1
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Arman M, Alam S, Maruf RA, Shams Z, Islam MN. Molecular modeling of some commercially available antiviral drugs and their derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 infection. NARRA J 2024; 4:e319. [PMID: 38798846 PMCID: PMC11125382 DOI: 10.52225/narra.v4i1.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Numerous prior studies have identified therapeutic targets that could effectively combat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, including the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and Main protease (Mpro). In parallel, antiviral compounds like abacavir, acyclovir, adefovir, amantadine, amprenavir, darunavir, didanosine, oseltamivir, penciclovir, and tenofovir are under investigation for their potential in drug repurposing to address this infection. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of modifying the functional groups of the aforementioned antivirals in silico. Using the genetic optimization for ligand docking algorithm on software Maestro (version 11.1), the modified antivirals were docked onto ACE2 receptor, RdRp, and Mpro. Using QuickProp (Maestro v11.1), PASS (prediction of activity spectra for the substances), and altogether with SwissADME, the ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) of the modified antivirals, as well as their bioavailability and the predicted activity spectra, were determined. Discovery studio software was used to undertake post-docking analysis. Among the 10 antivirals, N(CH3)2 derivative of darunavir, N(CH3)2 derivative of amprenavir and NCH3 derivative of darunavir exhibited best binding affinities with ACE2 receptor (docking scores: -10.333, -9.527 and -9.695 kJ/mol, respectively). Moreover, NCH3 derivative of abacavir (-6.506 kJ/mol), NO2 derivative of didanosine (-6.877 kJ/mol), NCH3 derivative of darunavir (-7.618 kJ/mol) exerted promising affinity to Mpro. In conclusion, the results of the in silico screenings can serve as a useful information for future experimental works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arman
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Safaet Alam
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rifat A. Maruf
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ziaus Shams
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad N. Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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2
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Hoseininezhad-Namin MS, Rahimpour E, Jouyban A. Favipiravir, remdesivir, and lopinavir: metabolites, degradation products and their analytical methods. Drug Metab Rev 2024; 56:127-144. [PMID: 38445647 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2326415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic all over the world. Several studies have suggested that antiviral drugs such as favipiravir (FAV), remdesivir (RDV), and lopinavir (LPV) may potentially prevent the spread of the virus in the host cells and person-to-person transmission. Simultaneously with the widespread use of these drugs, their stability and action mechanism studies have also attracted the attention of many researchers. This review focuses on the action mechanism, metabolites and degradation products of these antiviral drugs (FAV, RDV and LPV) and demonstrates various methods for their quantification and discrimination in the different biological samples. Herein, the instrumental methods for analysis of the main form of drugs or their metabolite and degradation products are classified into two types: optical and chromatography methods which the last one in combination with various detectors provides a powerful method for routine and stability analyses. Some representative studies are reported in this review and the details of them are carefully explained. It is hoped that this review will be a good guideline study and provide a better understanding of these drugs from the aspects investigated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Saleh Hoseininezhad-Namin
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Rahimpour
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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3
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Ahmed Atto Al-Shuaeeb R, Abd El-Mageed HR, Ahmed S, Mohamed HS, Hamza ZS, Rafi MO, Ahmad I, Patel H. In silico investigation and potential therapeutic approaches of isoquinoline alkaloids for neurodegenerative diseases: computer-aided drug design perspective. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:14484-14496. [PMID: 37184133 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2212778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule affinity regulating kinase (MARK4) has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for diabetes, cancer, and neurological diseases. We used a variety of computational studies techniques to examine the binding affinity and MARK4 inhibitory potential of several isoquinoline alkaloids. MARK4 has been associated with tau protein phosphorylation and, consequently, Alzheimer's disease. The three molecules with the highest binding affinities inside the 5ES1 receptor, according to molecular docking experiments, are isoliensinine, liensinine, and methylcorypalline. Isoliensinine had the highest drug score and drug likeness, coming in at 1.17, while Liensinine and Methylcorypalline came in at 1.15 and 1.07, respectively. The thesis claims that three compounds have a better chance than the others of being identified as therapeutic leads. The bulk of the compounds under investigation didn't break any of Lipinski's five rules, especially methylcorypalline, which did and is probably orally active. The majority of the compounds under investigation, particularly Isoliensinine, Liensinine, and Methylcorypalline, show the potential to exhibit drug-like behaviour, which is strongly confirmed by ADMET characteristics estimates. The chemicals Isoliensinine, Liensinine, and Methylcorypalline, especially Methylcorypalline, form the most stable combination with the 5ES1, according to a 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation of these compounds docked inside 5ES1 complexes. Methylcorypalline has a higher binding affinity inside 5ES1, according to additional MM/GBSA experiments using MD trajectories. Overall, research supports the use of the drug development tool methylcolipalin for its ability to inhibit MARK4, which may have implications for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H R Abd El-Mageed
- Micro-analysis and Environmental Research and Community Services Center, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Ahmed
- Department of chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hussein S Mohamed
- Chemistry of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (RIMAP), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Zeinab S Hamza
- Chemistry of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (RIMAP), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Md Oliullah Rafi
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Iqrar Ahmad
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
| | - Harun Patel
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
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4
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Mortuza MG, Roni MAH, Kumer A, Biswas S, Saleh MA, Islam S, Sadaf S, Akther F. A Computational Study on Selected Alkaloids as SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitors: PASS Prediction, Molecular Docking, ADMET Analysis, DFT, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Biochem Res Int 2023; 2023:9975275. [PMID: 37181403 PMCID: PMC10171978 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9975275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite treatments and vaccinations, it remains difficult to develop naturally occurring COVID-19 inhibitors. Here, our main objective is to find potential lead compounds from the retrieved alkaloids with antiviral and other biological properties that selectively target the main SARS-CoV-2 protease (Mpro), which is required for viral replication. In this work, 252 alkaloids were aligned using Lipinski's rule of five and their antiviral activity was then assessed. The prediction of activity spectrum of substances (PASS) data was used to confirm the antiviral activities of 112 alkaloids. Finally, 50 alkaloids were docked with Mpro. Furthermore, assessments of molecular electrostatic potential surface (MEPS), density functional theory (DFT), and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) were performed, and a few of them appeared to have potential as candidates for oral administration. Molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) with a time step of up to 100 ns were used to confirm that the three docked complexes were more stable. It was found that the most prevalent and active binding sites that limit Mpro'sactivity are PHE294, ARG298, and GLN110. All retrieved data were compared to conventional antivirals, fumarostelline, strychnidin-10-one (L-1), 2,3-dimethoxy-brucin (L-7), and alkaloid ND-305B (L-16) and were proposed as enhanced SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. Finally, with additional clinical or necessary study, it may be able to use these indicated natural alkaloids or their analogs as potential therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Golam Mortuza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka 1217, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abul Hasan Roni
- Department of Science and Humanities, Bangladesh Army International University of Science and Technology, Cumilla 3500, Bangladesh
| | - Ajoy Kumer
- Department of Chemistry, European University of Bangladesh-EUB, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Suvro Biswas
- Miocrobiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abu Saleh
- Miocrobiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Shirmin Islam
- Miocrobiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Samia Sadaf
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Fahmida Akther
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
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5
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Mahnam K, Ghobadi Z. Finding a prospective dual-target drug for the treatment of coronavirus disease by theoretical study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:12621-12641. [PMID: 34514953 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1973910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spike protein of coronavirus is a key protein in binding and entrance of virus to the human cell via binding to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) domain of S1 subunit to peptidase domain region of ACE2 receptor. In this study, the possible effect of 24 antiviral drugs on the RBD domain of spike protein was investigated via docking and molecular dynamics simulation for finding a dual-target drug. At first, all drugs were docked to the RBD domain of spike protein, and then all complexes and free RBD domains were separately used for molecular dynamics simulation for 50 ns via amber18 software. The simulation results showed that 10 ligands from 28 ligands were separated from the RBD domain, and among 18 remained ligands, baloxavir marboxil, and danoprevir drugs, besides endonuclease activity and protease inhibitory, can bind to key residues of the RBD domain. Then these drugs have a dual target and should be more effective than current drugs, and experimental studies should be done on baloxavir marboxil and danoprevir as more potential drugs for coronavirus disease Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Mahnam
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghobadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
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6
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Rakshit M, Muduli S, Srivastav PP, Mishra S. Pomegranate peel polyphenols prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 main protease by in-silico docking and molecular dynamics study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:12917-12931. [PMID: 34569409 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1979427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pomegranate peel, the waste product generated from pomegranate fruit, has prophylactic properties, such as antimicrobial, anti-malarial, and controls respiratory infections and influenza. Based on the previous literature and need of the hour, molecular docking was performed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of major pomegranate peel polyphenols against COVID-19. Among the 44 studied compounds, 37 polyphenols show interaction with the catalytic dyad of the Mpro protease and 18 polyphenols have a higher binding affinity than that of the Mpro protease inhibitor (N3), indicating their high probability of binding at ACE2: SARS-CoV-2 interface. Furthermore, several polyphenols studied in this work are found to have higher binding affinity as compared to those of hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, nelfinavir, and curcumin, some of which have been earlier tested against COVID-19. Further, molecular dynamics simulations (200 ns) for Mpro-polyphenols including pelargonidin3-glucoside, quercetin3-O-rhamnoside, cyanidin3-glucoside and punicalin revealed highly stable complexes with less conformational fluctuations and similar degree of compactness. Estimation of total number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and binding free energy confirmed the stability of these Mpro-polyphenol complexes over Mpro-curcumin complex. Based on the greater binding affinity of polyphenols of pomegranate peel towards Mpro as compared to that of curcumin, pomegranate peel may be considered in any herbal medicinal formulation or may be incorporated into daily diets for prevention of COVID-19.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhulekha Rakshit
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Sunita Muduli
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Prem Prakash Srivastav
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Sabyashachi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India.,Centre for Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
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7
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Mert-Ozupek N, Calibasi-Kocal G, Olgun N, Basbinar Y, Cavas L, Ellidokuz H. In-silico molecular interactions among the secondary metabolites of Caulerpa spp. and colorectal cancer targets. Front Chem 2022; 10:1046313. [PMID: 36561138 PMCID: PMC9763605 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1046313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caulerpa spp. secrete more than thirty different bioactive chemicals which have already been used in cancer treatment research since they play a pivotal role in cancer metabolism. Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancer types, thus using novel and effective chemicals for colorectal cancer treatment is crucial. In the cheminformatics pipeline of this study, ADME-Tox and drug-likeness tests were performed for filtering the secondary metabolites of Caulerpa spp. The ligands which were selected from the ADME test were used for in silico molecular docking studies against the enzymes of the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphoglutarate dehydrogenase), which is of great importance for colorectal cancer, by using AutoDock Vina. Pharmacophore modeling was carried out to align the molecules. Molecular dynamic simulations were performed for each target to validate the molecular docking studies and binding free energies were calculated. According to the ADME test results, 13 different secondary metabolites were selected as potential ligands. Molecular docking studies revealed that vina scores of caulerpin and monomethyl caulerpinate for G6PDH were found as -10.6 kcal mol-1, -10.5 kcal mol-1, respectively. Also, the vina score of caulersin for 6PGD was found as -10.7 kcal mol-1. The highest and the lowest binding free energies were calculated for monomethyl caulerpinate and caulersin, respectively. This in silico study showed that caulerpin, monomethyl caulerpinate, and caulersin could be evaluated as promising marine phytochemicals against pentose phosphate pathway enzymes and further studies are recommended to investigate the detailed activity of these secondary metabolites on these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Mert-Ozupek
- Department of Basic Oncology, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Gizem Calibasi-Kocal
- Department of Translational Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Nur Olgun
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Yasemin Basbinar
- Department of Translational Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Levent Cavas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Hulya Ellidokuz
- Department of Preventive Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye,*Correspondence: Hulya Ellidokuz,
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8
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Fatma I, Sharma V, Ahmad Malik N, Assad H, Cantero-López P, Sánchez J, López-Rendón R, Yañez O, Chand Thakur R, Kumar A. Influence of HSA on micellization of NLSS and BC: An experimental-theoretical approach of its binding characteristics. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Mert-Ozupek N, Calibasi-Kocal G, Olgun N, Basbinar Y, Cavas L, Ellidokuz H. An Efficient and Quick Analytical Method for the Quantification of an Algal Alkaloid Caulerpin Showed In-Vitro Anticancer Activity against Colorectal Cancer. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20120757. [PMID: 36547904 PMCID: PMC9781365 DOI: 10.3390/md20120757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological invasion is the successful spread and establishment of a species in a novel environment that adversely affects the biodiversity, ecology, and economy. Both invasive and non-invasive species of the Caulerpa genus secrete more than thirty different secondary metabolites. Caulerpin is one of the most common secondary metabolites in genus Caulerpa. In this study, caulerpin found in invasive Caulerpa cylindracea and non-invasive Caulerpa lentillifera extracts were analyzed, quantified, and compared using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) for the first time. The anticancer activities of caulerpin against HCT-116 and HT-29 colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines were also tested. Caulerpin levels were found higher in the invasive form (108.83 ± 5.07 µg mL-1 and 96.49 ± 4.54 µg mL-1). Furthermore, caulerpin isolated from invasive Caulerpa decreased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 values were found between 119 and 179 µM), inhibited invasion-migration, and induced apoptosis in CRC cells. In comparison, no cytotoxic effects on the normal cell lines (HDF and NIH-3T3) were observed. In conclusion, HPTLC is a quick and novel method to investigate the caulerpin levels found in Caulerpa extracts, and this paper proposes an alternative utilization method for invasive C. cylindracea due to significant caulerpin content compared to non-invasive C. lentillifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Mert-Ozupek
- Department of Basic Oncology, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Gizem Calibasi-Kocal
- Department of Translational Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Nur Olgun
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Basbinar
- Department of Translational Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Levent Cavas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir 35390, Turkey
| | - Hulya Ellidokuz
- Department of Preventive Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir 35340, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-232-41258890
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10
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Zheng Z, Deng H, Cai Z, Liao X, Xu S. Synthesis of the Octameric Ring Containing Compound Caulerpin Using a Knoevenagel Reaction Catalyzed by an Amino Acid ‐ Ionic Liquid Solvent. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang‐Fan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Hong Deng
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Zi‐Jie Cai
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Jian Liao
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Shi‐Hai Xu
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
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11
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Gao K, Wang R, Chen J, Cheng L, Frishcosy J, Huzumi Y, Qiu Y, Schluckbier T, Wei X, Wei GW. Methodology-Centered Review of Molecular Modeling, Simulation, and Prediction of SARS-CoV-2. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11287-11368. [PMID: 35594413 PMCID: PMC9159519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite tremendous efforts in the past two years, our understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), virus-host interactions, immune response, virulence, transmission, and evolution is still very limited. This limitation calls for further in-depth investigation. Computational studies have become an indispensable component in combating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to their low cost, their efficiency, and the fact that they are free from safety and ethical constraints. Additionally, the mechanism that governs the global evolution and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 cannot be revealed from individual experiments and was discovered by integrating genotyping of massive viral sequences, biophysical modeling of protein-protein interactions, deep mutational data, deep learning, and advanced mathematics. There exists a tsunami of literature on the molecular modeling, simulations, and predictions of SARS-CoV-2 and related developments of drugs, vaccines, antibodies, and diagnostics. To provide readers with a quick update about this literature, we present a comprehensive and systematic methodology-centered review. Aspects such as molecular biophysics, bioinformatics, cheminformatics, machine learning, and mathematics are discussed. This review will be beneficial to researchers who are looking for ways to contribute to SARS-CoV-2 studies and those who are interested in the status of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifu Gao
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Limei Cheng
- Clinical
Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol
Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08536, United States
| | - Jaclyn Frishcosy
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yuta Huzumi
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yuchi Qiu
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Tom Schluckbier
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Xiaoqi Wei
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Guo-Wei Wei
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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12
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Shefer S, Robin A, Chemodanov A, Lebendiker M, Bostwick R, Rasmussen L, Lishner M, Gozin M, Golberg A. Fighting SARS-CoV-2 with green seaweed Ulva sp. extract: extraction protocol predetermines crude ulvan extract anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition properties in in vitro Vero-E6 cells assay. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12398. [PMID: 34820178 PMCID: PMC8601053 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need to screen for novel compounds with antiviral activity against SARS-COV-2. Here we compared chemical composition and the in vitro anti- SARS-COV-2 activity of two different Ulva sp. crude ulvan extracts: one obtained by an HCl-based and another one by ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols. The composition of the crude extracts was analyzed and their antiviral activity was assessed in a cytopathic effect reduction assay using Vero E6 cells. We show that the extraction protocols have a significant impact on the chemical composition, anti- SARS-COV-2 activity, and cytotoxicity of these ulvan extracts. The ulvan extract based on the AOx protocol had a higher average molecular weight, higher charge, and 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity than HCl-based extract. Our results strongly suggest that further bioassay-guided investigation into bioactivity of compounds found in Ulva sp. ulvan extracts could lead to the discovery of novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Shefer
- Port School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Arthur Robin
- Port School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alexander Chemodanov
- Port School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mario Lebendiker
- Silberman Institute of Life Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jeruslem, Israel
| | | | - Lynn Rasmussen
- Sothern Research, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | | | - Michael Gozin
- School of Chemisty, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alexander Golberg
- Port School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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El-Mageed HRA, Abdelrheem DA, Rafi MO, Sarker MT, Al-Khafaji K, Hossain MJ, Capasso R, Emran TB. In Silico Evaluation of Different Flavonoids from Medicinal Plants for Their Potency against SARS-CoV-2. BIOLOGICS 2021; 1:416-434. [DOI: 10.3390/biologics1030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic situation of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a global threat to both the world economy and public health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover effective vaccines or drugs to fight against this virus. The flavonoids and their medicinal plant sources have already exhibited various biological effects, including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, etc. This study was designed to evaluate different flavonoids from medicinal plants as potential inhibitors against the spike protein (Sp) and main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 using various computational approaches such as molecular docking, molecular dynamics. The binding affinity and inhibitory effects of all studied flavonoids were discussed and compared with some antiviral drugs that are currently being used in COVID-19 treatment namely favipiravir, lopinavir, and hydroxychloroquine, respectively. Among all studies flavonoids and proposed antiviral drugs, luteolin and mundulinol exhibited the highest binding affinity toward Mpro and Sp. Drug-likeness and ADMET studies revealed that the chosen flavonoids are safe and non-toxic. One hundred ns-MD simulations were implemented for luteolin-Mpro, mundulinol-Mpro, luteolin-Sp, and mundulinol-Sp complexes and the results revealed strong stability of these flavonoid-protein complexes. Furthermore, MM/PBSA confirms the stability of luteolin and mundulinol interactions within the active sites of this protein. In conclusion, our findings reveal that the promising activity of luteolin and mundulinol as inhibitors against COVID-19 via inhibiting the spike protein and major protease of SARS CoV-2, and we urge further research to achieve the clinical significance of our proposed molecular-based efficacy.
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Kung HC, Liang KY, Mutuku JK, Huang BW, Chang-Chien GP. Separation and purification of caulerpin from algal Caulerpa racemosa by simulated moving bed chromatography. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Asif M, Saleem M, Yaseen HS, Yehya AH, Saadullah M, Zubair HM, Oon CE, Khaniabadi PM, Khalid SH, Khan IU, Mahrukh. Potential role of marine species-derived bioactive agents in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:1289-1301. [PMID: 34689597 PMCID: PMC8592065 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, has resulted in a massive global health crisis. Bioactive molecules extracted or synthesized using starting material obtained from marine species, including griffithsin, plitidepsin and fingolimod are in clinical trials to evaluate their anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-HIV efficacies. The current review highlights the anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential of marine-derived phytochemicals explored using in silico, in vitro and in vivo models. The current literature suggests that these molecules have the potential to bind with various key drug targets of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, many of these agents have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potentials and thus could play a role in the attenuation of COVID-19 complications. Overall, these agents may play a role in the management of COVID-19, but further preclinical and clinical studies are still required to establish their role in the mitigation of the current viral pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asif
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Saleem
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Hafiza Sidra Yaseen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ashwaq Hs Yehya
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Malik Saadullah
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Chern E Oon
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Pegah Moradi Khaniabadi
- Department of Radiology & Molecular Imaging, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, PO. Box 35, 123, Al Khod, Muscat, Oman
| | - Syed Haroon Khalid
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ullah Khan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mahrukh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
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16
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Hepatitis C Virus Protease Inhibitors Show Differential Efficacy and Interactions with Remdesivir for Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0268020. [PMID: 34097489 PMCID: PMC8370243 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02680-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antivirals targeting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could improve treatment of COVID-19. We evaluated the efficacy of clinically relevant hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 protease inhibitors (PIs) against SARS-CoV-2 and their interactions with remdesivir, the only direct-acting antiviral approved for COVID-19 treatment. HCV PIs showed differential potency in short-term treatment assays based on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in Vero E6 cells. Linear PIs boceprevir, telaprevir, and narlaprevir had 50% effective concentrations (EC50) of ∼40 μM. Among the macrocyclic PIs, simeprevir had the highest (EC50, 15 μM) and glecaprevir the lowest (EC50, >178 μM) potency, with paritaprevir, grazoprevir, voxilaprevir, vaniprevir, danoprevir, and deldeprevir in between. Acyclic PIs asunaprevir and faldaprevir had EC50s of 72 and 23 μM, respectively. ACH-806, inhibiting the HCV NS4A protease cofactor, had an EC50 of 46 μM. Similar and slightly increased PI potencies were found in human hepatoma Huh7.5 cells and human lung carcinoma A549-hACE2 cells, respectively. Selectivity indexes based on antiviral and cell viability assays were highest for linear PIs. In short-term treatments, combination of macrocyclic but not linear PIs with remdesivir showed synergism in Vero E6 and A549-hACE2 cells. Longer-term treatment of infected Vero E6 and A549-hACE2 cells with 1-fold EC50 PI revealed minor differences in the barrier to SARS-CoV-2 escape. Viral suppression was achieved with 3- to 8-fold EC50 boceprevir or 1-fold EC50 simeprevir or grazoprevir, but not boceprevir, in combination with 0.4- to 0.8-fold EC50 remdesivir; these concentrations did not lead to viral suppression in single treatments. This study could inform the development and application of protease inhibitors for optimized antiviral treatments of COVID-19.
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Abd El Hadi SR, Zien El-Deen EE, Bahaa MM, Sadakah AA, Yassin HA. COVID-19: Vaccine Delivery System, Drug Repurposing and Application of Molecular Modeling Approach. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:3313-3330. [PMID: 34366663 PMCID: PMC8335551 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s320320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has spread across the world, resulting in a pandemic COVID-19 which is a human zoonotic disease that is caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV) strain thought to have originated in wild or captive bats in the initial COVID outbreak region. The global COVID-19 outbreak started in Guangdong Province, China's southernmost province. The global response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been hampered by the sheer number of infected people, many of whom need intensive care before succumbing to the disease. The epidemic is being handled by a combination of disease control by public health interventions and compassionate treatment for those who have been impacted. There is no clear anti-COVID-19 medication available at this time. However, the need to find medications that can turn the tide has led to the development of a number of investigational drugs as potential candidates for improving outcomes, especially in the severely and critically ill. Although many of these adjunctive medications are still being studied in clinical trials, professional organizations have attempted to define the circumstances in which their use is deemed off-label or compassionate. It is important to remind readers that new information about COVID-19's clinical features, treatment options, and outcomes is released on a regular basis. The mainstay of treatment remains optimized supportive care, and the therapeutic effectiveness of the subsequent agents is still being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha R Abd El Hadi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esmat E Zien El-Deen
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M Bahaa
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Abdelfattah A Sadakah
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department, Faculty of Dentistry, AlSalam University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Heba A Yassin
- Pharmaceutics Department. Faculty of Pharmacy, AlSalam University, Tanta, Egypt
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18
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Reynolds D, Huesemann M, Edmundson S, Sims A, Hurst B, Cady S, Beirne N, Freeman J, Berger A, Gao S. Viral inhibitors derived from macroalgae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria: A review of antiviral potential throughout pathogenesis. ALGAL RES 2021; 57:102331. [PMID: 34026476 PMCID: PMC8128986 DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are abiotic obligate parasites utilizing complex mechanisms to hijack cellular machinery and reproduce, causing multiple harmful effects in the process. Viruses represent a growing global health concern; at the time of writing, COVID-19 has killed at least two million people around the world and devastated global economies. Lingering concern regarding the virus' prevalence yet hampers return to normalcy. While catastrophic in and of itself, COVID-19 further heralds in a new era of human-disease interaction characterized by the emergence of novel viruses from natural sources with heretofore unseen frequency. Due to deforestation, population growth, and climate change, we are encountering more viruses that can infect larger groups of people with greater ease and increasingly severe outcomes. The devastation of COVID-19 and forecasts of future human/disease interactions call for a creative reconsideration of global response to infectious disease. There is an urgent need for accessible, cost-effective antiviral (AV) drugs that can be mass-produced and widely distributed to large populations. Development of AV drugs should be informed by a thorough understanding of viral structure and function as well as human biology. To maximize efficacy, minimize cost, and reduce development of drug-resistance, these drugs would ideally operate through a varied set of mechanisms at multiple stages throughout the course of infection. Due to their abundance and diversity, natural compounds are ideal for such comprehensive therapeutic interventions. Promising sources of such drugs are found throughout nature; especially remarkable are the algae, a polyphyletic grouping of phototrophs that produce diverse bioactive compounds. While not much literature has been published on the subject, studies have shown that these compounds exert antiviral effects at different stages of viral pathogenesis. In this review, we follow the course of viral infection in the human body and evaluate the AV effects of algae-derived compounds at each stage. Specifically, we examine the AV activities of algae-derived compounds at the entry of viruses into the body, transport through the body via the lymph and blood, infection of target cells, and immune response. We discuss what is known about algae-derived compounds that may interfere with the infection pathways of SARS-CoV-2; and review which algae are promising sources for AV agents or AV precursors that, with further investigation, may yield life-saving drugs due to their diversity of mechanisms and exceptional pharmaceutical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daman Reynolds
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Michael Huesemann
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Scott Edmundson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Amy Sims
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Chemical and Biological Signatures Group, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Brett Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Sherry Cady
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Nathan Beirne
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Jacob Freeman
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Adam Berger
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Song Gao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
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19
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Harisna AH, Nurdiansyah R, Syaifie PH, Nugroho DW, Saputro KE, Firdayani, Prakoso CD, Rochman NT, Maulana NN, Noviyanto A, Mardliyati E. In silico investigation of potential inhibitors to main protease and spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 in propolis. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100969. [PMID: 33681482 PMCID: PMC7914023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Docking analysis of propolis's natural compound was successfully performed against SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) and spike protein subunit 2 (S2). Initially, the propolis's protein was screened using chromatography analysis and successfully identified 22 compounds in the propolis. Four compounds were further investigated, i.e., neoblavaisoflavone, methylophiopogonone A, 3'-Methoxydaidzin, and genistin. The binding affinity of 3'-Methoxydaidzin was -7.7 kcal/mol, which is similar to nelfinavir (control), while the others were -7.6 kcal/mol. However, we found the key residue of Glu A:166 in the methylophiopogonone A and genistin, even though the predicted binding energy slightly higher than nelfinavir. In contrast, the predicted binding affinity of neoblavaisoflavone, methylophiopogonone A, 3'-Methoxydaidzin, and genistin against S2 were -8.1, -8.2, -8.3, and -8.3 kcal/mol, respectively, which is far below of the control (pravastatin, -7.3 kcal/mol). Instead of conventional hydrogen bonding, the π bonding influenced the binding affinity against S2. The results reveal that this is the first report about methylophiopogonone A, 3'-Methoxydaidzin, and genistin as candidates for anti-viral agents. Those compounds can then be further explored and used as a parent backbone molecule to develop a new supplementation for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections during COVID-19 outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Hanif Harisna
- Nano Center Indonesia, Jl. PUSPIPTEK, South Tangerang, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
| | - Rizky Nurdiansyah
- Department of Bioinformatics, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Jakarta, 13210, Indonesia
| | - Putri Hawa Syaifie
- Nano Center Indonesia, Jl. PUSPIPTEK, South Tangerang, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Wahyu Nugroho
- Nano Center Indonesia, Jl. PUSPIPTEK, South Tangerang, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
| | | | - Firdayani
- Center for Pharmaceutical and Medical Technology, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, PUSPIPTEK, South Tangerang, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
| | - Chandra Dwi Prakoso
- Nano Center Indonesia, Jl. PUSPIPTEK, South Tangerang, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
| | - Nurul Taufiqu Rochman
- Research Center for Metallurgy and Materials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, PUSPIPTEK, South Tangerang, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
| | | | - Alfian Noviyanto
- Nano Center Indonesia, Jl. PUSPIPTEK, South Tangerang, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mercu Buana University, Jl. Meruya Selatan, Kebun Jeruk, Jakarta, 11650, Indonesia
| | - Etik Mardliyati
- Nano Center Indonesia, Jl. PUSPIPTEK, South Tangerang, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
- Center for Pharmaceutical and Medical Technology, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, PUSPIPTEK, South Tangerang, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
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20
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Day CJ, Bailly B, Guillon P, Dirr L, Jen FEC, Spillings BL, Mak J, von Itzstein M, Haselhorst T, Jennings MP. Multidisciplinary Approaches Identify Compounds that Bind to Human ACE2 or SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein as Candidates to Block SARS-CoV-2-ACE2 Receptor Interactions. mBio 2021; 12:e03681-20. [PMID: 33785634 PMCID: PMC8092326 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03681-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a recently emerged virus that causes coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, like SARS-CoV-1, uses the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a cellular receptor to initiate infection. Compounds that interfere with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain protein (RBD)-ACE2 receptor interaction may function as entry inhibitors. Here, we used a dual strategy of molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) screening of compound libraries to identify those that bind to human ACE2 or the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD). Molecular modeling screening interrogated 57,641 compounds and focused on the region of ACE2 that is engaged by RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and vice versa. SPR screening used immobilized human ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein to evaluate the binding of these proteins to a library of 3,141 compounds. These combined screens identified compounds from these libraries that bind at KD (equilibrium dissociation constant) <3 μM affinity to their respective targets, 17 for ACE2 and 6 for SARS-CoV-2 RBD. Twelve ACE2 binders and six of the RBD binders compete with the RBD-ACE2 interaction in an SPR-based competition assay. These compounds included registered drugs and dyes used in biomedical applications. A Vero-E6 cell-based SARS-CoV-2 infection assay was used to evaluate infection blockade by candidate entry inhibitors. Three compounds demonstrated dose-dependent antiviral in vitro potency-Evans blue, sodium lifitegrast, and lumacaftor. This study has identified potential drugs for repurposing as SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitors or as chemical scaffolds for drug development.IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has caused more than 60 million cases worldwide with almost 1.5 million deaths as of November 2020. Repurposing existing drugs is the most rapid path to clinical intervention for emerging diseases. Using an in silico screen of 57,641 compounds and a biophysical screen of 3,141 compounds, we identified 22 compounds that bound to either the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and/or the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (SARS-CoV-2 spike protein RBD). Nine of these drugs were identified by both screening methods. Three of the identified compounds, Evans blue, sodium lifitegrast, and lumacaftor, were found to inhibit viral replication in a Vero-E6 cell-based SARS-CoV-2 infection assay and may have utility as repurposed therapeutics. All 22 identified compounds provide scaffolds for the development of new chemical entities for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Day
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin Bailly
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Patrice Guillon
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Larissa Dirr
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Freda E-C Jen
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Belinda L Spillings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Johnson Mak
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael P Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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21
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Combination and tricombination therapy to destabilize the structural integrity of COVID-19 by some bioactive compounds with antiviral drugs: insights from molecular docking study. Struct Chem 2021; 32:1415-1430. [PMID: 33437137 PMCID: PMC7791912 DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic virus has been spreading throughout the world. Until now, no certified drugs have been discovered to efficiently inhibit the virus. The scientists are struggling to find new safe bioactive inhibitors of this deadly virus. In this study, we aim to find antagonists that may inhibit the activity of the three major viral targets: SARS-CoV-2 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (6LU7), SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (6VYB), and a host target human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor (1R42), which is the entry point for the viral encounter, were studied with the prospects of identifying significant drug candidate(s) against COVID-19 infection. Then, the protein stability produced score of less than 0.6 for all residues of all studied receptors. This confirmed that these receptors are extremely stable proteins, so it is very difficult to unstable the stability of these proteins through utilizing individual drugs. Hence, we studied the combination and tricombination therapy between bioactive compounds which have the best binding affinity and some antiviral drugs like chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, simeprevir, baloxavir, lopinavir, and favipiravir to show the effect of combination and tricombination therapy to disrupt the stability of the three major viral targets that are mentioned previously. Also, ADMET study suggested that most of all studied bioactive compounds are safe and nontoxic compounds. All results confirmed that caulerpin can be utilized as a combination and tricombination therapy along with the studied antiviral drugs for disrupting the stability of the three major viral receptors (6LU7, 6VYB, and 1R42).
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22
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Phytocompounds of Rheum emodi, Thymus serpyllum, and Artemisia annua Inhibit Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Binding to ACE2 Receptor: In Silico Approach. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 7:135-149. [PMID: 34306988 PMCID: PMC8279807 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-021-00259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has been declared as a global pandemic. Traditional medicinal plants have long history to treat viral infections. Our in silico approach suggested that unique phytocompounds such as emodin, thymol and carvacrol, and artemisinin could physically bind SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins (6VXX and 6VYB), SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 South Africa variant of Spike glycoprotein (7NXA), and even with ACE2 and prevent the SARS-CoV-2 binding to the host ACE2, TMPRSS2 and neutrapilin-1 receptors. Since Chloroquine has been looked as potential therapy against COVID-19, we also compared the binding of chloroquine and artemisinin for its interaction with spike proteins (6VXX, 6VYB) and its variant 7NXA, respectively. Molecular docking study of phytocompounds and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was performed by using AutoDock/Vina software. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed for 50ns. Among all the phytocompounds, molecular docking studies revealed lowest binding energy of artemisinin with 6VXX and 6VYB, with Etotal -10.5 KJ mol-1 and -10.3 KJ mol-1 respectively. Emodin showed the best binding affinity with 6VYB with Etotal -8.8 KJ mol-1and SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 variant (7NXA) with binding energy of -6.4KJ mol-1. Emodin showed best interactions with TMPRSS 2 and ACE2 with Etotal of -7.1 and -7.3 KJ mol-1 respectively, whereas artemisinin interacts with TMPRSS 2 and ACE2 with Etotal of -6.9 and -7.4 KJ mol-1 respectively. All the phytocompounds were non-toxic and non-carcinogenic. MD simulation showed that artemisinin has more stable interaction with 6VYB as compared to 6VXX, and hence proposed as potential phytochemical to prevent SARS-CoV-2 interaction with ACE-2 receptor. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40495-021-00259-4.
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23
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Rolta R, Salaria D, Sharma P, Sharma B, Kumar V, Rathi B, Verma M, Sourirajan A, Baumler DJ, Dev K. Phytocompounds of Rheum emodi, Thymus serpyllum, and Artemisia annua Inhibit Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Binding to ACE2 Receptor: In Silico Approach. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 7:135-149. [PMID: 34306988 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-30938/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has been declared as a global pandemic. Traditional medicinal plants have long history to treat viral infections. Our in silico approach suggested that unique phytocompounds such as emodin, thymol and carvacrol, and artemisinin could physically bind SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins (6VXX and 6VYB), SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 South Africa variant of Spike glycoprotein (7NXA), and even with ACE2 and prevent the SARS-CoV-2 binding to the host ACE2, TMPRSS2 and neutrapilin-1 receptors. Since Chloroquine has been looked as potential therapy against COVID-19, we also compared the binding of chloroquine and artemisinin for its interaction with spike proteins (6VXX, 6VYB) and its variant 7NXA, respectively. Molecular docking study of phytocompounds and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was performed by using AutoDock/Vina software. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed for 50ns. Among all the phytocompounds, molecular docking studies revealed lowest binding energy of artemisinin with 6VXX and 6VYB, with Etotal -10.5 KJ mol-1 and -10.3 KJ mol-1 respectively. Emodin showed the best binding affinity with 6VYB with Etotal -8.8 KJ mol-1and SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 variant (7NXA) with binding energy of -6.4KJ mol-1. Emodin showed best interactions with TMPRSS 2 and ACE2 with Etotal of -7.1 and -7.3 KJ mol-1 respectively, whereas artemisinin interacts with TMPRSS 2 and ACE2 with Etotal of -6.9 and -7.4 KJ mol-1 respectively. All the phytocompounds were non-toxic and non-carcinogenic. MD simulation showed that artemisinin has more stable interaction with 6VYB as compared to 6VXX, and hence proposed as potential phytochemical to prevent SARS-CoV-2 interaction with ACE-2 receptor. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40495-021-00259-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Rolta
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Pin, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173212 India
| | - Deeksha Salaria
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Pin, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173212 India
| | - PremPrakash Sharma
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Hansraj College University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Bhanu Sharma
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Pin, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173212 India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Pin, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173212 India
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Hansraj College University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Mansi Verma
- Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Anuradha Sourirajan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Pin, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173212 India
| | - David J Baumler
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN USA
| | - Kamal Dev
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Pin, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173212 India
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Chemically Diverse and Biologically Active Secondary Metabolites from Marine Phylum chlorophyta. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18100493. [PMID: 32993146 PMCID: PMC7601752 DOI: 10.3390/md18100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For a long time, algal chemistry from terrestrial to marine or freshwater bodies, especially chlorophytes, has fascinated numerous investigators to develop new drugs in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. As such, chlorophytes comprise a diverse structural class of secondary metabolites, having functional groups that are specific to a particular source. All bioactive compounds of chlorophyte are of great interest due to their supplemental/nutritional/pharmacological activities. In this review, a detailed description of the chemical diversity of compounds encompassing alkaloids, terpenes, steroids, fatty acids and glycerides, their subclasses and their structures are discussed. These promising natural products have efficiency in developing new drugs necessary in the treatment of various deadly pathologies (cancer, HIV, SARS-CoV-2, several inflammations, etc.). Marine chlorophyte, therefore, is portrayed as a pivotal treasure in the case of drugs having marine provenience. It is a domain of research expected to probe novel pharmaceutically or nutraceutically important secondary metabolites resulting from marine Chlorophyta. In this regard, our review aims to compile the isolated secondary metabolites having diverse chemical structures from chlorophytes (like Caulerpa ssp., Ulva ssp., Tydemania ssp., Penicillus ssp., Codium ssp., Capsosiphon ssp., Avrainvillea ssp.), their biological properties, applications and possible mode of action.
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