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Alnahar SA, Darwish RM, Al Qasas SZ, Al Shabani MM, Bates I. Identifying training needs of practising community pharmacists in Jordan-a self-assessment study. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:712. [PMID: 38853255 PMCID: PMC11163785 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-11069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being the professional membership body for pharmacists in Jordan, the Jordan Pharmacists Association (JPA) took the initiative to establish a training centre for practising pharmacists. This study aims to identify the self-assessed training priorities of community pharmacists in Jordan. METHODS In the period between August and October 2022, an online self-administered questionnaire was distributed using a variety of participants' identification and recruitment approaches. The questionnaire targeted currently practising community pharmacists. Data were analysed descriptively and inferentially. RESULTS In total, 470 community pharmacists participated in this study. Of 470 participants, 307 (65.3%) were employees, of which 206 were full-time employees. Results showed that only 97 (21%) had access to an in-house training programme or scheme. Self-assessment of training needs highlighted differences between the three competencies clusters. While administrative and managerial skills and competencies were more frequently prioritised on average than the other two clusters, interpersonal and communication skills were needed the least. Evidence showed a significant difference between female and male participants regarding the need for training addressing maternity and early childhood health training issues. Lastly, the role-based comparison showed that, compared to pharmacy owners, employees had a significantly higher need for training related to bookkeeping and taxation returns preparation and how to handle and manage records of narcotic and controlled medicines. CONCLUSIONS If training and development programmes are tailored to address specific needs in administrative, clinical, and interpersonal competencies, community pharmacists have the potential to enhance public health, expand their role, provide patient-centred care, and support the national healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saja A Alnahar
- Institute of Public Health, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
- Honorary Research Fellow, Department of Primary Care and Public Health-Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Rula M Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Shatha Z Al Qasas
- Training Department, The Jordanian Pharmacists Association, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mayada M Al Shabani
- The Jordanian Pharmacists Association, Amman, Jordan
- Al Shaima'a Pharmacy, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ian Bates
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
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Aljadeed R, Aljadeed R, Alsamti W, Alharbi H, Alturki R, Almalag H, Aljuffali L, Alsabhan J, AlAloola N, Alkofide H, Alfaraj R, Altuwaijri N, Alkhudair N, Alnaim L, Bawazeer G. Evaluation of factors affecting pharmacists and pharmacy technicians' satisfaction towards practicing CE activities in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102083. [PMID: 38798999 PMCID: PMC11127264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Continuing education (CE) is an essential requirement for pharmacy professionals to stay abreast with the evolving knowledge and skills of the practice and meet the regulatory mandate. The purpose of this research is to assess factors affecting the satisfaction of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians towards CE practices in Saudi Arabia. Material and methods A self-administered survey instrument was developed following an extensive literature search. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: participants' demographics, data on CE activities over the past year and overall satisfaction, and statements of barriers (14 items) and facilitators (12 items) for participation in CE activities (scored on a 5-point Likert scale (5 = always, 1 = never)). The survey was piloted and then distributed as a link through the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties and Saudi Pharmaceutical Society (SPS) between Jan 2018 and Feb 2019. Results Data was available on 398 pharmacists and 40 pharmacy technicians (completion rate was 55 %). The majority were practitioners, male, working in a hospital setting and had more than five years of practice experience. Half of the participants were from the Central Region and about one-third were non-Saudi. Only a quarter of the participants were satisfied/very satisfied with the current CE practices in Saudi Arabia. Job constraints (62.7 %), cost (55.9 %), schedule of CE activities (55.4 %), lack of information on CE opportunities (53 %) and professional burnout (49.7 %) were the top barriers. There was a significant level of dissatisfaction among pharmacy technicians when compared to pharmacists (p = 0.003), as well as among Saudi pharmacists when compared to non-Saudi pharmacists (p = 0.002). Lack of relevant CE activities (p = 0.05), lack of quality activities (p = 0.002), lack of recognition (p = 0.013) and lack of internet access (p = 0.006) were significantly more barriers for pharmacy technicians compared to pharmacists. The most identified facilitators to engage in CE activities were a personal desire to learn (78.4 %), the requirement to maintain a professional license (73.8 %) and relaxation provided by learning (58.5 %) and networking opportunities (53.4 %). The majority of the participants preferred conferences or interactive workshops, short CE over half a day or less, and the topic of disease management/drug therapy. Conclusion The findings of the study highlight the need for a partnership strategy that includes various stakeholders to improve CE program quality and accessibility that supports and promotes the professional development of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in Saudi Arabia. It also underscores the importance of meeting the preferences of pharmacy practitioners when designing CE programs and aligning such activities with their practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raniah Aljadeed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Aljadeed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasmeah Alsamti
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Alharbi
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rand Alturki
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya Almalag
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lobna Aljuffali
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawza Alsabhan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha AlAloola
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Alkofide
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Drug Regulations Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rihaf Alfaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Njoud Altuwaijri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora Alkhudair
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamya Alnaim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada Bawazeer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Learning Theory-Driven Tips for Designing Effective Learning Solutions for the Continuous Education of Community Pharmacists to Enhance Patient-Centered Care—A Qualitative Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10071167. [PMID: 35885694 PMCID: PMC9320098 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10071167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The constant development of medical and pharmaceutical sciences and the changing roles of pharmacists highlight the importance of lifelong learning in their profession. Given the identified knowledge gaps in the literature in terms of pharmacists’ preferences for lifelong learning, the study aimed to evaluate the opinions and attitudes of community pharmacists towards lifelong learning, including their previous experiences and educational needs, in order to propose evidence-based tips for designing such solutions and interventions intended for them both in face-to-face and online forms. For this purpose, ten semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with Polish community pharmacists on the topic using a thematic guide. Subsequently, they were subjected to literal transcription and interpretative phenomenological analysis by two independent researchers using phenomenology as the qualitative approach. The identified themes covered the topic’s relevance for pharmacists’ work, practice-oriented form and content, previous learners’ experiences as a foundation for further learning, commercial initiatives’ risks, motivation sources, and barriers for participation in lifelong learning solutions so far. Based on the insights provided by the respondents, as well as scientifically proven learning theories and educational principles, ten tips were formulated for designing recipient-friendly learning solutions and interventions within the framework of postgraduate lifelong learning of pharmacists.
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Khatiwada AP, Shrestha S, Sapkota B, Shakya S, Shrestha R, Roien R, Ozaki A, Mohamed Ibrahim MI. Continuing Pharmacy Education: Exploring the Status and Future Prospects in Nepal. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 2022; 13:419-425. [PMID: 35509353 PMCID: PMC9060305 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s353455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Continuing pharmacy education (CPE) is an educational way for pharmacy professionals to develop competency in providing quality pharmaceutical care to patients. The CPE program helps maintain up-to-date knowledge and skills, increase the professionalism of pharmacists, and positively impact patient health outcomes. However, the concept and practice of CPE are still in their infancy in Nepal. Nepal's conventional pharmacy education system involves didactic lectures focusing more on theoretical learning than practical and experiential approaches, leading to the generation of pharmacists theoretically knowledgeable but practically non-competent to deliver pharmaceutical care services in independent practice settings. Additionally, in the absence of CPE, the professionals might miss updated information on new therapies, technologies, and approaches in patient management. The community and hospital pharmacies in Nepal are often business-oriented rather than service, and may not even be staffed by pharmacists, so the CPE programs are rarely conducted for the pharmacy professionals. Hence, the present commentary aimed to explore the status of CPE and its barriers or challenges in implementation and to suggest solutions in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Priyadarshini Khatiwada
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Sunil Shrestha
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
- Nobel College Faculty of Health Sciences, Affiliated to Pokhara University, Kathmandu, Province Bagmati, Nepal
| | - Binaya Sapkota
- Nobel College Faculty of Health Sciences, Affiliated to Pokhara University, Kathmandu, Province Bagmati, Nepal
| | - Sujyoti Shakya
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Rajeev Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacy, District Hospital Lamjung, Lamjung, Nepal
| | - Rohullah Roien
- Medical Research Centre, Kateb University, Kabul, Afghanistan
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Alharthi NM, Alsaeed MS, Alsharif MO, Almalki MG, Alshehri WS, Prabahar K. Assessment of pharmacists' perception toward continuing education. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2021; 12:368-372. [PMID: 34820311 PMCID: PMC8588923 DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.329910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuing education (CE) is a structured educational activity. Pharmacists must actively participate in CE and is an important part of developing the professional competency of pharmacists. This research focuses on measuring Saudi pharmacists' perception in CE, its impact on professional performance, and the barriers in CE. This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in 2020, using random sample of Saudi pharmacists working in all workplaces from different cities in Saudi Arabia using a questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 15 questions that assess the perception of Saudi pharmacists toward CE and barriers that prevent them from CE. A total of 409 pharmacists participated in the study. Majority of pharmacists were working in government hospitals (48.4%) and have <2 years of practice experience (44.5%). More than 70% of respondents acknowledged that CE helps to increase their knowledge. The pharmacists mentioned that getting a certificate (23.37%) was the major reason for attending a CE event. The reasons that prevent respondents from attending live CE were cost and work responsibilities (23.59% and 24.57%, respectively). This study reported a subjective assessment of pharmacists' perception toward CE, their lifelong learning experience. Saudi pharmacists showed a great desire for CE because they believed that it greatly affects their professional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf M Alharthi
- Pharm D Program, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohannad Sahaw Alsaeed
- Pharm D Program, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Omar Alsharif
- Director of Pharmaceutical Care Administration in Tabuk Region, Umluj General Hospital, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ghabbash Almalki
- Board Certified Pharmacotherapy Specialist, Pharmacy Director and Head of DIC, Umluj General Hospital, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kousalya Prabahar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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Gani MA, Nurhan AD, Maulana S, Siswodihardjo S, Shinta DW, Khotib J. Structure-based virtual screening of bioactive compounds from Indonesian medical plants against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2021; 12:120-126. [PMID: 34159141 PMCID: PMC8177144 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_88_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a virus that causes the infectious disease coronavirus disease-2019. Currently, there is no effective drug for the prevention and treatment of this virus. This study aimed to identify secondary metabolites that potentially inhibit the key proteins of SARS-CoV-2. This was an in silico molecular docking study of several secondary metabolites of Indonesian herbal plant compounds and other metabolites with antiviral testing history. Virtual screening using AutoDock Vina of 216 Lipinski rule-compliant plant metabolites was performed on 3C-like protease (3CLpro), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and spike glycoprotein. Ligand preparation was performed using JChem and Schrödinger's software, and virtual protein elucidation was performed using AutoDockTools version 1.5.6. Virtual screening identified several RdRp, spike, and 3CLpro inhibitors. Justicidin D had binding affinities of −8.7, −8.1, and −7.6 kcal mol−1 on RdRp, 3CLpro, and spike, respectively. 10-methoxycamptothecin had binding affinities of −8.5 and −8.2 kcal mol−1 on RdRp and spike, respectively. Inoxanthone had binding affinities of −8.3 and −8.1 kcal mol−1 on RdRp and spike, respectively, while binding affinities of caribine were −9.0 and −7.5 mol−1 on 3CLpro and spike, respectively. Secondary metabolites of compounds from several plants were identified as potential agents for SARS-CoV-2 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Apriliani Gani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Dzulfikri Nurhan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Saipul Maulana
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Siswandono Siswodihardjo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Wara Shinta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Junaidi Khotib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Prabahar K, Alharthi N, Alsaeed M, Alsharif M, Almalki M, Alshehri W. Assessment of pharmacists' perception toward continuing education. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.329911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Adhikari B, Khatiwada AP, Shrestha R, Shrestha S. Assessing Pharmacy Practitioners' Perceptions of Continuing Pharmacy Education and Professional Development at an Oncology Service Hospital in Nepal: A Pilot Study. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 2020; 11:911-919. [PMID: 33293884 PMCID: PMC7718868 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s271129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Continuing pharmacy education (CPE) and continuing professional development (CPD) programs have been useful for enhancing the skills and performance of pharmacists. Despite its adoption worldwide, the practice of such programs has been limited in Nepal. The current pilot study aimed to assess the perception of pharmacists regarding CPE/CPD in one of the oncology centers in Nepal. The goal of this study was to provide suggestions for developing and implementing the CPE/CPD programs. METHODS This is a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based pilot study, whereby the pharmacists and assistant pharmacists at a single-center were provided with a structured questionnaire inquiring about their perception of CPE/CPD. A mixed-method approach was followed for data collection. Descriptive statistics were used for all the variables. RESULTS A total of 15 pharmacy professionals were enrolled in the study. Recent innovations in pharmacy practices were the most commonly desired topics (n= 11, 73.3%) for CPE/CPD. Live in-person presentations (n= 10, 66.7%) and handouts method (n= 10, 66.7%) were the most recommended practices for CPE/CPD. The most commonly cited deterrent was poor quality and method of CPE delivery (n=11, 73.3%), while the most common motivation was professional competence (n= 12, 80%). CONCLUSION This pilot study shows the benefits of developing CPE/CPD packages in future for pharmacy professionals focusing on advances in pharmacy practices and skill development, using in-person presentations and handouts, and focusing on the curiosity of the participant to improve his/her professional practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baburam Adhikari
- Department of Pharmacy, Nepal Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Asmita Priyadarshini Khatiwada
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Ranish Shrestha
- Infection Control Unit, Nepal Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Sunil Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacy, Nepal Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lalitpur, Nepal
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Cheng W, Wang C, Ma J, Ji W, Yang X, Wu B, Hou R. Satisfaction and needs of pharmacists in prescription-checking training: a cross-sectional survey. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520965810. [PMID: 33131364 PMCID: PMC7653297 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520965810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prescription checking is becoming increasingly prevalent in medical institutions. However, the prescription-checking ability of pharmacists requires improvement. The study aim was to explore the main aspects of prescription-checking training and provide an empirical reference for the training of pharmacists in medical institutions. METHODS Participants were pharmacists willing to complete a Likert questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to examine percentages and composition ratios. The chi-square test and exploratory factor analysis were used for inferential analysis. RESULTS The questionnaire showed good internal consistency reliability and validity. A total of 90% of participants were satisfied with the training. Exploratory factor analysis extracted three satisfaction dimensions: training organization, teaching method, and knowledge consolidation and assessment. The average examination score for the 20 courses was 89.21/100. Regarding trainee needs, 94.66% preferred face-to-face lectures, 89.33% expected high professional skills of the lecturers and 62.67% believed that clinical expertise was highly desirable. CONCLUSIONS There was a high demand for prescription-checking training among pharmacists. Trainees in this study showed high satisfaction. The most important aspects of prescription-checking training were training organization and knowledge consolidation and assessment. It is recommended that training should be stratified. Pharmacists preferred face-to-face and interactive lectures as a supplement to clinical knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanxi Eye Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Medical Cases and Statistics, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Wen Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiangli Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shanxi Baiqiuen Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Bei Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruigang Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Teoh CY, Mhd Ali A, Mohamed Shah N, Hassan R, Lau CL. Self-perceived competence and training needs analysis on antimicrobial stewardship among government ward pharmacists in Malaysia. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2020; 2:dlaa035. [PMID: 34223001 PMCID: PMC8210314 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a paucity of data on pharmacists' competency and learning needs in antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). Objectives To identify and prioritize learning needs based on self-perceived competence of ward pharmacists in AMS, to identify predictors of self-perceived competence, learning methods in AMS and perceived barriers to learning. Methods A cross-sectional survey involving ward pharmacists from Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz (HCTM) and hospitals under the Ministry of Health was conducted from May to July 2018. Results A total of 553 ward pharmacists from 67 hospitals responded to this survey (71.3% response rate). Knowledge of infections, antimicrobials and AMS systems, confidence to advise on various issues relating to antimicrobial therapy and participation in clinical audit and evaluation were among the learning needs identified (median score 3.00). Meanwhile, knowledge on the epidemiology of infections, off-label use of antimicrobials and pharmacoeconomics relating to antimicrobials had lower median scores (2.00) and were thus prioritized as high learning needs. Significant predictors of self-perceived competence in AMS were: gender (P < 0.001); prior specific training in infections and AMS (P < 0.001); postgraduate degree (P < 0.001); practising in the area of infectious disease (P < 0.05); and years of working experience as a ward pharmacist (P < 0.005). Continuing medical education, seminars, courses and workshops were the most common (78.1%) and preferred (84.6%) learning methods in AMS. Lack of appropriate training (67.8%), time (44.5%) and funding (42.5%) topped the list of barriers to learning in AMS. Conclusions Findings in this study suggest the need to establish and intensify standardized training in AMS among government ward pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherh Yun Teoh
- Centre of Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur Campus, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adliah Mhd Ali
- Centre of Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur Campus, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noraida Mohamed Shah
- Centre of Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur Campus, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohana Hassan
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee Lan Lau
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Al-Sulaiti F, Fares H, Awaisu A, Kheir N. Continuing Professional Development Needs of Community Pharmacists in Qatar: A Mixed-Methods Approach. INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY OF COMMUNITY HEALTH EDUCATION 2020; 41:285-292. [PMID: 32487004 PMCID: PMC7890683 DOI: 10.1177/0272684x20918048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aims to assess the educational needs and professional competencies of community pharmacists in Qatar to inform the development of relevant continuing professional development (CPD) programs. Methods A mixed-methods cross-sectional exploratory study targeting community pharmacists was conducted using a questionnaire and an event diary. Descriptive and inferential analyses were utilized to analyze the data using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS®) version 21 software. For the event diary, thematic content analysis was used for data analysis. Results Drug information skills and pharmaceutical care process were the most identified topics for inclusion in CPD programs. None of the pharmacists thought that they were competent in core areas of pharmacy practice. Community pharmacists who filled an event diary highlighted the need for development in areas such as communication skills and medication safety. Conclusion The identified needs shall help in developing a CPD program that addresses what community pharmacists perceive as educational and professional training needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nadir Kheir
- College of Pharmacy, Qatar University.,School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland
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Alhaqan A, Smith F, Bates I. A global evidence review of systemic factors influencing participation in pharmacy professional development activities. Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 17:488-496. [PMID: 32381423 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes to the pharmacy profession have meant that a pharmacy degree can no longer serve as an endpoint to professional training within pharmacy. Continuing learning and training are imperative in order to provide high-quality healthcare services. Investing in healthcare workers' education and training not only has a positive impact on employment rates and economic growth but also results in remarkable improvement in health and population outcomes. OBJECTIVES To identify factors affecting pharmacists' participation in Continuing Education (CE) or Continuing Professional Development (CPD) activities. METHODS Relevant literature was identified through a systematic search of the following databases: EMBASE, (CINAHL Plus, SCOPUS, PsysINFO, PubMed, Australian Education Index (AEI) and British Education Index (BEI). RESULTS Two hundred eighty-seven studies were screened, and thirty-two studies were included in this review. Reviewing the retrieved studies identified four factors that may influence pharmacists' participation in professional development activities. Factors identified comprised: attitudes, access to needs-based education, support, and policy. CONCLUSION Understanding the connection between needs-based education, systems of support, and professional policies may help leaders and policy makers to make more informed decisions with regards to pharmacy workforce development by creating better strategies for pharmacists' education, training, and career development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Alhaqan
- Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Safat, Kuwait.
| | - Felicity Smith
- University College London, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1 N 1AX, UK.
| | - Ian Bates
- University College London, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1 N 1AX, UK.
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Tawil S, Hallit S, Sacre H, Hajj A, Salameh P. Pharmacists and continuing education: a cross-sectional observational study of value and motivation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2020; 28:380-389. [PMID: 32190941 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate the scales of motivation and value towards CE and determine the factors affecting the motivation and value for CE among the Lebanese pharmacists. METHODS A cross-sectional observational study was conducted between February and May 2018, using a random sample of Lebanese pharmacists. Data collection was performed by a team of pharmacists independent of the study. The self-administered questionnaire was available in both English and French, and comprised sections on factors related to the value and motivation of pharmacists to enrol in the CE programme. RESULTS Of the 750 questionnaires distributed, 628 (83.37%) were completed and collected back. The value and motivation scales' items converged over a solution of one and two factors, respectively, explaining a total of 67.62% and 60.86% of the variance, respectively. Cronbach's alpha values were as follows: value of CE (0.686) and motivation for CE (0.800). Higher scores of value of CE were significantly associated with pharmacists who find the access to e-library (platform of online courses) easy (Beta = 1.154), want long-term courses with certification (Beta = 1.088) and those employed in a community pharmacy (Beta = 1.344). Higher scores of motivation for CE were significantly associated with pharmacists being aware of their CE credits (Beta = 2.14), working during weekdays and evening shifts (Beta = 1.659) and those who preferred long-term courses (Beta = 1.869). CONCLUSION This study validated the scales of motivation and value towards CE among Lebanese pharmacists and showed that pharmacists' motivation and value towards CE were highly correlated. These findings could help design more convenient and personalized programmes, thereby increasing the motivation of pharmacists towards new CE activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Tawil
- Drug Information Center, Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.,INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hala Sacre
- Drug Information Center, Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon.,INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aline Hajj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacie Clinique et Contrôle de Qualité des Médicaments, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Sacre H, Tawil S, Hallit S, Sili G, Salameh P. Mandatory continuing education for pharmacists in a developing country: assessment of a three-year cycle. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2019; 17:1545. [PMID: 31592035 PMCID: PMC6763306 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2019.3.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In Lebanon, mandatory continuing education (CE) for pharmacists was implemented in January 2014. Objective: The objectives of this study are to assess 1) the overall adherence to the mandatory CE program, 2) pharmacists’ preferences related to CE, and 3) barriers to adherence to CE. Methods: By the end of October 2017, an evaluation of pharmacists’ participation in the mandatory CE program was conducted using electronic reports available in the Learning Management System (LMS). Descriptive results were presented as frequencies and percentages. In addition, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among pharmacists to better understand their preferences and barriers to their participation to the CE program. Finally, a focus group was organized with pharmacists who did not start their CE. Results: Out of all registered pharmacists in Lebanon, 68.30% started their CE and 25.6% already achieved their required credits. Among pharmacists enrolled in the CE system, the majority (69%) used the online courses at least once. Moreover, CE enrolment was similar among old and young pharmacists except for those newly registered. The majority of pharmacists preferred clinical and pharmacological topics, followed by preventive medicine and transferable skills. Barriers to engaging in CE were mainly work and family obligations, lack of interest, lack of time, and difficulties in commuting and technology use. Conclusion: Although results of the present study are similar to those in developing countries, the resistance to change is higher. The Lebanese Pharmacists Association [Ordre des Pharmaciens du Liban] should develop strategies to motivate and enroll more pharmacists in the CE system, based on the barriers and preferences cited in the results, while continuing to offer high quality and cost-favorable CE programs to Lebanese pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Sacre
- Drug Information Center. Lebanese Pharmacists Association; & Clinic for Epidemiology and Toxicology, National Institute of Public Health (INSPECT-LB). Beirut (Lebanon).
| | - Samah Tawil
- Drug Information Center and Continuing Education Department. Lebanese Pharmacists Association. Beirut (Lebanon).
| | - Souheil Hallit
- Clinic for Epidemiology and Toxicology, National Institute of Public Health (INSPECT-LB); & Faculty of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK). Jounieh (Lebanon).
| | - Georges Sili
- Continuing Education Department. Lebanese Pharmacists Association. Beirut (Lebanon).
| | - Pascale Salameh
- Clinic for Epidemiology and Toxicology, National Institute of Public Health (INSPECT-LB); & Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University. Hadath (Lebanon).
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Sacre H, Tawil S, Hallit S, Hajj A, Sili G, Salameh P. Attitudes of Lebanese pharmacists towards online and live continuing education sessions. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2019; 17:1438. [PMID: 31275496 PMCID: PMC6594437 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2019.2.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Continuing education (CE) is an internationally recommended approach as a lifelong learning model for pharmacists, enabling them to maintain the necessary knowledge, skills and ethical attitudes so as to remain current and competent in their practice. Objectives: The objective of this study is to 1) describe factors associated with taking different types of CE courses among pharmacists in Lebanon, and 2) assess the correlation between types of CE activity and the attitude of Lebanese pharmacists (motivation and value) and their computer literacy. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study conducted between February and May 2017, using a random sample of Lebanese pharmacists from all districts of Lebanon. All pharmacists were eligible to participate; the sample consisted of those who agreed to complete the questionnaire. The questionnaire includes questions about computer literacy, motivation and value about CE, in addition to sociodemographic characteristics of pharmacists. Results: Out of the 750 questionnaires distributed, 628 (83.73%) were filled out and returned to be analyzed. The mean age of the participants was 39.04 (SD 10.57) years, 66.9% of them were females, and 41.1% of them had a bachelor degree in pharmacy and worked in Mount Lebanon. Among the 628 respondents, 567 (90.3%) have earned at least one CE credit. Of those, 5.4% took mainly online courses, 15.4% took mainly live courses and the remaining took both types of CE. Higher motivation (aOR=1.05; CI 0.994-1.109) and higher value (aOR=1.076; CI 0.968-1.197) were associated with higher odds of taking live CE courses. Higher motivation (aOR=1.07; 95%CI 0.994-1.152) was associated with higher odds of taking online CE courses. Higher motivation (aOR=1.059; 95%CI 1.006-1.114) and higher general confidence with computer use (aOR=1.058; 95%CI 1.012-1.106) were significantly associated with higher odds of taking both types of CE courses. Conclusions: A high percentage of Lebanese pharmacists enrolled in the CE system, mainly driven by motivation and value of CE, in addition to a higher general confidence in computer use. Further efforts should be exerted by the Lebanese Order of Pharmacists to motivate pharmacists and help them improve their computer literacy, which is expected to improve not only enrollment in CE activities, but also the completion of their CE requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Sacre
- Drug Information Center, Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon; & INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie. Beirut (Lebanon).
| | - Samah Tawil
- Drug Information Center, Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon. Beirut (Lebanon).
| | - Souheil Hallit
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie; & Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK). Jounieh (Lebanon).
| | - Aline Hajj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University; & Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacie Clinique et Contrôle de Qualité des Médicaments, Saint-Joseph University. Beirut (Lebanon).
| | - Georges Sili
- Drug Information Center, Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon. Beirut (Lebanon).
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie; & Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University. Beirut (Lebanon).
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Cunningham DE, Alexander A, Luty S, Zlotos L. CPD preferences and activities of general practitioners, registered pharmacy staff and general practice nurses in NHS Scotland - a questionnaire survey. EDUCATION FOR PRIMARY CARE 2019; 30:220-229. [PMID: 31145862 DOI: 10.1080/14739879.2019.1617644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the United Kingdom, taking part in continuing professional development (CPD) is required for revalidation for general practitioners, general practice nurses and registered pharmacy staff - pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. The literature has many research studies which describe one profession's activities, or a specific learning method or topic. Few studies compared the CPD preferences across these four professional groups or compared their CPD activity. A survey was designed by the authors with assistance from colleagues within NHS Education for Scotland (NES). It was sent to the four professions and 2,813 clinicians responded. More than 75% of all respondents spent between 0 and 10 h per month on CPD activities. Participation in formal Protected Learning Time (PLT) varied across different NHS boards in NHS Scotland and ranged from 23.9% of respondents in the board with the lowest participation, to 68.6% in the board with the highest participation. All professions indicated a greatest preference to learn with other members of their profession. The preferred time for learning during the day varied amongst professions. The CPD activity of greatest preference for all professions was discussion with peers. There were some minor differences in learning preferences and activities from professionals working in remote and rural areas and in areas of socio-economic deprivation in Scotland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Alexander
- Medicine Directorate, NHS Education for Scotland , Glasgow , UK
| | - Sarah Luty
- Medicine Directorate, NHS Education for Scotland , Glasgow , UK
| | - Leon Zlotos
- Medicine Directorate, NHS Education for Scotland , Glasgow , UK
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Tjin A Tsoi SL, de Boer A, Croiset G, Kusurkar RA, Koster AS. A Longitudinal Approach to Changes in the Motivation of Dutch Pharmacists in the Current Continuing Education System. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2018; 82:6199. [PMID: 29606706 PMCID: PMC5869748 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe6199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To explore the changes in motivation of Dutch pharmacists for Continuing Education (CE) in the Dutch CE system. Methods. Pharmacists' motivation was measured across three time points with the Academic Motivation Scale, based on the Self-Determination Theory of motivation. The Latent Growth Modelling technique was used to analyze these data. Results. Over a period of 21 months, Controlled Motivation had increased and Relative Autonomous Motivation of Dutch pharmacists had decreased. Traineeship was the only demographic factor with a significant influence on the change in motivation. No subgroups with different trajectories could be identified. Conclusion. Relative Autonomous Motivation of Dutch pharmacists for CE decreases over time. This indicates a loss of Autonomous Motivation ("good" motivation) in favor of Controlled Motivation ("bad" motivation). Further research needs to be conducted to gain a better understanding of the association between pharmacist motivation and the features of the current CE system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L. Tjin A Tsoi
- Netherlands Centre for Post-Academic Education in Pharmacy, Zeist, Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anthonius de Boer
- Netherlands Centre for Post-Academic Education in Pharmacy, Zeist, Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gerda Croiset
- VUmc School of Medical Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- LEARN! Research Institute for Learning and Education, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rashmi A. Kusurkar
- VUmc School of Medical Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- LEARN! Research Institute for Learning and Education, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andries S. Koster
- Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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18
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Poudel RS, Piryani RM, Shrestha S, Chaurasiya R, Niure BP. Opinion of hospital pharmacy practitioners toward the Continuing Pharmacy Education program: a study from a tertiary care hospital in central Nepal. INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2018; 6:157-161. [PMID: 29354562 PMCID: PMC5774316 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s145026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meeting participants’ needs and matching their preferences are important prerequisites for an effective Continuing Pharmacy Education (CPE) program. The objective of this pilot study was to assess the opinion of hospital pharmacy practitioners with respect to the CPE program. Methods The pretested questionnaires were distributed to 20 pharmacy practitioners working in a pharmacy at a tertiary care hospital in Nepal which asked for their opinions and suggestions with respect to the CPE program. Descriptive statistics were performed using IBM SPSS version 20. Results Topics related to skills development (75%) and recent innovations in pharmacy practice (65%) were mostly preferred. Live (in-person) presentations (80%) and small group discussion (60%) were the most suitable methods for delivery. Improving knowledge (75%), improving skills (60%) and keeping up-to-date in the latest information (60%) were major motivating factors to participate, while lack of time (75%) was a major barrier. Approximately 55% of the participants believed that face-to-face interview was a suitable method for evaluating the effectiveness. Allocation of separate time for the program, assessing baseline knowledge and skills of the participants along with delivery of quality materials in an understandable way were the top common suggestions for improving the CPE program. Conclusion Hospital pharmacy practitioners’ opinions and suggestions were assessed with respect to the CPE program and this was upgraded accordingly to meet their expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rano Mal Piryani
- Health Professionals Education and Research Centre, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Shakti Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacy, Shree Medical and Technical College, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Roshan Chaurasiya
- Hospital Pharmacy, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Bed Prakash Niure
- Hospital Pharmacy, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal
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Baia P, Strang AF. Pharmacy Educator Motives to Pursue Pedagogical Knowledge. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2016; 80:132. [PMID: 27899828 PMCID: PMC5116784 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe808132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To investigate motives of pharmacy educators who pursue pedagogical knowledge through professional development programs and to develop a model of motivation to inform future development. Methods. A mixed-methods approach was used to study both qualitative and quantitative data. Written narratives, postmodule quizzes, and survey data were collected during a 5-year period (2010-2014) from pharmacy educators who participated in an online professional development program titled Helping Educators Learn Pedagogy (HELP). Grounded theory was used to create a model of motivation for why pharmacy educators might pursue pedagogical knowledge. Results. Participants reported being driven intrinsically by a passion for their own learning (self-centered motivation) and by the need to improve student learning (student-centered motivation) and extrinsically by program design, funding, and administrator encouragement. Conclusion. A new model of pharmacy educator motivation to pursue pedagogy knowledge, Pedagogical Knowledge Acquisition Theory (PKAT), emerged as a blended intrinsic and extrinsic model, which may have value in developing future professional development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Baia
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York
| | - Aimee F Strang
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York
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20
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Alkhateeb FM, Attarabeen OF, Alameddine S. Assessment of Texan pharmacists' attitudes, behaviors, and preferences related to continuing pharmacy education. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2016; 14:769. [PMID: 27785162 PMCID: PMC5061518 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2016.03.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether the available Continuing Education (CE) programs meet pharmacists' continuously increasing needs and preferences is open to question. OBJECTIVES to investigate pharmacists' perceptions and attitudes concerning available CE programs, evaluate the pharmacists' choices with regard to selecting among different CE programs, and investigate the factors that are associated with preference to utilize online CE programs. METHOD A 17-question survey was developed and mailed to a random sample of 600 Texan pharmacists. In addition to collecting basic demographic information, the survey investigated pharmacists' choices with regard to delivery and content of CE programs, motivations to participation in CE programs, and pharmacists' preferences for future CE programs. RESULTS A total of 161 pharmacists completed the survey and mailed back their responses. Excluding the 75 undeliverable surveys, the response rate was 31%. Approximately 83% of respondents found that currently available CE programs met their educational needs. The most important factors influencing pharmacists' choices with regard to CE programs were the scope programs, the location where programs are held, and the cost associated with enrolling in such programs. Online CE was the most preferred mode of CE among participants. The factors that were associated with pharmacists' preferences to complete 50% or more of required CE through online programs were previous use of online CE programs, preference to limit the duration of CE programs to 1 or 2 hour-long, and perceived ability to find adequate CE programs among currently available CE programs. CONCLUSION The findings suggest modalities for CE programs providers on how to improve CE programs in the future in order to meet the preferences of local pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi M Alkhateeb
- Director of Assessment & Accreditation & Associate Professor of Pharmacy Administration, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center . Kingsville, TX ( United States ).
| | - Omar F Attarabeen
- Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice. Marshall University College of Pharmacy . Huntington, WV ( United States ).
| | - Sarah Alameddine
- Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice. Nova Southeastern University . Fort Lauderdale, FL ( United States ).
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Tjin A Tsoi SLNM, de Boer A, Croiset G, Koster AS, Kusurkar RA. Unraveling Motivational Profiles of Health Care Professionals for Continuing Education: The Example of Pharmacists in the Netherlands. THE JOURNAL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS 2016; 36:46-54. [PMID: 26954245 DOI: 10.1097/ceh.0000000000000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Continuing education (CE) can support health care professionals in maintaining and developing their knowledge and competencies. Although lack of motivation is one of the most important barriers of pharmacists' participation in CE, we know little about the quality or the quantity of motivation. We used the self-determination theory, which describes autonomous motivation (AM) as originating from within an individual and controlled motivation (CM) as originating from external factors, as a framework for this study. Our aim was to obtain insight into the quality and quantity of pharmacists' motivation for CE. METHODS The scores of 425 pharmacists on Academic Motivation Scale were subjected to K-means cluster analysis to generate motivational profiles. RESULTS We unraveled four motivational profiles: (1) good quality with high AM/low CM, (2) high quantity with high AM/high CM, (3) poor quality with low AM/high CM, and (4) low quantity with low AM/low CM. Female pharmacists, pharmacists working in a hospital pharmacy, pharmacists working for more than 10 years, and pharmacists not in training were highly represented in the good-quality profile. Pharmacists working in a community pharmacy, pharmacists working for less than 10 years, and pharmacists in training were highly represented in the high-quantity profile. Male pharmacists were more or less equally distributed over the four profiles. The highest percentage of pharmacy owners was shown in the low-quantity profile, and the highest percentage of the nonowners was shown in the good-quality profile. DISCUSSION Pharmacists exhibit different motivational profiles, which are associated with their background characteristics, such as gender, ownership of business, practice setting, and current training. Motivational profiles could be used to tailor CE courses for pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L N M Tjin A Tsoi
- Ms. Tjin A Tsoi: PhD student, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, and CEO of Netherlands Centre for Post-Academic Education in Pharmacy, Zeist, the Netherlands. Prof. dr. de Boer: Professor of Pharmacotherapy, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Prof. dr. Croiset: Professor of Medical Education and Director of VUmc School of Medical Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Dr. Koster: Associate Professor of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Dr. Kusurkar: Assistant Professor and Head of Research in Education at VUmc School of Medical Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Tjin A Tsoi SLNM, de Boer A, Croiset G, Koster AS, Kusurkar RA. Factors Influencing Participation in Continuing Professional Development: A Focus on Motivation Among Pharmacists. THE JOURNAL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS 2016; 36:144-50. [PMID: 27583989 DOI: 10.1097/ceh.0000000000000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The interest in continuing education (CE) for pharmacists has increased because of patient safety issues, advancing science and the quick changes in the profession. Therefore, contemporary pharmaceutical care requires an effective and sustainable system for pharmacists to maintain and improve competencies. Although motivation plays an important role both as a facilitator (desire to learn) and a barrier (lack of motivation), there is little investigated about this specific factor. The aim of the study was to explore what factors influence pharmacists' participation in CE with a focus on motivation. METHODS The theoretical framework was self-determination theory (SDT), which describes autonomous motivation (AM) representing motivation from an internal locus of causality, controlled motivation (CM) originating from an external locus of causality, and relative autonomous motivation (RAM) that measures the AM in an individual after correcting for the CM. The relationship between pharmacists' characteristics, especially their motivation (AM, CM and RAM) in CE, and their participation in CE activities was explored using the AMS-questionnaire and the Dutch online portfolio system. RESULTS RAM was positively correlated with CE participation of pharmacists and explained 7.8% of the variance. The correlations between the independent variables AM and CM and CE hours were negative (-0.301 and -0.476, respectively). Other factors influencing CE participation were pharmacy school (6.8%), traineeship (10.9%), and work experience (7.8%). Pharmacists participated for 27.0 hours on average in CE during 11 months and preferred face-to-face-learning (85.5%) above e-learning (13.8%). DISCUSSION Our findings show a positive relationship between RAM and CE participation. The current CE system is probably not conducive to stimulation of AM. Further research is needed to understand the factors that stimulate pharmacists' motivation and participation in CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L N M Tjin A Tsoi
- Ms. Tjin A Tsoi: PhD Student, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and CEO, Netherlands Centre for Post-Academic Education in Pharmacy, Zeist, The Netherlands. Prof. dr. de Boer: Professor of Pharmacotherapy, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Prof. dr. Croiset: Professor of Medical Education and Director, VUmc School of Medical Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Dr. Koster: Associate Professor of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Dr. Kusurkar: Assistant Professor and Head of Research, VUmc School of Medical Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Clifford RM, Ram PL, Lakos A, Gudka S, Seubert LJ, Schneider CR, Gregory LAH. Post-Registration Learning Trends of Community Pharmacists. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2055-2335.2011.tb00862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lesley AH Gregory
- School of Biomolecular, Biomedical and Chemical Sciences; University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia
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Javadi M, Kargar A, Gholami K, Hadjibabaie M, Rashidian A, Torkamandi H, Sarayani A. Didactic Lecture Versus Interactive Workshop for Continuing Pharmacy Education on Reproductive Health. Eval Health Prof 2013; 38:404-18. [DOI: 10.1177/0163278713513949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacists are routinely providing reproductive health counseling in community pharmacies, but studies have revealed significant deficits in their competencies. Therefore, continuing pharmacy education (CPE) could be utilized as a valuable modality to upgrade pharmacists’ capabilities. A randomized controlled trial was designed to compare the efficacy of CPE meetings (lecture based vs. workshop based) on contraception and male sexual dysfunctions. Sixty pharmacists were recruited for each CPE meeting. Small group training using simulated patients was employed in the workshop-based CPE. Study outcomes were declarative/procedural knowledge, attitudes, and satisfaction of the participants. Data were collected pre-CPE, post-CPE, and 2 months afterward and were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance and Mann–Whitney U test. Results showed that lecture-based CPE was more successful in improving pharmacists’ knowledge post-CPE ( p < .001). In contrast, a significant decrease was observed in the lecture-based group at follow-up ( p = .002), whereas the workshop-based group maintained their knowledge over time ( p = 1.00). Knowledge scores of both groups were significantly higher at follow-up in comparison with pre-CPE ( p < .01). No significant differences were observed regarding satisfaction and attitudes scores between groups. In conclusion, an interactive workshop might not be superior to lecture-based training for improving pharmacists’ knowledge and attitudes in a 1-day CPE meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Javadi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran Universality of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Kargar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kheirollah Gholami
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran Universality of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Molouk Hadjibabaie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran Universality of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Rashidian
- Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, and Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Torkamandi
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, Dr. Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Sarayani
- Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mandatory continuing professional education in pharmacy: the Singapore experience. Int J Clin Pharm 2013; 35:570-6. [PMID: 23553124 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-013-9767-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mandatory Continuing Professional Education (CPE) for the renewal of pharmacists' practising certificate was implemented in Singapore in 2008 OBJECTIVE: To study pharmacists' perceptions and attitudes about the impact of mandatory CPE in Singapore. SETTING Singapore. METHOD Internet-based questionnaire survey, conducted between May and June 2011. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Pharmacists' perceptions and attitudes toward mandatory CPE and the perceived difficulty in fulfilling the CPE requirements. RESULTS The overall survey response rate was 52 % (840/1,609). Of the respondents, 32 % were non-practising, 49 % were practising in patient care areas, and 19 % were practising in non-patient care areas. More than half the pharmacists agreed that mandatory CPE (1) enhanced or increased their knowledge base and skills (70 %; 95 % CI 67-73 %), (2) motivated them to continually learn (64 %; 95 % CI, 60-67 %), and (3) motivated them to reflect on their professional practice or work (58 %; 95 % CI, 54-61 %). Mandatory CPE was not perceived to enhance or increase employability. Non-practising pharmacists appeared to have the greatest difficulty meeting the CPE requirements. CONCLUSIONS In general, pharmacists value mandatory CPE more for positive professional reasons than for employability reasons. The survey results may serve as useful baseline data for future studies of pharmacists' perceptions and attitudes toward CPE in Singapore.
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Dualde E, Font G, Santonja FJ, Faus MJ. Impact of pharmacists' participation in a pharmacotherapy follow-up program. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2012; 76:34. [PMID: 22438606 PMCID: PMC3305943 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe76234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of a continuing pharmacy education (CPE) course on Spanish community pharmacists' participation in a pharmacotherapy follow-up program. DESIGN Participation in a CPE course offered 4 times over a 4-year period via satellite teleconferencing was monitored and the data analyzed to determine the course's impact on community pharmacists' participation in a pharmacotherapy follow-up program. ASSESSMENT Community pharmacists' participation in the pharmaceutical care CPE course had a slightly positive impact on their participation in the pharmacotherapy follow-up program. In the best profiles, there was a probability of 7.3% that participants would participate in the pharmacotherapy follow-up program. CONCLUSIONS Completion of pharmaceutical care CPE courses did not have a significant impact on pharmacists' participation in a pharmacotherapy follow-up program.
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Assessment of Egyptian pharmacists’ attitude, behaviors, and preferences related to continuing education. Int J Clin Pharm 2012; 34:358-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s11096-012-9616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Schafheutle EI, Smith C, Cutts C, Higginson PJ, Noyce PR. Pharmacy technicians' views of learning and practice implementation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2012; 20:141-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7174.2012.00186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Registered pharmacy technicians are a new group of regulated healthcare professionals in Great Britain, who fall under the same requirements for undertaking and recording of continuing professional development (CPD) as pharmacists. Little is known about this group of pharmacy professionals, their understanding of CPD and learning, or how they implement their learning into practice. This study aimed to address this.
Methods
A questionnaire was developed and sent to all 216 attendees of an interactive continuing education workshop provided in 12 different geographical locations in England.
Key findings
Over a third (n = 146; 67.6%) responded. The majority (94.5%) were female, aged between 40 and 49 years (43.8%), and had qualified less than 10 years ago (49.4%). Most worked in community (56.2%) or hospital (19.9%) pharmacy. When asked about whether they had implemented any of the workshop learning into practice, 84.2% ticked at least one option from a predetermined list, and 83.6% provided detailed descriptions of a situation, what they did and its outcome. These were grouped into two themes: people and places. Places referred to comments made about changes to systems, operations or equipment within the workplace; people concerned changes within respondents themselves or others, such as staff or customers. More than two-thirds (70.3%) had used their learning to create a CPD record, and those who had not (n = 43) gave lack of time but also lack of understanding as reasons.
Conclusions
This study has provided detailed insights into pharmacy technicians' learning, reflection and practice implementation following an interactive workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clar Smith
- Centre for Pharmacy Workforce Studies (CPWS), UK
| | - Christophe Cutts
- Centre for Pharmacy Postgraduate Education (CPPE), Workforce Academy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paula J Higginson
- Centre for Pharmacy Postgraduate Education (CPPE), Workforce Academy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Wilbur K. Continuing professional pharmacy development needs assessment of Qatar pharmacists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2010; 18:236-41. [PMID: 20636676 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7174.2010.00034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Maintenance and improvement of knowledge, skills and performance for provision of contemporary patient care is at the core of continuing professional pharmacy development (CPPD). Existing CPPD models worldwide reflect different approaches to lifelong learning. Before implementing the first country-wide CPPD programme in Qatar, pharmacists were surveyed to determine their specific continuing education (CE) needs, preferences and attitudes. METHODS A systematic review of allied-health literature was conducted to help devise an anonymous web-based CPPD needs-assessment survey. Questions were characterized into domains of interest including pharmacist demographics, internet access, frequency and characteristics of past CE activity, preferences for delivery and content, barriers to participation, and plans for future CE activities. All pharmacists in Qatar were invited to participate through e-mail and fax invitations. KEY FINDINGS After 4 months, 134 of 523 ( approximately 25%) pharmacists had completed the survey. Practice sites (hospital and community) and gender were equally represented. Approximately one-third had no or inadequate internet access in the workplace. In the past 2 years, one-quarter had not attended any live local educational programmes. Major obstacles included poor timing (66%) and excessive workload (56%). Most pharmacists preferred interactive CE programme formats and one-third indicated Arabic as delivery language of choice. The majority expressed high motivation to achieve their CPPD goals and only 12% outrightly opposed mandatory CE for pharmacist re-licensure. CONCLUSIONS Qatar pharmacists demonstrated support for enhanced CE opportunities. While views and preferences mirror those of colleagues elsewhere, current conditions merit careful consideration of CPPD programme development and delivery, including language and technology capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Wilbur
- College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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Namara KPM, Marriott JL, Duncan GJ. What makes continuing education effective: perspectives of community pharmacists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/ijpp.15.4.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
To explore how different aspects of the professional environment for Australian community pharmacists are perceived to be influencing the effectiveness of continuing education models in improving practice.
Setting
Australian community pharmacy.
Methods
A convenience sample of practising community pharmacists (n = 15) was recruited using the ‘snowballing’ technique to participate in one of four focus group teleconferences. Each focus group examined continuing education experiences from different professional perspectives and training needs (recent graduates, experienced practitioners, specialist practitioners and rural/remote practitioners).
Key findings
Facilitation of professional development by accreditation bodies, and new challenges resulting from the introduction of cognitive services were seen to promote a favourable environment for continuing education engagement. Complex continuing education delivery models combined with high costs and excessive workloads made it more difficult to engage with continuing education systems or try to apply knowledge to the workplace.
Conclusion
Results support findings from previous research that practice development requires a multifaceted approach with continuing education as just one component. Affordable and integrated models of continuing education are required in order to optimise efficacy for participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Mc Namara
- Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
- Greater Green Triangle University Department of Rural Health, Deakin and Flinders Universities, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Gregory J Duncan
- Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Driesen A, Airaksinen M, Simoens S, Laekeman G. What if continuing education became mandatory? Opinions of Belgian community pharmacists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/ijpp.15.1.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective In July 2003, a survey (n = 1032) was conducted on issues related to continuing education for community pharmacists. This study aims to explore specific results of this survey in-depth. The objectives were to examine how current continuing education courses can be optimised, how much interest pharmacists have in distance learning, and how pharmacists think about mandatory continuing education.
Setting Community pharmacy in the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium.
Method Six focus group discussions were held: two with attenders (n = 14), two with non-attenders (n = 13), and two with the management of the Institute for Permanent Study for Pharmacists (n = 12). A theme plan was used to moderate discussions. Framework analysis was applied to analyse data.
Key findings To optimise live courses, continuing education providers should select good speakers, provide extensive course notes, and focus on issues that are relevant to day-to-day pharmacy practice. The interest in distance learning as a continuing education format was limited. Non-attenders are likely to need a formal obligation to engage in continuing education, with the preferred format being live courses. By increasing patients' awareness and appreciation of pharmacists' capabilities, pharmacists could be more motivated to counsel patients, to engage in continuing education, and to accept a system of mandatory continuing education.
Conclusion Implementation of mandatory continuing education in Belgium might encourage more pharmacists to take part in live continuing education courses than in distance learning. The arguments for and against mandatory continuing education as well as the suggestions for improvement of live continuing education courses should be taken into account when implementing a system of mandatory continuing education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Driesen
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Care and Pharmacoeconomics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Steven Simoens
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Care and Pharmacoeconomics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Laekeman
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Care and Pharmacoeconomics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Leikola SNS, Tuomainen L, Ovaskainen H, Peura S, Sevón-Vilkman N, Tanskanen P, Airaksinen MSA. Continuing education course to attain collaborative comprehensive medication review competencies. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2009; 73:108. [PMID: 19885077 PMCID: PMC2769530 DOI: 10.5688/aj7306108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To implement a long-term continuing education course for pharmacy practitioners to acquire competency in and accreditation for conducting collaborative comprehensive medication reviews (CMRs). DESIGN A 1(1/2)- year curriculum for practicing pharmacists that combined distance learning (using e-learning tools) and face-to-face learning was created. The training consisted of 5 modules: (1) Multidisciplinary Collaboration; (2) Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy; (3) Rational Pharmacotherapy; (4) CMR Tools; and (5) Optional Studies. ASSESSMENT The curriculum and participants' learning were evaluated using essays and learning diaries. At the end of the course, students submitted portfolios and completed an Internet-based survey instrument. Almost all respondents (92%) indicated their educational needs had been met by the course and 68% indicated they would conduct CMRs in their practice. The most important factors facilitating learning were working with peers and in small groups. Factors preventing learning were mostly related to time constraints. CONCLUSION Comprehensive medication review competencies were established by a 1(1/2)- year continuing education curriculum that combined different teaching methods and experiential learning. Peer support was greatly appreciated as a facilitator of learning by course participants.
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Hasan S. Continuing education needs assessment of pharmacists in the United Arab Emirates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 31:670-6. [PMID: 19757139 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-009-9330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to offer an insight on the issue of continuing education (CE) in the UAE and to determine the type and format of CE pharmacists in this country prefer to attend and consider most effective. METHODS A multi-theme survey was developed to find the reasons pharmacists choose to attend different CE programs, the survey assessed continuing education needs and preferences of pharmacists. Survey items included the types of formats and topics pharmacists prefer to attend and think are most useful to enhance their knowledge and skill. Finally the survey explored some barriers pharmacists conceive as such to attending effective CE. RESULTS One hundred thirty-two surveys were included in this study, the vast majority of the participants were bachelor's degree holders who were 40 years and younger. The participant's main types of employment were marketing and hospital practice. Pharmacists' preferences as for the format and topic type for programs they would like to attend were identified and compared to other practice settings. Barriers to attending effective CE programs were also elicited. CONCLUSION Interactive workshops were recognized as the most favorable format for CE in this study, computer and internet-based formats were also ranked highly by participants followed by live-in person and printed material-based programs. Topics covering innovations in pharmacy practice and disease management were at the top of priorities for pharmacists who would also like to see more certificate programs be offered to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanah Hasan
- Sharjah University, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Namara KPM, Duncan GJ, McDowell J, Marriott JL. Community pharmacists' preferences for continuing education delivery in Australia. THE JOURNAL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS 2009; 29:52-57. [PMID: 19288567 DOI: 10.1002/chp.20006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION New technologies such as the Internet offer an increasing number of options for the delivery of continuing education (CE) to community pharmacists. Many of these options are being utilized to overcome access- and cost-related problems. This paper identifies learning preferences of Australian community pharmacists for CE and identifies issues with the integration of these into contemporary models of CE delivery. METHODS Four focus group teleconferences were conducted with practicing community pharmacists (n = 15) using a semistructured format and asking generally about their CE and continuing professional development (CPD) experiences. RESULTS Pharmacists reported preferences for CE that were very closely aligned to the principles of adult learning. There was a strong preference for interactive and multidisciplinary CE. Engaging in CPD was seen as valuable in promoting reflective learning. DISCUSSION These results suggest that pharmacists have a strong preference for CE that is based on adult learning principles. Professional organizations should take note of this and ensure that new CE formats do not compromise the ability of pharmacists to engage in interactive, multidisciplinary, and problem-based CE. Equally, the role of attendance-based CE in maintaining peer networks should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Mc Namara
- Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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MM Schoo A, E Stagnitti K, P McNamara K. The evolution of a state-wide continuing education programme for allied health professionals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERAPY AND REHABILITATION 2008. [DOI: 10.12968/ijtr.2008.15.2.28188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian MM Schoo
- Greater Green Triangle University, Department of Rural Health, Flinders University and Deakin University
| | | | - Kevin P McNamara
- Pharmacy, Greater Green Triangle of Rural Health, Flinders University and Deakin University; and Lecturer in Pharmacy Practice, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Monash University
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