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Trindade D, Cachide M, Soares Martins T, Guedes S, Rosa IM, da Cruz e Silva OA, Henriques AG. Monitoring clusterin and fibrillar structures in aging and dementia. AGING BRAIN 2023; 3:100080. [PMID: 37346145 PMCID: PMC10279921 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2023.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Clusterin is involved in a variety of physiological processes, including proteostasis. Several clusterin polymorphisms were associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, the world-leading cause of dementia. Herein, the effect of a clusterin polymorphism, aging and dementia in the levels of clusterin in human plasma were analysed in a primary care-based cohort, and the association of this chaperone with fibrillar structures discussed. Methods 64 individuals with dementia (CDR≥1) and 64 age- and sex-matched Controls from a Portuguese cohort were genotyped for CLU rs1136000 polymorphism, and the plasma levels of clusterin and fibrils were assessed. Results An increased prevalence of the CC genotype was observed for the dementia group, although no significant robustness was achieved. CLU rs11136000 SNP did not significantly change plasma clusterin levels in demented individuals. Instead, clusterin levels decreased with aging and even more in individuals with dementia. Importantly, plasma clusterin levels correlated with the presence of fibrillar structures in Control individuals, but not in those with dementia. Conclusion This study reveals a significant decrease in plasma clusterin in demented individuals with aging, which related to altered clusterin-fibrils dynamics. Potentially, plasma clusterin and its association with fibrillar structures can be used to monitor dementia progression along aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Gabriela Henriques
- Corresponding author at: Neuroscience and Signaling Group, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Tang X, Tena J, Di Lucente J, Maezawa I, Harvey DJ, Jin LW, Lebrilla CB, Zivkovic AM. Transcriptomic and glycomic analyses highlight pathway-specific glycosylation alterations unique to Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7816. [PMID: 37188790 PMCID: PMC10185676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation has been found to be altered in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it is unknown which specific glycosylation-related pathways are altered in AD dementia. Using publicly available RNA-seq datasets covering seven brain regions and including 1724 samples, we identified glycosylation-related genes ubiquitously changed in individuals with AD. Several differentially expressed glycosyltransferases found by RNA-seq were confirmed by qPCR in a different set of human medial temporal cortex (MTC) samples (n = 20 AD vs. 20 controls). N-glycan-related changes predicted by expression changes in these glycosyltransferases were confirmed by mass spectrometry (MS)-based N-glycan analysis in the MTC (n = 9 AD vs. 6 controls). About 80% of glycosylation-related genes were differentially expressed in at least one brain region of AD participants (adjusted p-values < 0.05). Upregulation of MGAT1 and B4GALT1 involved in complex N-linked glycan formation and galactosylation, respectively, were reflected by increased concentrations of corresponding N-glycans. Isozyme-specific changes were observed in expression of the polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GALNT) family and the alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6GALNAC) family of enzymes. Several glycolipid-specific genes (UGT8, PIGM) were upregulated. The critical transcription factors regulating the expression of N-glycosylation and elongation genes were predicted and found to include STAT1 and HSF5. The miRNA predicted to be involved in regulating N-glycosylation and elongation glycosyltransferases were has-miR-1-3p and has-miR-16-5p, respectively. Our findings provide an overview of glycosylation pathways affected by AD and potential regulators of glycosyltransferase expression that deserve further validation and suggest that glycosylation changes occurring in the brains of AD dementia individuals are highly pathway-specific and unique to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Tang
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jennyfer Tena
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jacopo Di Lucente
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Izumi Maezawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Danielle J Harvey
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Angela M Zivkovic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Behl T, Kaur I, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Gupta S, Albratty M, Najmi A, Alhazmi HA, Bungau S. AChE as a spark in the Alzheimer's blaze - Antagonizing effect of a cyclized variant. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 83:101787. [PMID: 36368649 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS1), amyloid beta (Aβ), and GSK3 are the effectors, which are significantly associated with progression of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and its symptoms. A significant protein, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) becomes dysfunctional as a result of cholinergic neuronal loss in AD pathology. However, certain associated peptides potentiate the release of primary neuropathological hallmarks, i.e., senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), by modulating the alpha 7 acetylcholinesterase receptor (α7nAChR). The AChE variants, T30 and T14 have also been found to be elevated in AD patients and mimic the toxic actions of pathological events in patients. The manuscript discusses the significance of AChE inhibitors in AD therapeutics, by indicating the disastrous role of molecular alterations and elevation of AChE, accompanied with the downstream effects instigated by the peptide, supported by clinical evidence and investigations. The cyclized variant of AChE peptide, NBP14 has been identified as a novel candidate that reverses the harmful effects of T30, T14 and Aβ, mainly calcium influx, cell viability and AChE release. The review aims to grab the attention of neuro-researchers towards the significance of triggering effectors in propagating AD and role of AChE in regulating them, which can potentially ace the development of reliable therapeutic candidates, similar to NBP14, to mitigate neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidohli, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Ishnoor Kaur
- University of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Sumeet Gupta
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Substance Abuse and Toxicology, Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania; Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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Tang L, Wang ZB, Ma LZ, Cao XP, Tan L, Tan MS. Dynamic changes of CSF clusterin levels across the Alzheimer's disease continuum. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:508. [PMID: 36581903 PMCID: PMC9801612 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-03038-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clusterin is a multifunctional protein, which is associated with the pathogenesis and the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Compared with normal controls, inconsistent results have yielded in previous studies for concentration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) clusterin in AD patients. We explored CSF clusterin levels in different pathological processes of AD. METHODS Following the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) criteria, we employed on the levels of CSF Aβ42(A), phosphorylated-Tau (T), and total-tau (N). Based on previously published cutoffs and the close correlation between CSF p-tau and t-tau, 276 participants from the publicly available ADNI database with CSF biomarkers were divided into four groups: A-(TN)- (normal Aβ42 and normal p-tau and t-tau; n = 50), A+(TN)- (abnormal Aβ42 and normal p-tau and t-tau; n = 39), A+(TN) + (abnormal Aβ42 and abnormal p-tau or t-tau; n = 147), A-(TN) + (normal Aβ42 and abnormal p-tau or t-tau; n = 40). To assess CSF clusterin levels in AD continuum, intergroup differences in four groups were compared. Pairwise comparisons were conducted as appropriate followed by Bonferroni post hoc analyses. To further study the relationships between CSF clusterin levels and AD core pathological biomarkers, we employed multiple linear regression method in subgroups. RESULTS Compared with the A-(TN)- group, CSF clusterin levels were decreased in A+ (TN)- group (P = 0.002 after Bonferroni correction), but increased in the A+(TN) + group and the A-(TN) + group (both P < 0.001 after Bonferroni correction). Moreover, we found CSF clusterin levels are positively associated with CSF Aβ42 (β = 0.040, P < 0. 001), CSF p-tau (β = 0.325, P < 0.001) and CSF t-tau (β = 0.346, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that there are differences levels of CSF clusterin in different stages of AD pathology. The CSF clusterin level decreased at the early stage are related to abnormal Aβ pathology; and the increased levels are associated with tau pathology and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Tang
- grid.410645.20000 0001 0455 0905Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhi-Bo Wang
- grid.410645.20000 0001 0455 0905Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ling-Zhi Ma
- grid.410645.20000 0001 0455 0905Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi-Peng Cao
- grid.410645.20000 0001 0455 0905Clinical Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- grid.410645.20000 0001 0455 0905Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng-Shan Tan
- grid.410645.20000 0001 0455 0905Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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The Role of Clusterin Transporter in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease at the Blood–Brain Barrier Interface: A Systematic Review. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101452. [PMID: 36291661 PMCID: PMC9599067 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is considered a chronic and debilitating neurological illness that is increasingly impacting older-age populations. Some proteins, including clusterin (CLU or apolipoprotein J) transporter, can be linked to AD, causing oxidative stress. Therefore, its activity can affect various functions involving complement system inactivation, lipid transport, chaperone activity, neuronal transmission, and cellular survival pathways. This transporter is known to bind to the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, which is the major pathogenic factor of AD. On the other hand, this transporter is also active at the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a barrier that prevents harmful substances from entering and exiting the brain. Therefore, in this review, we discuss and emphasize the role of the CLU transporter and CLU-linked molecular mechanisms at the BBB interface in the pathogenesis of AD.
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The Influence of Clusterin Glycosylation Variability on Selected Pathophysiological Processes in the Human Body. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7657876. [PMID: 36071866 PMCID: PMC9441386 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7657876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present review gathers together the most important information about variability in clusterin molecular structure, its profile, and the degree of glycosylation occurring in human tissues and body fluids in the context of the utility of these characteristics as potential diagnostic biomarkers of selected pathophysiological conditions. The carbohydrate part of clusterin plays a crucial role in many biological processes such as endocytosis and apoptosis. Many pathologies associated with neurodegeneration, carcinogenesis, metabolic diseases, and civilizational diseases (e.g., cardiovascular incidents and male infertility) have been described as causes of homeostasis disturbance, in which the glycan part of clusterin plays a very important role. The results of the discussed studies suggest that glycoproteomic analysis of clusterin may help differentiate the severity of hippocampal atrophy, detect the causes of infertility with an immune background, and monitor the development of cancer. Understanding the mechanism of clusterin (CLU) action and its binding epitopes may enable to indicate new therapeutic goals. The carbohydrate part of clusterin is considered necessary to maintain its proper molecular conformation, structural stability, and proper systemic and/or local biological activity. Taking into account the wide spectrum of CLU action and its participation in many processes in the human body, further studies on clusterin glycosylation variability are needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms of many pathophysiological conditions. They can also provide the opportunity to find new biomarkers and enrich the panel of diagnostic parameters for diseases that still pose a challenge for modern medicine.
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7
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Gharibyan AL, Wasana Jayaweera S, Lehmann M, Anan I, Olofsson A. Endogenous Human Proteins Interfering with Amyloid Formation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030446. [PMID: 35327638 PMCID: PMC8946693 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid formation is a pathological process associated with a wide range of degenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes mellitus type 2. During disease progression, abnormal accumulation and deposition of proteinaceous material are accompanied by tissue degradation, inflammation, and dysfunction. Agents that can interfere with the process of amyloid formation or target already formed amyloid assemblies are consequently of therapeutic interest. In this context, a few endogenous proteins have been associated with an anti-amyloidogenic activity. Here, we review the properties of transthyretin, apolipoprotein E, clusterin, and BRICHOS protein domain which all effectively interfere with amyloid in vitro, as well as displaying a clinical impact in humans or animal models. Their involvement in the amyloid formation process is discussed, which may aid and inspire new strategies for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Gharibyan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (A.L.G.); (A.O.)
| | | | - Manuela Lehmann
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (M.L.); (I.A.)
| | - Intissar Anan
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (M.L.); (I.A.)
| | - Anders Olofsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (A.L.G.); (A.O.)
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8
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ApoE4 reduction: an emerging and promising therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 115:20-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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9
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Antunes ASLM. Post-translational Modifications in Parkinson’s Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1382:85-94. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05460-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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10
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Begum MM, Islam MS, Behl T, Ashraf GM. Exploring the Role of CLU in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:2108-2119. [PMID: 32820456 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic and devastating neurodegenerative disorder that is affecting elderly people at an increasing rate. Clusterin (CLU), an extracellular chaperone, is an ubiquitously expressed protein that can be identified in various body fluids and tissues. Expression of CLU can lead to various processes including suppression of complement system, lipid transport, chaperone function, and also controlling neuronal cell death and cell survival mechanisms. Studies have confirmed that the level of CLU expression is increased in AD. Furthermore, CLU also decreased the toxicity and aggregation of amyloid beta (Aβ). However when the Aβ level was far greater than CLU, then the amyloid generation was increased. CLU was also found to incorporate in the amyloid aggregates, which were more harmful as compared with the Aβ42 aggregates alone. Growing evidence indicates that CLU plays roles in AD pathogenesis via various processes, including aggregation and clearance of Aβ, neuroinflammation, lipid metabolism, Wnt signaling, copper homeostasis, and regulation of neuronal cell cycle and apoptosis. In this article, we represent the critical interaction of CLU and AD based on recent advances. Furthermore, we have also focused on the Aβ-dependent and Aβ-independent mechanisms by which CLU plays a role in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | | | | | | | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Richens JL, Bramble JP, Spencer HL, Cantlay F, Butler M, O'Shea P. Towards defining the Mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease based on a contextual analysis of molecular pathways. AIMS GENETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/genet.2016.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is posing an increasingly profound problem to society. Our genuine understanding of the pathogenesis of AD is inadequate and as a consequence, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are currently insufficient. The understandable focus of many studies is the identification of molecules with high diagnostic utility however the opportunity to obtain a further understanding of the mechanistic origins of the disease from such putative biomarkers is often overlooked. This study examines the involvement of biomarkers in AD to shed light on potential mechanisms and pathways through which they are implicated in the pathology of this devastating neurodegenerative disorder. The computational tools required to analyse ever-growing datasets in the context of AD are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L. Richens
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Bramble
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah L. Spencer
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Cantlay
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Molly Butler
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul O'Shea
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Address as of 1st July 2016: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Farias FHG, Benitez BA, Cruchaga C. Quantitative endophenotypes as an alternative approach to understanding genetic risk in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 151:105247. [PMID: 33429041 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophenotypes, as measurable intermediate features of human diseases, reflect underlying molecular mechanisms. The use of quantitative endophenotypes in genetic studies has improved our understanding of pathophysiological changes associated with diseases. The main advantage of the quantitative endophenotypes approach to study human diseases over a classic case-control study design is the inferred biological context that can enable the development of effective disease-modifying treatments. Here, we summarize recent progress on biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, including cerebrospinal fluid and blood-based, neuroimaging, neuropathological, and clinical studies. This review focuses on how endophenotypic studies have successfully linked genetic modifiers to disease risk, disease onset, or progression rate and provided biological context to genes identified in genome-wide association studies. Finally, we review critical methodological considerations for implementing this approach and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana H G Farias
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America; NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America
| | - Bruno A Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America; NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America; NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America; Hope Center for Neurologic Diseases, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America; The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, United States of America; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, United States of America.
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Determination of plasma β-amyloids by rolling circle amplification chemiluminescent immunoassay for noninvasive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:24. [PMID: 33404755 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04650-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A rolling circle amplification chemiluminescence immunoassay (RCA-CLIA) was developed for precise quantitation of Aβ in plasma. Capture antibodies conjugated with magnetic beads and detection antibodies with collateral single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) were bound to Aβ42/Aβ40 antigens to form a typical double-antibody sandwich structure. The RCA reaction was triggered by the addition of ssDNA, which generated products with a large number of sites for the binding of acridinium ester (AE)-labeled detection probes, thereby realizing the purpose of the amplification. The RCA-CLIA method had higher sensitivity than conventional CLIA without loss of specificity. Under optimum conditions, the linear range of Aβ42 and Aβ40 detection was 3.9-140 pg/mL and 3.9-180 pg/mL, respectively, with corresponding low detection limits of 1.99 pg/mL and 3.14 pg/mL, respectively. Plasma Aβ42 and Aβ40 were detected in the blood of 21 AD patients and 22 healthy people, wherein this ratio could significantly distinguish AD patients from healthy individuals with a sensitivity of 90.48% and specificity of 63.64% for a cutoff value of 154. The Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio of plasma acts as an accurate indicator for AD diagnosis; therefore, detection of plasma Aβ using the RCA-CLIA exhibits great potential in noninvasive diagnosis and progressive assessment of AD.
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Systematic analysis to identify transcriptome-wide dysregulation of Alzheimer's disease in genes and isoforms. Hum Genet 2020; 140:609-623. [PMID: 33140241 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegeneration diseases caused by multiple factors. The mechanistic insight of AD remains limited. To disclose molecular mechanisms of AD, many studies have been proposed from transcriptome analyses. However, no analysis across multiple levels of transcription has been conducted to discover co-expression networks of AD. We performed gene-level and isoform-level analyses of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from 544 brain tissues of AD patients, mild cognitive impaired (MCI) patients, and healthy controls. Gene and isoform levels of co-expression modules were constructed by RNA-seq data. The associations of modules with AD were evaluated by integrating cognitive scores of patients, Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), alternative splicing analysis, and dementia-related genes expressed in brain tissues. Totally, 29 co-expression modules were found with expressions significantly correlated with the cognitive scores. Among them, two isoform modules were enriched with AD-associated SNPs and genes whose mRNA splicing displayed significant alteration in relation to AD disease. These two modules were further found enriched with dementia-related genes expressed in four brain regions of 125 AD patients. Analyzing expressions of these two modules revealed expressions of 39 isoforms (corresponding to 35 genes) significantly correlated with cognitive scores of AD patients, in which 38 isoforms were significantly up-regulated in AD patients comparing to controls, and 33 isoforms (corresponding to 29 genes) were not reported as AD-related previously. Employing the co-expression modules and the drug-induced gene expression data from Connectivity Map (CMAP), 12 drugs were predicted as significant in restoring the gene expression of AD patients towards health, which include nine drugs reported for relieving AD. In comparison, four of the top 12 significant drugs were known for relieving AD if the drug prediction was performed by the genes expressed significantly different in AD and healthy controls. Analysis of multiple levels of the transcriptomic organization is useful in suggesting AD-related co-expression networks and discovering drugs.
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Chaplot K, Jarvela TS, Lindberg I. Secreted Chaperones in Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:268. [PMID: 33192447 PMCID: PMC7481362 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, is a combination of cellular processes that govern protein quality control, namely, protein translation, folding, processing, and degradation. Disruptions in these processes can lead to protein misfolding and aggregation. Proteostatic disruption can lead to cellular changes such as endoplasmic reticulum or oxidative stress; organelle dysfunction; and, if continued, to cell death. A majority of neurodegenerative diseases involve the pathologic aggregation of proteins that subverts normal neuronal function. While prior reviews of neuronal proteostasis in neurodegenerative processes have focused on cytoplasmic chaperones, there is increasing evidence that chaperones secreted both by neurons and other brain cells in the extracellular – including transsynaptic – space play important roles in neuronal proteostasis. In this review, we will introduce various secreted chaperones involved in neurodegeneration. We begin with clusterin and discuss its identification in various protein aggregates, and the use of increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) clusterin as a potential biomarker and as a potential therapeutic. Our next secreted chaperone is progranulin; polymorphisms in this gene represent a known genetic risk factor for frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and progranulin overexpression has been found to be effective in reducing Alzheimer’s- and Parkinson’s-like neurodegenerative phenotypes in mouse models. We move on to BRICHOS domain-containing proteins, a family of proteins containing highly potent anti-amyloidogenic activity; we summarize studies describing the biochemical mechanisms by which recombinant BRICHOS protein might serve as a therapeutic agent. The next section of the review is devoted to the secreted chaperones 7B2 and proSAAS, small neuronal proteins which are packaged together with neuropeptides and released during synaptic activity. Since proteins can be secreted by both classical secretory and non-classical mechanisms, we also review the small heat shock proteins (sHsps) that can be secreted from the cytoplasm to the extracellular environment and provide evidence for their involvement in extracellular proteostasis and neuroprotection. Our goal in this review focusing on extracellular chaperones in neurodegenerative disease is to summarize the most recent literature relating to neurodegeneration for each secreted chaperone; to identify any common mechanisms; and to point out areas of similarity as well as differences between the secreted chaperones identified to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Chaplot
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Timothy S Jarvela
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Iris Lindberg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
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16
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Lee EG, Tulloch J, Chen S, Leong L, Saxton AD, Kraemer B, Darvas M, Keene CD, Shutes-David A, Todd K, Millard S, Yu CE. Redefining transcriptional regulation of the APOE gene and its association with Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227667. [PMID: 31978088 PMCID: PMC6980611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet the expression of APOE is not clearly understood. For example, it is unclear whether AD patients have elevated or decreased APOE expression or why the correlation levels of APOE RNA and the ApoE protein differ across studies. Likewise, APOE has a single CpG island (CGI) that overlaps with its 3'-exon, and this CGI's effect is unknown. We previously reported that the APOE CGI is highly methylated in human postmortem brain (PMB) and that this methylation is altered in AD frontal lobe. In this study, we comprehensively characterized APOE RNA transcripts and correlated levels of RNA expression with DNA methylation levels across the APOE CGI. We discovered the presence of APOE circular RNA (circRNA) and found that circRNA and full-length mRNA each constitute approximately one third of the total APOE RNA, with truncated mRNAs likely constituting some of the missing fraction. All APOE RNA species demonstrated significantly higher expression in AD frontal lobe than in control frontal lobe. Furthermore, we observed a negative correlation between the levels of total APOE RNA and DNA methylation at the APOE CGI in the frontal lobe. When stratified by disease status, this correlation was strengthened in controls but not in AD. Our findings suggest a possible modified mechanism of gene action for APOE in AD that involves not only the protein isoforms but also an epigenetically regulated transcriptional program driven by DNA methylation in the APOE CGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Gyung Lee
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jessica Tulloch
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Sunny Chen
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Lesley Leong
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Aleen D. Saxton
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Brian Kraemer
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Martin Darvas
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Andrew Shutes-David
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kaitlin Todd
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Steve Millard
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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17
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Riboni N, Quaranta A, Motwani HV, Österlund N, Gräslund A, Bianchi F, Ilag LL. Solvent-Assisted Paper Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (SAPSI-MS) for the Analysis of Biomolecules and Biofluids. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10296. [PMID: 31311939 PMCID: PMC6635430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45358-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paper Spray Ionization (PSI) is commonly applied for the analysis of small molecules, including drugs, metabolites, and pesticides in biological fluids, due to its high versatility, simplicity, and low costs. In this study, a new setup called Solvent Assisted Paper Spray Ionization (SAPSI), able to increase data acquisition time, signal stability, and repeatability, is proposed to overcome common PSI drawbacks. The setup relies on an integrated solution to provide ionization potential and constant solvent flow to the paper tip. Specifically, the ion source was connected to the instrument fluidics along with the voltage supply systems, ensuring a close control over the ionization conditions. SAPSI was successfully applied for the analysis of different classes of biomolecules: amyloidogenic peptides, proteins, and N-glycans. The prolonged analysis time allowed real-time monitoring of processes taking places on the paper tip, such as amyloid peptides aggregation and disaggregation phenomena. The enhanced signal stability allowed to discriminate protein species characterized by different post translational modifications and adducts with electrophilic compounds, both in aqueous solutions and in biofluids, such as serum and cerebrospinal fluid, without any sample pretreatment. In the next future, application to clinical relevant modifications, could lead to the development of quick and cost-effective diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoló Riboni
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, IT, Italy
| | - Alessandro Quaranta
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE, Sweden
| | - Hitesh V Motwani
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE, Sweden
| | - Nicklas Österlund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE, Sweden
| | - Astrid Gräslund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE, Sweden
| | - Federica Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, IT, Italy
| | - Leopold L Ilag
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE, Sweden.
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18
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Dhiman K, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Martins RN, Gupta VB. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for understanding multiple aspects of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1833-1863. [PMID: 30770953 PMCID: PMC11105672 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial age-related brain disease. Numerous pathological events run forth in the brain leading to AD. There is an initial long, dormant phase before the clinical symptoms become evident. There is a need to diagnose the disease at the preclinical stage since therapeutic interventions are most likely to be effective if initiated early. Undoubtedly, the core cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers have a good diagnostic accuracy and have been used in clinical trials as end point measures. However, looking into the multifactorial nature of AD and the overlapping pathology with other forms of dementia, it is important to integrate the core CSF biomarkers with a broader panel of other biomarkers reflecting different aspects of pathology. The review is focused upon a panel of biomarkers that relate to different aspects of AD pathology, as well as various studies that have evaluated their diagnostic potential. The panel includes markers of neurodegeneration: neurofilament light chain and visinin-like protein (VILIP-1); markers of amyloidogenesis and brain amyloidosis: apolipoproteins; markers of inflammation: YKL-40 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; marker of synaptic dysfunction: neurogranin. These markers can highlight on the state and stage-associated changes that occur in AD brain with disease progression. A combination of these biomarkers would not only aid in preclinical diagnosis, but would also help in identifying early brain changes during the onset of disease. Successful treatment strategies can be devised by understanding the contribution of these markers in different aspects of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Dhiman
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, 8 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Veer Bala Gupta
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia.
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19
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Zhong X, Wang J, Carlsson C, Okonkwo O, Zetterberg H, Li L. A Strategy for Discovery and Verification of Candidate Biomarkers in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 11:483. [PMID: 30666187 PMCID: PMC6330998 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease, is characterized by the accumulation of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and loss of synapses and neurons in the brain. The pathophysiological process of AD begins with a long asymptomatic phase, which provides a potential opportunity for early therapeutic intervention. Therefore, it is crucial to define putative biomarkers via reliable and validated methods for early diagnosis of AD. Here, we characterized candidate biomarkers by discovery proteomics analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), revealing that 732 and 704 proteins with more than one unique peptide were identified in healthy controls and preclinical AD patients, respectively. Among them, 79 and 98 proteins were significantly altered in preclinical AD for women and men, respectively, many of which have been demonstrated with consistent regulation pattern in patients with mild cognitive impairment or AD dementia. In-house developed 5-plex isotopic N,N-dimethyl leucine (iDiLeu) tags were further utilized to verify candidate biomarkers, neurosecretory protein VGF (VGF) and apolipoprotein E (apoE). By labeling peptide standards with different iDiLeu tags, a four-point internal calibration curve was constructed to allow for determination of the absolute amount of target analytes in CSF through a single liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jingxin Wang
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Cynthia Carlsson
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ozioma Okonkwo
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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20
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Alzheimer's disease in the omics era. Clin Biochem 2018; 59:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Hsu JL, Lee WJ, Liao YC, Wang SJ, Fuh JL. The clinical significance of plasma clusterin and Aβ in the longitudinal follow-up of patients with Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:91. [PMID: 29169407 PMCID: PMC5701424 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Clusterin and beta-amyloid (Aβ) are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The clinical significance of plasma clusterin and Aβ in AD progression remains controversial. Methods We recruited 322 patients with AD and 88 controls between August 2012 and June 2013. All participants were evaluated at baseline with a clinical assessment, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scales. Patients with AD were evaluated annually with the MMSE and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) scale during the 2-year follow-up period. The levels of plasma clusterin, Aβ1–40, and Aβ1–42 at baseline were analyzed to study the longitudinal changes in the patient scores on the MMSE and NPI during the follow-up period. Results Patients in the highest tertile of plasma clusterin levels showed significantly lower MMSE scores than those in the lowest tertile (p = 0.04). After adjustment for multiple covariates using the generalized estimating equation analysis, there was a significant decrease in the MMSE scores over the 2-year follow-up period among AD patients in the highest tertile of plasma clusterin levels compared with those in the lowest tertile (−2.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −3.67 to −0.51, p = 0.01). In apolipoprotein E (ApoE)4-positive AD patients, baseline measurements of the ratio of plasma Aβ1–42/Aβ1–40 in the highest tertile predicted an increase in NPI agitation/aggression scores over the 2-year follow-up period (6.06, 95% CI = 1.20–10.62, p = 0.02). Conclusions Plasma clusterin could serve as a biomarker for the severity of cognitive decline. Plasma Aβ in ApoE4-positive AD could predict long-term agitation/aggression symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Lung Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Taipei Medical University Research Center for Brain and Consciousness, Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Lee
- Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chu Liao
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Shuu-Jiun Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
| | - Jong-Ling Fuh
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
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22
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Frenkel-Pinter M, Shmueli MD, Raz C, Yanku M, Zilberzwige S, Gazit E, Segal D. Interplay between protein glycosylation pathways in Alzheimer's disease. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1601576. [PMID: 28929132 PMCID: PMC5600531 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Deviations from the normal nucleoplasmic protein O-GlcNAcylation, as well as from normal protein sialylation and N-glycosylation in the secretory pathway, have been reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the interplay between the cytoplasmic protein O-GlcNAcylation and the secretory N-/O-glycosylation in AD has not been described. We present a comprehensive analysis of the N-, O-, and O-GlcNAc-glycomes in AD-affected brain regions as well as in AD patient serum. We detected marked differences in levels of glycan involved in both protein O-GlcNAcylation and N-/O-glycosylation between patients and healthy individuals and revealed brain region-specific glycosylation-related pathology in patients. These alterations are not general for other neurodegenerative conditions, such as frontotemporal dementia and corticobasal degeneration. The alterations in the AD glycome in the serum could potentially lead to novel glyco-based biomarkers for AD progression. Strikingly, negative interrelationship was found between the pathways of protein O-GlcNAcylation and N-/O-glycosylation, suggesting a novel intracellular cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chen Raz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Interdisciplinary Sagol School of Neurosciences, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Michaela Yanku
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Interdisciplinary Sagol School of Neurosciences, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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23
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Bastos P, Ferreira R, Manadas B, Moreira PI, Vitorino R. Insights into the human brain proteome: Disclosing the biological meaning of protein networks in cerebrospinal fluid. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2017; 54:185-204. [PMID: 28393582 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2017.1299682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an excellent source of biological information regarding the nervous system, once it is in close contact and accurately reflects alterations in this system. Several studies have analyzed differential protein profiles of CSF samples between healthy and diseased human subjects. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms and how CSF proteins relate to diseases are still poorly known. By applying bioinformatics tools, we attempted to provide new insights on the biological and functional meaning of proteomics data envisioning the identification of putative disease biomarkers. Bioinformatics analysis of data retrieved from 99 mass spectrometry (MS)-based studies on CSF profiling highlighted 1985 differentially expressed proteins across 49 diseases. A large percentage of the modulated proteins originate from exosome vesicles, and the majority are involved in either neuronal cell growth, development, maturation, migration, or neurotransmitter-mediated cellular communication. Nevertheless, some diseases present a unique CSF proteome profile, which were critically analyzed in the present study. For instance, 48 proteins were found exclusively upregulated in the CSF of patients with Alzheimer's disease and are mainly involved in steroid esterification and protein activation cascade processes. A higher number of exclusively upregulated proteins were found in the CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis (76 proteins) and with bacterial meningitis (70 proteins). Whereas in multiple sclerosis, these proteins are mostly involved in the regulation of RNA metabolism and apoptosis, in bacterial meningitis the exclusively upregulated proteins participate in inflammation and antibacterial humoral response, reflecting disease pathogenesis. The exploration of the contribution of exclusively upregulated proteins to disease pathogenesis will certainly help to envision potential biomarkers in the CSF for the clinical management of nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Bastos
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal.,b Department of Medical Sciences , Institute for Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- c QOPNA, Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- d CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- d CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,e Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- b Department of Medical Sciences , Institute for Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal.,f Departmento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina , Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
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24
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Role of Plasma Clusterin in Alzheimer's Disease-A Pilot Study in a Tertiary Hospital in Northern India. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166369. [PMID: 27861589 PMCID: PMC5115728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of plasma clusterin in Alzheimer's disease (AD). BACKGROUND Plasma clusterin is a promising biomarker as various studies have shown it to be associated with AD. But other studies have shown that plasma clusterin levels were not related to Alzheimer's disease or presymptomatic AD. Hence the diagnostic value of plasma clusterin is still not conclusive. METHODS Neuropsychological assessment, MRI brain, FDG-PET brain and CSF biomarkers of AD were used for establishing the diagnosis of MCI, AD or Vascular dementia. The CSF control group included patients who were having knee or hip surgery and plasma control group included the spouses of patients. RESULTS Forty-six patients who gave consent for CSF examination and FDG PET brain were included in the study along with 19 control samples. Alzheimer's group had 34 patients and Vascular group had 12 patients. Both had a significantly lower value of clusterin than the control samples (p<0.01). The median plasma clusterin level was 84.38 μg/ml in control group, 57.98μg/ml in Alzheimer's group and 49.93μg/ml in the vascular group. Alzheimer and Vascular group did not differ in plasma clusterin levels. Moreover there was no correlation of plasma clusterin with AD severity. The sensitivity and specificity of plasma clusterin was low for any significance for clinical use. CONCLUSION Our pilot study shows that plasma clusterin is lower in Alzheimer's disease with respect to control population. Plasma clusterin levels and severity of Alzheimer's disease had no significant correlation. There was no difference in plasma clusterin between Alzheimer's disease and Vascular Dementia. The sensitivity and specificity of plasma clusterin is low for any use in clinical practice. More studies are required to ascertain the utility of plasma clusterin as a biomarker in Alzheimer's disease.
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25
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Sroka-Bartnicka A, Karlsson I, Ndreu L, Quaranta A, Pijnappel M, Thorsén G. Particle-based N-linked glycan analysis of selected proteins from biological samples using nonglycosylated binders. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 132:125-132. [PMID: 27718394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common and important post-translational modifications, influencing both the chemical and the biological properties of proteins. Studying the glycosylation of the entire protein population of a sample can be challenging because variations in the concentrations of certain proteins can enhance or obscure changes in glycosylation. Furthermore, alterations in the glycosylation pattern of individual proteins, exhibiting larger variability in disease states, have been suggested as biomarkers for different types of cancer, as well as inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. In this paper, we present a rapid and efficient method for glycosylation analysis of individual proteins focusing on changes in the degree of fucosylation or other alterations to the core structure of the glycans, such as the presence of bisecting N-acetylglucosamines and a modified degree of branching. Streptavidin-coated magnetic beads are used in combination with genetically engineered immunoaffinity binders, called VHH antibody fragments. A major advantage of the VHHs is that they are nonglycosylated; thus, enzymatic release of glycans from the targeted protein can be performed directly on the beads. After deglycosylation, the glycans are analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS. The developed method was evaluated concerning its specificity, and thereafter implemented for studying the glycosylation pattern of two different proteins, alpha-1-antitrypsin and transferrin, in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a protein array-type experiment that employs bead-based immunoaffinity purification in combination with mass spectrometry analysis for fast and efficient glycan analysis of individual proteins in biological fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sroka-Bartnicka
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabella Karlsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorena Ndreu
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Quaranta
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthijs Pijnappel
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Thorsén
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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Cai R, Han J, Sun J, Huang R, Tian S, Shen Y, Dong X, Xia W, Wang S. Plasma Clusterin and the CLU Gene rs11136000 Variant Are Associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:179. [PMID: 27516739 PMCID: PMC4963458 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is related to an elevated risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Plasma clusterin is reported associated with the early pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and longitudinal brain atrophy in subjects with MCI. The rs11136000 single nucleotide polymorphism within the clusterin (CLU) gene is also associated with the risk of AD. We aimed to investigate the associations among plasma clusterin, rs11136000 genotype and T2DM-associated MCI. Methods: A total of 231 T2DM patients, including 126 MCI and 105 cognitively healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Demographic parameters were collected and neuropsychological tests were conducted. Plasma clusterin and CLU rs11136000 genotype were examined. Results: Plasma clusterin was significantly higher in MCI patients than in control group (p = 0.007). In subjects with MCI, plasma clusterin level was negatively correlated with Montreal cognitive assessment and auditory verbal learning test_delayed recall scores (p = 0.027 and p = 0.020, respectively). After adjustment for age, educational attainment, and gender, carriers of rs11136000 TT genotype demonstrated reduced risk for MCI compared with the CC genotype carriers (OR = 0.158, χ2 = 4.113, p = 0.043). Multivariable regression model showed that educational attainment, duration of diabetes, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and plasma clusterin levels are associated with MCI in T2DM patients. Conclusions: Plasma clusterin was associated with MCI and may reflect a protective response in T2DM patients. TT genotype exhibited a reduced risk of MCI compared to CC genotype. Further investigations should be conducted to determine the role of clusterin in cognitive decline. Trial registration Advanced Glycation End Products Induced Cognitive Impairment in Diabetes: BDNF Signal Meditated Hippocampal Neurogenesis ChiCTR-OCC-15006060; http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=10536
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjing, China; Medical School of Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | - Sai Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | - Yanjue Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | - Wenqing Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University Nanjing, China
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27
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Kim S, Wark AW, Lee HJ. Femtomolar Detection of Tau Proteins in Undiluted Plasma Using Surface Plasmon Resonance. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7793-9. [PMID: 27399254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability to directly detect Tau protein and other neurodegenerative biomarkers in human plasma at clinically relevant concentrations continues to be a significant hurdle for the establishment of diagnostic tests for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this article, we introduce a new DNA aptamer/antibody sandwich assay pairing and apply it for the detection of human Tau 381 in undiluted plasma at concentrations as low as 10 fM. This was achieved on a multichannel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) platform with the challenge of working in plasma overcome through the development of a tailored mixed monolayer surface chemistry. In addition, a robust methodology was developed involving various same chip control measurements on reference channels to which the detection signal was normalized. Comparative measurements in plasma between SPR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measurements were also performed to highlight both the 1000-fold performance enhancement of SPR and the ability to measure both spiked and native concentrations that are not achievable with ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhee Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University , 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu, Daegu-city, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Alastair W Wark
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde , 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Hye Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University , 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu, Daegu-city, 41566, Republic of Korea
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28
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Alaylıoğlu M, Gezen-Ak D, Dursun E, Bilgiç B, Hanağası H, Ertan T, Gürvit H, Emre M, Eker E, Uysal Ö, Yılmazer S. The Association Between Clusterin and APOE Polymorphisms and Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease in a Turkish Cohort. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2016; 29:221-6. [PMID: 27076484 DOI: 10.1177/0891988716640373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that clusterin (CLU), which is also known as apolipoprotein J, is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). In this study, we investigated the association between rs2279590, rs11136000, and rs9331888 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CLU and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes in a cohort of Turkish patients with late-onset AD (LOAD). There were 183 patients with LOAD and 154 healthy controls included in the study. The CLU and APOE polymorphisms were genotyped using the LightSNiP assay. The "GG" genotype of rs9331888 was significantly more frequent in patients with LOAD. The "CC" genotype of the SNP was significantly more frequent in controls. The rs9331888 "GG" genotype in patients and the "CC" genotype in controls were significantly higher in non-∊4 allele carriers of APOE The haplotype analysis showed the CLU "GCG" haplotype was a risk haplotype. Our findings indicate the rs9331888 SNP of CLU is associated with LOAD independent of APOE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Alaylıoğlu
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Gezen-Ak
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdinç Dursun
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Başar Bilgiç
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haşmet Hanağası
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turan Ertan
- Department of Geropsychiatry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Gürvit
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Emre
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Engin Eker
- Department of Geropsychiatry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ömer Uysal
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selma Yılmazer
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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29
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Tan L, Wang HF, Tan MS, Tan CC, Zhu XC, Miao D, Yu WJ, Jiang T, Tan L, Yu JT. Effect of CLU genetic variants on cerebrospinal fluid and neuroimaging markers in healthy, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease cohorts. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26027. [PMID: 27229352 PMCID: PMC4882617 DOI: 10.1038/srep26027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Clusterin (CLU) gene, also known as apolipoprotein J (ApoJ), is currently the third most associated late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) risk gene. However, little was known about the possible effect of CLU genetic variants on AD pathology in brain. Here, we evaluated the interaction between 7 CLU SNPs (covering 95% of genetic variations) and the role of CLU in β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition, AD-related structure atrophy, abnormal glucose metabolism on neuroimaging and CSF markers to clarify the possible approach by that CLU impacts AD. Finally, four loci (rs11136000, rs1532278, rs2279590, rs7982) showed significant associations with the Aβ deposition at the baseline level while genotypes of rs9331888 (P = 0.042) increased Aβ deposition. Besides, rs9331888 was significantly associated with baseline volume of left hippocampus (P = 0.014). We then further validated the association with Aβ deposition in the AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), normal control (NC) sub-groups. The results in sub-groups confirmed the association between CLU genotypes and Aβ deposition further. Our findings revealed that CLU genotypes could probably modulate the cerebral the Aβ loads on imaging and volume of hippocampus. These findings raise the possibility that the biological effects of CLU may be relatively confined to neuroimaging trait and hence may offer clues to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tan
- College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, China
| | - Hui-Fu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng-Shan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen-Chen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi-Chen Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dan Miao
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wan-Jiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Teng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan Tan
- College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, China.,Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao, China
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30
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Sengupta MB, Chakrabarti A, Saha S, Mukhopadhyay D. Clinical proteomics of enervated neurons. Clin Proteomics 2016; 13:10. [PMID: 27152104 PMCID: PMC4857373 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-016-9112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic field of neurosciences entails ever increasing search for molecular mechanisms of disease states, especially in the domain of neurodegenerative disorders. The previous century heralded the techniques in proteomics when indexing of the human proteomes relating to various disease conditions became important. Early stage research in certain diseases or pathological conditions requires a more holistic approach of first discovering the proteins of interest for the condition. Despite its limitations, proteomics is one of the most powerful techniques available to us today to dissect the molecular scenario in a particular disease situation. In this review we will discuss about the current clinical research in neurodegenerative disorders that employ proteomics techniques. We will specifically focus on our understanding of Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic spinal cord injury and neuromyelitis optica. Discussions will include ongoing worldwide research in these areas, research in India and specifically our laboratory in these domains of neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohor Biplab Sengupta
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064 India
| | - Arunabha Chakrabarti
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064 India
| | - Suparna Saha
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064 India
| | - Debashis Mukhopadhyay
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064 India
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31
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Přikrylová Vranová H, Hényková E, Mareš J, Kaiserová M, Menšíková K, Vaštík M, Hluštík P, Zapletalová J, Strnad M, Stejskal D, Kaňovský P. Clusterin CSF levels in differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders. J Neurol Sci 2016; 361:117-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Miura Y, Endo T. Glycomics and glycoproteomics focused on aging and age-related diseases--Glycans as a potential biomarker for physiological alterations. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1608-14. [PMID: 26801879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since glycosylation depends on glycosyltransferases, glycosidases, and sugar nucleotide donors, it is susceptible to the changes associated with physiological and pathological conditions. Therefore, alterations in glycan structures may be good targets and biomarkers for monitoring health conditions. Since human aging and longevity are affected by genetic and environmental factors such as diseases, lifestyle, and social factors, a scale that reflects various environmental factors is required in the study of human aging and longevity. SCOPE OF REVIEW We herein focus on glycosylation changes elucidated by glycomic and glycoproteomic studies on aging, longevity, and age-related diseases including cognitive impairment, diabetes mellitus, and frailty. We also consider the potential of glycan structures as biomarkers and/or targets for monitoring physiological and pathophysiological changes. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Glycan structures are altered in age-related diseases. These glycans and glycoproteins may be involved in the pathophysiology of these diseases and, thus, be useful diagnostic markers. Age-dependent changes in N-glycans have been reported previously in cohort studies, and characteristic N-glycans in extreme longevity have been proposed. These findings may lead to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying aging as well as the factors influencing longevity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Alterations in glycosylation may be good targets and biomarkers for monitoring health conditions, and be applicable to studies on age-related diseases and healthy aging. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Miura
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Tamao Endo
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
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33
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Insight into the Molecular Imaging of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Biomed Imaging 2016; 2016:7462014. [PMID: 26880871 PMCID: PMC4736963 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7462014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a complex neurodegenerative disease affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Earlier it was diagnosed only via clinical assessments and confirmed by postmortem brain histopathology. The development of validated biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease has given impetus to improve diagnostics and accelerate the development of new therapies. Functional imaging like positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy provides a means of detecting and characterising the regional changes in brain blood flow, metabolism, and receptor binding sites that are associated with Alzheimer's disease. Multimodal neuroimaging techniques have indicated changes in brain structure and metabolic activity, and an array of neurochemical variations that are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Radiotracer-based PET and SPECT potentially provide sensitive, accurate methods for the early detection of disease. This paper presents a review of neuroimaging modalities like PET, SPECT, and selected imaging biomarkers/tracers used for the early diagnosis of AD. Neuroimaging with such biomarkers and tracers could achieve a much higher diagnostic accuracy for AD and related disorders in the future.
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34
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García-Ayllón MS, Botella-López A, Cuchillo-Ibañez I, Rábano A, Andreasen N, Blennow K, Ávila J, Sáez-Valero J. HNK-1 Carrier Glycoproteins Are Decreased in the Alzheimer's Disease Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:188-199. [PMID: 26738850 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The human natural killer-1 (HNK-1), 3-sulfonated glucuronic acid, is a glycoepitope marker of cell adhesion that participates in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions and in neurite growth. Very little is known about the regulation of the HNK-1 glycan in neurodegenerative disease, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we investigate changes in the levels of HNK-1 carrier glycoproteins in AD. We demonstrate an overall decrease in HNK-1 immunoreactivity in glycoproteins extracted from the frontal cortex of AD subjects, compared with levels from non-demented controls (NDC). Immunoblotting of ventricular post-mortem and lumbar ante-mortem cerebrospinal fluid with HNK-1 antibodies indicate similar levels of carrier glycoproteins in AD and NDC samples. Decrease in HNK-1 carrier glycoproteins were not paralleled by changes in messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of the glycoepitope, β-1,4-galactosyltransferase (β4GalT), glucuronyltransferases GlcAT-P and GlcAT-S, or sulfotransferase HNK-1ST. Over-expression of amyloid precursor protein in Tg2576 transgenic mice and in vitro treatment of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells with the amyloidogenic Aβ42 peptide resulted in a decrease in HNK-1 immunoreactivity levels in brain and cellular extracts, whereas the levels of soluble HNK-1 glycoproteins detected in culture media were not affected by Aβ treatment. HNK-1 levels remain unaffected in the brain extracts of Tg-VLW mice, a model of mutant hyperphosphorylated tau, and in SH-SY5Y cells over-expressing hyperphosphorylated wild-type tau. These results provide evidence that cellular levels of HNK-1 carrier glycoforms are decreased in the brain of AD subjects, probably influenced by the β-amyloid protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Salud García-Ayllón
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. .,Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, FISABIO, Elche, Spain.
| | - Arancha Botella-López
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Cuchillo-Ibañez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Banco de Tejidos de la Fundación CIEN, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Alzheimer Center Reina Sofia Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Niels Andreasen
- Karolinska Institute-Alzheimer Disease Research center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jesús Ávila
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad, Autónoma de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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35
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Liang HC, Russell C, Mitra V, Chung R, Hye A, Bazenet C, Lovestone S, Pike I, Ward M. Glycosylation of Human Plasma Clusterin Yields a Novel Candidate Biomarker of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:5063-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chung Liang
- Proteome Sciences plc, Coveham
House, Downside Bridge Road, Cobham KT11 3EP, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Russell
- Proteome Sciences plc, Coveham
House, Downside Bridge Road, Cobham KT11 3EP, United Kingdom
| | - Vikram Mitra
- Proteome Sciences plc, Coveham
House, Downside Bridge Road, Cobham KT11 3EP, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond Chung
- Department
of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Abdul Hye
- Department
of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Chantal Bazenet
- Department
of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Department
of Psychiatry, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Pike
- Proteome Sciences plc, Coveham
House, Downside Bridge Road, Cobham KT11 3EP, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Ward
- Proteome Sciences plc, Coveham
House, Downside Bridge Road, Cobham KT11 3EP, United Kingdom
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36
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Zhang ZG, Li Y, Ng CT, Song YQ. Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease and Molecular Genetics: Recent Update. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:333-44. [PMID: 26232392 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex age-related neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Since the first description of AD in 1907, many hypotheses have been established to explain its causes. The inflammation theory is one of them. Pathological and biochemical studies of brains from AD individuals have provided solid evidence of the activation of inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, people with long-term medication of anti-inflammatory drugs have shown a reduced risk to develop the disease. After three decades of genetic study in AD, dozens of loci harboring genetic variants influencing inflammatory pathways in AD patients has been identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The most well-known GWAS risk factor that is responsible for immune response and inflammation in AD development should be APOE ε4 allele. However, a growing number of other GWAS risk AD candidate genes in inflammation have recently been discovered. In the present study, we try to review the inflammation in AD and immunity-associated GWAS risk genes like HLA-DRB5/DRB1, INPP5D, MEF2C, CR1, CLU and TREM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Energy Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheung Toa Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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37
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Kim S, Lee HJ. Direct Detection of α-1 Antitrypsin in Serum Samples using Surface Plasmon Resonance with a New Aptamer-Antibody Sandwich Assay. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7235-40. [PMID: 26070325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The challenges associated with performing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based measurements in serum and other biofluids have continued to limit the applicability of this valuable sensing technology for sensitive bioaffinity measurements of proteins in clinically relevant samples. In this paper, a new sandwich assay is introduced for the quantitative SPR analysis of α-1 antitrypsin (AAT), which is a recognized biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Detection was performed via the specific adsorption of AAT onto a gold chip surface modified with a DNA aptamer. The measurement dynamic range and also sensitivity in serum were improved with the subsequent surface binding of antiAAT. A methodology was established to measure the target protein in serum, albumin and immunoglobulin G (IgG) solutions with the results correlated with measurements in buffer only. A comparison between SPR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measurements was also made. The detection of AAT in serum at clinically relevant concentrations was demonstrated with target concentrations as low as 10 fM readily achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhee Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu, Daegu-city, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu, Daegu-city, 702-701, Republic of Korea
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38
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Jongbloed W, van Dijk KD, Mulder SD, van de Berg WD, Blankenstein MA, van der Flier W, Veerhuis R. Clusterin Levels in Plasma Predict Cognitive Decline and Progression to Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 46:1103-10. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Jongbloed
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurochemistry Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin D. van Dijk
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Functional Neuroanatomy, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra D. Mulder
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurochemistry Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- VUmc Alzheimer Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma D.J. van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Functional Neuroanatomy, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus A. Blankenstein
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurochemistry Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiesje van der Flier
- VUmc Alzheimer Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Veerhuis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurochemistry Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Craggs L, Taylor J, Slade JY, Chen A, Hagel C, Kuhlenbaeumer G, Borjesson-Hanson A, Viitanen M, Kalimo H, Deramecourt V, Oakley AE, Kalaria RN. Clusterin/Apolipoprotein J immunoreactivity is associated with white matter damage in cerebral small vessel diseases. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 42:194-209. [PMID: 25940137 PMCID: PMC4949672 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Brain clusterin is known to be associated with the amyloid-β deposits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We assessed the distribution of clusterin immunoreactivity in cerebrovascular disorders, particularly focusing on white matter changes in small vessel diseases. METHODS Post-mortem brain tissues from the frontal or temporal lobes of a total of 70 subjects with various disorders including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and AD were examined using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. We further used immunogold electron microscopy to study clusterin immunoreactivity in extracellular deposits in CADASIL. RESULTS Immunostaining with clusterin antibodies revealed strong localization in arterioles and capillaries, besides cortical neurones. We found that clusterin immunostaining was significantly increased in the frontal white matter of CADASIL and pontine autosomal dominant microangiopathy and leukoencephalopathy subjects. In addition, clusterin immunostaining correlated with white matter pathology severity scores. Immunostaining in axons ranged from fine punctate deposits in single axons to larger confluent areas with numerous swollen axon bulbs, similar to that observed with known axon damage markers such as non-phosphorylated neurofilament H and the amyloid precursor protein. Immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy experiments showed that whereas clusterin immunoreactivity was closely associated with vascular amyloid-β in CAA, it was lacking within the granular osmiophilic material immunolabelled by NOTCH3 extracelluar domain aggregates found in CADASIL. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a wider role for clusterin associated with white matter damage in addition to its ability to chaperone proteins for clearance via the perivascular drainage pathways in several disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda Craggs
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute for Ageing & Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Julie Taylor
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute for Ageing & Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Janet Y Slade
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute for Ageing & Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Aiqing Chen
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute for Ageing & Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christian Hagel
- Institute of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Kuhlenbaeumer
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anne Borjesson-Hanson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Salhgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Matti Viitanen
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannu Kalimo
- Department of Neuropathology, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vincent Deramecourt
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Excellence Laboratory DISTALZ, EA1046, Histology and Pathology Department, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Arthur E Oakley
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute for Ageing & Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Raj N Kalaria
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute for Ageing & Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Goyallon A, Cholet S, Chapelle M, Junot C, Fenaille F. Evaluation of a combined glycomics and glycoproteomics approach for studying the major glycoproteins present in biofluids: Application to cerebrospinal fluid. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:461-473. [PMID: 26160412 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Glycosylation is one of the most complex types of post-translational modifications of proteins. The alteration of glycans bound to proteins from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in relation to disorders of the central nervous system is a highly relevant subject, but only few studies have focused on the glycosylation of CSF proteins. METHODS Reproducible profiles of CSF N-glycans were first obtained by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry after permethylation. Tryptic glycopeptides from CSF proteins were also enriched by hydrophilic interaction, and the resulting extracts divided into two equal aliquots. A first aliquot was enzymatically deglycosylated and analyzed by nano-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry while the second one, containing intact enriched glycopeptides, was directly analyzed. Site-specific data were obtained by combining the data from these three experiments. RESULTS We describe the development of a versatile approach for obtaining site-specific information on the N-glycosylation of CSF glycoproteins. Under these conditions, 124 N-glycopeptides representing 55 N-glycosites from 36 glycoproteins were tentatively identified. Special emphasis was placed on the analysis of glycoproteins/glycopeptides bearing 'brain-type' N-glycans, representing potential biologically relevant structures in the field of neurodegenerative disorders. Using our workflow, only a few proteins were shown to carry such particular glycan motifs. CONCLUSIONS We developed an approach combining N-glycomics and N-glycoproteomics and underline its usefulness to study the site-specific glycosylation of major human CSF proteins. The final rather long-term objective is to combine these data with those from other omics approaches to delve deeper into the understanding of particular neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Goyallon
- CEA, iBiTec-S, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sophie Cholet
- CEA, iBiTec-S, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Christophe Junot
- CEA, iBiTec-S, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - François Fenaille
- CEA, iBiTec-S, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Jeong YM, Jin TE, Choi JH, Lee MS, Kim HT, Hwang KS, Park DS, Oh HW, Choi JK, Korzh V, Schachner M, You KH, Kim CH. Induction of clusterin expression by neuronal cell death in Zebrafish. J Genet Genomics 2014; 41:583-9. [PMID: 25434681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Clusterin, a protein associated with multiple functions, is expressed in a wide variety of mammalian tissues. Although clusterin is known to be involved in neurodegenerative diseases, ageing, and tumorigenesis, a detailed analysis of the consequences of gain- or loss-of-function approaches has yet to be performed to understand the underlying mechanisms of clusterin functions. Since clusterin levels change in neurological diseases, it is likely that clusterin contributes to cell death and degeneration in general. Zebrafish was investigated as a model system to study human diseases. During development, zebrafish clusterin was expressed in the notochord and nervous system. Embryonic overexpression of clusterin by mRNA microinjection did not affect axis formation, whereas its knock-down by anti-sense morpholino treatment resulted in neuronal cell death. To analyze the function of clusterin in neurodegeneration, a transgenic zebrafish was investigated, in which nitroreductase expression is regulated under the control of a neuron-specific huC promoter which is active between the stages of early neuronal precursors and mature neurons. Nitroreductase turns metronidazole into a cytotoxic agent that induces cell death within 12 h. After metronidazole treatment, transgenic zebrafish showed neuron-specific cell death. Interestingly, we also observed a dramatic induction of clusterin expression in the brain and spinal cord in these fish, suggesting a direct or indirect role of clusterin in neuronal cell death and thus, more generally, in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Mi Jeong
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Eun Jin
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Choi
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Lee
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Taek Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Seok Hwang
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Sang Park
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Oh
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Kook Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Vladimir Korzh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082, USA; Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
| | - Kwan-Hee You
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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Vranová HP, Hényková E, Kaiserová M, Menšíková K, Vaštík M, Mareš J, Hluštík P, Zapletalová J, Strnad M, Stejskal D, Kaňovský P. Tau protein, beta-amyloid1–42 and clusterin CSF levels in the differential diagnosis of Parkinsonian syndrome with dementia. J Neurol Sci 2014; 343:120-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Intracellular clusterin interacts with brain isoforms of the bridging integrator 1 and with the microtubule-associated protein Tau in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103187. [PMID: 25051234 PMCID: PMC4106906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic or late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is expected to affect 50% of individuals reaching 85 years of age. The most significant genetic risk factor for late-onset AD is the e4 allele of APOE gene encoding apolipoprotein E, a lipid carrier shown to modulate brain amyloid burden. Recent genome-wide association studies have uncovered additional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to AD susceptibility, including those in the CLU and BIN1 genes encoding for clusterin (CLU) and the bridging integrator 1 (BIN1) proteins, respectively. Because CLU has been implicated in brain amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance in mouse models of amyloid deposition, we sought to investigate whether an AD-linked SNP in the CLU gene altered Aβ42 biomarker levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Instead, we found that the CLU rs11136000 SNP modified CSF levels of the microtubule-associated protein Tau in AD patients. We also found that an intracellular form of CLU (iCLU) was upregulated in the brain of Tau overexpressing Tg4510 mice, but not in Tg2576 amyloid mouse model. By overexpressing iCLU and Tau in cell culture systems we discovered that iCLU was a Tau-interacting protein and that iCLU associated with brain-specific isoforms of BIN1, also recently identified as a Tau-binding protein. Through expression analysis of CLU and BIN1 variants, we found that CLU and BIN1 interacted via their coiled-coil motifs. In co-immunoprecipitation studies using human brain tissue, we showed that iCLU and the major BIN1 isoform expressed in neurons were associated with modified Tau species found in AD. Finally, we showed that expression of certain coding CLU variants linked to AD risk led to increased levels of iCLU. Together, our findings suggest that iCLU and BIN1 interaction might impact Tau function in neurons and uncover potential new mechanisms underlying the etiology of Tau pathology in AD.
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44
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Fu Y, Zhao D, Yang L. Protein-Based Biomarkers in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood for Alzheimer’s Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:739-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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45
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Pan C, Zhou Y, Dator R, Ginghina C, Zhao Y, Movius J, Peskind E, Zabetian CP, Quinn J, Galasko D, Stewart T, Shi M, Zhang J. Targeted discovery and validation of plasma biomarkers of Parkinson's disease. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4535-45. [PMID: 24853996 PMCID: PMC4224986 DOI: 10.1021/pr500421v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive research, an unmet need remains for protein biomarkers of Parkinson's disease (PD) in peripheral body fluids, especially blood, which is easily accessible clinically. The discovery of such biomarkers is challenging, however, due to the enormous complexity and huge dynamic range of human blood proteins, which are derived from nearly all organ systems, with those originating specifically from the central nervous system (CNS) being exceptionally low in abundance. In this investigation of a relatively large cohort (∼300 subjects), selected reaction monitoring (SRM) assays (a targeted approach) were used to probe plasma peptides derived from glycoproteins previously found to be altered in the CNS based on PD diagnosis or severity. Next, the detected peptides were interrogated for their diagnostic sensitivity and specificity as well as the correlation with PD severity, as determined by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). The results revealed that 12 of the 50 candidate glycopeptides were reliably and consistently identified in plasma samples, with three of them displaying significant differences among diagnostic groups. A combination of four peptides (derived from PRNP, HSPG2, MEGF8, and NCAM1) provided an overall area under curve (AUC) of 0.753 (sensitivity: 90.4%; specificity: 50.0%). Additionally, combining two peptides (derived from MEGF8 and ICAM1) yielded significant correlation with PD severity, that is, UPDRS (r = 0.293, p = 0.004). The significance of these results is at least two-fold: (1) it is possible to use a targeted approach to identify otherwise very difficult to detect CNS related biomarkers in peripheral blood and (2) the novel biomarkers, if validated in independent cohorts, can be employed to assist with clinical diagnosis of PD as well as monitoring disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Pan
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine , 325 9th Avenue, HMC 359635, Seattle, Washington 98104, United States
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Wildsmith KR, Schauer SP, Smith AM, Arnott D, Zhu Y, Haznedar J, Kaur S, Mathews WR, Honigberg LA. Identification of longitudinally dynamic biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid by targeted proteomics. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:22. [PMID: 24902845 PMCID: PMC4061120 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia affecting greater than 26 million people worldwide. Although cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of Aβ42, tau, and p-tau181 are well established as diagnostic biomarkers of AD, there is a need for additional CSF biomarkers of neuronal function that continue to change during disease progression and could be used as pharmacodynamic measures in clinical trials. Multiple proteomic discovery experiments have reported a range of CSF biomarkers that differ between AD and control subjects. These potential biomarkers represent multiple aspects of the disease pathology. The performance of these markers has not been compared with each other, and their performance has not been evaluated longitudinally. Results We developed a targeted-proteomic, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) assay for the absolute quantitation of 39 peptides corresponding to 30 proteins. We evaluated the candidate biomarkers in longitudinal CSF samples collected from aged, cognitively-normal control (n = 10), MCI (n = 5), and AD (n = 45) individuals (age > 60 years). We evaluated each biomarker for diagnostic sensitivity, longitudinal consistency, and compared with CSF Aβ42, tau, and p-tau181. Four of 28 quantifiable CSF proteins were significantly different between aged, cognitively-normal controls and AD subjects including chitinase-3-like protein 1, reproducing published results. Four CSF markers demonstrated significant longitudinal change in AD: Amyloid precursor protein, Neuronal pentraxin receptor, NrCAM and Chromogranin A. Robust correlations were observed within some subgroups of proteins including the potential disease progression markers. Conclusion Using a targeted proteomics approach, we confirmed previous findings for a subset of markers, defined longitudinal performance of our panel of markers, and established a flexible proteomics method for robust multiplexed analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R Wildsmith
- Department of Phamacodynamic Biomarkers within Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc, (a member of the Roche Group), 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Shafie INF, McLaughlin M, Burchmore R, Lim MAA, Montague P, Johnston PEJ, Penderis J, Anderson TJ. The chaperone protein clusterin may serve as a cerebrospinal fluid biomarker for chronic spinal cord disorders in the dog. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:311-20. [PMID: 23990410 PMCID: PMC3982024 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic spinal cord dysfunction occurs in dogs as a consequence of diverse aetiologies, including long-standing spinal cord compression and insidious neurodegenerative conditions. One such neurodegenerative condition is canine degenerative myelopathy (DM), which clinically is a challenge to differentiate from other chronic spinal cord conditions. Although the clinical diagnosis of DM can be strengthened by the identification of the Sod1 mutations that are observed in affected dogs, genetic analysis alone is insufficient to provide a definitive diagnosis. There is a requirement to identify biomarkers that can differentiate conditions with a similar clinical presentation, thus facilitating patient diagnostic and management strategies. A comparison of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein gel electrophoresis profile between idiopathic epilepsy (IE) and DM identified a protein band that was more prominent in DM. This band was subsequently found to contain a multifunctional protein clusterin (apolipoprotein J) that is protective against endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis, oxidative stress, and also serves as an extracellular chaperone influencing protein aggregation. Western blot analysis of CSF clusterin confirmed elevated levels in DM compared to IE (p < 0.05). Analysis of spinal cord tissue from DM and control material found that clusterin expression was evident in neurons and that the clusterin mRNA levels from tissue extracts were elevated in DM compared to the control. The plasma clusterin levels was comparable between these groups. However, a comparison of clusterin CSF levels in a number of neurological conditions found that clusterin was elevated in both DM and chronic intervertebral disc disease (cIVDD) but not in meningoencephalitis and IE. These findings indicate that clusterin may potentially serve as a marker for chronic spinal cord disease in the dog; however, additional markers are required to differentiate DM from a concurrent condition such as cIVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intan N. F. Shafie
- />School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
- />Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mark McLaughlin
- />School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - Richard Burchmore
- />Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA Scotland UK
- />Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland UK
| | - Mary Ann A. Lim
- />School of Life Sciences and Chemical Technology, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, 599489 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul Montague
- />Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA Scotland UK
| | - Pamela E. J. Johnston
- />School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - Jacques Penderis
- />School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - Thomas J. Anderson
- />School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
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Choi YS, Choe LH, Lee KH. Recent cerebrospinal fluid biomarker studies of Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 7:919-29. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Schedin-Weiss S, Winblad B, Tjernberg LO. The role of protein glycosylation in Alzheimer disease. FEBS J 2013; 281:46-62. [PMID: 24279329 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common, and the most complex, forms of post-translational modification of proteins. This review serves to highlight the role of protein glycosylation in Alzheimer disease (AD), a topic that has not been thoroughly investigated, although glycosylation defects have been observed in AD patients. The major pathological hallmarks in AD are neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. Neurofibrillary tangles are composed of phosphorylated tau, and the plaques are composed of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), which is generated from amyloid precursor protein (APP). Defects in glycosylation of APP, tau and other proteins have been reported in AD. Another interesting observation is that the two proteases required for the generation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), i.e. γ-secretase and β-secretase, also have roles in protein glycosylation. For instance, γ-secretase and β-secretase affect the extent of complex N-glycosylation and sialylation of APP, respectively. These processes may be important in AD pathogenesis, as proper intracellular sorting, processing and export of APP are affected by how it is glycosylated. Furthermore, lack of one of the key components of γ-secretase, presenilin, leads to defective glycosylation of many additional proteins that are related to AD pathogenesis and/or neuronal function, including nicastrin, reelin, butyrylcholinesterase, cholinesterase, neural cell adhesion molecule, v-ATPase, and tyrosine-related kinase B. Improved understanding of the effects of AD on protein glycosylation, and vice versa, may therefore be important for improving the diagnosis and treatment of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Schedin-Weiss
- Karolinska Institutet Alzheimer Disease Research Center (KI-ADRC), Novum, Stockholm, Sweden
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50
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Jongbloed W, Herrebout MAC, Blankenstein MA, Veerhuis R. Quantification of clusterin in paired cerebrospinal fluid and plasma samples. Ann Clin Biochem 2013; 51:557-67. [PMID: 24146185 DOI: 10.1177/0004563213503456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clusterin (ApoJ) is an amyloid-associated protein and plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Recent genome-wide association studies have indicated that certain genetic variants increase the risk of developing AD. To determine if the expression of clusterin is different in AD patients, both systemically and locally in the brain, differs between (subgroups of) AD patients and non-AD cases, an assay available that detects clusterin in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with equal sensitivity would be helpful. METHODS We compared four different commercially available antibodies in their ability to detect recombinant clusterin and immune-purified human clusterin. Specificity was tested on western blot and in ELISA systems, and selection was based on the ability to detect clusterin in CSF and plasma. A sandwich ELISA was developed and validated with monoclonal antibody G7 as capture, and rabbit polyclonal (Alexis) antibodies for detection. RESULTS Our ELISA measured clusterin concentrations in plasma and CSF with dynamic ranges of 2-70 mg/L and 0.5-40 mg/L, respectively. The assays showed 99.8% recovery in CSF and 97% recovery in plasma. Intra-assay coefficient of variation was 1.4% and inter-assay 8.8%. The assay shows no cross-reactivity with related apolipoproteins. Clusterin quantification is dependent on the type of storage for plasma samples. A single freeze/thaw cycle caused fluctuations of clusterin concentrations in plasma, while clusterin in CSF is stable for up to five cycles. CONCLUSIONS We have successfully developed a clusterin ELISA that reliably measures CSF and plasma clusterin concentrations. In a pilot study, all samples gave results that were well within the dynamic range of the assay, with low variations. Freshly stored plasma samples are crucial for accurate clusterin quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Jongbloed
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands VUmc Alzheimer Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike A C Herrebout
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus A Blankenstein
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Veerhuis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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