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Li M, Beaumont VA, Akbar S, Duncan H, Creasy A, Wang W, Sackett K, Marzilli L, Rouse JC, Kim HY. Comprehensive characterization of higher order structure changes in methionine oxidized monoclonal antibodies via NMR chemometric analysis and biophysical approaches. MAbs 2024; 16:2292688. [PMID: 38117548 PMCID: PMC10761137 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2292688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The higher order structure (HOS) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is an important quality attribute with strong contribution to clinically relevant biological functions and drug safety. Due to the multi-faceted nature of HOS, the synergy of multiple complementary analytical approaches can substantially improve the understanding, accuracy, and resolution of HOS characterization. In this study, we applied one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometric analysis, as well as circular dichroism (CD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and fluorescence spectroscopy as orthogonal methods, to characterize the impact of methionine (Met) oxidation on the HOS of an IgG1 mAb. We used a forced degradation method involving concentration-dependent oxidation by peracetic acid, in which Met oxidation is site-specifically quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Conventional biophysical techniques report nuanced results, in which CD detects no change to the secondary structure and little change in the tertiary structure. Yet, DSC measurements show the destabilization of Fab and Fc domains due to Met oxidation. More importantly, our study demonstrates that 1D and 2D NMR and chemometric analysis can provide semi-quantitative analysis of chemical modifications and resolve localized conformational changes with high sensitivity. Furthermore, we leveraged a novel 15N-Met labeling technique of the antibody to directly observe structural perturbations at the oxidation sites. The NMR methods described here to probe HOS changes are highly reliable and practical in biopharmaceutical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Li
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Victor A. Beaumont
- Pfizer, Inc. Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecules, Analytical Research and Development, Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - Shahajahan Akbar
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Duncan
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Arch Creasy
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioprocess Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Wenge Wang
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioprocess Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Kelly Sackett
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Marzilli
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Jason C. Rouse
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Hai-Young Kim
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
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2
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Gagné D, Sarker M, Gingras G, Hodgson DJ, Frahm G, Creskey M, Lorbetskie B, Bigelow S, Wang J, Zhang X, Johnston MJW, Lu H, Aubin Y. Strategies for the production of isotopically labelled Fab fragments of therapeutic antibodies in Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) and Escherichia coli for NMR studies. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294406. [PMID: 38019850 PMCID: PMC10686436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance and fast growth of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, both innovator and biosimilar products, have triggered the need for the development of characterization methods at high resolution such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. However, the full power of NMR spectroscopy cannot be unleashed without labelling the mAb of interest with NMR-active isotopes. Here, we present strategies using either Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) or Escherichia coli that can be widely applied for the production of the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of therapeutic antibodies of immunoglobulin G1 kappa isotype. The E. coli approach consists of expressing Fab fragments as a single polypeptide chain with a cleavable linker between the heavy and light chain in inclusion bodies, while K. phaffii secretes a properly folded fragment in the culture media. After optimization, the protocol yielded 10-45 mg of single chain adalimumab-Fab, trastuzumab-Fab, rituximab-Fab, and NISTmAb-Fab per liter of culture. Comparison of the 2D-1H-15N-HSQC spectra of each Fab fragment, without their polyhistidine tag and linker, with the corresponding Fab from the innovator product showed that all four fragments have folded into the correct conformation. Production of 2H-13C-15N-adalimumab-scFab and 2H-13C-15N-trastuzumab-scFab (>98% enrichment for all three isotopes) yielded NMR samples where all amide deuterons have completely exchanged back to proton during the refolding procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Gagné
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Muzaddid Sarker
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Geneviève Gingras
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Derek J. Hodgson
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Grant Frahm
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marybeth Creskey
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Barry Lorbetskie
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stewart Bigelow
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jun Wang
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Xu Zhang
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J. W. Johnston
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Huixin Lu
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yves Aubin
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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3
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Beaumont VA, Liu L, Shi H, Rouse JC, Kim HY. Application of NMR and Chemometric Analyses to Better Understand the Quality Attributes in pH and Thermally Degraded Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2457-2467. [PMID: 37798537 PMCID: PMC10661726 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides the sensitivity and specificity to probe the higher order structure (HOS) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for potential changes. This study demonstrates an application of chemometric tools to measure differences in the NMR spectra of mAbs after forced degradation relative to the respective unstressed starting materials. METHODS Samples of adalimumab (Humira, ADL-REF) and trastuzumab (Herceptin, TRA-REF) were incubated in three buffer-pH conditions at 40°C for 4 weeks to compare to a control sample that was left unstressed. Replicate 1D 1H and 2D 1H-13C HMQC NMR spectra were collected on all samples. Chemometric analyses such as Easy Comparability of HOS (ECHOS), PROtein FIngerprinting by Lineshape Enhancement (PROFILE), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied to capture and quantitate differences between the spectra. RESULTS Visual and statistical inspection of the 2D 1H-13C HMQC spectra of adalimumab and trastuzumab after forced degradation conditions shows no changes in the spectra relative to the unstressed material. Chemometric analysis of the 1D 1H NMR spectra shows only minor changes in the spectra of adalimumab after forced degradation, but significant differences in trastuzumab. CONCLUSION The chemometric analyses support the lack of statistical differences in the structure of pH-thermal stressed adalimumab, however, it reveals conformational changes or chemical modifications in trastuzumab after forced degradation. Application of chemometrics in comparative NMR studies enables HOS characterization and showcases the sensitivity and specificity in detecting differences in the spectra of mAbs after pH-thermal forced degradation with respect to local and global protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Beaumont
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA, 01810, USA.
- Pfizer, Inc. Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecules, Analytical Research and Development, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, CT13 9FF, UK.
| | - Lucy Liu
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA, 01810, USA
| | - Heliang Shi
- Pfizer, Inc. Global Product Development, Oncology & Rare Disease Statistics, New York City, NY, 10001, USA
| | - Jason C Rouse
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA, 01810, USA
| | - Hai-Young Kim
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA, 01810, USA.
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4
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Alhazmi HA, Albratty M. Analytical Techniques for the Characterization and Quantification of Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:291. [PMID: 37259434 PMCID: PMC9967501 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a fast-growing class of biopharmaceuticals. They are widely used in the identification and detection of cell makers, serum analytes, and pathogenic agents, and are remarkably used for the cure of autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, or malignancies. The successful application of therapeutic mAbs is based on their ability to precisely interact with their appropriate target sites. The precision of mAbs rely on the isolation techniques delivering pure, consistent, stable, and safe lots that can be used for analytical, diagnostic, or therapeutic applications. During the creation of a biologic, the key quality features of a particular mAb, such as structure, post-translational modifications, and activities at the biomolecular and cellular levels, must be characterized and profiled in great detail. This implies the requirement of powerful state of the art analytical techniques for quality control and characterization of mAbs. Until now, various analytical techniques have been developed to characterize and quantify the mAbs according to the regulatory guidelines. The present review summarizes the major techniques used for the analyses of mAbs which include chromatographic, electrophoretic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical methods in addition to the modifications in these methods for improving the quality of mAbs. This compilation of major analytical techniques will help students and researchers to have an overview of the methodologies employed by the biopharmaceutical industry for structural characterization of mAbs for eventual release of therapeutics in the drug market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A. Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Ma J, Pathirana C, Liu DQ, Miller SA. NMR spectroscopy as a characterization tool enabling biologics formulation development. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 223:115110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Rizzo D, Cerofolini L, Giuntini S, Iozzino L, Pergola C, Sacco F, Palmese A, Ravera E, Luchinat C, Baroni F, Fragai M. Epitope Mapping and Binding Assessment by Solid-State NMR Provide a Way for the Development of Biologics under the Quality by Design Paradigm. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10006-10016. [PMID: 35617699 PMCID: PMC9185746 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Multispecific biologics
are an emerging class of drugs, in which
antibodies and/or proteins designed to bind pharmacological targets
are covalently linked or expressed as fusion proteins to increase
both therapeutic efficacy and safety. Epitope mapping on the target
proteins provides key information to improve the affinity and also
to monitor the manufacturing process and drug stability. Solid-state
NMR has been here used to identify the pattern of the residues of
the programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) ectodomain that are involved
in the interaction with a new multispecific biological drug. This
is possible because the large size and the intrinsic flexibility of
the complexes are not limiting factors for solid-state NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Rizzo
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Linda Cerofolini
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Stefano Giuntini
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Luisa Iozzino
- Analytical Development Biotech Department, Merck Serono S.p.a, Via Luigi Einaudi, 11, 00012 Guidonia, RM, Italy
| | - Carlo Pergola
- Analytical Development Biotech Department, Merck Serono S.p.a, Via Luigi Einaudi, 11, 00012 Guidonia, RM, Italy
| | - Francesca Sacco
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Analytical Development Biotech Department, Merck Serono S.p.a, Via Luigi Einaudi, 11, 00012 Guidonia, RM, Italy
| | - Angelo Palmese
- Analytical Development Biotech Department, Merck Serono S.p.a, Via Luigi Einaudi, 11, 00012 Guidonia, RM, Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Fabio Baroni
- Analytical Development Biotech Department, Merck Serono S.p.a, Via Luigi Einaudi, 11, 00012 Guidonia, RM, Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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7
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NMR based quality evaluation of mAb therapeutics: A proof of concept higher order structure biosimilarity assessment of trastuzumab biosimilars. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 214:114710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Nupur N, Joshi S, Gulliarme D, Rathore AS. Analytical Similarity Assessment of Biosimilars: Global Regulatory Landscape, Recent Studies and Major Advancements in Orthogonal Platforms. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:832059. [PMID: 35223794 PMCID: PMC8865741 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.832059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals are one of the fastest-growing sectors in the biotechnology industry. Within the umbrella of biopharmaceuticals, the biosimilar segment is expanding with currently over 200 approved biosimilars, globally. The key step towards achieving a successful biosimilar approval is to establish analytical and clinical biosimilarity with the innovator. The objective of an analytical biosimilarity study is to demonstrate a highly similar profile with respect to variations in critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the biosimilar product, and these variations must lie within the range set by the innovator. This comprises a detailed comparative structural and functional characterization using appropriate, validated analytical methods to fingerprint the molecule and helps reduce the economic burden towards regulatory requirement of extensive preclinical/clinical similarity data, thus making biotechnological drugs more affordable. In the last decade, biosimilar manufacturing and associated regulations have become more established, leading to numerous approvals. Biosimilarity assessment exercises conducted towards approval are also published more frequently in the public domain. Consequently, some technical advancements in analytical sciences have also percolated to applications in analytical biosimilarity assessment. Keeping this in mind, this review aims at providing a holistic view of progresses in biosimilar analysis and approval. In this review, we have summarized the major developments in the global regulatory landscape with respect to biosimilar approvals and also catalogued biosimilarity assessment studies for recombinant DNA products available in the public domain. We have also covered recent advancements in analytical methods, orthogonal techniques, and platforms for biosimilar characterization, since 2015. The review specifically aims to serve as a comprehensive catalog for published biosimilarity assessment studies with details on analytical platform used and critical quality attributes (CQAs) covered for multiple biotherapeutic products. Through this compilation, the emergent evolution of techniques with respect to each CQA has also been charted and discussed. Lastly, the information resource of published biosimilarity assessment studies, created during literature search is anticipated to serve as a helpful reference for biopharmaceutical scientists and biosimilar developers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neh Nupur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Srishti Joshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Davy Gulliarme
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
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9
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Ban D, Rice CT, McCoy MA. Quantification of natural abundance NMR data differentiates the solution behavior of monoclonal antibodies and their fragments. MAbs 2021; 13:1978132. [PMID: 34612804 PMCID: PMC8496538 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1978132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotherapeutics are an important class of molecules for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. They include low molecular weight peptides, highly engineered protein scaffolds and monoclonal antibodies. During their discovery and development, assessments of the biophysical attributes is critical to understanding the solution behavior of therapeutic proteins and for de-risking liabilities. Thus, methods that can quantify, characterize, and provide a basis to inform risks and drive the selection of more optimal antibody and alternative scaffolds are needed. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a technique that provides a means to probe antibody and antibody-like molecules in solution, at atomic resolution, under any formulated conditions. Here, all samples were profiled at natural abundance requiring no isotope enrichment. We present a numerical approach that quantitates two-dimensional methyl spectra. The approach was tested with a reference dataset that contained different types of antibody and antibody-like molecules. This dataset was processed through a procedure we call a Random Sampling of NMR Peaks for Covariance Analysis. This analysis revealed that the first two components were well correlated with the hydrodynamic radius of the molecules included in the reference set. Higher-order principal components were also linked to dynamic features between different tethered antibody-like molecules and contributed to decisions around candidate selection. The reference set provides a basis to characterize molecules with unknown solution behavior and is sensitive to the behavior of a molecule formulated under different conditions. The approach is independent of protein design, scaffold, formulation and provides a facile method to quantify solution behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ban
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Cory T Rice
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Mark A McCoy
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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10
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Elliott KW, Delaglio F, Wikström M, Marino JP, Arbogast LW. Principal Component Analysis of 1D 1H Diffusion Edited NMR Spectra of Protein Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3385-3394. [PMID: 34166704 PMCID: PMC10408412 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The one-dimensional (1D) diffusion edited proton NMR method, Protein Fingerprint by Lineshape Enhancement (PROFILE) has been demonstrated to be suitable for higher order structure (HOS) characterization of protein therapeutics including monoclonal antibodies. Recent reports in the literature have demonstrated its advantages for HOS characterization over traditional methods such as circular dichroism and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Previously, we have demonstrated that the PROFILE method is complementary with high resolution 2D methyl correlated NMR methods and how both may be deployed as a multi-modal platform to further the utility of NMR for HOS characterization. A major limitation of the PROFILE method remains its need for high signal to noise data due to its reliance on convolution difference processing and linear correlation metrics to assess spectral similarity. Here we present an alternative method for analyzing 1D diffusion edited spectra, which overcomes this limitation by using nonlinear iterative partial least squares (NIPALS) principal component analysis, and which we dub PROtein Fingerprint Observed Using NIPALS Decomposition (PROFOUND). We demonstrate that results from the PROFOUND method are robust with respect to instrument, operator and in the presence of high experimental noise and how it may be employed to provide quantitative assessment of spectral similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korth W Elliott
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Dr. Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Frank Delaglio
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Dr. Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Mats Wikström
- Higher Order Structure, Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Inc. One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA
| | - John P Marino
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Dr. Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Luke W Arbogast
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Dr. Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
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11
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Xu J, Namanja A, Chan SL, Son C, Petros AM, Sun C, Radziejewski C, Ihnat PM. Insights into the Conformation and Self-Association of a Concentrated Monoclonal Antibody using Isothermal Chemical Denaturation and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3819-3828. [PMID: 34506864 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to highlight the utility of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as a multi-attribute method for the characterization of therapeutic antibodies. In this case study, we compared results from isothermal chemical denaturation (ICD) and NMR with standard methods to relate conformational states of a model monoclonal antibody (mAb1) with protein-protein interactions (PPI) that lead to self - association in concentrated solutions. The increase in aggregation rate and relative viscosity for mAb1 was found to be both concentration and pH dependent. The free energy of unfolding (∆G⁰) from ICD and thermal analysis in dilute solutions indicated that although the native state predominated between pH 4 - pH 7, it was disrupted at the CH2 and unfolded noncooperatively under acidic conditions. One-dimensional (1D) 1H NMR and two-dimensional (2D) 13C-1H NMR performed, in concentrated solutions, confirmed that PPI between pH 4-7 occurred while mAb1 was in the native state. NMR corroborated that mAb1 maintained a dominant native state at formulation-relevant conditions at the tested pH range, had increased global molecular tumbling dynamics at lower pH and confirmed increased PPI at higher pH conditions. This report aligns and compares typical characterization of an IgG1 with assessment of structure by NMR and provided a more precise assessment and deeper insight into the conformation of an IgG1 in concentrated solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Xu
- Drug Product Development Biologic Preformulation, Abbvie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Andrew Namanja
- Protein & Assay Sciences, Drug Discovery Science & Technology, Abbvie Inc, Waukegan, IL 60031, United States
| | - Siew Leong Chan
- Analytical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Westborough, MA 01581, United States; Protein Analytics, Abbvie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Chelsea Son
- Drug Product Development Biologic Preformulation, Abbvie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605, United States; Process Analytics, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, United States
| | - Andrew M Petros
- Protein & Assay Sciences, Drug Discovery Science & Technology, Abbvie Inc, Waukegan, IL 60031, United States
| | - Chaohong Sun
- Protein & Assay Sciences, Drug Discovery Science & Technology, Abbvie Inc, Waukegan, IL 60031, United States
| | - Czeslaw Radziejewski
- Protein Analytics, Abbvie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Peter M Ihnat
- Drug Product Development Biologic Preformulation, Abbvie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605, United States; Protein Biochemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States.
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12
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Rizzo D, Cerofolini L, Pérez-Ràfols A, Giuntini S, Baroni F, Ravera E, Luchinat C, Fragai M. Evaluation of the Higher Order Structure of Biotherapeutics Embedded in Hydrogels for Bioprinting and Drug Release. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11208-11214. [PMID: 34339178 PMCID: PMC8382223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible hydrogels for tissue regeneration/replacement and drug release with specific architectures can be obtained by three-dimensional bioprinting techniques. The preservation of the higher order structure of the proteins embedded in the hydrogels as drugs or modulators is critical for their biological activity. Solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments are currently used to investigate the higher order structure of biotherapeutics in comparability, similarity, and stability studies. However, the size of pores in the gel, protein-matrix interactions, and the size of the embedded proteins often prevent the use of this methodology. The recent advancements of solid-state NMR allow for the comparison of the higher order structure of the matrix-embedded and free isotopically enriched proteins, allowing for the evaluation of the functionality of the material in several steps of hydrogel development. Moreover, the structural information at atomic detail on the matrix-protein interactions paves the way for a structure-based design of these biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Rizzo
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence,
and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine
(CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Linda Cerofolini
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence,
and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine
(CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Anna Pérez-Ràfols
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- Giotto
Biotech, S.R.L, Via Madonna
del piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Stefano Giuntini
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence,
and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine
(CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Fabio Baroni
- Analytical
Development Biotech Department, Merck Serono
S.p.a, Merck KGaA, Guidonia, Rome 00012, Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence,
and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine
(CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence,
and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine
(CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence,
and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine
(CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
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13
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NMR Spectroscopy for Protein Higher Order Structure Similarity Assessment in Formulated Drug Products. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144251. [PMID: 34299526 PMCID: PMC8307401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide and protein drug molecules fold into higher order structures (HOS) in formulation and these folded structures are often critical for drug efficacy and safety. Generic or biosimilar drug products (DPs) need to show similar HOS to the reference product. The solution NMR spectroscopy is a non-invasive, chemically and structurally specific analytical method that is ideal for characterizing protein therapeutics in formulation. However, only limited NMR studies have been performed directly on marketed DPs and questions remain on how to quantitively define similarity. Here, NMR spectra were collected on marketed peptide and protein DPs, including calcitonin-salmon, liraglutide, teriparatide, exenatide, insulin glargine and rituximab. The 1D 1H spectral pattern readily revealed protein HOS heterogeneity, exchange and oligomerization in the different formulations. Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to two rituximab DPs showed consistent results with the previously demonstrated similarity metrics of Mahalanobis distance (DM) of 3.3. The 2D 1H-13C HSQC spectral comparison of insulin glargine DPs provided similarity metrics for chemical shift difference (Δδ) and methyl peak profile, i.e., 4 ppb for 1H, 15 ppb for 13C and 98% peaks with equivalent peak height. Finally, 2D 1H-15N sofast HMQC was demonstrated as a sensitive method for comparison of small protein HOS. The application of NMR procedures and chemometric analysis on therapeutic proteins offer quantitative similarity assessments of DPs with practically achievable similarity metrics.
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14
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Mishra SH, Bhavaraju S, Schmidt DR, Carrick KL. Facilitated structure verification of the biopharmaceutical peptide exenatide by 2D heteronuclear NMR maps. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 203:114136. [PMID: 34087552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Exenatide is a peptide based anti-diabetic prescription medication. Until now, the literature has lacked a comprehensive atom-specific molecular characterization for this complex large peptide by NMR spectroscopy that can be effortlessly and rapidly utilized for biopharmaceutical structural veracity. Peptide structure verification by NMR is challenging and cumbersome when reliant on traditional proton-based methodology (through-bond and through-space proton connectivity) alone due to increasing complexity, low signal dispersion, and overlap. These challenges are overcome by using 2D heteronuclear (1H-13C and 1H-15N) maps that not only allow unambiguous signal assignment, but also condense the structural verification information within simplified peptide amide and carbon fingerprint maps. Here we report such simplified amide and carbon fingerprint maps for exenatide; made possible by the first ever comprehensive heteronuclear (1H,13C, and 15N) atom specific assignment of exenatide. These heteronuclear assignments were obtained without any isotopic enrichments i.e. at natural abundance, and hence are easily deployable as routine procedures. Furthermore, we compare the 2D heteronuclear maps of exenatide to a chemically identical peptide differing only in the isomerism of the Cα position of the first amino acid, [dHis1]-exenatide, to demonstrate the uniqueness of these maps. We show that despite deliberate changes in pH, temperature, and concentrations, the differences between the amide maps of exenatide and [dHis1]-exenatide are retained. The work presented here not only provides a facilitated structure verification of exenatide but also a framework for heteronuclear NMR data acquisition and signal assignment of large peptides, at natural abundance, in creating their respective unique 2D fingerprint maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata H Mishra
- Reference Standards Laboratory, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD, 20852, United States.
| | - Sitaram Bhavaraju
- Reference Standards Laboratory, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD, 20852, United States
| | - Dale R Schmidt
- Global Biologics, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD, 20852, United States
| | - Kevin L Carrick
- Global Biologics, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD, 20852, United States
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15
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Tokunaga Y, Takeuchi K. Role of NMR in High Ordered Structure Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E46. [PMID: 33375207 PMCID: PMC7793058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining high ordered structure (HOS) information is of importance to guarantee the efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in clinical application. Assessment of HOS should ideally be performed in a non-invasive manner under their formulated storage conditions, as any perturbation can introduce unexpected detritions. However, most of the currently available techniques only indirectly report HOS of mAbs and/or require a certain condition to conduct the analyses. Besides, the flexible multidomain architecture of mAbs has hampered atomic-resolution structural analyses using X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. In contrast, the ability of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to structurally analyze biomolecules in various conditions in a non-invasive and quantitative manner is suitable to meet the needs. However, the application of NMR to mAbs is not straightforward due to the high molecular weight of the system. In this review, we will discuss how NMR techniques have been applied to HOS analysis of mAbs, along with the recent advances of the novel 15N direct detection NMR strategy that allows for obtaining the structural fingerprint of mAbs at lower temperatures under multiple formulation conditions. The potential application of these NMR strategies will benefit next-generation mAbs, such as antibody-drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Tokunaga
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan;
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Koh Takeuchi
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan;
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
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16
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Joshi S, Khatri LR, Kumar A, Rathore AS. Monitoring size and oligomeric-state distribution of therapeutic mAbs by NMR and DLS: Trastuzumab as a case study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 195:113841. [PMID: 33371967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are the modalities of choice for immunotherapy. This class of products are known to exhibit considerable heterogeneity with respect to size, aggregation states, and charge. This makes it challenging for biopharmaceutical manufacturers, in particular biosimilar producers, to maintain consistency in product quality. In order to fingerprint these biotherapeutic products, multiple, high-resolution analytical tools are used to characterize the numerous critical quality attributes. Recently, there has been growing interest in enhancing adaptability of 1D and 2D NMR platforms for characterization of higher order structure with emphasis on 1D 1H, 2D 1H-15N and 1H-13C NMR experiments at natural abundance. In this communication, we report the applicability of 2D-DOSY NMR for quantification of colloidal diffusivities, namely diffusion coefficient (and associated hydrodynamic radius) for monomeric IgG1 mAb formulations at physiological conditions. Similarity assessment has been performed for trastuzumab originator (multiple batches) and marketed biosimilars to showcase the applicability of this approach. While dynamic light scattering measurements are known to be sensitive to presence of larger particles with a concentration dependence for estimation of colloidal diffusivities, size estimated by NMR experiments was found to be more in agreement with the computational hydrodynamic size estimations derived from the published crystal structures of intact mAb at formulation concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Joshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, 110016, Hauz Khas, India
| | - Lakshya Raj Khatri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, 110016, Hauz Khas, India.
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17
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Yamaguchi Y, Barb AW. A synopsis of recent developments defining how N-glycosylation impacts immunoglobulin G structure and function. Glycobiology 2020; 30:214-225. [PMID: 31822882 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are the fastest growing group of drugs with 11 new antibodies or antibody-drug conjugates approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2018. Many mAbs require effector function for efficacy, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity triggered following contact of an immunoglobulin G (IgG)-coated particle with activating crystallizable fragment (Fc) γ receptors (FcγRs) expressed by leukocytes. Interactions between IgG1 and the FcγRs require post-translational modification of the Fc with an asparagine-linked carbohydrate (N-glycan). Though the structure of IgG1 Fc and the role of Fc N-glycan composition on disease were known for decades, the underlying mechanism of how the N-glycan affected FcγR binding was not defined until recently. This review will describe the current understanding of how N-glycosylation impacts the structure and function of the IgG1 Fc and describe new techniques that are poised to provide the next critical breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam W Barb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
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18
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Elliott KW, Ghasriani H, Wikström M, Giddens JP, Aubin Y, Delaglio F, Marino JP, Arbogast LW. Comparative Analysis of One-Dimensional Protein Fingerprint by Line Shape Enhancement and Two-Dimensional 1H, 13C Methyl NMR Methods for Characterization of the Higher Order Structure of IgG1 Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6366-6373. [PMID: 32267681 PMCID: PMC8054654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of NMR spectroscopy has emerged as a premier tool to characterize the higher order structure of protein therapeutics and in particular IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Due to their large size, traditional 1H-15N correlation experiments have proven exceedingly difficult to implement on mAbs, and a number of alternative techniques have been proposed, including the one-dimensional (1D) 1H protein fingerprint by line shape enhancement (PROFILE) method and the two-dimensional (2D) 1H-13C methyl correlation-based approach. Both 1D and 2D approaches have relative strengths and weaknesses, related to the inherent sensitivity and resolution of the respective methods. To further increase the utility of NMR to the biopharmaceutical community, harmonized criteria for decision making in employing 1D and 2D approaches for mAb characterization are warranted. To this end, we have conducted an interlaboratory comparative study of the 1D PROFILE and 2D methyl methods on several mAbs samples to determine the degree to which each method is suited to detect spectral difference between the samples and the degree to which results from each correlate with one another. Results from the study demonstrate both methods provide statistical data highly comparable to one another and that each method is capable of complementing the limitations commonly associated with the other, thus providing a better overall picture of higher order structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korth W Elliott
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Houman Ghasriani
- Center for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Tunney's Pasture, A/K 2201E, Ottawa, Ontario KIA 0K9, Canada
| | - Mats Wikström
- Higher Order Structure Group, Amgen, Incorporated, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - John P Giddens
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Yves Aubin
- Center for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Tunney's Pasture, A/K 2201E, Ottawa, Ontario KIA 0K9, Canada
| | - Frank Delaglio
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - John P Marino
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Luke W Arbogast
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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19
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Brinson RG, Arbogast LW, Marino JP, Delaglio F. Best Practices in Utilization of 2D-NMR Spectral Data as the Input for Chemometric Analysis in Biopharmaceutical Applications. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:2339-2355. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. Brinson
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, The University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Luke W. Arbogast
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, The University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - John P. Marino
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, The University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Frank Delaglio
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, The University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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20
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Sheen DA, Shen VK, Brinson RG, Arbogast LW, Marino JP, Delaglio F. Chemometric Outlier Classification of 2D-NMR Spectra to Enable Higher Order Structure Characterization of Protein Therapeutics. CHEMOMETRICS AND INTELLIGENT LABORATORY SYSTEMS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL SPONSORED BY THE CHEMOMETRICS SOCIETY 2020; 199:10.1016/j.chemolab.2020.103973. [PMID: 34135539 PMCID: PMC8204403 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemolab.2020.103973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics are vitally important clinically and commercially, with monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutic sales alone accounting for $115 billion in revenue for 2018.[1] In order for these therapeutics to be safe and efficacious, their protein components must maintain their high order structure (HOS), which includes retaining their three-dimensional fold and not forming aggregates. As demonstrated in the recent NISTmAb Interlaboratory nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Study[2], NMR spectroscopy is a robust and precise approach to address this HOS measurement need. Using the NISTmAb study data, we benchmark a procedure for automated outlier detection used to identify spectra that are not of sufficient quality for further automated analysis. When applied to a diverse collection of all 252 1H,13C gHSQC spectra from the study, a recursive version of the automated procedure performed comparably to visual analysis, and identified three outlier cases that were missed by the human analyst. In total, this method represents a distinct advance in chemometric detection of outliers due to variation in both measurement and sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Sheen
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Vincent K. Shen
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Robert G. Brinson
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850 USA
| | - Luke W. Arbogast
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850 USA
| | - John P. Marino
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850 USA
| | - Frank Delaglio
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850 USA
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21
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Brinson RG, Marino JP. 2D J-correlated proton NMR experiments for structural fingerprinting of biotherapeutics. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 307:106581. [PMID: 31499472 PMCID: PMC7313657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.106581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The higher order structure (HOS) of protein therapeutics is essential for drug safety and efficacy and can be evaluated by two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at atomic resolution. 1Hn-15N amide correlated and 1H-13C methyl correlated NMR spectroscopies at natural isotopic abundance have been demonstrated as feasible on protein therapeutics as large as monoclonal antibodies and show great promise for use in establishing drug substance structural consistency across manufacturing changes and in comparing a biosimilar to an originator reference product. Spectral fingerprints from 1Hn-1Hα correlations acquired using 2D homonuclear proton-proton J-correlated NMR experiments provide a complementary approach for high-resolution assessment of the HOS of lower molecular weight (<25 kDa) protein therapeutics. Here, we evaluate different pulse sequences (COSY, TOCSY and TACSY) used to generate proton-proton J-correlated NMR spectral fingerprints and appraise the performance of each method for application to protein therapeutic HOS assessment and comparability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Brinson
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | - John P Marino
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
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22
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Hageman TS, Weis DD. A Structural Variant Approach for Establishing a Detection Limit in Differential Hydrogen Exchange-Mass Spectrometry Measurements. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8017-8024. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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23
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Falk BT, Liang Y, McCoy MA. Diffusion Profiling of Therapeutic Proteins by Using Solution NMR Spectroscopy. Chembiochem 2019; 20:896-899. [PMID: 30515922 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing changes to structure and behavior is an important aspect of therapeutic protein development. NMR spectroscopy is well suited to study interactions and higher-order structure that could impact biological function and safety. We used NMR diffusion methods to describe the overall behavior of proteins in solution by defining a "diffusion profile" that captures the complexities in diffusion behavior. Diffusion profiles offer a simple means to interpret protein solution behavior as a distribution of sizes and association states. As a characterization method, diffusion profiling is well suited to complement and augment traditional biophysical and NMR methods to probe the solution behavior of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley T Falk
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysics, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Yingkai Liang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Mark A McCoy
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysics, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
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24
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Garcia NK, Deperalta G, Wecksler AT. Current Trends in Biotherapeutic Higher Order Structure Characterization by Irreversible Covalent Footprinting Mass Spectrometry. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:35-43. [PMID: 30484396 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666181128141953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biotherapeutics, particularly monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), are a maturing class of drugs capable of treating a wide range of diseases. Therapeutic function and solutionstability are linked to the proper three-dimensional organization of the primary sequence into Higher Order Structure (HOS) as well as the timescales of protein motions (dynamics). Methods that directly monitor protein HOS and dynamics are important for mapping therapeutically relevant protein-protein interactions and assessing properly folded structures. Irreversible covalent protein footprinting Mass Spectrometry (MS) tools, such as site-specific amino acid labeling and hydroxyl radical footprinting are analytical techniques capable of monitoring the side chain solvent accessibility influenced by tertiary and quaternary structure. Here we discuss the methodology, examples of biotherapeutic applications, and the future directions of irreversible covalent protein footprinting MS in biotherapeutic research and development. CONCLUSION Bottom-up mass spectrometry using irreversible labeling techniques provide valuable information for characterizing solution-phase protein structure. Examples range from epitope mapping and protein-ligand interactions, to probing challenging structures of membrane proteins. By paring these techniques with hydrogen-deuterium exchange, spectroscopic analysis, or static-phase structural data such as crystallography or electron microscopy, a comprehensive understanding of protein structure can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie K Garcia
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Galahad Deperalta
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Aaron T Wecksler
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
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25
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Guerra A, von Stosch M, Glassey J. Toward biotherapeutic product real-time quality monitoring. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:289-305. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2018.1524362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Guerra
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Moritz von Stosch
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jarka Glassey
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Brinson RG, Marino JP, Delaglio F, Arbogast LW, Evans RM, Kearsley A, Gingras G, Ghasriani H, Aubin Y, Pierens GK, Jia X, Mobli M, Grant HG, Keizer DW, Schweimer K, Ståhle J, Widmalm G, Zartler ER, Lawrence CW, Reardon PN, Cort JR, Xu P, Ni F, Yanaka S, Kato K, Parnham SR, Tsao D, Blomgren A, Rundlöf T, Trieloff N, Schmieder P, Ross A, Skidmore K, Chen K, Keire D, Freedberg DI, Suter-Stahel T, Wider G, Ilc G, Plavec J, Bradley SA, Baldisseri DM, Sforça ML, Zeri ACDM, Wei JY, Szabo CM, Amezcua CA, Jordan JB, Wikström M. Enabling adoption of 2D-NMR for the higher order structure assessment of monoclonal antibody therapeutics. MAbs 2018; 11:94-105. [PMID: 30570405 PMCID: PMC6343768 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1544454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased interest in using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as a platform for biopharmaceuticals has led to the need for new analytical techniques that can precisely assess physicochemical properties of these large and very complex drugs for the purpose of correctly identifying quality attributes (QA). One QA, higher order structure (HOS), is unique to biopharmaceuticals and essential for establishing consistency in biopharmaceutical manufacturing, detecting process-related variations from manufacturing changes and establishing comparability between biologic products. To address this measurement challenge, two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D-NMR) methods were introduced that allow for the precise atomic-level comparison of the HOS between two proteins, including mAbs. Here, an inter-laboratory comparison involving 26 industrial, government and academic laboratories worldwide was performed as a benchmark using the NISTmAb, from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), to facilitate the translation of the 2D-NMR method into routine use for biopharmaceutical product development. Two-dimensional 1H,15N and 1H,13C NMR spectra were acquired with harmonized experimental protocols on the unlabeled Fab domain and a uniformly enriched-15N, 20%-13C-enriched system suitability sample derived from the NISTmAb. Chemometric analyses from over 400 spectral maps acquired on 39 different NMR spectrometers ranging from 500 MHz to 900 MHz demonstrate spectral fingerprints that are fit-for-purpose for the assessment of HOS. The 2D-NMR method is shown to provide the measurement reliability needed to move the technique from an emerging technology to a harmonized, routine measurement that can be generally applied with great confidence to high precision assessments of the HOS of mAb-based biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Brinson
- a Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - John P Marino
- a Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - Frank Delaglio
- a Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - Luke W Arbogast
- a Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - Ryan M Evans
- b Applied and Computational Mathematics Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Anthony Kearsley
- b Applied and Computational Mathematics Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Geneviève Gingras
- c Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Houman Ghasriani
- c Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Yves Aubin
- c Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Gregory K Pierens
- d The Centre for Advanced Imaging , The University of Queensland , St Lucia , QLD , Australia
| | - Xinying Jia
- d The Centre for Advanced Imaging , The University of Queensland , St Lucia , QLD , Australia
| | - Mehdi Mobli
- d The Centre for Advanced Imaging , The University of Queensland , St Lucia , QLD , Australia
| | - Hamish G Grant
- e Bio21 Molecular Science & Biotechnology Institute , The University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - David W Keizer
- e Bio21 Molecular Science & Biotechnology Institute , The University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | | | - Jonas Ståhle
- g Department of Organic Chemistry , Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Göran Widmalm
- g Department of Organic Chemistry , Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Edward R Zartler
- h Analytical R&D , Pfizer Essential Health , Lake Forest , IL , USA
| | - Chad W Lawrence
- i Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate , Richland , DC , USA
| | - Patrick N Reardon
- i Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate , Richland , DC , USA
| | - John R Cort
- i Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate , Richland , DC , USA
| | - Ping Xu
- j Department of Downstream Processing and Analytics , Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Feng Ni
- j Department of Downstream Processing and Analytics , Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Saeko Yanaka
- k Institute for Molecular Science and Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems , National Institutes of Natural Sciences , Myodaiji, Okazaki , Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- k Institute for Molecular Science and Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems , National Institutes of Natural Sciences , Myodaiji, Okazaki , Japan
| | - Stuart R Parnham
- l Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , SC , USA
| | - Desiree Tsao
- m Analytical Development , Momenta Pharmaceuticals , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Andreas Blomgren
- n Laboratory Unit , Swedish Medical Products Agency, Laboratory , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Torgny Rundlöf
- n Laboratory Unit , Swedish Medical Products Agency, Laboratory , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Nils Trieloff
- o NMR-supported Structural Biology , Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) , Berlin , Germany
| | - Peter Schmieder
- o NMR-supported Structural Biology , Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) , Berlin , Germany
| | - Alfred Ross
- p Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development , Pre-Clinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Ken Skidmore
- q Analytical Operations , Genentech , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Kang Chen
- r Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , Food and Drug Administration , Maryland , USA
| | - David Keire
- r Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , Food and Drug Administration , Maryland , USA
| | - Darón I Freedberg
- s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research , Food and Drug Administration , Maryland , USA
| | - Thea Suter-Stahel
- t Department of Biology , Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics , ETH Zurich, Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Wider
- t Department of Biology , Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics , ETH Zurich, Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Gregor Ilc
- u NMR Centre , EN-FIST Centre of Excellence , Ljubljana , Slovenia.,v NMR Centre , National Institute of Chemistry , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Janez Plavec
- u NMR Centre , EN-FIST Centre of Excellence , Ljubljana , Slovenia.,v NMR Centre , National Institute of Chemistry , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Scott A Bradley
- w Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Donna M Baldisseri
- x MRS - Application Science , Bruker BioSpin Corporation , Billerica , MA , USA
| | - Mauricio Luis Sforça
- y Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Mattos Zeri
- z Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas, Brazil , CEP
| | - Julie Yu Wei
- aa Protein Product Development , Biogen Inc ., Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Christina M Szabo
- ab Baxter Pharmaceuticals R&D , Baxter Healthcare , Round Lake, IL , USA
| | - Carlos A Amezcua
- ab Baxter Pharmaceuticals R&D , Baxter Healthcare , Round Lake, IL , USA
| | - John B Jordan
- ac Global Regulatory and R&D Policy , Amgen Inc ., Thousand Oaks , CA , USA
| | - Mats Wikström
- ad Higher Order Structure, Attribute Sciences , Amgen Inc ., Thousand Oaks , CA , USA
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Arbogast LW, Delaglio F, Tolman JR, Marino JP. Selective suppression of excipient signals in 2D 1H- 13C methyl spectra of biopharmaceutical products. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2018; 72:149-161. [PMID: 30483914 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-018-0214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While the use of 1H-13C methyl correlated NMR spectroscopy at natural isotopic abundance has been demonstrated as feasible on protein therapeutics as large as monoclonal antibodies, spectral interference from aliphatic excipients remains a significant obstacle to its widespread application. These signals can cause large baseline artifacts, obscure protein resonances, and cause dynamic range suppression of weak peaks in non-uniform sampling applications, thus hampering both traditional peak-based spectral analyses as well as emerging chemometric methods of analysis. Here we detail modifications to the 2D 1H-13C gradient-selected HSQC experiment that make use of selective pulsing techniques for targeted removal of interfering excipient signals in spectra of the NISTmAb prepared in several different formulations. This approach is demonstrated to selectively reduce interfering excipient signals while still yielding 2D spectra with only modest losses in protein signal. Furthermore, it is shown that spectral modeling based on the SMILE algorithm can be used to simulate and subtract any residual excipient signals and their attendant artifacts from the resulting 2D NMR spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W Arbogast
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Dr., Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Frank Delaglio
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Dr., Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Joel R Tolman
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - John P Marino
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Dr., Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
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28
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Assessment of the higher order structure of Humira®, Remicade®, Avastin®, Rituxan®, Herceptin®, and Enbrel® by 2D-NMR fingerprinting. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 163:144-152. [PMID: 30296716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The advent of monoclonal antibody biosimilar products has stimulated the development of analytical methods that can better characterize an important quality attribute, namely the higher order structure (HOS). Here, we propose a simple approach based on heteronuclear 2D NMR techniques at natural abundance for generating spectral fingerprints of the HOS at high resolution. We show that the proposed method can assess the HOS of six therapeutic products, adalimumab (Humira®), bevacizumab (Avastin®), infliximab (Remicade®), rituximab (Rituxan®), trastuzumab (Herceptin®), and Etanercept (Enbrel®). After treatment with immobilized papain, the purified fragments (Fab and Fc) were analyzed by 2D proton-nitrogen and proton-carbon NMR correlations. All Fab and Fc fragments produced high-resolution 2D-NMR spectra from which assessment of their higher order structure can be performed in the context of comparability studies. In particular, the two different sequences of Fc fragments could be unambiguously distinguished. The results show that it is possible to obtain structurally dependent information at amino acid resolution of these important therapeutic agents.
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29
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Probing Conformational Diversity of Fc Domains in Aggregation-Prone Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharm Res 2018; 35:220. [PMID: 30255351 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fc domains are an integral component of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and Fc-based fusion proteins. Engineering mutations in the Fc domain is a common approach to achieve desired effector function and clinical efficacy of therapeutic mAbs. It remains debatable, however, whether molecular engineering either by changing glycosylation patterns or by amino acid mutation in Fc domain could impact the higher order structure of Fc domain potentially leading to increased aggregation propensities in mAbs. METHODS Here, we use NMR fingerprinting analysis of Fc domains, generated from selected Pfizer mAbs with similar glycosylation patterns, to address this question. Specifically, we use high resolution 2D [13C-1H] NMR spectra of Fc fragments, which fingerprints methyl sidechain bearing residues, to probe the correlation of higher order structure with the storage stability of mAbs. Thermal calorimetric studies were also performed to assess the stability of mAb fragments. RESULTS Unlike NMR fingerprinting, thermal melting temperature as obtained from calorimetric studies for the intact mAbs and fragments (Fc and Fab), did not reveal any correlation with the aggregation propensities of mAbs. Despite >97% sequence homology, NMR data suggests that higher order structure of Fc domains could be dynamic and may result in unique conformation(s) in solution. CONCLUSION The overall glycosylation pattern of these mAbs being similar, these conformation(s) could be linked to the inherent plasticity of the Fc domain, and may act as early transients to the overall aggregation of mAbs.
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30
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Blaffert J, Haeri HH, Blech M, Hinderberger D, Garidel P. Spectroscopic methods for assessing the molecular origins of macroscopic solution properties of highly concentrated liquid protein solutions. Anal Biochem 2018; 561-562:70-88. [PMID: 30243977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In cases of subcutaneous injection of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, high protein concentrations (>50 mg/ml) are often required. During the development of these high concentration liquid formulations (HCLF), challenges such as aggregation, gelation, opalescence, phase separation, and high solution viscosities are more prone compared to low concentrated protein formulations. These properties can impair manufacturing processes, as well as protein stability and shelf life. To avoid such unfavourable solution properties, a detailed understanding about the nature of these properties and their driving forces are required. However, the fundamental mechanisms that lead to macroscopic solution properties, as above mentioned, are complex and not fully understood, yet. Established analytical methods for assessing the colloidal stability, i.e. the ability of a native protein to remain dispersed in solution, are restricted to dilute conditions and provide parameters such as the second osmotic virial coefficient, B22, and the diffusion interaction coefficient, kD. These parameters are routinely applied for qualitative estimations and identifications of proteins with challenging solution behaviours, such as high viscosities and aggregation, although the assays are prepared for low protein concentration conditions, typically between 0.1 and 20 mg/ml ("ideal" solution conditions). Quantitative analysis of samples of high protein concentration is difficult and it is hard to obtain information about the driving forces of such solution properties and corresponding protein-protein self-interactions. An advantage of using specific spectroscopic methods is the potential of directly analysing highly concentrated protein solutions at different solution conditions. This allows for collecting/gaining valuable information about the fundamental mechanisms of solution properties of the high protein concentration regime. In addition, the derived parameters might be more predictive as compared to the parameters originating from assays which are optimized for the low protein concentration range. The provided information includes structural data, molecular dynamics at various timescales and protein-solvent interactions, which can be obtained at molecular resolution. Herein, we provide an overview about spectroscopic techniques for analysing the origins of macroscopic solution behaviours in general, with a specific focus on pharmaceutically relevant high protein concentration and formulation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Blaffert
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Haleh Hashemi Haeri
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Protein Science, Birkerndorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach/Riß, Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Protein Science, Birkerndorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach/Riß, Germany.
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31
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Háda V, Bagdi A, Bihari Z, Timári SB, Fizil Á, Szántay C. Recent advancements, challenges, and practical considerations in the mass spectrometry-based analytics of protein biotherapeutics: A viewpoint from the biosimilar industry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:214-238. [PMID: 30205300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The extensive analytical characterization of protein biotherapeutics, especially of biosimilars, is a critical part of the product development and registration. High-resolution mass spectrometry became the primary analytical tool used for the structural characterization of biotherapeutics. Its high instrumental sensitivity and methodological versatility made it possible to use this technique to characterize both the primary and higher-order structure of these proteins. However, even by using high-end instrumentation, analysts face several challenges with regard to how to cope with industrial and regulatory requirements, that is, how to obtain accurate and reliable analytical data in a time- and cost-efficient way. New sample preparation approaches, measurement techniques and data evaluation strategies are available to meet those requirements. The practical considerations of these methods are discussed in the present review article focusing on hot topics, such as reliable and efficient sequencing strategies, minimization of artefact formation during sample preparation, quantitative peptide mapping, the potential of multi-attribute methodology, the increasing role of mass spectrometry in higher-order structure characterization and the challenges of MS-based identification of host cell proteins. On the basis of the opportunities in new instrumental techniques, methodological advancements and software-driven data evaluation approaches, for the future one can envision an even wider application area for mass spectrometry in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Háda
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary.
| | - Attila Bagdi
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bihari
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary
| | | | - Ádám Fizil
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szántay
- Spectroscopic Research Department, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary.
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32
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Reddy PT, Brinson RG, Hoopes JT, McClung C, Ke N, Kashi L, Berkmen M, Kelman Z. Platform development for expression and purification of stable isotope labeled monoclonal antibodies in Escherichia coli. MAbs 2018; 10:992-1002. [PMID: 30060704 PMCID: PMC6204800 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1496879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as a platform for therapeutic drug development in the pharmaceutical industry has led to an increased interest in robust experimental approaches for assessment of mAb structure, stability and dynamics. The ability to enrich proteins with stable isotopes is a prerequisite for the in-depth application of many structural and biophysical methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), small angle neutron scattering, neutron reflectometry, and quantitative mass spectrometry. While mAbs can typically be produced with very high yields using mammalian cell expression, stable isotope labeling using cell culture is expensive and often impractical. The most common and cost-efficient approach to label proteins is to express proteins in Escherichia coli grown in minimal media; however, such methods for mAbs have not been reported to date. Here we present, for the first time, the expression and purification of a stable isotope labeled mAb from a genetically engineered E. coli strain capable of forming disulfide bonds in its cytoplasm. It is shown using two-dimensional NMR spectral fingerprinting that the unlabeled mAb and the mAb singly or triply labeled with 13C, 15N, 2H are well folded, with only minor structural differences relative to the mammalian cell-produced mAb that are attributed to the lack of glycosylation in the Fc domain. This advancement of an E. coli-based mAb expression platform will facilitate the production of mAbs for in-depth structural characterization, including the high resolution investigation of mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad T Reddy
- a Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - Robert G Brinson
- b Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - J Todd Hoopes
- a Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | | | - Na Ke
- c New England Biolabs , Ipswich , MA , USA
| | - Lila Kashi
- a Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | | | - Zvi Kelman
- a Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
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Kashi L, Yandrofski K, Preston RJ, Arbogast LW, Giddens JP, Marino JP, Schiel JE, Kelman Z. Heterologous recombinant expression of non-originator NISTmAb. MAbs 2018; 10:922-933. [PMID: 29958062 PMCID: PMC6152460 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1486355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful development and regulatory approval of originator and biosimilar therapeutic proteins requires a systems approach to upstream and downstream processing as well as product characterization and quality control. Innovation in process design and control, product characterization strategies, and data integration represent an ecosystem whose concerted advancement may reduce time-to-market and further improve comparability and biosimilarity programs. The biopharmaceutical community has made great strides to this end, yet there currently exists no pre-competitive monoclonal antibody (mAb) expression platform for open innovation. Here, we describe the development and initial expression of an intended copy of the NISTmAb using three non-originator murine cell lines. It was found that, without optimization and in culture flasks, all three cell lines produce approximately 100 mg mAb per liter of culture. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, size-exclusion chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, intact mass spectrometry, and surface plasmon resonance were used to demonstrate that the products of all three cell lines embody quality attributes with a sufficient degree of sameness to the NISTmAb Reference Material 8671 to warrant further bioreactor studies, process improvements and optimization. The implications of the work with regard to pre-competitive innovation to support process design and feedback control, comparability and biosimilarity assessments, and process analytical technologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila Kashi
- a Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - Katharina Yandrofski
- b National Institute of Standards and Technology , Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - Renae J Preston
- a Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - Luke W Arbogast
- b National Institute of Standards and Technology , Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - John P Giddens
- b National Institute of Standards and Technology , Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - John P Marino
- b National Institute of Standards and Technology , Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - John E Schiel
- b National Institute of Standards and Technology , Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - Zvi Kelman
- a Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
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MS-based conformation analysis of recombinant proteins in design, optimization and development of biopharmaceuticals. Methods 2018; 144:134-151. [PMID: 29678586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for analyzing protein higher order structures have gained increasing application in the field of biopharmaceutical development. The predominant methods used in this area include native MS, hydrogen deuterium exchange-MS, covalent labeling, cross-linking and limited proteolysis. These MS-based methods will be briefly described in this article, followed by a discussion on how these methods contribute at different stages of discovery and development of protein therapeutics.
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35
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Ambrogelly A, Gozo S, Katiyar A, Dellatore S, Kune Y, Bhat R, Sun J, Li N, Wang D, Nowak C, Neill A, Ponniah G, King C, Mason B, Beck A, Liu H. Analytical comparability study of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics. MAbs 2018; 10:513-538. [PMID: 29513619 PMCID: PMC5973765 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1438797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Process changes are inevitable in the life cycle of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Products made using pre- and post-change processes are required to be comparable as demonstrated by comparability studies to qualify for continuous development and commercial supply. Establishment of comparability is a systematic process of gathering and evaluating data based on scientific understanding and clinical experience of the relationship between product quality attributes and their impact on safety and efficacy. This review summarizes the current understanding of various modifications of recombinant monoclonal antibodies. It further outlines the critical steps in designing and executing successful comparability studies to support process changes at different stages of a product's lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Ambrogelly
- Biologics Analytical Operations, Pharmaceutical & Biologics Development, Gilead Sciences, Ocean Ranch Blvd, Oceanside, CA
| | - Stephen Gozo
- Analytical Research & Development-Biologics, Celgene Corporation, Morris Avenue, Summit, NJ
| | - Amit Katiyar
- Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington Rocky Road, Pennington, NJ
| | - Shara Dellatore
- Biologics & Vaccines Bioanalytics, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Yune Kune
- Fortress Biologicals, Sawyer Road, Suite, Waltham, MA
| | - Ram Bhat
- Millennium Research laboratories, New Boston Street, Woburn, MA
| | - Joanne Sun
- Product Development, Innovent Biologics, Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, China
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Analytical Department, BioAnalytix, Inc., Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA
| | - Christine Nowak
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, College Street, New Haven, CT
| | - Alyssa Neill
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, College Street, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Cory King
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, College Street, New Haven, CT
| | - Bruce Mason
- Pre-formulation, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, College Street, New Haven, CT
| | - Alain Beck
- Analytical Chemistry, NBEs, Center d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, St Julien-en-Genevois Cedex, France
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, College Street, New Haven, CT
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Schiel JE, Turner A, Mouchahoir T, Yandrofski K, Telikepalli S, King J, DeRose P, Ripple D, Phinney K. The NISTmAb Reference Material 8671 value assignment, homogeneity, and stability. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2127-2139. [PMID: 29411089 PMCID: PMC5830482 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The NISTmAb Reference Material (RM) 8671 is intended to be an industry standard monoclonal antibody for pre-competitive harmonization of best practices and designing next generation characterization technologies for identity, quality, and stability testing. It must therefore embody the quality and characteristics of a typical biopharmaceutical product and be available long-term in a stable format with consistent product quality attributes. A stratified sampling and analysis plan using a series of qualified analytical and biophysical methods is described that assures RM 8671 meets these criteria. Results for the first three lots of RM 8671 highlight the consistency of material attributes with respect to size, charge, and identity. RM 8671 was verified to be homogeneous both within and between vialing lots, demonstrating the robustness of the lifecycle management plan. It was analyzed in concert with the in-house primary sample 8670 (PS 8670) to provide a historical link to this seminal material. RM 8671 was verified to be fit for its intended purpose as a technology innovation tool, external system suitability control, and cross-industry harmonization platform. Graphical abstract The NISTmAb Reference Material (RM) 8671 is intended to be an industry standard monoclonal antibody for pre-competitive harmonization of best practices and designing next generation characterization technologies for identity, quality, and stability testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Schiel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Abby Turner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- , 55 Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Trina Mouchahoir
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Katharina Yandrofski
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Srivalli Telikepalli
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Jason King
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Paul DeRose
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Dean Ripple
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Karen Phinney
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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Schiel JE, Turner A. The NISTmAb Reference Material 8671 lifecycle management and quality plan. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2067-2078. [PMID: 29430600 PMCID: PMC5830479 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive analysis of monoclonal antibody therapeutics involves an ever expanding cadre of technologies. Lifecycle-appropriate application of current and emerging techniques requires rigorous testing followed by discussion between industry and regulators in a pre-competitive space, an effort that may be facilitated by a widely available test metric. Biopharmaceutical quality materials, however, are often difficult to access and/or are protected by intellectual property rights. The NISTmAb, humanized IgG1κ Reference Material 8671 (RM 8671), has been established with the intent of filling that void. The NISTmAb embodies the quality and characteristics of a typical biopharmaceutical product, is widely available to the biopharmaceutical community, and is an open innovation tool for development and dissemination of results. The NISTmAb lifecyle management plan described herein provides a hierarchical strategy for maintenance of quality over time through rigorous method qualification detailed in additional submissions in the current publication series. The NISTmAb RM 8671 is a representative monoclonal antibody material and provides a means to continually evaluate current best practices, promote innovative approaches, and inform regulatory paradigms as technology advances. Graphical abstract The NISTmAb Reference Material (RM) 8671 is intended to be an industry standard monoclonal antibody for pre-competitive harmonization of best practices and designing next generation characterization technologies for identity, quality, and stability testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Schiel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Abigail Turner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Medimmune, LLC, 55 Watkins Mill Rd, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
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Turner A, Schiel JE. Qualification of NISTmAb charge heterogeneity control assays. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2079-2093. [PMID: 29423598 PMCID: PMC5830499 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The NISTmAb is a monoclonal antibody Reference Material from the National Institute of Standards and Technology; it is a class-representative IgG1κ intended serve as a pre-competitive platform for harmonization and technology development in the biopharmaceutical industry. The publication series of which this paper is a part describes NIST's overall control strategy to ensure NISTmAb quality and availability over its lifecycle. In this paper, the development and qualification of methods for monitoring NISTmAb charge heterogeneity are described. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) assays were optimized and evaluated as candidate assays for NISTmAb quality control. CIEF was found to be suitable as a structural characterization assay yielding information on the apparent pI of the NISTmAb. CZE was found to be better suited for routine monitoring of NISTmAb charge heterogeneity and was qualified for this purpose. This paper is intended to provide relevant details of NIST's charge heterogeneity control strategy to facilitate implementation of the NISTmAb as a test molecule in the end user's laboratory. Graphical Abstract Representative capillary zone electropherogram of the NIST monoclonal antibody (NISTmAb). The NISTmAb is a publicly available research tool intended to facilitate advancement of biopharmaceutical analytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Turner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Medimmune, LLC, 55 Watkins Mill Rd, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - John E Schiel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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Arbogast LW, Delaglio F, Schiel JE, Marino JP. Multivariate Analysis of Two-Dimensional 1H, 13C Methyl NMR Spectra of Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics To Facilitate Assessment of Higher Order Structure. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11839-11845. [PMID: 28937210 PMCID: PMC5886730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) 1H-13C methyl NMR provides a powerful tool to probe the higher order structure (HOS) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), since spectra can readily be acquired on intact mAbs at natural isotopic abundance, and small changes in chemical environment and structure give rise to observable changes in corresponding spectra, which can be interpreted at atomic resolution. This makes it possible to apply 2D NMR spectral fingerprinting approaches directly to drug products in order to systematically characterize structure and excipient effects. Systematic collections of NMR spectra are often analyzed in terms of the changes in specifically identified peak positions, as well as changes in peak height and line widths. A complementary approach is to apply principal component analysis (PCA) directly to the matrix of spectral data, correlating spectra according to similarities and differences in their overall shapes, rather than according to parameters of individually identified peaks. This is particularly well-suited for spectra of mAbs, where some of the individual peaks might not be well resolved. Here we demonstrate the performance of the PCA method for discriminating structural variation among systematic sets of 2D NMR fingerprint spectra using the NISTmAb and illustrate how spectral variability identified by PCA may be correlated to structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W. Arbogast
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Dr., Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Frank Delaglio
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Dr., Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - John E. Schiel
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Dr., Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - John P. Marino
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Dr., Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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Singh SM, Bandi S, Jones DNM, Mallela KMG. Effect of Polysorbate 20 and Polysorbate 80 on the Higher-Order Structure of a Monoclonal Antibody and Its Fab and Fc Fragments Probed Using 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3486-3498. [PMID: 28843351 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined how polysorbate 20 (PS20; Tween 20) and polysorbate 80 (PS80; Tween 80) affect the higher-order structure of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) and its antigen-binding (Fab) and crystallizable (Fc) fragments, using near-UV circular dichroism and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Both polysorbates bind to the mAb with submillimolar affinity. Binding causes significant changes in the tertiary structure of mAb with no changes in its secondary structure. 2D 13C-1H methyl NMR indicates that with increasing concentration of polysorbates, the Fab region showed a decrease in crosspeak volumes. In addition to volume changes, PS20 caused significant changes in the chemical shifts compared to no changes in the case of PS80. No such changes in crosspeak volumes or chemical shifts were observed in the case of Fc region, indicating that polysorbates predominantly affect the Fab region compared to the Fc region. This differential effect of polysorbates on the Fab and Fc regions was because of the lesser thermodynamic stability of the Fab compared to the Fc. These results further indicate that PS80 is the preferred polysorbate for this mAb formulation, because it offers higher protection against aggregation, causes lesser structural perturbation, and has weaker binding affinity with fewer binding sites compared to PS20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Swati Bandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - David N M Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Krishna M G Mallela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045.
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Kiss R, Fizil Á, Szántay C. What NMR can do in the biopharmaceutical industry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:367-377. [PMID: 28760370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has a unique capability to probe the primary and higher order molecular structure and the structural dynamics of biomolecules at an atomic resolution, and this capability has been greatly fortified over the last five decades by an astonishing NMR instrumental and methodological development. Because of these factors, NMR has become a primary tool for the structure investigation of biomolecules, spawning a whole scientific subfield dedicated to the subject. This role of NMR is by now well established and broadly appreciated, especially in the context of academic research dealing with proteins that are purified and isotope-labeled in order to facilitate the necessary sophisticated multidimensional NMR measurements. However, the more recent industrial development, manufacturing, and quality control of biopharmaceuticals provide a different framework for NMR. For example, protein drug substances are not isotope-labeled and are present in a medium of excipients, which make structural NMR measurements much more difficult. On the other hand, biotechnology involves many other analytical requirements that can be efficiently addressed by NMR. In this respect the scope and limitations of NMR are less well understood. Having the non-expert reader in mind, herein we wish to highlight the ways in which modern NMR can effectively support biotechnological developments. Our focus will be on biosimilar proteins, pointing out certain cases where its use is probably essential. Based partly on literature data, and partly on our own hands-on experience, this paper is intended to be a guide for choosing the proper NMR approach for analytical questions concerning the structural comparability of therapeutic proteins, monitoring technology-related impurities, protein quantification, analysis of spent media, identification of extractable and leachable components, etc. Also, we focus on critical considerations, particularly those coming from drug authority guidelines, which limit the use of the well-established NMR tools in everyday practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Kiss
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary; Spectroscopic Research Department, Hungary
| | - Ádám Fizil
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary; Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szántay
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary; Spectroscopic Research Department, Hungary.
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Brinson RG, Ghasriani H, Hodgson DJ, Adams KM, McEwen I, Freedberg DI, Chen K, Keire DA, Aubin Y, Marino JP. Application of 2D-NMR with room temperature NMR probes for the assessment of the higher order structure of filgrastim. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 141:229-233. [PMID: 28454057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The higher order structure (HOS) of biotherapeutics is a critical quality attribute that can be evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at atomic resolution. NMR spectral mapping of HOS can be used to establish HOS consistency of a biologic across manufacturing changes or to compare a biosimilar to an innovator reference product. A previous inter-laboratory study performed using filgrastim drug products demonstrated that two-dimensional (2D)-NMR 1HN-15NH heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy is a highly robust and precise method for mapping the HOS of biologic drugs at natural abundance using high sensitivity NMR 'cold probes.' Here, the applicability of the 2D-NMR method to fingerprint the HOS of filgrastim products is demonstrated using lower sensitivity, room temperature NMR probes. Combined chemical shift deviation and principal component analysis are used to illustrate the performance and inter-laboratory precision of the 2D-NMR method when implemented on room temperature probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Brinson
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | - Houman Ghasriani
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 645 S. Newstead Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Derek J Hodgson
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Kristie M Adams
- United States Pharmacopeia, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, United States
| | - Ian McEwen
- Medical Products Agency of Sweden, P.O. Box 26 SE-75103, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Darón I Freedberg
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20903, United States
| | - Kang Chen
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 645 S. Newstead Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - David A Keire
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 645 S. Newstead Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Yves Aubin
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - John P Marino
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
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Hodgson DJ, Aubin Y. Assessment of the structure of pegylated-recombinant protein therapeutics by the NMR fingerprint assay. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 138:351-356. [PMID: 28254519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A number of recombinant protein therapeutic products, such as filgrastim (methionyl granulocyte colony stimulating factor [Met-GCSF] used to boost the immune system in chemotherapy treated cancer patients), and interferon alpha-2 (used for the treatment of various viral infections), have been chemically modified with the addition of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain. This modification prolongs residency of the drug in the body and reduces metabolic degradation, which allows less frequent administration of the products. Here we show how NMR spectroscopy methods can assess the higher order structure (HOS) of pegylated-filgrastim (Neulasta®), pegylated interferon-α2a (Pegasys®) pegylated interferon-α2b (PEG-Intron®) purchased from the marketplace. The addition of the PEG moiety effectively doubles the molecular weight of the three products. This presents a significant challenge for the application of NMR techniques. Nevertheless, the results showed that high-resolution spectra could be recorded for two of the three products. Comparison of the spectra of the pegylated protein and the non-pegylated protein shows that the chemical modification did not alter the HOS of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Hodgson
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Regulatory Research Division, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Yves Aubin
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Regulatory Research Division, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Kheddo P, Cliff MJ, Uddin S, van der Walle CF, Golovanov AP. Characterizing monoclonal antibody formulations in arginine glutamate solutions using 1H NMR spectroscopy. MAbs 2016; 8:1245-1258. [PMID: 27589351 PMCID: PMC5058632 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1214786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing how excipients affect the self-association of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) requires informative and direct in situ measurements for highly concentrated solutions, without sample dilution or perturbation. This study explores the application of solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for characterization of typical mAb behavior in formulations containing arginine glutamate. The data show that the analysis of signal intensities in 1D 1H NMR spectra, when compensated for changes in buffer viscosity, is invaluable for identifying conditions where protein-protein interactions are minimized. NMR-derived molecular translational diffusion rates for concentrated solutions are less useful than transverse relaxation rates as parameters defining optimal formulation. Furthermore, NMR reports on the solution viscosity and mAb aggregation during accelerated stability study assessment, generating data consistent with that acquired by size-exclusion chromatography. The methodology developed here offers NMR spectroscopy as a new tool providing complementary information useful to formulation development of mAbs and other large therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Kheddo
- a Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.,b School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Matthew J Cliff
- a Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Shahid Uddin
- c Formulation Sciences, MedImmune Ltd , Granta Park, Cambridge , UK
| | | | - Alexander P Golovanov
- a Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.,b School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
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