not successful. One-stage reconstruction was then accomplished in each case utilizing a latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous or myo-osteocutaneous free flap transferred by microvascular anastomoses. The versatility of the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous and/or osseous flap allows single-stage reconstruction of these complex defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Robson
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Galveston
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Abstract
Over a 51/2-year period 30 patients were found with Eikenella corrodens infections of the hand following closed fist injury. Twenty-four had mixed infections; six grew pure cultures of Eikenella. Twenty-one of the 30 patients had positive cultures from an injured metacarpophalangeal joint. A delay in presentation or an inaccurate initial diagnosis appeared to be the most significant factors leading to the complications of osteomyelitis (in five patients) and significant loss of joint function (in eight other patients). Clinicians must have a high index of suspicion when evaluating any hand injury and clenched fist injuries of the hand should be treated by early adequate surgical debridement followed by IV penicillin given until operative cultures confirm or deny contamination with Eikenella corrodens.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Head and neck reconstruction using a free flap composed of latissimus dorsi muscle and overlying skin and attached to vascularized posterior rib based on the thoracodorsal vessel was recently developed in our laboratory. Further clinical experience in the use of this flap is presented, along with a detailed explanation of the surgical technique. This flap provides internal lining, structural support, bulk, and external coverage for head and neck defects in one stage. Herein alternative composite free flaps have been compared with this flap.
Collapse
|