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Baby K, Vithalkar MP, Dastidar SG, Mukhopadhyay C, Hamdy R, Soliman SSM, Nayak Y. Exploring TMPRSS2 Drug Target to Combat Influenza and Coronavirus Infection. SCIENTIFICA 2025; 2025:3687892. [PMID: 40297833 PMCID: PMC12037250 DOI: 10.1155/sci5/3687892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2025] [Indexed: 04/30/2025]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections, including influenza and coronaviruses, present significant health risks worldwide. The recent COVID-19 pandemic highlights the urgent need for novel and effective antiviral agents. The host cell protease, transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), facilitates viral pathogenesis by playing a critical role in viral invasion and disease progression. This protease is coexpressed with the viral receptors of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for SARS-CoV-2 in the human respiratory tract and plays a significant role in activating viral proteins and spreading. TMPRSS2 activates the coronavirus spike (S) protein and permits membrane fusion and viral entry by cleaving the virus surface glycoproteins. It also activates the hemagglutinin (HA) protein, an enzyme necessary for the spread of influenza virus. TMPRSS2 inhibitors can reduce viral propagation and morbidity by blocking viral entry into respiratory cells and reducing viral spread, inflammation, and disease severity. This review examines the role of TMPRSS2 in viral replication and pathogenicity. It also offers potential avenues to develop targeted antivirals to inhibit TMPRSS2 function, suggesting a possible focus on targeted antiviral development. Ultimately, the review seeks to contribute to improving public health outcomes related to these viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaprasad Baby
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Megh Pravin Vithalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Somasish Ghosh Dastidar
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
- Centre for Emerging and Tropical Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Rania Hamdy
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering (RISE), University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE
| | - Sameh S. M. Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Yogendra Nayak
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
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Bhowmick S, Mistri TK, Khan MR, Patil PC, Busquets R, Ashif Ikbal AM, Choudhury A, Roy DK, Palit P, Saha A. Investigation of bio-active Amaryllidaceae alkaloidal small molecules as putative SARS-CoV-2 main protease and host TMPRSS2 inhibitors: interpretation by in-silico simulation study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:7107-7127. [PMID: 37482789 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2238065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) outburst is still threatening global health. This highly contagious viral disease is caused by the infection of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Covid-19 and post-Covid-19 complications induce noteworthy mortality. Potential chemical hits and leads against SARS-CoV-2 for combating Covid-19 are urgently required. In the present study, a virtual-screening protocol was executed on potential Amaryllidaceae alkaloids from a pool of natural compound library against SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) and transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2). For the collected 1016 alkaloids from the curated library, initially, molecular docking using AutoDock Vina (ADV), and thereafter 100 ns molecular-dynamic (MD) simulation has been executed for the best top-ranked binding affinity compounds for both the viral and host proteins. Comprehensive intermolecular-binding interactions profile of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids suggested that phyto-compounds Galantamine, Lycorenine, and Neronine as potent modulators of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and host TMPRSS2 protein. All atomistic long range 100 ns MD simulation studies of each top ranked complex in triplicates also illustrated strong binding affinity of three compounds towards Mpro and TMPRSS2. Identified compounds might be recommended as prospective anti-viral agents for future drug development selectively targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro or blocking host TMPRSS2 receptor, subjected to pre-clinical and clinical assessment for a better understanding of in-vitro molecular interaction and in-vivo validation.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tapan Kumar Mistri
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Potheri, India
| | - Mohammad Rizwan Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pritee Chunarkar Patil
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of IT and Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India
| | - Rosa Busquets
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, UK
| | - Abu Md Ashif Ikbal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Division of Pharmacognosy, Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Assam University (A Central University), Assam, India
| | | | - Dilip Kumar Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, JIS University, Kolkata, India
| | - Partha Palit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Division of Pharmacognosy, Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Assam University (A Central University), Assam, India
| | - Achintya Saha
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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Maikhunthod B, Chaipayang S, Jittmittraphap A, Thippornchai N, Boonchuen P, Tittabutr P, Eumkeb G, Sabuakham S, Rungrotmongkol T, Mahalapbutr P, Leaungwutiwong P, Teaumroong N, Tanthanuch W. Exploring the therapeutic potential of Thai medicinal plants: in vitro screening and in silico docking of phytoconstituents for novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:274. [PMID: 39030504 PMCID: PMC11264683 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04586-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high virulence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has triggered global health and economic concerns. The absence of specific antiviral treatments and the side effects of repurposed drugs present persistent challenges. This study explored a promising antiviral herbal extract against SARS-CoV-2 from selected Thai medicinal plants based on in vitro efficacy and evaluated its antiviral lead compounds by molecular docking. METHODS Twenty-two different ethanolic-aqueous crude extracts (CEs) were rapidly screened for their potential activity against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) as a surrogate using a plaque reduction assay. Extracts achieving ≥ 70% anti-PEDV efficacy proceeded to the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity test using a 50% tissue culture infectious dose method in Vero E6 cells. Molnupiravir and extract-free media served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Potent CEs underwent water/ethyl acetate fractionation to enhance antiviral efficacy, and the fractions were tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 performance. The fraction with the highest antiviral potency was identified using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Molecular docking analyses of these compounds against the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 (6LU7) were performed to identify antiviral lead molecules. The top three hits were further evaluated for their conformational stability in the docked complex using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. RESULTS The water fraction of mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) leaf CE (WF-MLCE) exhibited the most potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy with low cytotoxicity profile (CC50 of ~ 0.7 mg/mL), achieving 99.92% in pre-entry mode and 99.88% in postinfection treatment mode at 0.25 mg/mL. Flavonoids and conjugates were the predominant compounds identified in WF-MLCE. Molecular docking scores of several flavonoids against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro demonstrated their superior antiviral potency compared to molnupiravir. Remarkably, myricetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, maragrol B, and quercetin 3-O-robinobioside exhibited binding energies of ~ - 9 kcal/mol. The stability of each ligand-protein complex of these compounds with the Mpro system showed stability during MD simulation. These three molecules were pronounced as antiviral leads of WF-MLCE. Given the low cytotoxicity and high antiviral potency of WF-MLCE, it holds promise as a candidate for future therapeutic development for COVID-19 treatment, especially considering its economic and pharmacological advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bussayarat Maikhunthod
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Sukanya Chaipayang
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Akanitt Jittmittraphap
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Narin Thippornchai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pakpoom Boonchuen
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Panlada Tittabutr
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Griangsak Eumkeb
- School of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Sahachai Sabuakham
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Structural and Computational Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Panupong Mahalapbutr
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Pornsawan Leaungwutiwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Neung Teaumroong
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
| | - Waraporn Tanthanuch
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
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Ugrani S. Inhibitor design for TMPRSS2: insights from computational analysis of its backbone hydrogen bonds using a simple descriptor. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2024; 53:27-46. [PMID: 38157015 PMCID: PMC10853362 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-023-01695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) is an important drug target due to its role in the infection mechanism of coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2. Current understanding regarding the molecular mechanisms of known inhibitors and insights required for inhibitor design are limited. This study investigates the effect of inhibitor binding on the intramolecular backbone hydrogen bonds (BHBs) of TMPRSS2 using the concept of hydrogen bond wrapping, which is the phenomenon of stabilization of a hydrogen bond in a solvent environment as a result of being surrounded by non-polar groups. A molecular descriptor which quantifies the extent of wrapping around BHBs is introduced for this. First, virtual screening for TMPRSS2 inhibitors is performed by molecular docking using the program DOCK 6 with a Generalized Born surface area (GBSA) scoring function. The docking results are then analyzed using this descriptor and its relationship to the solvent-accessible surface area term ΔGsa of the GBSA score is demonstrated with machine learning regression and principal component analysis. The effect of binding of the inhibitors camostat, nafamostat, and 4-guanidinobenzoic acid (GBA) on the wrapping of important BHBs in TMPRSS2 is also studied using molecular dynamics. For BHBs with a large increase in wrapping groups due to these inhibitors, the radial distribution function of water revealed that certain residues involved in these BHBs, like Gln438, Asp440, and Ser441, undergo preferential desolvation. The findings offer valuable insights into the mechanisms of these inhibitors and may prove useful in the design of new inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Ugrani
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Lin JG, Huang GJ, Su YC. Efficacy analysis and research progress of complementary and alternative medicines in the adjuvant treatment of COVID-19. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:30. [PMID: 37138292 PMCID: PMC10155165 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted human lifestyles around the world, causing huge distress in terms of public health systems, emergency response capacity and economic development. The causative agent of COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is associated with respiratory involvement, cardiovascular-related diseases, and ultimately causes multiple organ failure and death in severely affected individuals. Thus, effective prevention or early treatment of COVID-19 is critical. An effective vaccine offers a way out of the pandemic for governments, the scientific community and people worldwide, but we still lack effective drug therapies, including treatments for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. This had led to a high global demand for many complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs). Moreover, many healthcare providers are now requesting information about CAMs that prevent, relieve, or treat the symptoms of COVID-19 and even alleviate vaccine-related side effects. Experts and scholars must therefore become familiar with the use of CAMs in COVID-19, current research directions and effectiveness of CAMs for COVID-19. This narrative review updates the current status and research worldwide on the use of CAMs for COVID-19. The review provides reliable evidence on theoretical viewpoints and therapeutic efficacies of CAM combinations, and evidence in support of the therapeutic strategy of Taiwan Chingguan Erhau (NRICM102) against moderate-to-severe novel coronavirus infectious disease in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaung-Geng Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Jhong Huang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
- Department of Food Nutrition and Healthy Biotechnology, Asia University, No. 500, Lioufeng Road, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chang Su
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No.155-1, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
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6
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Effect of the substituted location on luminescent behaviors with Ambroxol moieties: synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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7
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Langeder J, Döring K, Schmietendorf H, Grienke U, Schmidtke M, Rollinger JM. 1H NMR-Based Biochemometric Analysis of Morus alba Extracts toward a Multipotent Herbal Anti-Infective. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:8-17. [PMID: 36543521 PMCID: PMC9887597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry Diels-Alder-type adducts (MDAAs) derived from the white mulberry tree were discovered recently as dual inhibitors of influenza viruses and pneumococci. For the development of a natural product based remedy for respiratory infections, the aim was to (i) identify the most prolific natural source of MDAAs, (ii) develop a protocol to maximize the content of MDAAs in Morus alba extracts, (iii) unravel constituents with the highest anti-infective potential within multicomponent mixtures, and (iv) select and characterize a hit extract as a candidate for further studies. Validated quantitative UPLC-PDA analysis of seven MDAAs (1-7) revealed the root bark as the best starting material and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) as the optimum technique for extraction. Extracts enriched in MDAAs of a total content above 20% exerted a potent dual anti-influenza virus and antipneumococcal activity. For a detailed analysis of the most bioactive chemical features and molecules within the extracts, 1H NMR-based heterocovariance analysis (HetCA) was used. According to the multivariate statistical analysis procedure conducted, MDAAs exclusively accounted for the in vitro anti-influenza viral effect. The anti-infective profile of one hit extract (MA60) investigated showed a good tolerance by lung cells (A549, Calu-3) and pronounced in vitro activities against influenza viruses, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Langeder
- Division
of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristin Döring
- Section
of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Hannes Schmietendorf
- Section
of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Grienke
- Division
of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Schmidtke
- Section
of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Judith M. Rollinger
- Division
of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Kim YS, Kwon EB, Kim B, Chung HS, Choi G, Kim YH, Choi JG. Mulberry Component Kuwanon C Exerts Potent Therapeutic Efficacy In Vitro against COVID-19 by Blocking the SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 RBD:ACE2 Receptor Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12516. [PMID: 36293371 PMCID: PMC9604257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an immense effort by global pharmaceutical companies to develop anti-COVID-19 drugs, including small molecule-based RNA replication inhibitors via drug repositioning and antibody-based spike protein blockers related to cell entry by SARS-CoV-2. However, several limitations to their clinical use have emerged in addition to a lack of progress in the development of small molecule-based cell entry inhibitors from natural products. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of kuwanon C (KC), which has mainly been researched using in silico docking simulation and can serve as an effective building block for developing anti-COVID-19 drugs, in blocking the spike S1 RBD:ACE2 receptor interaction. KC is a natural product derived from Morus alba L., commonly known as mulberry, which has known antiviral efficacy. Molecular interaction studies using competitive ELISA and the BLItz system revealed that KC targets both the spike S1 RBD and the ACE2 receptor, successfully disrupting their interaction, as supported by the in silico docking simulation. Furthermore, we established a mechanism of action by observing how KC prevents the infection of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus in ACE2/TPRSS2-overexpressing HEK293T cells. Finally, we demonstrated that KC inhibits clinical isolates of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells. Future combinations of small molecule-based cell entry inhibitors, such as KC, with the currently prescribed RNA replication inhibitors are anticipated to significantly enhance the efficacy of COVID-19 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Soo Kim
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Korean Medicine Application Center, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Eun-Bin Kwon
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Korean Medicine Application Center, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Buyun Kim
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Korean Medicine Application Center, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Hwan-Suck Chung
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Korean Medicine Application Center, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Garam Choi
- R&D Center, Etnova Therapeutics Corp., 198 Saneop-ro, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon 13207, Korea
| | - Yeoun-Hee Kim
- R&D Center, Etnova Therapeutics Corp., 198 Saneop-ro, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon 13207, Korea
| | - Jang-Gi Choi
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Korean Medicine Application Center, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea
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Kim YS, Kim B, Kwon EB, Chung HS, Choi JG. Mulberrofuran G, a Mulberry Component, Prevents SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Blocking the Interaction between SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Receptor-Binding Domain and Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Receptor. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194170. [PMID: 36235822 PMCID: PMC9573737 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent development of RNA replication-targeted COVID-19 drugs by global pharmaceutical companies, their prescription in clinical practice is limited by certain factors, including drug interaction, reproductive toxicity, and drug resistance. COVID-19 drugs with multiple targets for the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle may lead to a successful reduction in drug resistance as well as enhanced therapeutic efficacy, and natural products are a potential source of molecules with therapeutic effects against COVID-19. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory efficacy of mulberrofuran G (MG), a component of Morus alba L., also known as mulberry, which has been used as food and traditional medicine, on the binding of the spike S1 receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is the initial stage of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. In competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, MG effectively blocked the spike S1 RBD: ACE2 receptor molecular binding, and investigations using the BLItz system and in silico modeling revealed that MG has high affinity for both proteins. Finally, we confirmed that MG inhibits the entry of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus and a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2 into cells, suggesting that MG might be a promising therapeutic candidate for preventing SARS-CoV-2 binding to the cell surface during early infection.
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10
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Su YC, Huang GJ, Lin JG. Chinese herbal prescriptions for COVID-19 management: Special reference to Taiwan Chingguan Yihau (NRICM101). Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:928106. [PMID: 36278162 PMCID: PMC9581083 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.928106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), the respiratory illness responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. As at June 2022, increasing numbers of newly diagnosed COVID-19-associated pneumonia cases worldwide have attracted close attention from the international community. The present review analyzes and summarizes the treatment of COVID-19 with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). A systematic analysis of the efficacies and benefits of TCM for the treatment of COVID-19 was performed, and the mechanisms underlying such treatment are summarized. This analysis of the literature highlights the potential of TCM to prevent and treat COVID-19 via antiviral, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities, with evidence showing that many TCM components act upon multiple targets and pathways. Famous TCM formulas include Qing-Fei-Pai-Du-Tang (QFPDT), Lianhuaqingwen Capsule (LHC), Taiwan Chingguan Yihau (NRICM101), and Jing Si herbal drink (JSHD). In particular, the botanical preparation NRICM101 was developed in 2020 for use in viral respiratory tract infections and is recommended for treating non-severe and mild COVID-19 infections. NRICM101 has been adopted for use in Taiwan for the clinical treatment of COVID-19. The common components and active ingredients of 10 TCM preparations have been analyzed for the most promising substances. This review aims to provide reliable evidence demonstrating the therapeutic efficacy of TCM substances in support of their further development against novel coronavirus infectious diseases in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chang Su
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Jhong Huang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Food Nutrition and Healthy Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Guan-Jhong Huang, ; Jaung-Geng Lin,
| | - Jaung-Geng Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Guan-Jhong Huang, ; Jaung-Geng Lin,
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11
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Saha P, Bose S, Srivastava AK, Chaudhary AA, Lall R, Prasad S. Jeopardy of COVID-19: Rechecking the Perks of Phytotherapeutic Interventions. Molecules 2021; 26:6783. [PMID: 34833873 PMCID: PMC8621307 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the reason for worldwide pandemic, has already masked around 220 countries globally. This disease is induced by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Arising environmental stress, increase in the oxidative stress level, weak immunity and lack of nutrition deteriorates the clinical status of the infected patients. Though several researches are at its peak for understanding and bringing forward effective therapeutics, yet there is no promising solution treating this disease directly. Medicinal plants and their active metabolites have always been promising in treating many clinical complications since time immemorial. Mother nature provides vivid chemical structures, which act multi-dimensionally all alone or synergistically in mitigating several diseases. Their unique antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity with least side effects have made them more effective candidate for pharmacological studies. These medicinal plants inhibit attachment, encapsulation and replication of COVID-19 viruses by targeting various signaling molecules such as angiotensin converting enzyme-2, transmembrane serine protease 2, spike glycoprotein, main protease etc. This property is re-examined and its potency is now used to improve the existing global health crisis. This review is an attempt to focus various antiviral activities of various noteworthy medicinal plants. Moreover, its implications as prophylactic or preventive in various secondary complications including neurological, cardiovascular, acute kidney disease, liver disease are also pinpointed in the present review. This knowledge will help emphasis on the therapeutic developments for this novel coronavirus where it can be used as alone or in combination with the repositioned drugs to combat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Saha
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, WB, India; (P.S.); (S.B.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Subhankar Bose
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, WB, India; (P.S.); (S.B.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Amit Kumar Srivastava
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, WB, India; (P.S.); (S.B.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSUI), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rajiv Lall
- Noble Pharma, LLC, 4602 Domain Drive, Menomonie, WI 54751, USA;
| | - Sahdeo Prasad
- Noble Pharma, LLC, 4602 Domain Drive, Menomonie, WI 54751, USA;
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