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Vidlund J, Gelalcha BD, Gillespie BE, Agga GE, Schneider L, Swanson SM, Frady KD, Kerro Dego O. Efficacy of novel staphylococcal surface associated protein vaccines against Staphylococcus aureus and non-aureus staphylococcal mastitis in dairy cows. Vaccine 2024; 42:1247-1258. [PMID: 38281900 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland commonly caused by bacteria or fungi. Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterium that causes mastitis in dairy cows. Non-aureus staphylococci are also increasingly reported, with Staphylococcus chromogenes being the most common species. Current staphylococcal mastitis control programs are not fully effective, and treatment with antibiotics is not sustainable. Non-antibiotic sustainable control tools, such as effective vaccines, are critically needed. We previously developed S. aureus surface-associated proteins (SASP) and S. chromogenes surface-associated proteins (SCSP) vaccines that conferred partial protective effects. We hypothesized that vaccination with SASP or SCSP would reduce the incidence of S. aureus mastitis throughout the lactation period. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of SASP and SCSP vaccines against S. aureus and non-aureus staphylococcal mastitis under natural exposure over 300 days of lactation. Pregnant Holstein dairy cows (n = 45) were enrolled and assigned to receive SASP (n = 15) or SCSP (n = 16) vaccines or unvaccinated control (n = 14). Cows were vaccinated with 1.2 mg of SASP or SCSP with Emulsigen-D adjuvant. Control cows were injected with phosphate-buffered saline with Emulsigen-D adjuvant. Three vaccine injections were given subcutaneously at 60, 40, and 20 days before the expected calving. Booster vaccinations were given at 120 and 240 days in milk. Cows were monitored for mastitis at quarter and cow levels, staphylococcal mastitis incidence, changes in serum and milk anti-SASP and anti-SCSP antibody titers, bacterial counts in milk, adverse reactions, milk yield and milk somatic cells count over 300 days of lactation. The SCSP vaccine conferred a significant reduction in the incidence of staphylococcal mastitis. Milk and serum anti-SASP and anti-SCSP antibody titers were increased in the vaccinated cows compared to unvaccinated control cows. Anti-SASP and anti-SCSP antibody titers decreased at about 120 days in milk, indicating the duration of immunity of about four months. In conclusion, the SASP and SCSP vaccines conferred partial protection from natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Vidlund
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; East Tennessee AgResearch and Education Center-Little River Animal and Environmental Unit, University of Tennessee, Walland, TN 37886, USA
| | - Benti D Gelalcha
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Barbara E Gillespie
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Getahun E Agga
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
| | - Liesel Schneider
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Stephanie M Swanson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Kinsley D Frady
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Oudessa Kerro Dego
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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2
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Kour S, Sharma N, N B, Kumar P, Soodan JS, Santos MVD, Son YO. Advances in Diagnostic Approaches and Therapeutic Management in Bovine Mastitis. Vet Sci 2023; 10:449. [PMID: 37505854 PMCID: PMC10384116 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis causes huge economic losses to dairy farmers worldwide, which largely negatively affects the quality and quantity of milk. Mastitis decreases overall milk production, degrades milk quality, increases milk losses because of milk being discarded, and increases overall production costs due to higher treatment and labour costs and premature culling. This review article discusses mastitis with respect to its clinical epidemiology, the pathogens involved, economic losses, and basic and advanced diagnostic tools that have been used in recent times to diagnose mastitis effectively. There is an increasing focus on the application of novel therapeutic approaches as an alternative to conventional antibiotic therapy because of the decreasing effectiveness of antibiotics, emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, issue of antibiotic residues in the food chain, food safety issues, and environmental impacts. This article also discussed nanoparticles'/chitosan's roles in antibiotic-resistant strains and ethno-veterinary practices for mastitis treatment in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savleen Kour
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, India
| | - Neelesh Sharma
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, India
| | - Balaji N
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, India
| | - Pavan Kumar
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
| | - Jasvinder Singh Soodan
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, India
| | - Marcos Veiga Dos Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Young-Ok Son
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690756, Republic of Korea
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3
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Tomanić D, Samardžija M, Kovačević Z. Alternatives to Antimicrobial Treatment in Bovine Mastitis Therapy: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:683. [PMID: 37107045 PMCID: PMC10135164 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite preventive and therapeutic measures, mastitis continues to be the most prevalent health problem in dairy herds. Considering the risks associated with antibiotic therapy, such as compromised effectiveness due to the emergence of resistant bacteria, food safety issues, and environmental impact, an increasing number of scientific studies have referred to the new therapeutic procedures that could serve as alternatives to conventional therapy. Therefore, the aim of this review was to provide insight into the currently available literature data in the investigation of non-antibiotic alternative approaches. In general, a vast number of in vitro and in vivo available data offer the comprehension of novel, effective, and safe agents with the potential to reduce the current use of antibiotics and increase animal productivity and environmental protection. Constant progress in this field could overcome treatment difficulties associated with bovine mastitis and considerable global pressure being applied on reducing antimicrobial therapy in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Tomanić
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marko Samardžija
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zorana Kovačević
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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4
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Campra NA, Reinoso EB, Montironi ID, Moliva MV, Raviolo J, Ruiz Moreno F, Marin C, Camacho NM, Paredes AJ, Morán MC, Estein SM, Maletto BA, Palma SD, Cariddi LN. Spray-drying-microencapsulated Minthostachys verticillata essential oil and limonene as innovative adjuvant strategy to bovine mastitis vaccines. Res Vet Sci 2022; 149:136-150. [PMID: 35792419 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Design of innovative adjuvant strategies with an appropriate safety profile is relevant to developed subunit or inactivated microorganism vaccines for bovine mastitis. Minthostachys verticillata essential oil (EO) has demonstrated ability to stimulate the innate immune response and adjuvant effect similar to Al(OH)3. Here we evaluated the adjuvant effect of EO and its metabolite, limonene (L) alone and microencapsulated by spray-drying, using an inactivated Enterococcus faecium strain bovine-mastitis inducer. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that microencapsulation process did not alter the EO or L chemistry. Microencapsulated EO (McEO) or L (McL) (2.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/ml) decreased the viability of bovine mammary gland epithelial cells in a dose-dependent way. Balb/c mice (n = 32) were subcutaneously inoculated (day 0) and revaccinated (day 14 and 28) with saline solution, inactivated bacteria alone or combined with Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant; EO or L (2.5 mg/ml); McEO or McL (5.0 mg/ml); or microcapsule wall material (Mc) alone (2.5 mg/ml). EO, L, McEO and McL stimulated E. faecium-specific IgG (IgG1 or IgG2a) with opsonizing capacity and increased the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producers of IFN-γ. Microencapsulation was an effective strategy to increase the adjuvant potential of EO or L. These new adjuvants deserve further study to evaluate their incorporation into vaccines for bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Anahí Campra
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Elina Beatriz Reinoso
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ivana Dalila Montironi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Melina Vanesa Moliva
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - José Raviolo
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Federico Ruiz Moreno
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Constanza Marin
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nahuel Matías Camacho
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Javier Paredes
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina; School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - María Celeste Morán
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Marcela Estein
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Belkys Angélica Maletto
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Santiago Daniel Palma
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Noelia Cariddi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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5
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Andretta M, Call DR, Nero LA. Insights into antibiotic use in Brazilian dairy production. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milimani Andretta
- InsPOA—Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Veterinária Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário Viçosa MG 36570‐900 Brazil
| | - Douglas Ruben Call
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health Washington State University 240 SE Ott Road Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Luís Augusto Nero
- InsPOA—Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Veterinária Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário Viçosa MG 36570‐900 Brazil
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6
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Urakawa M, Zhuang T, Sato H, Takanashi S, Yoshimura K, Endo Y, Katsura T, Umino T, Tanaka K, Watanabe H, Kobayashi H, Takada N, Kozutsumi T, Kumagai H, Asano T, Sazawa K, Ashida N, Zhao G, Rose MT, Kitazawa H, Shirakawa H, Watanabe K, Nochi T, Nakamura T, Aso H. Prevention of mastitis in multiparous dairy cows with a previous history of mastitis by oral feeding with probiotic Bacillus subtilis. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13764. [PMID: 36085592 PMCID: PMC9541589 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is a very common inflammatory disease of the mammary gland of dairy cows, resulting in a reduction of milk production and quality. Probiotics may serve as an alternative to antibiotics to prevent mastitis, and the use of probiotics in this way may lessen the risk of antibiotic resistant bacteria developing. We investigated the effect of oral feeding of probiotic Bacillus subtilis (BS) C‐3102 strain on the onset of mastitis in dairy cows with a previous history of mastitis. BS feeding significantly decreased the incidence of mastitis, the average number of medication days and the average number of days when milk was discarded, and maintained the mean SCC in milk at a level substantially lower than the control group. BS feeding was associated with lower levels of cortisol and TBARS and increased the proportion of CD4+ T cells and CD11c+ CD172ahigh dendritic cells in the blood by flow cytometry analysis. Parturition increased the migrating frequency of granulocytes toward a milk chemoattractant cyclophilin A in the control cows, however, this was reduced by BS feeding, possibly indicating a decreased sensitivity of peripheral granulocytes to cyclophilin A. These results reveal that B. subtilis C‐3102 has potential as a probiotic and has preventative capacity against mastitis in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Urakawa
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tao Zhuang
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Sato
- Miyagi Prefectural Livestock Experiment Station, Osaki, Japan
| | - Satoru Takanashi
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kozue Yoshimura
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuma Endo
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Teppei Katsura
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Umino
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Koutaro Tanaka
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Naokazu Takada
- Miyagi Prefectural Livestock Experiment Station, Osaki, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Kumagai
- Miyagi Prefectural Livestock Experiment Station, Osaki, Japan
| | - Takafumi Asano
- Miyagi Prefectural Livestock Experiment Station, Osaki, Japan
| | - Kohko Sazawa
- Miyagi Prefectural Livestock Experiment Station, Osaki, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Ashida
- Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Guoqi Zhao
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Michael T Rose
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kouichi Watanabe
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takehiko Nakamura
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,The Cattle Museum, Maesawa, Oshu, Japan
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7
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An overview on mastitis-associated Escherichia coli: Pathogenicity, host immunity and the use of alternative therapies. Microbiol Res 2021; 256:126960. [PMID: 35021119 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the leading causes of bovine mastitis; it can cause sub-clinical, and clinical mastitis characterized by systemic changes, abnormal appearance of milk, and udder inflammation. E. coli pathogenicity in the bovine udder is due to the interaction between its virulence factors and the host factors; it was also linked to the presence of a new pathotype termed mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC). However, the presence of this pathotype is commonly debated. Its main virulence factor is the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is responsible for causing an endotoxic shock, and inducing a strong immune response by binding to the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and stimulating the expression of chemokines (such as IL-8, and RANTES) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6, and IL-1β). This strong immune response could be used to develop alternative and safe approaches to control E. coli causing bovine mastitis by targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines that can damage the host tissue. The need for alternative treatments against E. coli is due to its ability to resist many conventional antibiotics, which is a huge challenge for curing ill animals. Therefore, the aim of this review was to highlight the pathogenicity of E. coli in the mammary gland, discuss the presence of the new putative pathotype, the mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) pathotype, study the host's immune response, and the alternative treatments that are used against mastitis-associated E. coli.
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8
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Silva AC, Laven R, Benites NR. Risk Factors Associated With Mastitis in Smallholder Dairy Farms in Southeast Brazil. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2089. [PMID: 34359217 PMCID: PMC8300378 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential risk factors for clinical and subclinical mastitis in smallholder dairy farms in Brazil. A prospective, repeated cross-sectional study was carried out between May 2018 and June 2019 on 10 smallholder dairy farms. Potential risk factors for subclinical and clinical mastitis at the herd and cow level were recorded through interviewing the owner and by observation. A combination of clinical udder examination and the Tamis (screened mug with a dark base) test (Tadabras Indústria e Comércio de Produtos Agrovetereinário LTDA, Bragrança Paulista, SP, Brazil) were applied to observe clinical mastitis, and the California Mastitis Test (Tadabras Indústria e Comércio de Produtos Agrovetereinário LTDA, Bragrança Paulista, SP, Brazil) was used to determine subclinical mastitis. A total of 4567 quarters were tested, 107 (2.3%) had clinical mastitis, while 1519 (33.2%) had subclinical mastitis. At the cow level, clinical mastitis risk was highest in mid-lactation (50-150 days in milk) with OR 2.62 with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.03-6.67, while subclinical mastitis was highest in late lactation (> 150 days in milk) with OR 2.74 (95% CI 2.05-3.63) and lower in primiparous (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.41-0.71) than multiparous cows. At the herd level, using dry-cow treatment (OR 4.23, 95% CI 1.42-12.62) was associated with an increased risk of clinical mastitis. Milking clinical (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.24-0.56) and subclinical cases last (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.09-0.47) and cleaning the milking parlor regularly (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.15-0.46) had decreased odds for subclinical mastitis, while herds with optimized feed had greater odds (OR 9.11, 95% CI 2.59-31.9). Prevalence of clinical mastitis was at its lowest at the first visit in June/July and highest at the last visit in April/June (OR 3.81, 95% CI 1.93-7.52). Subclinical mastitis also presented increased odds in the last visit (OR 2.62, 95% CI 2.0-3.36). This study has identified some risk factors for mastitis on smallholder farms but further research on more farms across more areas of Brazil is required to develop a targeted mastitis control program for smallholder farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Callegari Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo CEP 05508-270, Brazil;
| | - Richard Laven
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Nilson Roberti Benites
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo CEP 05508-270, Brazil;
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Rainard P, Gilbert FB, Germon P, Foucras G. Invited review: A critical appraisal of mastitis vaccines for dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10427-10448. [PMID: 34218921 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infections of the mammary gland remain a frequent disease of dairy ruminants that negatively affect animal welfare, milk quality, farmer serenity, and farming profitability and cause an increase in use of antimicrobials. There is a need for efficacious vaccines to alleviate the burden of mastitis in dairy farming, but this need has not been satisfactorily fulfilled despite decades of research. A careful appraisal of past and current research on mastitis vaccines reveals the peculiarities but also the commonalities among mammary gland infections associated with the major mastitis pathogens Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae, or Streptococcus dysgalactiae. A major pitfall is that the immune mechanisms of effective protection have not been fully identified. Until now, vaccine development has been directed toward the generation of antibodies. In this review, we drew up an inventory of the main approaches used to design vaccines that aim at the major pathogens for the mammary gland, and we critically appraised the current and tentative vaccines. In particular, we sought to relate efficacy to vaccine-induced defense mechanisms to shed light on some possible reasons for current vaccine shortcomings. Based on the lessons learned from past attempts and the recent results of current research, the design of effective vaccines may take a new turn in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Rainard
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Tours, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Florence B Gilbert
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Tours, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Pierre Germon
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Tours, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Gilles Foucras
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Toulouse, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, 31076 Toulouse, France
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El-Sayed A, Kamel M. Bovine mastitis prevention and control in the post-antibiotic era. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:236. [PMID: 33788033 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02680-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis is the most important disease in the dairy industry. Antibiotics are considered to be the first choice in the treatment of the disease. However, the problem of antibiotic residue and antimicrobial resistance, in addition to the impact of antibiotic abuse on public health, leads to many restrictions on uncontrolled antibiotic therapy in the dairy sector worldwide. Researchers have investigated novel therapeutic approaches to replace the use of antibiotics in mastitis control. These efforts, supported by the revolutionary development of nanotechnology, stem cell assays, molecular biological tools, and genomics, enabled the development of new approaches for mastitis-treatment and control. The present review discusses recent concepts to control mastitis such as breeding of mastitis-resistant dairy cows, the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools, the application of communication technology as an educational and epidemiological tool, application of modern mastitis vaccines, cow drying protocols, teat disinfection, housing, and nutrition. These include the application of nanotechnology, stem cell technology, photodynamic and laser therapy or the use of traditional herbal medical plants, nutraceuticals, antibacterial peptides, bacteriocins, antibodies therapy, bacteriophages, phage lysins, and probiotics as alternatives to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Sayed
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Kamel
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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