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Global Seropositivity of Swine Leptospirosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8030158. [PMID: 36977159 PMCID: PMC10059827 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a major threat to public health worldwide; however, there is no study focused on global seropositivity in pigs. In this study, we grouped publications and performed a systematic review with meta-analysis to gather data related to swine leptospirosis seropositivity published globally. The search method initially used returned a total of 1183 results, of which 20 met all predefined criteria and were therefore included in this review. Meta-analysis with general data was performed and a combined seropositivity of 21.95% was found. Seropositivity was 36.40% in South America, 34.05% in North America, 22.18% in Africa, 17.40% in Oceania, 13.30% in Europe and 13.36% in Asia. The results suggest that there is high seropositivity for leptospirosis in pigs worldwide. Information compiled from this research is relevant to understanding the spread of leptospirosis globally. It is expected that these indicators will contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease with a focus on its control and, consequently, on the reduction of cases in the human and animal population.
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Tokarevich NK, Blinova OV. Leptospirosis in Vietnam. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2022. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-liv-1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis poses a serious public health problem in many countries because about 1 million people suffer annually from this severe, often fatal, infection. At present, its importance has been increasing due to development of integration processes, globalization and intensification of economic activities, inevitable anthropogenic transformation of landscapes as well as rise in number of people with occupational risk of pathogen exposure. The burden of human leptospirosis is expected to rise with demographic shifts and climate change that result in heavy rainfall and flooding. Regarding leptospirosis, Southeast Asia, including Vietnam, is among the most vulnerable global regions. The objective of the review was to analyze available published data on the spread of leptospirosis in Vietnam. More than 100 research articles were analyzed allowing to state that in Vietnam synanthropic rodents (rats), agricultural (buffaloes, cattle, pigs) and domestic animals (cats, dogs) are the main sources of leptospirosis infection in humans. It is essential that rats (cats and dogs also) in Vietnam are used for food. Among all farm animals, pigs are of maximal importance as a source of infection in humans. In Vietnam, Leptospira prevalence in pigs varies widely, up to 73%. It depends significantly on the location, farm size, age and gender of animals, etc. A large variety of Leptospira serovars have been identified in pigs in Vietnam: Tarassovi, Bratislava, Australis, Javanica, Autumnalis, Grippotyphosa, and some others. Official Vietnam reporting of leptospirosis cases based on clinical data does not reflect the real-life incidence rate in humans. However, the available seroprevalence studies reveal that, on average, about 10% of the Vietnamese population are infected with Leptospira. Work in agriculture is the dominant risk factor for acquiring this infection. The highest Leptospira seroprevalence rates were detected in farmers, 63.2%. Serovar diversity is typical for pathogenic Leptospira circulating in Vietnam. In humans, the most frequent are antibodies to Hebdomadis, Wolffi and Icterohaemorrhagiae, but the frequency varied markedly across the country depending on the site, possibly with relation to the environment, as well as with economic activity of the local population. In Vietnam, geographic, climatic and social differences between northern, central and southern regions contribute to the specificity of local leptospirosis epidemiology. This emphasizes the advisability of developing special measures for leptospirosis prevention taking into account regional peculiarities.
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Petri FAM, Sonalio K, de Souza Almeida HM, Mechler-Dreibi ML, Galdeano JVB, Mathias LA, de Oliveira LG. Cross-sectional study of Leptospira spp. in commercial pig farms in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 53:13. [PMID: 33211190 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02457-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an infectious, contagious disease highly important to the world pig industry, which causes reproductive loss in breeding herds. Endemic infections in a herd may produce little evidence of clinical disease despite resulting in economic losses. However, some epidemiological features of leptospirosis in midwestern Brazil, such as risk factors and prevalence of the disease, remain unclear. Therefore, this study focused on assessing the prevalence of the Leptospira spp. in intensive pig herds and associating its risk factors. A set of 900 blood samples, equally distributed between nursery, growing, and finishing pigs of 30 intensive farrow-to-finish farms, were analyzed using the microagglutination test (MAT), in order to detect anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies for 24 different Leptospira spp. serovars. An occurrence of 4.67% (55/342) seropositive samples were detected in fattening pigs. The variables associated with the disease occurrence were animals per square meter at fattening (OR 0.006, CI 95% 0.004-0.42, p = 0.0105) and pen division between growing and fattening pigs (OR 3.56, CI 95% 0.563-22.541, p = 0.185). Thus, the variables semi-hollow floor in the maternity (OR 16.66; CI 95%: 2.17-128.2 and p = 0.006) and animals per trough at fattening (OR: 0.08, CI 95% 0.009-0.87 and p = 0.025), observed in this study, highlight the importance of the fattening phase in the epidemiology of the disease, bringing information on risk factors involved in the occurrence and dissemination of leptospirosis in intensive pig herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Antônio Moreira Petri
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Sonalio
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Meiroz de Souza Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Lopes Mechler-Dreibi
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luís Antônio Mathias
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís Guilherme de Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Scheinpflug K, Schiller S, Jäkel H, Schulze M, Waberski D, Mühldorfer K. Relevance of Leptospira in boar and for the development of alternative antimicrobial concepts in boar semen preservation. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:31. [PMID: 33292631 PMCID: PMC7672976 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of importance to public health and in livestock productions. It causes significant economic losses in pig breeding farms worldwide. However, actual transmission cycles and disease epidemiology in the pig population remain largely unknown. Despite the fact that the potential risk of venereal transmission of pathogenic Leptospira serovars in pigs has been a topic of discussion since the 1970s, reliable data are still lacking compared to other livestock species. Consequently, antibiotics are added to semen extenders to reduce bacterial contamination including pathogens like Leptospira. In view of the global threat of antimicrobial resistances, the routine use of antibiotics in porcine semen extenders is now under debate. Information about the prevalence of Leptospira infections in boar used for artificial insemination is needed for the development of novel antimicrobial concepts in pig insemination. This short report provides a summary of the state of knowledge, together with negative results from real-time PCR analyses for the detection of pathogenic Leptospira DNA in boar semen. Molecular analyses were performed on 96 raw and extended samples obtained from normospermic ejaculates of 58 boar housed in six different studs in Germany. In the absence of reliable data, it is important to raise the awareness for a subject that can represent a challenge for pig productions in keeping reproductive health and food safety at high levels. The present molecular results indicate that Leptospira might not be a common threat in boar semen. Conclusive evidence would require results from a systematic serological surveillance of boar, combined with seasonal molecular analyses of semen to identify potential carriers, and assess actual seroprevalences, associated Leptospira serovars and transmission events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathi Scheinpflug
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, D-10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Schiller
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, D-10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helen Jäkel
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine of the Clinics/Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Schulze
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321, Bernau, Germany
| | - Dagmar Waberski
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine of the Clinics/Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristin Mühldorfer
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, D-10315, Berlin, Germany.
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Lee HS, Thanh TL, Ly NK, Nguyen-Viet H, Thakur KK, Grace D. Seroprevalence of leptospirosis and Japanese encephalitis in swine in ten provinces of Vietnam. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214701. [PMID: 31369564 PMCID: PMC6675114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease with a global distribution, affecting a wide range of mammalian animals and humans. Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus is the major vector-borne zoonotic disease in the Asia-Pacific region. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of serovar-specific Leptospira and JE in swine from 10 provinces in Vietnam. METHODS Samples were initially collected for swine influenza surveillance from March to April 2017 at large-scale farms (with at least 50 sows and/or 250 fattening pigs) with pigs that tested positive for influenza in the previous surveillance period (2015-16). FINDINGS A total of 2,000 sera samples were analyzed from 10 provinces. Overall, the seroprevalence of leptospirosis was 21.05% (95% CI: 19.28-22.90) using a cut-off titer of ≥ 1:100. The apparent prevalence of JE was 73.45% (95% CI: 71.46-75.37) while the true prevalence was slightly higher (74.46%, 95% credible interval: 73.73-86.41). We found a relatively high presence of leptospirosis and JE in pigs kept on large farms. Prevalence was comparable with other studies suggesting opportunistic testing of samples collected for other surveillance purposes can be a valuable tool to better understand and prevent the potential transmission of these zoonotic diseases from pigs to people in Vietnam. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence to veterinarians and animal health professionals for evidence-based practice such as diagnosis, vaccination and zoonotic control. Further investigation into the possible role of different domestic animals, wildlife species or environmental factors is needed to identify the potential risk factors and transmission routes in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - To Long Thanh
- National Center for Veterinary Diagnosis, 15/78 Duong Giai Phong-Phuong Mai Dong Da Hanoi, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Khanh Ly
- National Center for Veterinary Diagnosis, 15/78 Duong Giai Phong-Phuong Mai Dong Da Hanoi, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Krishna K Thakur
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Okello AL, Burniston S, Conlan JV, Inthavong P, Khamlome B, Welburn SC, Gilbert J, Allen J, Blacksell SD. Prevalence of Endemic Pig-Associated Zoonoses in Southeast Asia: A Review of Findings from the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:1059-1066. [PMID: 25802431 PMCID: PMC4426289 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing intensification of pork production in southeast Asia necessitates an urgent requirement to better understand the dual impact of pig-associated zoonotic disease on both pig production and human health in the region. Sharing porous borders with five countries and representing many regional ethnicities and agricultural practices, the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) appears well placed to gauge the levels of pig-associated zoonoses circulating in the wider region. Despite this, little is known about the true impact of zoonotic pathogens such as leptospirosis, Trichinella, hepatitis E virus (HEV), Japanese encephalitis (JE), and Taenia solium on human health and livestock production in the country. A comprehensive review of the published prevalences of these five pig-associated zoonoses in Lao PDR has demonstrated that although suspicion remains high of their existence in pig reservoirs across the country, epidemiological data are scarce; only 31 epidemiological studies have been undertaken on these diseases in the past 25 years. A greater understanding of the zoonoses prevalence and subsequent risks associated with pork production in the southeast Asian region could help focus public health and food safety interventions at key points along the value chain, benefiting both livestock producers and the broader animal and human health systems in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Okello
- School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic; Department of Hygiene and Prevention, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic; International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Burniston S, Okello AL, Khamlome B, Inthavong P, Gilbert J, Blacksell SD, Allen J, Welburn SC. Cultural drivers and health-seeking behaviours that impact on the transmission of pig-associated zoonoses in Lao People's Democratic Republic. Infect Dis Poverty 2015; 4:11. [PMID: 25973203 PMCID: PMC4430026 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-4-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pig rearing is an important income source in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), with many smallholder farmers using traditional free-range pig production systems. Despite the potentially significant health risks posed by pig production regarding pig-associated zoonoses, information on the sociocultural drivers of these zoonoses is significantly lacking. This review summarises the existing sociocultural knowledge on eight pig-associated zoonoses suspected to be endemic in Southeast Asia: brucellosis, Q fever (Coxiella burnetii), trichinellosis, hepatitis E virus, leptospirosis, Japanese encephalitis, Streptococcus suis and Taenia solium taeniasis-cysticercosis. It summarises current knowledge on these diseases grouped according to their clinical manifestations in humans to highlight the propensity for underreporting. A literature search was conducted across multiple databases for publications from 1990 to the present day related to the eight pig-associated zoonoses and the risk and impact connected with them, with Lao PDR as a case study. Many of these pig-associated zoonoses have similar presentations and are often diagnosed as clinical syndromes. Misdiagnosis and underreporting are, therefore, substantial and emphasise the need for more robust diagnostics and appropriate surveillance systems. While some reports exist in other countries in the region, information is significantly lacking in Lao PDR with existing information coming mainly from the capital, Vientiane. The disease burden imposed by these zoonoses is not only characterised by morbidity and mortality, but directly impacts on livelihoods through income reduction and production losses, and indirectly through treatment costs and lost work opportunities. Other factors crucial to understanding and controlling these diseases are the influence of ethnicity and culture on food-consumption practices, pig rearing and slaughter practices, hygiene and sanitation, health-seeking behaviours and, therefore, risk factors for disease transmission. Published information on the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of people regarding pig zoonoses and their risk factors is also extremely limited in Lao PDR and the broader Southeast Asian region. The need for more transdisciplinary research, using a One Health approach, in order to understand the underlining social determinants of health and their impacts on health-seeking behaviours, disease transmission and, ultimately, disease reporting, cannot be more emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Burniston
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary, Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Anna L Okello
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary, Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK ; CSIRO Animal Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), Regional Programme, 5 Portarlington Road, East Geelong, Victoria 3219 Australia
| | - Boualam Khamlome
- Department for Communicable Disease Control (DCDC), Ministry of Health, Thadeua Road, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Phouth Inthavong
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ban Sithan Nua, Luang Prabang Road, Sikhottabong District, Vientiane, 7042 Lao PDR
| | - Jeffrey Gilbert
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Asia Programme, Kabete, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, 30709-00100 Kenya
| | - Stuart D Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithee Road, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand ; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ UK
| | - John Allen
- CSIRO Animal Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), Regional Programme, 5 Portarlington Road, East Geelong, Victoria 3219 Australia
| | - Susan C Welburn
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary, Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
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Naito M, Sakoda Y, Kamikawa T, Nitta Y, Hirose K, Sakashita M, Kurokawa S, Kida H. Serological Evidence of Leptospiral Infection in Pig Populations in Different Districts in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 51:593-9. [PMID: 17579270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Serum samples were collected from 938 pigs of 24 farms in Hokkaido, Kagoshima, and Okinawa prefectures in Japan in 2001-2005. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the detection of antibodies to LipL32 antigen which is common to Leptospira interrogans. Samples positive in ELISA were then investigated by microscopic agglutination test for the identification of causal leptospires. Antibodies specific to leptospires of serovars Copenhageni, Bratislava, Australis and Javanica were detected in serum samples of pigs from each of the three districts. In addition, antibodies to leptospires of serovars Autumnalis and Tarassovi were predominantly detected in those from Kagoshima. The present study, thus, revealed that leptospires belonging to different serovars prevail in the pig population in Japan. In addition, it is the first detection of antibodies to leptospires belonging to serovars Javanica and Tarassovi in pigs in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Naito
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
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Figueiredo Í, Higino S, Alves C, Del Fava C, Carretero M, Azevedo S. Interrelação entre frequência de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp. e exames histopatológicos (hematoxilina-eosina e Warthin-Starry) em suínos abatidos no Semiárido Paraibano. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1808-16572013000100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Este trabalho foi realizado em suínos abatidos no Município de Patos, Estado da Paraíba, Brasil, com o objetivo de determinar a frequência de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp., comparando os achados sorológicos com exames histopatológicos de rim, fígado, ovário e útero. A soroaglutinação microscópica foi realizada em 126 animais. Os exames histopatológicos realizados em cortes de fígado, rim, ovário e útero, corados pela hematoxilina-eosina (HE), foram realizados em 20 animais escolhidos aleatoriamente, sendo 10 do grupo com títulos > 100 e 10 do grupo com títulos < 100. Paralelamente, foi realizada pesquisa direta de leptospiras pela técnica de Warthin-Starry em amostras de rim de todos os animais soropositivos e nos 10 animais soronegativos submetidos à HE. Dos 126 animais examinados, 18 (14,6%) foram soropositivos, com predominância de reações para o sorovar Autumnalis (11 animais; 8,73%). Quatro animais soropositivos e dois animais soronegativos apresentaram infiltrado inflamatório e necrose de graus variados em um dos rins e no fígado. Os ovários e úteros examinados não apresentaram lesões. A pesquisa direta de leptospiras pela técnica de Warthin-Starry não revelou animais positivos em nenhuma amostra testada. Em face da soropositividade encontrada (14,6%), sugere-se a importância da conscientização por parte dos produtores acerca da implantação de medidas de prevenção adequadas com o objetivo de impedir, ou pelo menos diminuir, a disseminação das leptospiras em suínos e, consequentemente, bloquear a possível transmissão do agente para os seres humanos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C.J. Alves
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Brasil
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Jori F, Galvez H, Mendoza P, Cespedes M, Mayor P. Monitoring of leptospirosis seroprevalence in a colony of captive collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) from the Peruvian Amazon. Res Vet Sci 2009; 86:383-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Båverud V, Gunnarsson A, Engvall EO, Franzén P, Egenvall A. Leptospira seroprevalence and associations between seropositivity, clinical disease and host factors in horses. Acta Vet Scand 2009; 51:15. [PMID: 19331656 PMCID: PMC2679755 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-51-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of different serovars of Leptospira spp. and their association with clinical disease and host factors in Swedish horses. Methods Sera from 2017 horses brought to equine clinics during 1997–98 were investigated. The sera were examined by microscopic agglutination test for the presence of antibodies against the following L. interrogans serovars: Bratislava strain Jez, Icterohaemorrhagiae strain Kantorowicz and Pomona strain Pomona and also L. kirschneri sv Grippotyphosa strain Duyster and L. borgpetersenii sv Sejroe strain M 84. Host factors, disease factors, season, pasture access and outdoor confinement variables were analysed with respect to seropositivity to sv Bratislava and Icterohaemorrhagiae. Multivariable logistic regression was used to model seropositivity to sv Bratislava and Icterohaemorrhagiae (seroprevalence > 8%). Results The seroprevalence, at a cut-off 1:100, were for sv Bratislava (16.6%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (8.3%), Sejroe (1.2%), Pomona (0.5%) and Grippotyphosa (0.4%). In the multivariable analysis, it was demonstrated that seroprevalence increased with age for sv Bratislava and Icterohaemorrhagiae. For sv Bratislava the seasons April – June and October – December and for sv Icterohaemorrhagiae October – December had higher seroprevalences than other seasons. Horses not used for racing had higher levels of seropositivity to sv Bratislava. Furthermore, horses with respiratory problems as well as horses with fatigue had higher levels of seropositivity to sv Bratislava. Ponies and coldbloods, and horses with access to pasture, had lower seroprevalence for sv Icterohaemorrhagiae. Healthy horses had lower seroprevalence for sv Icterohaemorrhagiae, than non-healthy horses. Conclusion There was no significant association between clinical signs and disease and positive titres to sv Bratislava (except for the association between respiratory problems and fatigue and seropositivity to sv Bratislava). The results suggest that horses with increasing age and exposed to factors associated with outdoor life had an increased seroprevalence for sv Bratislava, indicating that horses get infected from outdoor and/or are exposed to shedding from other horses (management dependent). For sv Icterohaemorrhagiae, management possibly plays a role as ponies and coldbloods as well as healthy horses had lower seroprevalence. Overall, the age of the horse should be taken into consideration when evaluating the titre as the average healthy horse has a higher titre than a young horse.
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Soto F, Vasconcellos S, Pinheiro S, Bernarsi F, Camargo S. LEPTOSPIROSE SUÍNA. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657v74p3792007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO A leptospirose suína é uma importante causa de prejuízos em rebanhos de reprodução, e ocorre em de todas as partes do mundo. A leptospirose suína pode se apresentar basicamente nas formas aguda e crônica. Na forma aguda, pode ocorrer febre, mastite focal e leptospirúria em animais adultos. Na forma crônica é comum a infertilidade, com a ocorrência de abortamentos, natimortos e nascimento de leitões fracos. Os sorovares Canicola, Pomona e Icterohaemorrhagiae são os mais importantes na epidemiologia da doença. Apesar das várias técnicas disponíveis e as que estão sendo desenvolvidas para o diagnóstico da leptospirose, a soroaglutinação microscópica ainda é a mais praticada, principalmente em suínos, sendo um teste considerado sorogrupo específico e a sua interpretação é complexa. O controle da leptospirose suína é baseado na imunização de suscetíveis, nas ações sobre as fontes de infecção, visando a diminuição da quantidade de leptospiras lançadas no ambiente e na identificação e eliminação dos fatores que ampliam a sobrevivência do agente. As vacinas anti-leptospirose suína são constituídas de bactérias íntegras inativadas polivalentes. Os sorovares comumente presentes são: Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Copenhageni, Pomona, Grippotyphosa e Bratislava. As proteínas, especialmente as de membrana externa e de superfície das leptospiras patogênicas, são antígenos efetivos para a produção de vacinas anti-leptospirose e têm se tornado um dos maiores pontos de interesse para o desenvolvimento de vacinas anti-leptospirose.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.R.M Soto
- Centro de Vigilância Sanitária e Controle de Zoonoses, Brasil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | - F. Bernarsi
- Centro de Vigilância Sanitária e Controle de Zoonoses, Brasil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
| | - S.R. Camargo
- Centro de Vigilância Sanitária e Controle de Zoonoses, Brasil
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