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Weese-Myers ME, Cryan MT, Witt CE, Caldwell KCN, Modi B, Ross AE. Dynamic and Rapid Detection of Guanosine during Ischemia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:1646-1658. [PMID: 37040534 PMCID: PMC10265669 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanosine acts in both neuroprotective and neurosignaling pathways in the central nervous system; in this paper, we present the first fast voltammetric measurements of endogenous guanosine release during pre- and post-ischemic conditions. We discuss the metric of our measurements via analysis of event concentration, duration, and interevent time of rapid guanosine release. We observe changes across all three metrics from our normoxic to ischemic conditions. Pharmacological studies were performed to confirm that guanosine release is a calcium-dependent process and that the signaling observed is purinergic. Finally, we show the validity of our ischemic model via staining and fluorescent imaging. Overall, this paper sets the tone for rapid monitoring of guanosine and provides a platform to investigate the extent to which guanosine accumulates at the site of brain injury, i.e., ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah E. Weese-Myers
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr., 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172
- Co-first author
| | - Michael T. Cryan
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr., 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172
- Co-first author
| | - Colby E. Witt
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr., 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172
| | - Kaejaren C. N. Caldwell
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr., 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172
| | - Bindu Modi
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr., 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172
| | - Ashley E. Ross
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr., 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172
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2
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Almeida F, Marques S, Santos A, Prins C, Cardoso F, Heringer L, Mendonça H, Martinez A. Molecular approaches for spinal cord injury treatment. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:23-30. [PMID: 35799504 PMCID: PMC9241396 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.344830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Injuries to the spinal cord result in permanent disabilities that limit daily life activities. The main reasons for these poor outcomes are the limited regenerative capacity of central neurons and the inhibitory milieu that is established upon traumatic injuries. Despite decades of research, there is still no efficient treatment for spinal cord injury. Many strategies are tested in preclinical studies that focus on ameliorating the functional outcomes after spinal cord injury. Among these, molecular compounds are currently being used for neurological recovery, with promising results. These molecules target the axon collapsed growth cone, the inhibitory microenvironment, the survival of neurons and glial cells, and the re-establishment of lost connections. In this review we focused on molecules that are being used, either in preclinical or clinical studies, to treat spinal cord injuries, such as drugs, growth and neurotrophic factors, enzymes, and purines. The mechanisms of action of these molecules are discussed, considering traumatic spinal cord injury in rodents and humans.
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3
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Wang J, Chen X, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Qian J, Sun N, Ding X, Cui B. Chick early amniotic fluid component improves heart function and protects against inflammation after myocardial infarction in mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1042852. [DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1042852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the major cause of mortality around the world. We recently demonstrated that chick early amniotic fluid (ceAF) can effectively rescue ischemic heart injury, indicating that it has a therapeutic function in MI. However, its functional components and the underlying mechanisms remain to be clarified. Here, we demonstrated that a fraction of ceAF, peak 8 (P8), had a protective effect on acute MI. P8 significantly decreased cardiomyocyte cross-sectional areas and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in MI mice. Using a human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte model, which was subjected to hypoxia and reoxygenation, mimicking MI state, we found that P8 treatment reduced apoptosis and reversed myocardial contractility. Mechanistically, P8 improved cardiac function by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and downregulating inflammatory cytokine expression. Using mass spectrometry, we identified that guanosine and deoxynucleoside were the main functional components of P8 that suppressed the inflammatory response in human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Collectively, our data suggest that specific components from ceAF are promising therapeutic agents for ischemic heart injury and could be a potential supplement to current medications for MI.
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She X, Zhou Y, Liang Z, Wei J, Xie B, Zhang Y, Shen L. Metabolomic Study of a Rat Model of Retinal Detachment. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12111077. [PMID: 36355160 PMCID: PMC9699637 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal detachment is a serious ocular disease leading to photoreceptor degeneration and vision loss. However, the mechanism of photoreceptor degeneration remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the altered metabolism pathway and physiological changes after retinal detachment. Eight-week-old male SD rats were fed, and the model of retinal detachment was established by injecting hyaluronic acid into the retinal space. The rats were euthanized 3 days after RD, and the retinal tissues were sectioned for analysis. Untargeted lipid chromatography-mass spectrometry lipidomic was performed to analyze the metabolite changes. A total of 90 significant metabolites (34 in anionic and 56 in cationic models) were detected after retinal detachment. The main pathways were (1) histidine metabolism; (2) phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis; and (3) glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. The key genes corresponding to each metabolic pathway were verified from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database of human retinal samples. The results indicated that the production of histamine by histidine decarboxylase from histidine reduced after RD (p < 0.05). Xanthine, hypoxanthine, guanine, and guanosine decreased after RD (p < 0.05). Decreased xanthine and hypoxanthine may reduce the antioxidant ability. The decreased guanosine could not provide enough sources for inosine monophosphate production. Tyrosine is an important neurotransmitter and was significantly reduced after RD (p < 0.05). Citrate was significantly reduced with the increase of ATP-citrate lyase enzyme (ACLY) (p < 0.05). We inferred that lipid oxidation might increase rather than lipid biogenesis. Thus, this study highlighted the main changes of metabolite and physiological process after RD. The results may provide important information for photoreceptor degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun She
- School of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Putuo Poeple’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Zhi Liang
- School of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Bintao Xie
- School of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Lijun Shen
- School of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Shangtang Road 158#, Gongshu District, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Correspondence:
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Ashokcoomar S, Reedoy KS, Loots DT, Beukes D, van Reenen M, Pillay B, Pillay M. M. tuberculosis curli pili (MTP) facilitates a reduction of microbicidal activity of infected THP-1 macrophages during early stages of infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 90-91:101907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jang D, Lee E, Lee S, Kwon Y, Kang KS, Kim CE, Kim D. System-level investigation of anti-obesity effects and the potential pathways of Cordyceps militaris in ovariectomized rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:132. [PMID: 35550138 PMCID: PMC9102749 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cordyceps species have been used as tonics to enhance energy, stamina, and libido in traditional Asian medicine for more than 1600 years, indicating their potential for improving reproductive hormone disorders and energy metabolic diseases. Among Cordyceps, Cordyceps militaris has been reported to prevent metabolic syndromes including obesity and benefit the reproductive hormone system, suggesting that Cordyceps militaris can also regulate obesity induced by the menopause. We investigated the effectiveness of Cordyceps militaris extraction (CME) on menopausal obesity and its mechanisms. METHODS We applied an approach combining in vivo, in vitro, and in silico methods. Ovariectomized rats were administrated CME, and their body weight, area of adipocytes, liver and uterus weight, and lipid levels were measured. Next, after the exposure of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells to CME, cell proliferation and the phosphorylation of estrogen receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) were measured. Finally, network pharmacological methods were applied to predict the anti-obesity mechanisms of CME. RESULTS CME prevented overweight, fat accumulation, liver hypertrophy, and lowered triglyceride levels, some of which were improved in a dose-dependent manner. In MCF-7 cell lines, CME showed not only estrogen receptor agonistic activity through an increase in cell proliferation and the phosphorylation of estrogen receptors, but also phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and p38. In the network pharmacological analysis, bioactive compounds of CME such as cordycepin, adenine, and guanosine were predicted to interact with non-overlapping genes. The targeted genes were related to the insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, the MARK signaling pathway, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and the estrogen signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CME has anti-obesity effects in menopause and estrogenic agonistic activity. Compounds in CME have the potential to regulate obesity-related and menopause-related pathways. This study will contribute to developing the understanding of anti-obesity effects and mechanisms of Cordyceps militaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyeop Jang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Korea
| | - Eunjoo Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Korea
| | - Sullim Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Korea
| | - Yongsam Kwon
- Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, Yongin, 17073, Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Korea
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Korea.
| | - Daeyoung Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Korea.
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Regulation of Key Antiplatelet Pathways by Bioactive Compounds with Minimal Bleeding Risk. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212380. [PMID: 34830261 PMCID: PMC8620148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is strongly influenced by platelet activation. Platelet activation and thrombus formation at atherosclerotic plaque rupture sites is a dynamic process regulated by different signaling networks. Therefore, there are now focused efforts to search for novel bioactive compounds which target receptors and pathways in the platelet activation process while preserving normal hemostatic function. The antiplatelet activity of numerous fruits and vegetables and their multiple mechanisms of action have recently been highlighted. In this review, we review the antiplatelet actions of bioactive compounds via key pathways (protein disulfide isomerase, mitogen-activated protein kinases, mitochondrial function, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, Akt, and shear stress-induced platelet aggregation) with no effects on bleeding time. Therefore, targeting these pathways might lead to the development of effective antiplatelet strategies that do not increase the risk of bleeding.
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Wang T, Yang C, Zhang T, Liang H, Ma Y, Wu Z, Sun W. Immune defense, detoxification, and metabolic changes in juvenile Eriocheir sinensis exposed to acute ammonia. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 240:105989. [PMID: 34649196 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia-N accumulation in the rice-crab co-culture system may have negative effects on the health of juvenile Eriocheir sinensis. In this study, physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses were performed to explore the toxic responses in the hepatopancreas of juvenile E. sinensis exposed to 0, 0.75, and 2.99 mmol/L total ammonia-N for 24 h. We observed that the content of most amino acids and glycogen was significantly decreased after ammonia exposure. Acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities showed marginally increased trends after low ammonia exposure. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that immune defense, detoxification, and metabolic pathways were altered. Metabolomic analysis revealed that ammonia exposure affected energy metabolism and nucleotide metabolism. The combination of transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that the tricarboxylic acid cycle and amino acid consumption were enhanced for additional energy supply to cope with ammonia stress. Ammonia stress activated the immune defense system in juvenile E. sinensis. Moreover, the upregulation of detoxification genes and the acceleration of glycogen degradation for glucose supply are important adaptive mechanisms in response to high ammonia stress. Notably, ammonia stress may affect the nervous system of juvenile E. sinensis. Thus, our data provide a better understanding of the defensive mechanisms of E. sinensis against ammonia toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Chen Yang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Hanling Liang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Yichao Ma
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China.
| | - Wentao Sun
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Environmental Resources, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110661, China.
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Luo Y, Chen H, Huang R, Wu Q, Li Y, He Y. Guanosine and uridine alleviate airway inflammation via inhibition of the MAPK and NF-κB signals in OVA-induced asthmatic mice. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2021; 69:102049. [PMID: 34102301 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2021.102049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is one of the most common respiratory diseases. Lack of response or poor adherence to corticosteroids demands the development of new drug candidates for asthma. Endogenous nucleosides could be potential options since uridine has been reported to have an anti-inflammatory effect in asthma model. However, its molecular pathways and whether other nucleosides have similar therapeutic effects remain untouched. Thus, we herein report our investigation into the anti-inflammatory effects of guanosine and uridine, and the related inner signaling pathways in asthma model. Present study shows that administration of guanosine or uridine can reduce lung inflammation in OVA-challenged mice. Total cell counts in BALF, cytokines such as IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, OVA-specific IgE and mRNA level of Cxcl1, Cxlc3, IL-17 and Muc5ac were decreased in asthmatic mice after treatment. Besides, the production of IL-6 in LPS/IFN-γ induced THP-1 cells was also decreased by both nucleosides. In vivo and in vitro expressions of key molecules in the MAPK and NF-κB pathways were reduced after the treatment of both compounds. These findings suggest that guanosine has a similar potential therapeutic value in asthma as uridine and they exert anti-inflammatory effects through suppression of the MAPK and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hai Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ridong Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
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10
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Almeida RF, Nonose Y, Ganzella M, Loureiro SO, Rocha A, Machado DG, Bellaver B, Fontella FU, Leffa DT, Pettenuzzo LF, Venturin GT, Greggio S, da Costa JC, Zimmer ER, Elisabetsky E, Souza DO. Antidepressant-Like Effects of Chronic Guanosine in the Olfactory Bulbectomy Mouse Model. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:701408. [PMID: 34421682 PMCID: PMC8371253 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.701408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) leads to pervasive changes in the health of afflicted patients. Despite advances in the understanding of MDD and its treatment, profound innovation is needed to develop fast-onset antidepressants with higher effectiveness. When acutely administered, the endogenous nucleoside guanosine (GUO) shows fast-onset antidepressant-like effects in several mouse models, including the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) rodent model. OBX is advocated to possess translational value and be suitable to assess the time course of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This study aimed at investigating the long-term behavioral and neurochemical effects of GUO in a mouse model of depression induced by bilateral bulbectomy (OBX). Mice were submitted to OBX and, after 14 days of recovery, received daily (ip) administration of 7.5 mg/kg GUO or 40 mg/kg imipramine (IMI) for 45 days. GUO and IMI reversed the OBX-induced hyperlocomotion and recognition memory impairment, hippocampal BDNF increase, and redox imbalance (ROS, NO, and GSH levels). GUO also mitigated the OBX-induced hippocampal neuroinflammation (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, INF-γ, and IL-10). Brain microPET imaging ([18F]FDG) shows that GUO also prevented the OBX-induced increase in hippocampal FDG metabolism. These results provide additional evidence for GUO antidepressant-like effects, associated with beneficial neurochemical outcomes relevant to counteract depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Farina Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Yasmine Nonose
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ganzella
- Neurobiology Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Samanta Oliveira Loureiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andréia Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniele Guilhermano Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bellaver
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Urruth Fontella
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Douglas T Leffa
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Letícia Ferreira Pettenuzzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gianina Teribele Venturin
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Brain Institute (Brains) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Samuel Greggio
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Brain Institute (Brains) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Brain Institute (Brains) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departament of Pharmacology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Elaine Elisabetsky
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Camargo A, Dalmagro AP, M. Rosa J, B. Zeni AL, P. Kaster M, Tasca CI, S. Rodrigues AL. Subthreshold doses of guanosine plus ketamine elicit antidepressant-like effect in a mouse model of depression induced by corticosterone: Role of GR/NF-κB/IDO-1 signaling. Neurochem Int 2020; 139:104797. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Zhang H, Gong M, Luo X. Methoxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl benzoate inhibits spinal cord injury in the rat model via PPAR-γ/PI3K/p-Akt activation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:714-721. [PMID: 32149473 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is the most commonly seen trauma leading to disability in people worldwide. The purpose of current study was to determine the protective effect of methoxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl benzoate (HMPB) on SCI in rat model. TUNEL staining was used to examine apoptotic changes in spinal cord of SCI rats. The ELISA kits were employed to assess inflammatory processes and oxidative factors in the spinal cord tissues. Behavioral changes in SCI rats were assessed using Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scoring system. Western blotting was used for assessment of proteins. The HMPB treatment of SCI rats reduced apoptotic cell number based on the concentration of dose administered. Treatment of SCI rats with HMPB enhanced BBB score and decreased accumulation of water content in SCI rats significantly. On treatment with HMPB the TNF-α and interleukin-6/1β/18 levels were suppressed in SCI rats. Treatment with HMPB induced excessive release of SOD, CAT, and GSH molecules and decreased overproduction of MDA. The SCI induced upregulation of caspase-3/9 activity was completely alleviated by HMPB at 2 mg/kg dose. The HMPB treatment of SCI rats promoted peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) expression, reduced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 production and increased expression of p-Akt and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (p-PI3K). The study demonstrated that HMPB suppressed apoptosis, raised BBB score and inhibited inflammation in SCI rats. Moreover, activation of PI3K/Akt in the spinal cord tissues of SCI rats was promoted by HMPB. Therefore, HMPB has protective effect on SCI in the rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Spinal surgery, The People's Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming Gong
- Department of Spinal surgery, The People's Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinle Luo
- Department of Spinal surgery, The People's Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, China
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Liu F, Li S, Yu Y, Sun M, Xiang J, Li F. Effects of ammonia stress on the hemocytes of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124759. [PMID: 31518920 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is an important environmental stress factor in aquaculture. Long-term ammonia stress could affect the normal growth, and also increase the risk for the occurrence of various diseases. In order to learn the mechanism that ammonia caused the outbreak of the shrimp disease, transcriptomics and metabolomics approaches were used to analyze the differential expressions of the genes in hemocytes and different metabolites in the serum of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei under ammonia exposure. Transcriptional analysis showed that 17 cell apoptosis related genes, seven phagocytosis related genes, 10 immunity related genes and seven cell cycle and lipid metabolism related genes showed differential expressions after ammonia exposure. Metabolomics analysis on the serum showed that 25 differential metabolites were identified in positive and negative ion patterns. They are involved in purine metabolism, amino acids metabolism and lipid metabolism. Injection of two up-regulated metabolites triethanolamine and oxypurinol to normal shrimp could induce apoptosis in normal shrimp. The total hemocytes counts in shrimp showed a significant decrease and the apoptotic cell ratio increased significantly under ammonia exposure. These results suggested that ammonia exposure increased the apoptosis of hemocytes, which affected the immunity of shrimp, and thus caused susceptibility to pathogenic infection. These data will help us understand the mechanism of ammonia stress leading to the immunity decline of shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Mingzhe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianhai Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Xiao J, Li QY, Tu JP, Chen XL, Chen XH, Liu QY, Liu H, Zhou XY, Zhao YZ, Wang HL. Stress response and tolerance mechanisms of ammonia exposure based on transcriptomics and metabolomics in Litopenaeus vannamei. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 180:491-500. [PMID: 31121556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia, one of the major limiting environment factors in aquaculture, may pose a threat to the shrimp growth, reproduction and survival. In this study, to understand molecular differences of transcriptomic and metabolomic responses and investigate the tolerance mechanisms underlying ammonia stress in Litopenaeus vannamei, ammonia-tolerant family (LV-AT) and ammonia-sensitive family (LV-AS) of these two extreme families were exposed to high-concentration (NH4Cl, 46 mg/L) ammonia for 24 h. The comparative transcriptome analysis between ammonia-treated and control (LV-C) groups revealed involvement of immune defense, cytoskeleton remodeling, antioxidative system and metabolic pathway in ammonia-stress response of L. vannamei. Likewise, metabolomics analysis showed that ammonia exposure could disturb amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and lipid metabolism, with metabolism related-genes changed according to RNA-seq analysis. The comparison of metabolite and transcript profiles between LV-AT and LV-AS indicated that LV-AT used the enhanced glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle strategies for energy supply and ammonia excretion to adapt high-concentration ammonia. Furthermore, some of genes involved in the detoxification and ammonia excretion were highly expressed in LV-AT. We speculate that the higher ability of ammonia excretion and detoxification and the accelerated energy metabolism for energy supplies might be the adaptive strategies for LV-AT relative to LV-AS after ammonia stress. Collectively, the combination of transcriptomics and metabolomics results will greatly contribute to incrementally understand the stress responses on ammonia exposure to L. vannamei and supply molecular level support for evaluating the environmental effects of ammonia on aquatic organisms. The results further constitute new sights on the potential molecular mechanisms of ammonia adaptive strategies in shrimps at the transcriptomics and metabolomics levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qiang-Yong Li
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi, Nanning, 530021, China, PR China
| | - Jia-Peng Tu
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiu-Li Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi, Nanning, 530021, China, PR China
| | - Xiao-Han Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi, Nanning, 530021, China, PR China
| | - Qing-Yun Liu
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi, Nanning, 530021, China, PR China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yun Zhou
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yong-Zhen Zhao
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi, Nanning, 530021, China, PR China.
| | - Huan-Ling Wang
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.
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Preventive effects of guanosine on intestinal inflammation in 2, 4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis in rats. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 27:349-359. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Chen Y, Wang B, Zhao H. Thymoquinone reduces spinal cord injury by inhibiting inflammatory response, oxidative stress and apoptosis via PPAR-γ and PI3K/Akt pathways. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4987-4994. [PMID: 29904397 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study used a mild contusion injury in rat spinal cord to determine that thymoquinone reduces inflammatory response, oxidative stress and apoptosis in a spinal cord injury (SCI) rat model and to demonstrate its possible molecular mechanisms. The rats in the thymoquinone group received 30 mg/kg thymoquinone once daily by intragastric administration from 3 weeks after surgery. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scale and tissue water content detection were used in the present study to analyze the effect of thymoquinone on SCI. The activity of inflammatory response mediators, oxidative stress factors and caspase-3/9 was measured using ELISA kits. Furthermore, western blotting was performed to analyzed the protein expression levels of prostaglandin E2, suppressed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), PI3K and Akt. The results from the study demonstrated that thymoquinone increased Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan score and decreased water content in spinal cord tissue. Treatment with thymoquinone decreased inflammatory response [measured by levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-18], oxidative stress (measured by levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and malondialdehyde) and cell apoptosis (measured by levels of caspase-3 and caspase-9) in SCI rats. Thymoquinone treatment inhibited prostaglandin E2 activity, suppressed COX-2 protein expression and activated PPAR-γ, PI3K and p-Akt protein expression in SCI rats. These data revealed that thymoquinone reduces inflammatory response, oxidative stress and apoptosis via PPAR-γ and PI3K/Akt pathways in an SCI rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinming Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277102, P.R. China
| | - Benlong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277102, P.R. China
| | - Hai Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277102, P.R. China
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Fuentes F, Alarcón M, Badimon L, Fuentes M, Klotz KN, Vilahur G, Kachler S, Padró T, Palomo I, Fuentes E. Guanosine exerts antiplatelet and antithrombotic properties through an adenosine-related cAMP-PKA signaling. Int J Cardiol 2017; 248:294-300. [PMID: 28811090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guanosine is a natural product and an endogenous nucleoside that has shown to increase during myocardial ischemia. Platelets are critically involved in ischemic coronary events. It remains unknown, however, whether guanosine may affect platelet activation and function. We sought to investigate the potential antiplatelet and antithrombotic properties of guanosine and decipher the mechanisms behind. METHODS We firstly assessed the effects of guanosine on platelet activation/aggregation upon stimulation with several platelet agonists including adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen, arachidonic acid (AA), and TRAP-6. Guanosine antithrombotic potential was also evaluated both in vitro (Badimon perfusion chamber) and in vivo (murine model). In addition we assessed any potential effect on bleeding. At a mechanistic level we determined the release of thromboxane B2, intraplatelet cAMP levels, the binding affinity on platelet membrane, and the activation/phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA), phospholipase C (PLC) and PKC. RESULTS Guanosine markedly inhibited platelet activation/aggregation-challenged by ADP and, although to a lesser extent, also reduced platelet aggregation challenged by collagen, AA and TRAP-6. Guanosine significantly reduced thrombus formation both in vitro and in vivo without significantly affects bleeding. Guanosine antiplatelet effects were associated with the activation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, and a reduction in thromboxane B2 levels and PLC and PKC phosphorylation. The platelet aggregation and binding affinity assays revealed that guanosine effects on platelets were mediated by adenosine. CONCLUSION Guanosine effectively reduces ADP-induced platelet aggregation and limits thrombotic risk. These antithrombotic properties are associated with the activation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Fuentes
- Becario Obstetricia y Ginecología, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Marcelo Alarcón
- Platelet Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Gore Maule, R09I2001 Talca, Chile
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Science Institute - ICCC,IIB-Sant Pau, CIBERCV, Barcelona, Spain; Cardiovascular Research Chair, Universidad Autónoma Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Fuentes
- Platelet Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Karl-Norbert Klotz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Science Institute - ICCC,IIB-Sant Pau, CIBERCV, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonja Kachler
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Teresa Padró
- Cardiovascular Science Institute - ICCC,IIB-Sant Pau, CIBERCV, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iván Palomo
- Platelet Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Gore Maule, R09I2001 Talca, Chile.
| | - Eduardo Fuentes
- Platelet Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Gore Maule, R09I2001 Talca, Chile; Núcleo Científico Multidisciplinario, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.
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18
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Dobrachinski F, da Rosa Gerbatin R, Sartori G, Ferreira Marques N, Zemolin AP, Almeida Silva LF, Franco JL, Freire Royes LF, Rechia Fighera M, Antunes Soares FA. Regulation of Mitochondrial Function and Glutamatergic System Are the Target of Guanosine Effect in Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:1318-1328. [PMID: 27931151 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a highly complex multi-factorial disorder. Experimental trauma involves primary and secondary injury cascades that underlie delayed neuronal dysfunction and death. Mitochondrial dysfunction and glutamatergic excitotoxicity are the hallmark mechanisms of damage. Accordingly, a successful pharmacological intervention requires a multi-faceted approach. Guanosine (GUO) is known for its neuromodulator effects in various models of brain pathology, specifically those that involve the glutamatergic system. The aim of the study was to investigate the GUO effects against mitochondrial damage in hippocampus and cortex of rats subjected to TBI, as well as the relationship of this effect with the glutamatergic system. Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to a unilateral moderate fluid percussion brain injury (FPI) and treated 15 min later with GUO (7.5 mg/kg) or vehicle (saline 0.9%). Analyses were performed in hippocampus and cortex 3 h post-trauma and revealed significant mitochondrial dysfunction, characterized by a disrupted membrane potential, unbalanced redox system, decreased mitochondrial viability, and complex I inhibition. Further, disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis and increased mitochondrial swelling was also noted. Our results showed that mitochondrial dysfunction contributed to decreased glutamate uptake and levels of glial glutamate transporters (glutamate transporter 1 and glutamate aspartate transporter), which leads to excitotoxicity. GUO treatment ameliorated mitochondrial damage and glutamatergic dyshomeostasis. Thus, GUO might provide a new efficacious strategy for the treatment acute physiological alterations secondary to TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Dobrachinski
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil .,5 CNC-Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rogério da Rosa Gerbatin
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil .,2 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Gláubia Sartori
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Naiani Ferreira Marques
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Zemolin
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Luiz Fernando Almeida Silva
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Jeferson Luis Franco
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil .,4 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pampa , Campus São Gabriel, São Gabriel, RS, Brasil
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil .,2 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Michele Rechia Fighera
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil .,3 Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Félix Alexandre Antunes Soares
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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Gerbatin RDR, Cassol G, Dobrachinski F, Ferreira APO, Quines CB, Pace IDD, Busanello GL, Gutierres JM, Nogueira CW, Oliveira MS, Soares FA, Morsch VM, Fighera MR, Royes LFF. Guanosine Protects Against Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Functional Impairments and Neuronal Loss by Modulating Excitotoxicity, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Inflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7585-7596. [PMID: 27830534 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0238-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common types of brain injuries that cause death or persistent neurological disturbances in survivors. Most of the promising experimental drugs were not effective in clinical trials; therefore, the development of TBI drugs represents a huge unmet need. Guanosine, an endogenous neuroprotective nucleoside, has not been evaluated in TBI to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effect of guanosine on TBI-induced neurological damage. Our findings showed that a single dose of guanosine (7.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected 40 min after fluid percussion injury (FPI) in rats protected against locomotor and exploratory impairments 8 h after injury. The treatment also protected against neurochemical damage to the ipsilateral cortex, glutamate uptake, Na+/K+-ATPase, glutamine synthetase activity, and alterations in mitochondrial function. The inflammatory response and brain edema were also reduced by this nucleoside. In addition, guanosine protected against neuronal death and caspase 3 activation. Therefore, this study suggests that guanosine plays a neuroprotective role in TBI and can be exploited as a new pharmacological strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério da Rosa Gerbatin
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Cassol
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Dobrachinski
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula O Ferreira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline B Quines
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Iuri D Della Pace
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme L Busanello
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jessié M Gutierres
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina W Nogueira
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauro S Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurotoxicidade e Psicofarmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Félix A Soares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera M Morsch
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Michele R Fighera
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando F Royes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Bettio LEB, Gil-Mohapel J, Rodrigues ALS. Guanosine and its role in neuropathologies. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:411-26. [PMID: 27002712 PMCID: PMC5023624 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanosine is a purine nucleoside thought to have neuroprotective properties. It is released in the brain under physiological conditions and even more during pathological events, reducing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity, as well as exerting trophic effects in neuronal and glial cells. In agreement, guanosine was shown to be protective in several in vitro and/or in vivo experimental models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases including ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, nociception, and depression. The mechanisms underlying the neurobiological properties of guanosine seem to involve the activation of several intracellular signaling pathways and a close interaction with the adenosinergic system, with a consequent stimulation of neuroprotective and regenerative processes in the CNS. Within this context, the present review will provide an overview of the current literature on the effects of guanosine in the CNS. The elucidation of the complex signaling events underlying the biochemical and cellular effects of this nucleoside may further establish guanosine as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of several neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E B Bettio
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- Division of Medical Sciences and UBC Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Division of Medical Sciences and UBC Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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21
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Ali-Sisto T, Tolmunen T, Toffol E, Viinamäki H, Mäntyselkä P, Valkonen-Korhonen M, Honkalampi K, Ruusunen A, Velagapudi V, Lehto SM. Purine metabolism is dysregulated in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 70:25-32. [PMID: 27153521 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purine cycle and altered purinergic signaling have been suggested to play a role in major depressive disorder (MDD). Nevertheless, data on this topic are scarce. Based on previous studies, we hypothesized that compared with non-depressed controls, MDD patients have distinct purine metabolite profiles. METHODS The samples comprised 99 MDD patients and 253 non-depressed controls, aged 20-71 years. Background data were collected with questionnaires. Fasting serum samples were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) to determine seven purine cycle metabolites belonging to the purine cycle. We investigated the levels of these metabolites in three settings: (1) MDD patients vs. non-depressed controls and (2) remitted vs. non-remitted MDD patients, and also (3) within-group changes in metabolite levels during the follow-up period. RESULTS In logistic regression adjusted for age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, physical exercise, glycosylated hemoglobin, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lower levels of inosine (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82-0.97) and guanosine (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.17-0.59), and higher levels of xanthine (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.30-3.75) were associated with MDD vs. the non-depressed group. Levels of several metabolites changed significantly during the follow-up period in the MDD group, but there were no differences between remitted and non-remitted groups. CONCLUSIONS We observed altered purine metabolism in MDD patients compared with non-depressed controls. Furthermore, our observations suggest that circulating xanthine may accumulate in MDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Ali-Sisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tommi Tolmunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029 KYS, Finland
| | - Elena Toffol
- Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland
| | - Heimo Viinamäki
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029 KYS, Finland
| | - Pekka Mäntyselkä
- Primary Health Care Unit, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna Valkonen-Korhonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029 KYS, Finland
| | - Kirsi Honkalampi
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anu Ruusunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029 KYS, Finland
| | - Vidya Velagapudi
- Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland; FIMM, P.O. Box 20, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soili M Lehto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029 KYS, Finland
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22
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Di Liberto V, Mudò G, Garozzo R, Frinchi M, Fernandez-Dueñas V, Di Iorio P, Ciccarelli R, Caciagli F, Condorelli DF, Ciruela F, Belluardo N. The Guanine-Based Purinergic System: The Tale of An Orphan Neuromodulation. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:158. [PMID: 27378923 PMCID: PMC4911385 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanine-based purines (GBPs) have been recently proposed to be not only metabolic agents but also extracellular signaling molecules that regulate important functions in the central nervous system. In such way, GBPs-mediated neuroprotection, behavioral responses and neuronal plasticity have been broadly described in the literature. However, while a number of these functions (i.e., GBPs neurothophic effects) have been well-established, the molecular mechanisms behind these GBPs-dependent effects are still unknown. Furthermore, no plasma membrane receptors for GBPs have been described so far, thus GBPs are still considered orphan neuromodulators. Interestingly, an intricate and controversial functional interplay between GBPs effects and adenosine receptors activity has been recently described, thus triggering the hypothesis that GBPs mechanism of action might somehow involve adenosine receptors. Here, we review recent data describing the GBPs role in the brain. We focus on the involvement of GBPs regulating neuronal plasticity, and on the new hypothesis based on putative GBPs receptors. Overall, we expect to shed some light on the GBPs world since although these molecules might represent excellent candidates for certain neurological diseases management, the lack of putative GBPs receptors precludes any high throughput screening intent for the search of effective GBPs-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Liberto
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta Garozzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Unit of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Monica Frinchi
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Víctor Fernandez-Dueñas
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotecnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy
| | - Renata Ciccarelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotecnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Caciagli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotecnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy
| | - Daniele F Condorelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Unit of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natale Belluardo
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
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23
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Zhu Z, Ding L, Qiu WF, Wu HF, Li R. Salvianolic acid B protects the myelin sheath around injured spinal cord axons. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:487-92. [PMID: 27127491 PMCID: PMC4829017 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.179068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvianolic acid B, an active pharmaceutical compound present in Salvia miltiorrhiza, exerts a neuroprotective effect in animal models of brain and spinal cord injury. Salvianolic acid B can promote recovery of neurological function; however, its protective effect on the myelin sheath after spinal cord injury remains poorly understood. Thus, in this study, in vitro tests showed that salvianolic acid B contributed to oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation, and the most effective dose was 20 μg/mL. For in vivo investigation, rats with spinal cord injury were intraperitoneally injected with 20 mg/kg salvianolic acid B for 8 weeks. The amount of myelin sheath and the number of regenerating axons increased, neurological function recovered, and caspase-3 expression was decreased in the spinal cord of salvianolic acid B-treated animals compared with untreated control rats. These results indicate that salvianolic acid B can protect axons and the myelin sheath, and can promote the recovery of neurological function. Its mechanism of action is likely to be associated with inhibiting apoptosis and promoting the differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhu
- Hand & Foot Surgery and Reparative & Reconstruction Surgery Center, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lu Ding
- Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen-Feng Qiu
- Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hong-Fu Wu
- Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rui Li
- Hand & Foot Surgery and Reparative & Reconstruction Surgery Center, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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24
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Bettio LEB, Neis VB, Pazini FL, Brocardo PS, Patten AR, Gil-Mohapel J, Christie BR, Rodrigues ALS. The antidepressant-like effect of chronic guanosine treatment is associated with increased hippocampal neuronal differentiation. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:1006-15. [PMID: 26779605 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Guanosine is a purine nucleoside that occurs naturally in the central nervous system, exerting trophic effects. Given its neuroprotective properties, the potential of guanosine as an antidepressant has been recently examined. Within this context, the present study sought to investigate the effects of chronic treatment with guanosine on the tail suspension test (TST), open field test and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Swiss mice were administered guanosine for 21 days (5 mg/kg/day, p.o.) and subsequently submitted to the TST and open-field test. Following behavioural testing, animals were killed and the brains were processed for immunohistochemical analyses of hippocampal cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Animals treated with guanosine showed a reduction in immobility time in the TST without alterations in locomotor activity, confirming the antidepressant-like effect of this compound. Quantitative microscopic analysis did not reveal significant alterations in the numbers of Ki-67- and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of guanosine-treated mice. However, guanosine treatment resulted in a significant increase in the number of immature neurons, as assessed by immunohistochemistry for the neurogenic differentiation protein. Interestingly, this effect was localized to the ventral hippocampal DG, a functionally distinct region of this structure known to regulate emotional and motivational behaviours. Taken together, our results suggest that the antidepressant-like effect of chronic guanosine treatment is associated with an increase in neuronal differentiation, reinforcing the notion that this nucleoside may be an endogenous mood modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E B Bettio
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil.,Division of Medical Sciences and UBC Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Vivian B Neis
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
| | - Francis L Pazini
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
| | - Patricia S Brocardo
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
| | - Anna R Patten
- Division of Medical Sciences and UBC Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Division of Medical Sciences and UBC Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Brian R Christie
- Division of Medical Sciences and UBC Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
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25
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de Oliveira ED, Schallenberger C, Böhmer AE, Hansel G, Fagundes AC, Milman M, Silva MDP, Oses JP, Porciúncula LO, Portela LV, Elisabetsky E, Souza DO, Schmidt AP. Mechanisms involved in the antinociception induced by spinal administration of inosine or guanine in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 772:71-82. [PMID: 26712379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that adenine-based purines exert multiple effects on pain transmission. Recently, we have demonstrated that guanine-based purines may produce some antinociceptive effects against chemical and thermal pain in mice. The present study was designed to investigate the antinociceptive effects of intrathecal (i.t.) administration of inosine or guanine in mice. Additionally, investigation into the mechanisms of action of these purines, their general toxicity and measurements of CSF purine levels were performed. Animals received an i.t. injection of vehicle (30mN NaOH), inosine or guanine (up to 600nmol) and submitted to several pain models and behavioural paradigms. Guanine and inosine produced dose-dependent antinociceptive effects in the tail-flick, hot-plate, intraplantar (i.pl.) glutamate, i.pl. capsaicin and acetic acid pain models. Additionally, i.t. inosine inhibited the biting behaviour induced by spinal injection of capsaicin and i.t. guanine reduced the biting behaviour induced by spinal injection of glutamate or AMPA. Intrathecal administration of inosine (200nmol) induced an approximately 115-fold increase on CSF inosine levels. This study provides new evidence on the mechanism of action of extracellular guanine and inosine presenting antinociceptive effects following spinal administration. These effects seem to be related, at least partially, to the modulation of A1 adenosine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enderson D de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristhine Schallenberger
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa Böhmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele Hansel
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aécio C Fagundes
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Michael Milman
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcos D P Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean P Oses
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Centro de Ciências da Vida e da Saúde e Hospital Universitário São Francisco de Paula, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisiane O Porciúncula
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luís V Portela
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Elaine Elisabetsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André P Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Surgery, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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26
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Guanosine inhibits LPS-induced pro-inflammatory response and oxidative stress in hippocampal astrocytes through the heme oxygenase-1 pathway. Purinergic Signal 2015; 11:571-80. [PMID: 26431832 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanosine, a guanine-based purine, is an extracellular signaling molecule that is released from astrocytes and has been shown to promote central nervous system defenses in several in vivo and in vitro injury models. Our group recently demonstrated that guanosine exhibits glioprotective effects in the C6 astroglial cell line by associating the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway with protection against azide-induced oxidative stress. Astrocyte overactivation contributes to the triggering of brain inflammation, a condition that is closely related to the development of many neurological disorders. These cells sense and amplify inflammatory signals from microglia and/or initiate the release of inflammatory mediators that are strictly related to transcriptional factors, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), that are modulated by HO-1. Astrocytes also express toll-like receptors (TLRs); TLRs specifically recognize lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which has been widely used to experimentally study inflammatory response. This study was designed to understand the glioprotective mechanism of guanosine against the inflammatory and oxidative damage induced by LPS exposure in primary cultures of hippocampal astrocytes. Treatment of astrocytes with LPS resulted in deleterious effects, including the augmentation of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, NFκB activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased levels of oxygen/nitrogen species, and decreased levels of antioxidative defenses. Guanosine was able to prevent these effects, protecting the hippocampal astrocytes against LPS-induced cytotoxicity through activation of the HO-1 pathway. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory effects of guanosine were independent of the adenosinergic system. These results highlight the potential role of guanosine against neuroinflammatory-related diseases.
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27
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Borba Filho GL, Zenki KC, Kalinine E, Baggio S, Pettenuzzo L, Zimmer ER, Weis SN, Calcagnotto ME, Onofre de Souza D. A new device for step-down inhibitory avoidance task--effects of low and high frequency in a novel device for passive inhibitory avoidance task that avoids bioimpedance variations. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116000. [PMID: 25706879 PMCID: PMC4338061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Step-down inhibitory avoidance task has been widely used to evaluate aversive memory, but crucial parameters inherent to traditional devices that may influence the behavior analysis (as stimulus frequency, animal’s bioimpedance) are frequently neglected. New Method We developed a new device for step-down inhibitory avoidance task by modifying the shape and distribution of the stainless steel bars in the box floor where the stimuli are applied. The bars are 2mm wide, with rectangular shape, arranged in pairs at intervals of 1cm from the next pairs. Each pair makes an electrical dipole where the polarity inverts after each pulse. This device also presents a component that acquires and records the exact current received by the animal foot and precisely controls the frequency of stimulus applied during the entire experiment. Result Different from conventional devices, this new apparatus increases the contact surface with bars and animal´s paws, allowing the electric current pass through the animal´s paws only, drastically reducing the influence of animal’s bioimpedance. The analysis of recorded data showed that the current received by the animal was practically the same as applied, independent of the animal´s body composition. Importantly, the aversive memory was observed at specific stimuli intensity and frequency (0.35 or 0.5 mA at 62 and 125Hz but not at 0.20 mA or 20 Hz). Moreover, with this device it was possible to observe the well-known step-down inhibitory avoidance task memory impairment induced by guanosine. Conclusion This new device offers a substantial improvement for behavioral analysis in step-down inhibitory avoidance task and allows us to precisely compare data from different animals with distinct body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilvan Luiz Borba Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação em Ciências, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Kamila Cagliari Zenki
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Eduardo Kalinine
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas—Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brasil
| | - Suelen Baggio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Letícia Pettenuzzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Eduardo Rigon Zimmer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Simone Nardin Weis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Diogo Onofre de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação em Ciências, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS—Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
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28
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Hansebout CR, Su C, Reddy K, Zhang D, Jiang C, Rathbone MP, Jiang S. Enteric glia mediate neuronal outgrowth through release of neurotrophic factors. Neural Regen Res 2014; 7:2165-75. [PMID: 25538736 PMCID: PMC4268714 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.028.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that transplanted enteric glia enhance axonal regeneration, reduce tissue damage, and promote functional recovery following spinal cord injury. However, the mechanisms by which enteric glia mediate these beneficial effects are unknown. Neurotrophic factors can promote neuronal differentiation, survival and neurite extension. We hypothesized that enteric glia may exert their protective effects against spinal cord injury partially through the secretion of neurotrophic factors. In the present study, we demonstrated that primary enteric glia cells release nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor over time with their concentrations reaching approximately 250, 100 and 50 pg/mL of culture medium respectively after 48 hours. The biological relevance of this secretion was assessed by incubating dissociated dorsal root ganglion neuronal cultures in enteric glia-conditioned medium with and/or without neutralizing antibodies to each of these proteins and evaluating the differences in neurite growth. We discovered that conditioned medium enhances neurite outgrowth in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Even though there was no detectable amount of neurotrophin-3 secretion using ELISA analysis, the neurite outgrowth effect can be attenuated by the antibody-mediated neutralization of each of the aforementioned neurotrophic factors. Therefore, enteric glia secrete nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 into their surrounding environment in concentrations that can cause a biological effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Hansebout
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery, Neuroscience and Neurobiology), McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada ; Hamilton NeuroRestorative Group (NRG), McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Caixin Su
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery, Neuroscience and Neurobiology), McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada ; Hamilton NeuroRestorative Group (NRG), McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Kiran Reddy
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery, Neuroscience and Neurobiology), McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada ; Hamilton NeuroRestorative Group (NRG), McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Donald Zhang
- Hamilton NeuroRestorative Group (NRG), McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada ; Cleveland Clinic Spine Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Cai Jiang
- Hamilton NeuroRestorative Group (NRG), McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada ; Department of Medicine (Neurology, Neurobiochemistry), McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Michel P Rathbone
- Hamilton NeuroRestorative Group (NRG), McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada ; Department of Medicine (Neurology, Neurobiochemistry), McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Shucui Jiang
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery, Neuroscience and Neurobiology), McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada ; Hamilton NeuroRestorative Group (NRG), McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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29
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Long Y, Liang F, Gao C, Li Z, Yang J. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy reduces apoptosis after spinal cord injury in rats. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7:4073-4081. [PMID: 25550916 PMCID: PMC4276174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) protects brain tissue from inflammatory injury by suppressing mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. However, its neuroprotective mechanism via anti-apoptosis in spinal cord injury (SCI) is still unclear. In our study, Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operated (SH), SCI model, and SCI + HBOT. Rats in each group were randomly divided into four sub-groups in a time-dependent manner (1 day, 3 days, 7 days and 14 days after surgery). Expression of adaptor molecule apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) and caspase-3 was evaluated at the indicated time after injury. Our data showed that HBOT downregulated expression of ASC in SCI rats at the mRNA and protein levels. HBOT mitigated caspase-3 release in injured spinal cord tissue. We conclude that HBOT prevents inflammation apoptosis after SCI, likely through suppression of ASC and caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Long
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Shenzhen People’s HospitalShenzhen 518020, China
| | - Fang Liang
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100020, China
| | - Chunjin Gao
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100020, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100020, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100020, China
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30
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Mekhail M, Almazan G, Tabrizian M. Purine-crosslinked injectable chitosan sponges promote oligodendrocyte progenitor cells' attachment and differentiation. Biomater Sci 2014. [PMID: 26218118 DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00215f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells (OPCs) reside in the central nervous system (CNS) and are responsible for remyelinating axons after a spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the remyelination process is incomplete and abnormal due to the inability of OPCs to fully differentiate at the site of injury. In this study a newly developed injectable chitosan sponge crosslinked using guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) was used to enhance OPC survival, attachment and differentiation. This purine-based biomaterial is the first of its kind and its inception was based on the growing body of literature concerning the role of purinergic signalling in the CNS. GDP-crosslinked chitosan sponges are rapidly-gelling and can be easily administered in situ using an injection system based on a double-lumen design. The chitosan sponges prompted OPC differentiation even in the presence of mitogens. Moreover, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) was successfully entrapped in the sponges and a sustained release for up to 30 days was achieved. OPCs were shown to differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes that express myelin basic protein (MBP) when cultured on sponges containing NT-3. These findings, along with the suitable physicochemical and biological properties, make these sponges conducive to use as viable therapeutic agents for enhancing remyelination post-SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mekhail
- Biomedical Engineering, Duff Medical Building, Room 313, H3A2B4, Montreal, Canada.
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31
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Wei HY, Ma X. Tamoxifen reduces infiltration of inflammatory cells, apoptosis and inhibits IKK/NF-kB pathway after spinal cord injury in rats. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1763-8. [PMID: 24873902 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, neuroprotective effect of tamoxifen has been explored in spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats by examining factors influencing IKK/NF-kB pathway in SCI in rats. It has been shown in several studies that IKK/NF-kB signaling pathway plays a key role in pathophysiology of SCI. In this study, three groups of rats (n = 17 each) were selected that included, tamoxifen group (here tamoxifen was injected after SCI in rats), SCI group (here only dimethylsulfoxide was administered after inducing SCI in rats) and sham group (here only laminectomy was performed). The effect of tamoxifen (5 mg/kg) on various factors responsible for activation of IKK/NF-kB signaling pathway including NF-kB p65, phosphorylated I-kBα was studied through Western blotting as well as densitometry. The examination of expression of active caspase-3 and myeloperoxidase activity was also carried out through Western blot analysis and densitometry. A comparison of three groups of rats showed that administration of tamoxifen significantly reduced the expression of NF-kB p65 and phosphorylated I-kBα (P < 0.05) compared to control. It also attenuated the expression of active caspase-3 resulting in the reduction of apoptosis, and infiltration of leukocytes to the injury site was also greatly reduced in the group where tamoxifen was administered. Statistical analysis through SPSS 13.0 software showed a significant decrease in the expression of inflammatory factors in groups where tamoxifen was administered. We conclude that tamoxifen possesses the potential neuroprotective effects that can be explored further for future therapeutic techniques in treating spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Wei
- Department of Spinal Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
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Çevik Ö, Erşahin M, Şener TE, Tinay İ, Tarcan T, Çetinel Ş, Şener A, Toklu HZ, Şener G. Beneficial effects of quercetin on rat urinary bladder after spinal cord injury. J Surg Res 2013; 183:695-703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Butein inhibits NF-κB activation and reduces infiltration of inflammatory cells and apoptosis after spinal cord injury in rats. Neurosci Lett 2013; 542:87-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Song Y, Zeng Z, Jin C, Zhang J, Ding B, Zhang F. Protective effect of ginkgolide B against acute spinal cord injury in rats and its correlation with the Jak/STAT signaling pathway. Neurochem Res 2012; 38:610-9. [PMID: 23274522 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0959-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the correlation between ginkgolide B (GB) and the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and to explore its regulating effect on secondary cell apoptosis following spinal cord injury (SCI), to elucidate the protective mechanism GB against acute SCI. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a sham-operated group, an SCI group, an SCI + GB group, an SCI + methylprednisolone (MP) group, and an SCI + specific JAK inhibitor AG490 group. A rat model of acute SCI was established using the modified Allen's method. At 4 h, 12 h, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days and 14 days after injury, injured T10 spinal cord specimens were harvested. GB significantly increased inclined plane test scores and Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scale scores in SCI rats from postoperative day 3 to day 14. The effect was equal to that of the positive control drug, MP. Western blot analysis showed that JAK(2) was significantly phosphorylated from 4 h after SCI, peaked at 12 h and gradually decreased thereafter, accompanied by phosphorylation of STAT(3) with a similar time course. GB was shown to significantly inhibit the phosphorylation of JAK(2) and STAT(3) in rats with SCI. It significantly increased the ratio of B cell CLL/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) protein expression at 24 h, led to an obvious down-regulation of caspase-3 gene and protein expression at 3 days, and significantly decreased the cell apoptosis index at each time point after SCI. This effect was similar to that obtained with the JAK-specific inhibitor, AG490. Our experimental findings indicated that GB can protect rats against acute SCI, and that its underlying mechanism may be related to the inhibition of JAK/STAT signaling pathway activation, improvement of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, decreased caspase-3 gene and protein expression and further inhibition of secondary cell apoptosis following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital of Zhejiang General Corps of Armed Police Forces, Jiaxing, 314000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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Connell BJ, Di Iorio P, Sayeed I, Ballerini P, Saleh MC, Giuliani P, Saleh TM, Rathbone MP, Su C, Jiang S. Guanosine protects against reperfusion injury in rat brains after ischemic stroke. J Neurosci Res 2012; 91:262-72. [PMID: 23151946 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
After ischemic stroke, early thrombolytic therapy to reestablish tissue perfusion improves outcome but triggers a cascade of deleterious cellular and molecular events. Using a collaborative approach, our groups examined the effects of guanosine (Guo) in response to ischemic reperfusion injury in vitro and in vivo. In a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats, Guo significantly reduced infarct volume in a dose-dependent manner when given systemically either immediately before or 30 min, but not 60 min, after the onset of the 5.5-hr reperfusion period. In a separate experiment, Guo significantly reduced infarct volume after 24 hr of reperfusion when administered 5 min before reperfusion. Western blot analysis did not reveal any significant changes either in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins (GRP 78 and 94) or HSP 70 or in levels of m-calpain. In vitro oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) significantly increased production of both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the primary astrocytes. Guo did not alter ROS or IL-8 production when given to the astrocytes before OGD. However, Guo when added to the cells prior to or 30 min after reperfusion significantly reduced IL-8 release but not ROS formation. Our study revealed a dose- and time-dependent protective effect of Guo on reperfusion injury in vitro and vivo. The mechanisms by which Guo exerts its effect are independent of unfolded proteins in ER or the level of intracellular calcium or ROS formation. However, the effect may be induced, at least partially, by inhibiting IL-8, a marker of reperfusion-triggered proinflammatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Connell
- Department of Biomedical Science, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Petronilho F, Périco SR, Vuolo F, Mina F, Constantino L, Comim CM, Quevedo J, Souza DO, Dal-Pizzol F. Protective effects of guanosine against sepsis-induced damage in rat brain and cognitive impairment. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:904-10. [PMID: 22497789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of cognitive impairment in sepsis is associated with neurotoxic effects caused by oxidative stress. We have assessed the effects of acute and extended administration of guanosine (GUA) on brain oxidative stress parameters and cognitive impairment in rats submitted to sepsis by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). To achieve this goal, male Wistar rats underwent either sham operation or CLP with GUA. Rats subjected to CLP were treated with intraperitoneal injection of GUA (8 mg/kg after CLP) or vehicle. Twelve and 24 h after CLP, the rats were sacrificed, and samples from brain (hippocampus, striatum, cerebellum, prefrontal cortex and cortex) were obtained and assayed for thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) formation and protein carbonyls. On the 10th day, another group of rats was submitted to the behavioral tasks. GUA administration reduced TBARS and carbonyl levels in some brain regions between 12 and 24 h after CLP, and ameliorated cognitive impairment evaluated 10 days after CLP. Our data provide the first experimental demonstration that GUA was able to reduce the consequences of CLP-induced sepsis in rats, by decreasing oxidative stress parameters in the brain and recovering the memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental e Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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Thauerer B, Zur Nedden S, Baier-Bitterlich G. Purine nucleosides: endogenous neuroprotectants in hypoxic brain. J Neurochem 2012; 121:329-42. [PMID: 22335456 PMCID: PMC3499684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Even a short blockade of oxygen flow in brain may lead to the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation and depletion of cellular ATP, which results in profound deficiencies in cellular function. Following ischemia, dying, injured, and hypoxic cells release soluble purine-nucleotide and -nucleoside pools. Growing evidence suggests that purine nucleosides might act as trophic factors in the CNS and PNS. In addition to equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) regulating purine nucleoside concentrations intra- and extracellularly, specific extracellular receptor subtypes for these compounds are expressed on neurons, glia, and endothelial cells, mediating stunningly diverse effects. Such effects range from induction of cell differentiation, apoptosis, mitogenesis, and morphogenetic changes, to stimulation of synthesis and/or release of cytokines and neurotrophic factors under both physiological and pathological conditions. Multiple signaling pathways regulate the critical balance between cell death and survival in hypoxia-ischemia. A convergent pathway for the regulation of multiple modalities involved in O₂ sensing is the mitogen activated protein kinase (p42/44 MAPK) or (ERK1/2 extracellular signal-regulated kinases) pathway terminating in a variety of transcription factors, for example, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. In this review, the coherence of purine nucleoside-related pathways and MAPK activation in the endogenous neuroprotective regulation of the nervous system's development and neuroplasticity under hypoxic stress will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Thauerer
- Division of Neurobiochemistry, Biocenter Department, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Han X, Lu M, Wang S, Lv D, Liu H. Targeting IKK/NF-κB pathway reduces infiltration of inflammatory cells and apoptosis after spinal cord injury in rats. Neurosci Lett 2012; 511:28-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Mekhail M, Almazan G, Tabrizian M. Oligodendrocyte-protection and remyelination post-spinal cord injuries: a review. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 96:322-39. [PMID: 22307058 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the past four decades, the main focus of investigators in the field of spinal cord regeneration has been to devise therapeutic measures that enhance neural regeneration. More recently, emphasis has been placed on enhancing remyelination and providing oligodendrocyte-protection after a spinal cord injury (SCI). Demyelination post-SCI is part of the cascading secondary injury that takes place immediately after the primary insult; therefore, therapeutic measures are needed to reduce oligodendrocyte death and/or enhance remyelination during the acute stage, preserving neurological functions that would be lost otherwise. In this review a thorough investigation of the oligodendrocyte-protective and remyelinative molecular therapies available to date is provided. The advent of new biomaterials shown to promote remyelination post-SCI is discussed mainly in the context of a combinatorial approach where the biomaterial also provides drug delivery capabilities. The aim of these molecular and biomaterial-based therapies is twofold: (1) oligodendrocyte-protective therapy, which involves protecting already existing oligodendrocytes from undergoing apoptosis/necrosis; and (2) inductive remyelination, which involves harnessing the remyelinative capabilities of endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) at the lesion site by providing a suitable environment for their migration, survival, proliferation and differentiation. From the evidence reported in the literature, we conclude that the use of a combinatorial approach including biomaterials and molecular therapies would provide advantages such as: (1) sustained release of the therapeutic molecule, (2) local delivery at the lesion site, and (3) an environment at the site of injury that promotes OPC migration, differentiation and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mekhail
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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40
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Rathbone MP, Saleh TM, Connell BJ, Chang R, Su C, Worley B, Kim M, Jiang S. Systemic administration of guanosine promotes functional and histological improvement following an ischemic stroke in rats. Brain Res 2011; 1407:79-89. [PMID: 21774919 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Previously we have found that extracellular guanosine (Guo) has neuroprotective properties in in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, extracellular Guo significantly increased in the ipsilateral hemisphere within 2h following focal stroke in rats, and remained elevated for one week. Therefore, we hypothesized that Guo could be a potential candidate for a non-toxic neuroprotective agent. In the present study, we examined the effects of Guo on rats following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We also determined whether Guo can precondition neurons by modulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins. As most therapies employ a combination treatment regimen, we optimized the neuroprotection by combining pre- and post-MCAO treatments with Guo, attempting to reduce both ischemic cell death and improve functional recovery. A combination of 4mg/kg Guo given 30min pre-stroke and 8mg/kg Guo given 3, 24 and 48h post-stroke exerted the most significant decrease in infarct volume and sustainable improvement in neurological function. Moreover, these effects are not attributable to Guo metabolites. Measurements taken 6h post-MCAO from animals pre-treated with Guo did not reveal any significant changes in ER stress proteins (GRP 78 and 94) or HSP 70, but did reveal significantly increased levels of m-calpain. Thus, our data indicate that there is a treatment regimen for Guo as a neuroprotectant following ischemic stroke. The mechanism by which Guo confers neuroprotection may involve an increase in m-calpain, possibly resulting from a mild increase in intracellular calcium. M-calpain may be involved in the preconditioning response to ischemia by upregulating endogenous pro-survival mechanisms in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel P Rathbone
- Department of Medicine (Neurology, Neurobiochemistry), Health Sciences Centre, Room 4E15, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
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Lv H, Liu L, Palacios G, Chen X. Metabolomic analysis characterizes tissue specific indomethacin-induced metabolic perturbations of rats. Analyst 2011; 136:2260-9. [PMID: 21483902 DOI: 10.1039/c1an15126f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the promising metabolomic approach integrating with ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was applied to characterize the tissue specific metabolic perturbation of rats that was induced by indomethacin. The selective pattern recognition analyses were applied to analyze global metabolic profiling of urine of rats treated by indomethacin at an acute dosage of reference that has been proven to induce tissue disorders in rats, evaluated throughout the time-course of -24-72 h. The results preliminarily revealed that modifications of amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and energetically associated metabolic pathways accounted for metabolic perturbation of the rats that was induced by indomethacin. Furthermore, IPA was applied to deeply analyze the biomarkers and their relations with the metabolic perturbations evidenced by pattern recognition analyses. Specific biochemical functions affected by indomethacin suggested that there is an important correlation of its effects in kidney and liver metabolism, based on the determined metabolites and their pathway-based analysis. The IPA correlation of the three major biomarkers, identified as creatinine, prostaglandin E2 and guanosine, suggested that the administration of indomethacin induced certain levels of toxicity in the kidneys and liver. The changes in the levels of biomarker metabolites allowed the phenotypical determination of the metabolic perturbations induced by indomethacin in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Lv
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Price Center Room 368, New York, New York 10461, USA.
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Oses JP, Batassini C, Pochmann D, Böhmer AE, Vuaden FC, Silvestrin RB, Oliveira A, Bonan CD, Bogo MR, Souza DO, Portela LVC, Sarkis JJDF, Mello e Souza T. The hydrolysis of striatal adenine- and guanine-based purines in a 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res 2010; 36:215-22. [PMID: 21046237 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a progressive neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra and a striatal dopamine decrease. Striatal extracellular adenosine and ATP modulate the dopaminergic neurotransmission whereas guanosine has a protective role in the brain. Therefore, the regulation of their levels by enzymatic activity may be relevant to the clinical feature of PD. Here it was evaluated the extracellular nucleotide hydrolysis from striatal slices 4 weeks after a unilateral infusion with 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle. This infusion increased ADP, AMP, and GTP hydrolysis by 15, 25, and 41%, respectively, and decreased GDP hydrolysis by 60%. There was no change in NTPDases1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 5'-nucleotidase transcription. Dopamine depletion changes nucleotide hydrolysis and, therefore, alters the regulation of striatal nucleotide levels. These changes observed in 6-OHDA-lesioned animals may contribute to the symptoms observed in the model and provide evidence to indicate that extracellular purine hydrolysis is a key factor in understanding PD, giving hints for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Pierre Oses
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Schmidt AP, Böhmer AE, Schallenberger C, Antunes C, Tavares RG, Wofchuk ST, Elisabetsky E, Souza DO. Mechanisms involved in the antinociception induced by systemic administration of guanosine in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 159:1247-63. [PMID: 20132210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE It is well known that adenine-based purines exert multiple effects on pain transmission. However, less attention has been given to the potential effects of guanine-based purines on pain transmission. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intraperitoneal (i.p.) and oral (p.o.) administration of guanosine on mice pain models. Additionally, investigation into the mechanisms of action of guanosine, its potential toxicity and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) purine levels were also assessed. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice received an i.p. or p.o. administration of vehicle (0.1 mM NaOH) or guanosine (up to 240 mg x kg(-1)) and were evaluated in several pain models. KEY RESULTS Guanosine produced dose-dependent antinociceptive effects in the hot-plate, glutamate, capsaicin, formalin and acetic acid models, but it was ineffective in the tail-flick test. Additionally, guanosine produced a significant inhibition of biting behaviour induced by i.t. injection of glutamate, AMPA, kainate and trans-ACPD, but not against NMDA, substance P or capsaicin. The antinociceptive effects of guanosine were prevented by selective and non-selective adenosine receptor antagonists. Systemic administration of guanosine (120 mg x kg(-1)) induced an approximately sevenfold increase on CSF guanosine levels. Guanosine prevented the increase on spinal cord glutamate uptake induced by intraplantar capsaicin. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study provides new evidence on the mechanism of action of the antinociceptive effects after systemic administration of guanosine. These effects seem to be related to the modulation of adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptors and non-NMDA glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Guanosine prevents thermal hyperalgesia in a rat model of peripheral mononeuropathy. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2009; 11:131-41. [PMID: 19734104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED It is well known that adenine-based purines exert multiple effects on pain transmission. Less attention has been given, however, to the antinociceptive effects of guanine-based purines. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intraperitoneal administration of guanosine on a rat model of peripheral mononeuropathy. Additionally, investigation of the mechanism of action of guanosine, its general toxicity and measurements of central nervous system purine levels were performed. Rats received an intraperitoneal administration of vehicle (0.1 mM NaOH) or guanosine (up to 120 mg.kg(-1)) in an acute or chronic regimen. Guanosine significantly reduced thermal hyperalgesia on the ipsilateral side of the sciatic nerve ligation. Additionally, guanosine prevented locomotor deficits and body weight loss induced by the mononeuropathy. Acute systemic administration of guanosine caused an approximately 11-fold increase on central nervous system guanosine levels, but this effect was not observed after chronic treatment. Chronic guanosine administration prevented the increase on cortical glutamate uptake but not the decrease in spinal cord glutamate uptake induced by the mononeuropathy. No significant general toxicity was observed after chronic exposure to guanosine. This study provides new evidence on the mechanism of action of guanine-based purines, with guanosine presenting antinociceptive effects against a chronic pain model. PERSPECTIVE This study provides a new role for guanosine: chronic pain modulation. Guanosine presents as a new target for future drug development and might be useful for treatment of neuropathic pain.
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45
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Potential therapeutic advantages of guanosine over inosine in multiple sclerosis. Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:627-8. [PMID: 19564082 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2009] [Revised: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Spinal mechanisms of antinociceptive action caused by guanosine in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 613:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Su C, Elfeki N, Ballerini P, D'Alimonte I, Bau C, Ciccarelli R, Caciagli F, Gabriele J, Jiang S. Guanosine improves motor behavior, reduces apoptosis, and stimulates neurogenesis in rats with parkinsonism. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:617-25. [PMID: 18816792 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) caused by an abnormal rate of apoptosis. Endogenous stem cells in the adult mammalian brain indicate an innate potential for regeneration and possible resource for neuroregeneration in PD. We previously showed that guanosine prevents apoptosis even when administered 48 hr after the toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)). Here, we induced parkinsonism in rats with a proteasome inhibitor. Guanosine treatment reduced apoptosis, increased tyrosine hydroxylase-positive dopaminergic neurons and expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the SNc, increased cellular proliferation in the SNc and subventricular zone, and ameliorated symptoms. Proliferating cells in the subventricular zone were nestin-positive adult neural progenitor/stem cells. Fibroblast growth factor-2-expressing cells were also increased by guanosine. Thus, guanosine protected cells from apoptosis and stimulated "intrinsic" adult progenitor/stem cells to become dopaminergic neurons in rats with proteasome inhibitor-induced PD. The cellular/molecular mechanisms underlying these effects may open new avenues for development of novel therapeutics for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixin Su
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery, Neurobiology), McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Press C, Milbrandt J. The purine nucleosides adenosine and guanosine delay axonal degeneration in vitro. J Neurochem 2009; 109:595-602. [PMID: 19245660 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Axonal degeneration is a key component of many neurodegenerative diseases. Injured axons undergo a program of self-destruction termed Wallerian degeneration that is an active, well-regulated process. The pathways leading to axon fragmentation are uncharacterized, but experiments with wld(s) mutant mice led to the discovery that over-expression of NMN adenylyltransferase 1 or treatment with NAD(+) can inhibit axonal degeneration. In this study, we show that the purine nucleosides adenosine and guanosine, but not inosine, inhibit injury-induced axonal degeneration in cultured dorsal root ganglia neurons. Axons can be preserved by adding adenosine within 6 h of the axonal injury. The presence of adenosine was required continuously after the injury to maintain axonal protection. Together these results suggest that adenosine does not alter the neuronal response to injury, but instead inhibits a local axonal pathway necessary for the commitment and/or execution of the axon destructive program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Press
- Department of Pathology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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