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Peltomaa E, Johnson MD, Taipale SJ. Marine Cryptophytes Are Great Sources of EPA and DHA. Mar Drugs 2017; 16:md16010003. [PMID: 29278384 PMCID: PMC5793051 DOI: 10.3390/md16010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have the ability to synthetize many compounds, some of which have been recognized as a source of functional ingredients for nutraceuticals with positive health effects. One well-known example is the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are essential for human nutrition. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the two most important long-chain omega-3 (ω-3) PUFAs involved in human physiology, and both industries are almost exclusively based on microalgae. In addition, algae produce phytosterols that reduce serum cholesterol. Here we determined the growth rates, biomass yields, PUFA and sterol content, and daily gain of eight strains of marine cryptophytes. The maximal growth rates of the cryptophytes varied between 0.34–0.70 divisions day−1, which is relatively good in relation to previously screened algal taxa. The studied cryptophytes were extremely rich in ω-3 PUFAs, especially in EPA and DHA (range 5.8–12.5 and 0.8–6.1 µg mg dry weight−1, respectively), but their sterol concentrations were low. Among the studied strains, Storeatula major was superior in PUFA production, and it also produces all PUFAs, i.e., α-linolenic acid (ALA), stearidonic acid (SDA), EPA, and DHA, which is rare in phytoplankton in general. We conclude that marine cryptophytes are a good alternative for the ecologically sustainable and profitable production of health-promoting lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Peltomaa
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland.
| | - Matthew D Johnson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - Sami J Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (YA), 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Felcmanová K, Lukeš M, Kotabová E, Lawrenz E, Halsey KH, Prášil O. Carbon use efficiencies and allocation strategies in Prochlorococcus marinus strain PCC 9511 during nitrogen-limited growth. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 134:71-82. [PMID: 28721457 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We studied cell properties including carbon allocation dynamics in the globally abundant and important cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus strain PCC 9511 grown at three different growth rates in nitrogen-limited continuous cultures. With increasing nitrogen limitation, cellular divinyl chlorophyll a and the functional absorption cross section of Photosystem II decreased, although maximal photosynthetic efficiency of PSII remained unaltered across all N-limited growth rates. Chl-specific gross and net carbon primary production were also invariant with nutrient-limited growth rate, but only 20% of Chl-specific gross carbon primary production was retained in the biomass across all growth rates. In nitrogen-replete cells, 60% of the assimilated carbon was incorporated into the protein pool while only 30% was incorporated into carbohydrates. As N limitation increased, new carbon became evenly distributed between these two pools. While many of these physiological traits are similar to those measured in other algae, there are also distinct differences, particularly the lower overall efficiency of carbon utilization. The latter provides new information needed for understanding and estimating primary production, particularly in the nutrient-limited tropical oceans where P. marinus dominates phytoplankton community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Felcmanová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Novohradská 237, Třeboň, 37981, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lukeš
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Novohradská 237, Třeboň, 37981, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kotabová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Novohradská 237, Třeboň, 37981, Czech Republic
| | - Evelyn Lawrenz
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Novohradská 237, Třeboň, 37981, Czech Republic
| | - Kimberly H Halsey
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| | - Ondřej Prášil
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Novohradská 237, Třeboň, 37981, Czech Republic.
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.
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Dunker S, Nadrowski K, Jakob T, Kasprzak P, Becker A, Langner U, Kunath C, Harpole S, Wilhelm C. Assessing in situ dominance pattern of phytoplankton classes by dominance analysis as a proxy for realized niches. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 58:74-84. [PMID: 28073461 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study looks at two facets of dominant phytoplankton classes during phytoplankton succession. A detailed assessment of this issue is of special interest with regard to realized niches from a theoretical point of view but also for lake management as practical application. A realized niche mirrors the functional adaptability of an organism in a lake-specific constellation of environmental parameters. Therefore, the characterization of realized niches could be a key factor for management of problematic waters. Different strategies exist to control eutrophication and the risk of blooms by harmful algae. During the last decades, many restoration measures were initiated to manage eutrophicated inland lakes. In the past, it has become evident several times that restoration strategies do not necessarily lead to a reduction of biomass of undesirable cyanobacteria but can even promote their development. Due to this uncertainty of success and the high costs for remediation strategies, new prediction tools are required - ideally, based on routine monitoring data. Therefore, we developed a new method to extract potential optimal growth conditions (POGC) as indicators of realized niches for different phytoplankton taxa from existing data to improve existing strategies used in lake remediation and restoration. The analysis presented in this work is based on dominance pattern of different phytoplankton groups relative to environmental variables. Interpretation of these dominance patterns as indicators of POGC showed distinct pattern for several phytoplankton classes for all investigated objects. We identified low nitrogen and phosphate concentrations as favorable condition for cyanobacteria in Lake Auensee and Lake Feldberger Haussee. The reservoir Bleilochtalsperre showed a high N/P-concentration and cyanobacteria dominance was generally very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Dunker
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Karin Nadrowski
- Institute of Biology, Department of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Jakob
- Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kasprzak
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhütte 2, OT Neuglobsow, 16775 Stechlin, Germany
| | - Annette Becker
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Uwe Langner
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christfried Kunath
- Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stan Harpole
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Wilhelm
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Fisher NL, Halsey KH. Mechanisms that increase the growth efficiency of diatoms in low light. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 129:183-97. [PMID: 27312336 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Photoacclimation was studied in Thalassiosira pseudonana to help understand mechanisms underlying the success of diatoms in low-light environments, such as coastal and deep mixing ecosystems. Light harvesting and other cell characteristics were combined with oxygen and carbon production measurements to assess the water-splitting reaction at PSII ([Formula: see text]) and intermediate steps leading to net carbon production (NPPC). These measurements revealed that T. pseudonana is remarkably efficient at converting harvested light energy into biomass, with at least 57 % of [Formula: see text] retained as NPPC across all light-limited growth rates examined. Evidence for upregulation of ATP generation pathways that circumvent carbon fixation indicated that high growth efficiency at low light levels was at least partly due to increases in the efficiency of ATP production. Growth rate-dependent demands for ATP and NADPH were reflected in carbon composition and in unexpected shifts in the light-limited slope (α) of photosynthesis-irradiance relationships generated from chlorophyll-specific (14)C-uptake. Overall, these results suggest that pathway gating of carbon and energy flow depends on light availability and is a key factor promoting the efficiency of diatom growth at low light intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerissa L Fisher
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Kimberly H Halsey
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 226 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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Halsey KH, Jones BM. Phytoplankton strategies for photosynthetic energy allocation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2014; 7:265-297. [PMID: 25149563 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton physiology is dynamic and highly responsive to the environment. Phytoplankton acclimate to changing environmental conditions by a complex reallocation of carbon and energy through metabolic pathways to optimize growth. Considering the tremendous diversity of phytoplankton, it is not surprising that different phytoplankton taxa use different strategies to partition carbon and energy resources. It has therefore been satisfying to discover that general principles of energetic stoichiometry appear to govern these complex processes and can be broadly applied to interpret phytoplankton distributions, productivity, and food web dynamics. The expectation of future changes in aquatic environments brought on by climate change warrants gathering knowledge about underlying patterns of photosynthetic energy allocation and their impacts on community structure and ecosystem productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly H Halsey
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331;
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Zhou Q, Chen W, Shan K, Zheng L, Song L. Influence of sunlight on the proliferation of cyanobacterial blooms and its potential applications in Lake Taihu, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:626-635. [PMID: 25079276 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To learn the relationship between sunlight intensity and cyanobacterial proliferations for the further control of the heavy blooms, enclosure experiment were conducted in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu by regulating the natural light intensities with different shading ratio (0% (full sunlight), 10%, 25%, 50% and 75% of original natural sunlight intensities) from September to November in 2010. The results indicated that phytoplankton biomass (mean) decreased significantly when the shading ratios reached 50% or more. Higher shading ratios (e.g. 75%) were very efficient in controlling the average and total cyanobacterial bloom biomass, while 50% shading ratio was proven very effective either in controlling the peak value of phytoplankton biomass or postponing the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Taihu. In addition, phytoplankton composition and photosynthesis efficiency were also affected by altering the shading ratios, and in turn, they might also act on phytoplankton growth. Based on the results from the present study, intermediate shading strategies such as regulation of water level or turbidity through the hydrology regulations would probably be an effective and efficient method in controlling cyanobacterial blooms in large and shallow lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Kun Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lirong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Halsey KH, O'Malley RT, Graff JR, Milligan AJ, Behrenfeld MJ. A common partitioning strategy for photosynthetic products in evolutionarily distinct phytoplankton species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:1030-1038. [PMID: 23452244 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
· We compare the nutrient-dependent photosynthetic efficiencies of the chlorophyte, Dunaliella tertiolecta, with those of the marine diatom, Thalassiosira weissflogii. Despite considerable evolutionary and physiological differences, these two species appear to use nearly identical growth strategies under a wide range of nutrient limitation. · Using a variety of physiological measurements, we find that, for both species and across all growth rates, 75% of the gross photosynthetic electron flow is invested in carbon fixation and only 30% is retained as net carbon accumulation. A majority of gross photosynthesis (70%) is ultimately used as reductant for biosynthetic pathways and for the generation of ATP. · In both species, newly formed carbon products exhibit much shorter half-lives at slow growth rates than at fast growth rates. We show that this growth rate dependence is a result of increased polysaccharide storage during the S phase of the cell cycle. · We present a model of carbon utilization that incorporates this growth rate-dependent carbon allocation and accurately captures (r(2) = 0.94) the observed time-resolved carbon retention. Together, our findings suggest a common photosynthetic optimization strategy in evolutionarily distinct phytoplankton species and contribute towards a systems-level understanding of carbon flow in photoautotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly H Halsey
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 220 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Robert T O'Malley
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jason R Graff
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Allen J Milligan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Michael J Behrenfeld
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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