ATP synthesis and storage

Extracellular ATP and structurally related molecules potentiate adenosine A2a receptor-stimulated cAMP production

Extracellular ATP has been reported to potentiate signalling by several Class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) is a Class A GPCR that regulates many physiological processes, and a potential therapeutic target for many diseases. In vivo, A2aR is exposed transiently to extracellular ATP within the cellular microenvironment under both physiological and pathological conditions. The modulating effects of extracellular ATP seen with Class B GPCRs have not previously been investigated in other classes of GPCRs. In the present study, we investigated the effects of extracellular ATP on A2aR signalling. We also studied the actions of similar molecules to explore the structure-activity relationship. Cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels were monitored following agonist-induced receptor activation in cells co-transfected with plasmids encoding A2aR and a luminescent cAMP biosensor. Extracellular ATP increased the potency of both adenosine and selective A2aR agonists by approximately an order of magnitude. In the absence of agonist, ATP did not activate A2aR, arguing against an effect due to ATP metabolism to adenosine. The potentiating effect of ATP was mimicked by other nucleotides and similarly by phosphorylated sugars. Non-phosphorylated sugars produced comparable effects, but higher concentrations were required to do so. This difference in potency implies that the phosphate group is important for modulating A2aR activity. Here, we present the first evidence that A2aR can be positively modulated by extracellular ATP, thus the effect of ATP is not limited to Class B GPCRs.

Biomolecular conformational changes and transient druggable binding sites through full-length AMPK molecular dynamics simulations

AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) is a crucial signaling protein found in essentially all eukaryotic organisms and acts as an energy sensor. When activated by metabolic stress, AMPK phosphorylates a variety of molecular targets, altering enzyme activity and gene expression to regulate cellular responses. In general, in response to low intracellular ATP levels (high ADP:ATP ratio), AMPK triggers the activation of energy-producing pathways while simultaneously inhibiting energy-consuming processes. Recent studies have established a connection between molecular pathways involved in sensing energy and potential for extending longevity. AMPK indirect activator compounds have shown a potential strategy to obtain an anti-aging biological activity. This study explores the conformational changes and transient druggable binding pockets over the 1 μs trajectory of molecular dynamics simulations to comprehend the behavior of main domains and allosteric drug and metabolite (ADaM) site. The described conformations of the apo-ADaM site suggest an important influence of specific residues on the cavity volume variations. A clustering set of representative AMPK conformations allowed to identify the more favorable binding site volume and shape at the protein apo form, including the carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) region which exhibited a stable movement near the ADaM site of the alpha-subunit. The identification of gamma-subunit transient druggable binding pocket CBS3 during the microscale time trajectory simulations also offers valuable insights into structure-based AMP-mimetic drug design for AMPK activation.

Nocturnin promotes NADH and ATP production for juvenile hormone biosynthesis in adult insects

BACKGROUND

Juvenile hormone (JH) is a key endocrine governing insect development, metamorphosis and reproduction. JH analogs have offered great potential for insect pest control. In adulthood, JH titer rapidly increases in the previtellogenic period and reaches a peak in the vitellogenic phase. However, the regulatory mechanisms of JH biosynthesis in corpora allata (CA) of adult insects remain largely unknown.

RESULTS

We observed that the mitochondrial abundance, as well as the levels of NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), increased in the CA of previtellogenic adults, peaking during the vitellogenic stage. The transcripts of Nocturnin (Noct), which converts nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to NADH for ATP production, were more abundant in the CA compared to those of other enzymes involved in conventional NADH-producing metabolic pathways. The developmental expression pattern of Noct was like that of ATP and NADH level. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Noct caused a significant decrease of NADH and ATP contents, along with markedly reduced expression levels of 12 genes involved in JH biosynthesis pathway. Loss of Noct function resulted in remarkably reduced expression of vitellogenin, accompanied by arrested ovarian growth and oocyte maturation.

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrated that Noct plays a crucial role in high levels of JH biosynthesis in adult insects via regulating NADH and ATP production. The findings reveal a previously unknown aspect of mitochondrial metabolism in JH biosynthesis and provide valuable information for developing pest control strategies targeting hormone pathways. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

An efficient lysate-based approach for biosynthesis of the pyrrolobenzodiazepine natural product tilimycin

Many bacteria use nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), a family of multidomain enzymes that produce peptide natural products using an assembly line strategy. One class of such compounds are pyrrolobenzodiazepines, which have DNA alkylating activity. One example is tilimycin, a compound produced by the human gut microbiota that plays a role in epithelial damage during antibiotic-associated dysbiosis. The production of analogs of these natural products may facilitate the discovery of novel bioactive molecules. However, the synthesis of these natural products typically requires significant resources and time to produce in sufficient amounts for microbial and biochemical testing. Biocatalysis offers an environmentally friendly approach, but enzyme yield and stability, particularly with large multidomain enzymes that are often used in natural product pathways, can limit biochemical reactions with purified protein. Here, we demonstrate a cell lysate-based method to synthesize the nonribosomal peptide natural product tilimycin directly from the substrates 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and L-proline with lysates from E. coli cell lines that express the tilimycin biosynthetic proteins. We present our protocol optimization and scale-up to produce tilimycin in a fast, efficient manner.

Proteomic analysis reveals immune-related proteins of coelomic fluid in Urechis unicinctus

Urechis unicinctus is a marine benthic invertebrate that relies primarily on humoral immunity within the nonspecific immune system for body defense. In order to elucidate the protein components of the coelomic fluid and investigate its immune response mechanism, proteomic analysis and antimicrobial characterization of the coelomic fluid of U. unicinctus were carried out. A total of 2194 proteins were identified, with 427 showing differential expression in coelomocytes compared to those in the coelomic fluid supernatant. Of these proteins, 346 were upregulated and 81 were downregulated. Next, these identified proteins were analyzed for biological information, including GO, COG, and KEGG pathway analysis. The results from the GO analysis revealed that cytoplasm and ATP-binding were the two prominent categories of proteins found in the coelomocytes as well as the coelomic fluid supernatant of U. unicinctus. From the COG analysis, it was evident that the categories of proteins identified in the coelomocytes were essentially the same as those identified in the coelomic fluid supernatant, with only the number of proteins differing. The KEGG pathway analysis indicated that 45 pathways from the coelomic fluid supernatant and 42 from the coelomocytes were profiled, with carbon metabolism and ribosome being the two most prominent pathways. The Pfam database displayed that the immune-related proteins in U. unicinctus were neurofascin, cell adhesion molecule 4, receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase F, limbic system-associated membrane protein, four and a half LIM domains protein 2, neuroglian, fasciclin-2, and neural cell adhesion molecule. Furthermore, the active substances from the coelomic fluid underwent isolation, purification, and antimicrobial characterization. The process yielded two purified components (b1 and b2), that were found to significantly inhibit the growth of Vibrio anguillarum, Aeromonas veronii, Micrococcus lysodeik, and Staphylococcus aureus. Based on the nano LC-MS/MS and homology analysis, it was concluded the two purified proteins from b1 and b2 might have been histones with a molecular weight of 11,367 Da. Our study is the first to provide proteomic information on U. unicinctus, which can extend our understanding on the roles of functional proteins in the defense mechanism of U. unicinctus and contribute to the advancement of related drug development in U. unicinctus farming.

Role of macrophage ATP metabolism disorder in SiO2‑induced pulmonary fibrosis: a review

Silicosis, a chronic lung disease, results from prolonged inhalation of silica dust (SiO2) in occupational environments, and its pathogenesis remains incompletely elucidated. Studies have shown that alveolar macrophages (AMs) play a pivotal role in its development. These AMs phagocytose the inhaled SiO2, which leads to morphological, structural, and functional abnormalities that result in lung fibrosis. During this process, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) not only provides energy for the physiological and pathological activities but also acts as a key intracellular and extracellular signaling molecule and regulates cytokine synthesis and secretion. This complex process has not been systematically summarized. In this study, first, the current data on ATP metabolism in the development of SiO2-induced pulmonary fibrosis are introduced. ATP metabolism disorder, caused by impaired production, utilization, or distribution of ATP, disrupts macrophage energy homeostasis. Then, how ATP metabolism disorder affects macrophage morphology and function and the inflammatory and fibrotic processes of the lungs by activating the P2X7 receptor-mediated ATP signaling pathway are discussed. Finally, current therapeutic strategies targeting ATP metabolism disorder and ATP signaling pathways in silicosis are summarized. In conclusion, SiO2-induced ATP metabolism disorder indirectly accelerates the progression of silicosis fibrosis.

Deletion of the DEAD-box helicase CshA in Lacticaseibacillus paracasei elicits heightened low-temperature sensitivity and reduced post-acidification capacity

While cold chain logistics remains the primary strategy to mitigate post acidification in fermented dairy products, maintaining reliable refrigeration systems presents substantial challenges, especially in resource-limited settings. Biological approaches targeting strain low-temperature sensitivity modulation for post-acidification control are increasingly recognized as promising alternatives. This study utilized CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of DEAD-box helicase genes in Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, successfully identifying a low-temperature-sensitive strain, ∆AF91_12,710. Under optimal conditions, ∆AF91_12,710 showed comparable growth patterns and pH profiles to the wild-type strain. However, under low-temperature conditions, ∆AF91_12,710 demonstrated significantly impaired growth capacity and distinct pH regulation patterns. Metabolomic analysis of post-acidification revealed 39 unique differential metabolites in ∆AF91_12,710 fermented milk over 21 days, featuring decreased ATP, γ-linolenic acid, and dGMP concentrations, alongside elevated glucose-6-phosphate, cAMP, and D-galactose levels. These metabolic alterations indicate impaired glycolysis, likely resulting from DEAD-box helicase gene deletion-induced RNA instability and reduced metabolic activity in ∆AF91_12,710 under cold stress. The AF91_12,710 deletion significantly enhanced low-temperature sensitivity while reducing post-acidification capability in fermented milk. This research provides valuable insights into post-acidification attenuation in low-temperature-sensitive strains and demonstrates the potential for developing robust starter cultures in dairy applications.

Structure and mechanism of the plastid/parasite ATP/ADP translocator

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the principal energy currency of all living cells1,2. Metabolically impaired obligate intracellular parasites, such as the human pathogens Chlamydia trachomatis and Rickettsia prowazekii, can acquire ATP from their host cells through a unique ATP/adenosine diphosphate (ADP) translocator, which mediates the import of ATP into and the export of ADP and phosphate out of the parasite cells, thus allowing the exploitation of the energy reserves of host cells (also known as energy parasitism). This type of ATP/ADP translocator also exists in the obligate intracellular endosymbionts of protists and the plastids of plants and algae and has been implicated to play an important role in endosymbiosis3-31. The plastid/parasite type of ATP/ADP translocator is phylogenetically and functionally distinct from the mitochondrial ATP/ADP translocator, and its structure and transport mechanism are still unknown. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of two plastid/parasite types of ATP/ADP translocators in the apo and substrate-bound states. The ATP/ADP-binding pocket is located at the interface between the N and C domains of the translocator, and a conserved asparagine residue within the pocket is critical for substrate specificity. The translocator operates through a rocker-switch alternating access mechanism involving the relative rotation of the two domains as rigid bodies. Our results provide critical insights for understanding ATP translocation across membranes in energy parasitism and endosymbiosis and offer a structural basis for developing drugs against obligate intracellular parasites.

Noncanonical NF-κB signaling in dendritic cells is required for ATP-driven indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 induction through P2Y11 receptor

Extracellular ATP released from dying cells, including tumor cells, is a key mediator of inflammation and tolerance by binding to purinergic receptors on dendritic cells (DCs), resulting in inflammasome activation (via P2X7R), DC maturation (via P2Y11R), and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 upregulation. However, the regulation of ATP-driven Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 expression in human DCs has been poorly investigated. In this work, we aimed to investigate the ATP-driven molecular regulation of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 expression via purinergic receptors and to provide an in-depth characterization of ATP-driven T regulatory cells induced by indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1-expressing DCs. We identified P2Y11R as being responsible for ATP-driven indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 upregulation, and noncanonical NF-kB as a molecular pathway associated with ATP-dependent indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 induction through P2Y11R. Then, we investigated-but did not confirm-an involvement of inflammasome machinery through P2X7R in indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 upregulation. Finally, we evaluated the role of ATP catabolism via ATP ectonucleotidases, i.e. CD39 and CD73 and its main product adenosine, in regulating the generation of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1-driven T regulatory cells. We found that ATP-driven indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 upregulation is associated with CD73 upregulation and adenosine production. Additionally, ATP-treated indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1-positive mature DCs induce PD-1-expressing bona fide suppressive T regulatory cells via adenosine A2AR. Collectively, a more in-depth understanding of ATP-driven immune-regulatory mechanisms through indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 regulation in human DCs leading to the induction of T regulatory cells can have clinical implications for the development of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitors in cancer patients, especially in combination with immunotherapy such as an anti-CD73 or adenosine receptor agonist and immunogenic chemotherapy.

Closed-loop rehabilitation of upper-limb dyskinesia after stroke: from natural motion to neuronal microfluidics

This review proposes an innovative closed-loop rehabilitation strategy that integrates multiple subdomains of stroke science to address the global challenge of upper-limb dyskinesia post-stroke. Despite advancements in neural remodeling and rehabilitation research, the compartmentalization of subdomains has limited the effectiveness of current rehabilitation strategies. Our approach unites key areas-including the post-stroke brain, upper-limb rehabilitation robotics, motion sensing, metrics, neural microfluidics, and neuroelectronics-into a cohesive framework designed to enhance upper-limb motion rehabilitation outcomes. By leveraging cutting-edge technologies such as lightweight rehabilitation robotics, advanced motion sensing, and neural microfluidic models, this strategy enables real-time monitoring, adaptive interventions, and personalized rehabilitation plans. Furthermore, we explore the potential of closed-loop systems to drive neural plasticity and functional recovery, offering a transformative perspective on stroke rehabilitation. Finally, we discuss future directions, emphasizing the integration of emerging technologies and interdisciplinary collaboration to advance the field. This review highlights the promise of closed-loop strategies in achieving unprecedented integration of subdomains and improving post-stroke upper-limb rehabilitation outcomes.

Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMRP) regulates glycolytic gene expression under chronic hypoxia in HCT116 cells

Oxygen shortage, known as hypoxia, occurs commonly in both physiological and pathological conditions. Transcriptional regulation by hypoxia-inducible factors is a dominant regulatory mechanism controlling hypoxia-responsive genes during acute hypoxia; however, recent studies suggest that post-transcriptional regulation, including RNA degradation, also involves hypoxia-induced gene expression during the chronic hypoxia. In this study, we developed a method to quantify the contributions of RNA synthesis and degradation to differential gene expression, and identified 102 genes mainly regulated via RNA degradation under chronic hypoxia in HCT116 cells. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the genes mainly regulated by RNA degradation were involved in glycolysis. We examined changes in the RNA-binding ability of RNA-binding proteins by RNA interactome capture and statistical analysis using public databases. We identified fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMRP) as an RNA-binding protein involved in the chronic hypoxia-induced increase in mRNAs encoding rate-limiting enzymes. This study emphasizes the importance of post-transcriptional gene regulation under chronic hypoxia in HCT116 cells.

Purine Metabolism Pathway Influence on Running Capacity in Rats

Background: The natural differences in running capacities among rats remain poorly understood, and the mechanisms driving these differences need further investigation. Methods: Twenty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were selected. High and low running capacity rats were identified using Treadmill Exhaustion Tests. Peripheral blood was collected for serum isolation, followed by a metabolomics analysis using LC-MS/MS. Data were preprocessed, and a principal component analysis (PCA) and a partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were applied to identify metabolic profile differences. Significant metabolites were screened, and a pathway enrichment analysis was conducted using the KEGG database to determine key metabolic pathways. Forty SD rats (equal male and female) were randomly divided into an inosine triphosphate (ITP) group (24.29 mg/kg.bw daily) and a control group. Running capacity was assessed after one week of continuous treatment. Results: Three independent measurements showed consistent differences in running capacity. A total of 519 differential metabolites were identified, with 255 up-regulated and 264 down-regulated. The KEGG pathway analysis revealed a significant enrichment of the Purine Metabolism pathway (ITP-ATP) in the high running capacity group (p < 0.05). The ITP-treated group exhibited a significantly higher running capacity than the controls (p < 0.05), confirming the efficacy of dietary ITP supplementation. Conclusions: The running capacity of rats is influenced by the ITP-ATP pathway, and exogenous ITP administration through dietary intervention significantly improves running ability.

Gravitational forces and matrix stiffness modulate the invasiveness of breast cancer cells in bioprinted spheroids

The progression of breast cancer is influenced by the stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which becomes stiffer as cancer advances due to increased collagen IV and laminin secretion by cancer-associated fibroblasts. Intriguingly, breast cancer cells cultivated in two-dimensions exhibit a less aggressive behavior when exposed to weightlessness, or microgravity conditions. This study aims to elucidate the interplay between matrix stiffness and microgravity on breast cancer progression. For this purpose, three-dimensional spheroids of breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) were formed. These spheroids were subsequently bioprinted in hydrogels of varying stiffness, obtained by the mixing of gelatin methacrylate and poly(ethylene) glycol diacrylate mixed at different ratios. The constructs were printed with a custom stereolithography (SLA) bioprinter converted from a low-cost, commercially available 3D printer. These bioprinted structures, encapsulating breast cancer spheroids, were then placed in a clinostat (microgravity simulation device) for a duration of seven days. Comparative analyses were conducted between objects cultured under microgravity and standard earth gravity conditions. Protein expression was characterized through fluorescent microscopy, while gene expression of MCF-7 constructs was analyzed via RNA sequencing. Remarkably, the influence of a stiffer ECM on the protein and gene expression levels of breast cancer cells could be modulated and sometimes even reversed in microgravity conditions. The study's findings hold implications for refining therapeutic strategies for advanced breast cancer stages - an array of genes involved in reversing aggressive or even metastatic behavior might lead to the discovery of new compounds that could be used in a clinical setting.

Metabolism-inspired chemical reaction networks for chemically driven dissipative oligoesterification

Metabolism is a complex network of chemical reactions in which transient biomolecules are continuously produced and degraded. Mimicking this dynamic process in synthetic systems poses a considerable challenge, as it requires designs that enable the exchange of energy and matter among transient molecules. In this study, we explored a chemically driven oligoesterification process operating within a highly intricate reaction network and constructed a dynamic library of transient oligoesters. Our kinetic analysis uncovered an intriguing phenomenon: oligoesters undergo parasitic exchanges, consuming one another to sustain the system's dynamics before reaching thermodynamic equilibrium. This discovery opens new opportunities for designing synthetic systems that replicate the complexity and self-sustaining behavior of metabolic processes.

A CRISPR-Cas9 System for Knock-out and Knock-in of High Molecular Weight DNA Enables Module-Swapping of the Pikromycin Synthase in its Native Host

Background

Engineers seeking to generate natural product analogs through altering modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) face significant challenges when genomically editing large stretches of DNA.

Results

We describe a CRISPR-Cas9 system that was employed to reprogram the PKS in Streptomyces venezuelae ATCC 15439 that helps biosynthesize the macrolide antibiotic pikromycin. We first demonstrate its precise editing ability by generating strains that lack megasynthase genes pikAI-pikAIV or the entire pikromycin biosynthetic gene cluster but produce pikromycin upon complementation. We then employ it to replace 4.4-kb modules in the pikromycin synthase with those of other synthases to yield two new macrolide antibiotics with activities similar to pikromycin.

Conclusion

Our gene-editing tool has enabled the efficient replacement of extensive and repetitive DNA regions within streptomycetes.

Quantitative Analysis of Coupled Carbon and Energy Metabolism for Lignin Carbon Utilization in Pseudomonas putida

Soil Pseudomonas species, which can thrive on lignin-derived phenolic compounds, are widely explored for biotechnology applications. Yet, there is limited understanding of how the native metabolism coordinates phenolic carbon processing with cofactor generation. Here, we achieve quantitative understanding of this metabolic balance through a multi-omics investigation of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 grown on four common phenolic substrates: ferulate, p-coumarate, vanillate, and 4-hydroxybenzoate. Relative to succinate as a non-aromatic reference, proteomics data reveal >140-fold increase in proteins for transport and initial catabolism of each phenolic substrate, but metabolomics profiling reveals that bottleneck nodes in initial phenolic compound catabolism maintain more favorable cellular energy state. Up to 30-fold increase in pyruvate carboxylase and glyoxylate shunt proteins implies a metabolic remodeling confirmed by kinetic 13C-metabolomics. Quantitative analysis by 13C-fluxomics demonstrates coupling of this remodeling with cofactor production. Specifically, anaplerotic carbon recycling via pyruvate carboxylase promotes fluxes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle to provide 50-60% NADPH yield and 60-80% NADH yield, resulting in 2-fold higher ATP yield than for succinate metabolism; the glyoxylate shunt sustains cataplerotic flux through malic enzyme for the remaining NADPH yield. The quantitative blueprint elucidated here explains deficient versus sufficient cofactor rebalancing during manipulations of key metabolic nodes in lignin valorization.

Size-Dependent Cytotoxicity and Multi-Omic Changes Induced by Amorphous Silicon Nanoparticles in HepG2 Cells

(1) Background: Silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) have a high potential for human exposure and tend to accumulate in the liver. This study aimed to explore the size-dependent cytotoxicity induced by SiO2 NPs and identify key molecular pathways at the in vitro level through proteomics, metabolomics, and a combination of multiple omics methods. (2) Methods: The human hepatoma cells (HepG2) cells were exposed to SiO2 NPs of three different sizes (60, 250, and 400 nm) at doses of 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL for 24 h. (3) Results: Exposure to 60 nm SiO2 NPs induced more reduction in cell viability than the other two larger-scale particles. Changes in the metabolomic and proteomic profiles of HepG2 cells induced by SiO2 NPs were also size-dependent. The main pathways that were significantly affected in the 60 nm SiO2 NPs treatment group represented cholesterol metabolism in proteomics and central carbon metabolism in metabolomics. Moreover, common enrichment pathways between differential proteins and metabolites included protein digestion and absorption and vitamin digestion and absorption. (4) Conclusions: Exposure to SiO2 NPs could induce size-dependent cytotoxicity and changes in proteomics and metabolomics, probably mainly by interfering with energy metabolism pathways.

Del Río Hortega's insights into oligodendrocytes: recent advances in subtype characterization and functional roles in axonal support and disease

Pío Del Río Hortega (1882-1945) was a giant of modern neuroscience and perhaps the most impactful member of Cajal's School. His contributions to clarifying the structure of the nervous system were key to understanding the brain beyond neurons. He uncovered microglia and oligodendrocytes, the latter until then named mesoglia. Most importantly, the characterization of oligodendroglia subtypes he made has stood the omics revolution that added molecular details relevant to comprehend their biological properties. Astounding as it may seem on today's eyes, he postulated a century ago that oligodendrocytes provide trophic support to axons, an idea that is now beyond doubt and under scrutiny as dysfunction at the axon-myelin unit is key to neurodegeneration. Here, we revised recent key advancements in oligodendrocyte biology that shed light on Hortega's ideas a century ago.

Reprogramming of Thyroid Cancer Metabolism: from Mechanism to Therapeutic Strategy

Thyroid cancer as one of the most prevalent malignancies of endocrine system, has raised public concern and more research on its mechanism and treatment. And metabolism-based therapies have advanced rapidly, for the exclusive metabolic profiling of thyroid cancer. In thyroid cancer cells, plenty of metabolic pathways are reprogrammed to accommodate tumor microenvironment. In this review, we initiatively summarize recent progress in the full-scale thyroid cancer metabolic rewiring and the interconnection of various metabolites. We also discuss the efficacy and prospect of metabolic targeted detection as well as therapy. Comprehending metabolic mechanism and characteristics of thyroid cancer roundly will be highly beneficial to managing individual patients.

Interspecies differences in lactate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase activity among damselfish and cardinalfish

Species with different thermal distributions, life-history traits, and behaviours have evolved physiological processes to suit energetic demands. Previous research has argued that these interspecies differences are often reflected in muscle enzyme activity that serve as proxies for aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Here, we measured the maximal enzyme activity of two enzymes, citrate synthase and lactate dehydrogenase, between two damselfish (Pomacentrus) and cardinalfish (Ostorhinchus) species. Citrate synthase was measured as a proxy for mitochondrial volume density, a marker of aerobic metabolism; lactate dehydrogenase was measured as a proxy for anaerobic energy production, a marker for anaerobic metabolism. Thermal performance curves of maximal enzyme activity were measured from 10 to 50 °C, at 10 °C intervals. Citrate synthase and lactate dehydrogenase both showed a positive correlation with temperature, that was absent of a plateau. Damselfish displayed higher levels of citate synthase maximal enzyme activity, while cardinalfish displayed a higher lactate dehydrogenase to citrate synthase ratio. Ostorhinchus doederleini, a sedentary cardinalfish, displayed higher level of lactate dehydrogenase maximal enzyme activity. Temperature coefficients (Q10) for lactate dehydrogenase showed a curved relationship, peaking at differences between 30 and 40 °C. No differences in Q10 values were observed between species, suggesting no difference in the thermal sensitivity of enzymes. Interspecies differences in maximal enzyme activity identified in this study compliments previous research, whereby more active species require higher levels of citrate synthase to fuel sustained swimming, as well as energetically demanding locomotion behaviours. Alternatively, more sedentary species possessed higher levels of lactate dehydrogenase and reliance on anaerobic metabolism, possibly due to an increased reliance on infrequent burst swimming behaviours.

Platelets and mitochondria: the calcium connection

Calcium signaling has a fundamental importance in maintaining various platelet functions, such as those involved in hemostasis and thrombosis. Agonist-induced mobilization of calcium (Ca2+) from intracellular stores coupled with activation of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) and non-SOCE or receptor-operated calcium entry (ROCE) regulates platelet degranulation, integrin activation, shape change, generation of thromboxane A2, and aggregation or procoagulant function. Platelet mitochondria also take up a small amount of cytosolic Ca2+ that contributes to bioenergetics, cytosolic Ca2+ buffering, cell signaling and death. Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDAC) in the outer mitochondrial membrane and mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter complex (MCUC) in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) are pivotal for transporting Ca2+ into the mitochondrial matrix. On the other hand, matrix Ca2+ efflux is dependent on the IMM localized sodium/calcium exchanger (NCLX). Despite the well-established role of cytosolic Ca2+, the participation of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis in platelet physiology remains unknown. This mini-review summarizes the recent developments in the field of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport in platelet physiology.

Energy Utilization in Premature Neonates Undergoing Screening for Retinopathy of Prematurity

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Premature neonates are at risk for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and routinely undergo screening exams that involve substantial physical manipulation, often causing significant signs of pain, despite pain-relieving interventions. It remains unclear whether these exams affect energy utilization, cellular hypoxia, and clinically significant events, and whether receiving supplemental oxygen affects these relationships. This work examines the effects of ROP screening on (1) urinary uric acid-to-creatinine concentration ratios ([UA]/[Cr]), a known marker of ATP degradation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress; and (2) clinically significant events (apnea, bradycardia, gastric residuals, and oxygen desaturations) in premature neonates on room air or oxygen support.

METHODS

This prospective pilot study included premature neonates requiring ROP screening examinations at Loma Linda University's NICU. Urinary [UA]/[Cr], measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, and clinical events, documented by prospective medical chart review, were analyzed pre- and post-exam in subjects on room air (n = 18) or on oxygen support (n = 20). Statistical analyses included a generalized linear mixed model for urinary [UA]/[Cr] and Wilcoxon signed rank tests for clinical events.

RESULTS

A significant time effect (p = 0.010) was observed for urinary [UA]/[Cr], with higher levels at 0-12 (p = 0.023) and 12-24 (p = 0.023) hours post-exam. Subjects receiving oxygen support had more total (p = 0.028) and more severe (p = 0.026) oxygen desaturations.

CONCLUSIONS

ROP examinations may increase energy utilization in premature neonates, with those receiving oxygen support being particularly susceptible to oxygen desaturations post-exam. Further research is needed to clarify the full impact of the procedure and to identify strategies to minimize stress associated with these screening examinations.

Intrinsic electrical activity drives small-cell lung cancer progression

Elevated or ectopic expression of neuronal receptors promotes tumour progression in many cancer types1,2; neuroendocrine (NE) transformation of adenocarcinomas has also been associated with increased aggressiveness3. Whether the defining neuronal feature, namely electrical excitability, exists in cancer cells and impacts cancer progression remains mostly unexplored. Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an archetypal example of a highly aggressive NE cancer and comprises two major distinct subpopulations: NE cells and non-NE cells4,5. Here we show that NE cells, but not non-NE cells, are excitable, and their action potential firing directly promotes SCLC malignancy. However, the resultant high ATP demand leads to an unusual dependency on oxidative phosphorylation in NE cells. This finding contrasts with the properties of most cancer cells reported in the literature, which are non-excitable and rely heavily on aerobic glycolysis. Additionally, we found that non-NE cells metabolically support NE cells, a process akin to the astrocyte-neuron metabolite shuttle6. Finally, we observed drastic changes in the innervation landscape during SCLC progression, which coincided with increased intratumoural heterogeneity and elevated neuronal features in SCLC cells, suggesting an induction of a tumour-autonomous vicious cycle, driven by cancer cell-intrinsic electrical activity, which confers long-term tumorigenic capability and metastatic potential.

Investigating the production and synergistic antibacterial activity of bacteriocin-like substance from Brevibacillus laterosporus SA-14 (TISTR 2453) for enhanced wound healing

The rise in antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria, especially Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is a global health concern. Bacteriocins are promising antibiotic alternatives. This study aimed to enhance the production of bacteriocin-like substances (BLS) from Brevibacillus laterosporus SA-14 (TISTR 2453) by optimizing nutrients, evaluating antibacterial activity, assessing synergy with vancomycin, and testing the cytotoxicity and wound healing effects on human keratinocytes. The results showed that when the SA-14 strain was cultured in half-formula Luria-Bertani broth (LB/2) with added carbon sources (glucose, sucrose, and lactose), all cultures reached the late log phase at 24 h, and antibacterial activity was exhibited against various MRSA strains after 48 h, except for the LB/2 supplemented with glucose, likely due to carbon catabolite repression. However, the addition of nitrogen sources, including skim milk, peptone, and beef extract resulted in high antibacterial activity at 48 h, with skim milk being the most effective for BLS production. The BLS was precipitated with 80 % ammonium sulfate, achieving a 38.09 % yield and a protein concentration of 6.97 ± 1.12 mg/mL. The SDS-PAGE analysis revealed five bands of proteins with molecular weights of 25-250 kDa. The minimum inhibitory concentration of BLS ranged from 0.44 to 0.87 mg/mL, with an minimum bactericidal concentration) of 0.87 mg/mL for all MRSA strains. A synergistic effect with vancomycin was observed at 0.22 mg/mL BLS and 1 μg/mL vancomycin, with an fractional inhibitory concentration index of 1.00, indicating an additive effect. At a concentration of 0.22 mg/mL, BLS was non-cytotoxic to HaCaT cells and promoted complete wound healing after 48 h. Therefore, BLS produced by the SA-14 strain is suitable for controlling AMR, especially MRSA, and has the potential for application in wound dressings in the future.

Aspirin Eugenol Ester Alleviates Energy Metabolism Disorders by Reducing Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in the Livers of Broilers Under High-Stocking-Density Stress

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of aspirin eugenol ester (AEE) on growth performance, oxidative liver damage, inflammation, and liver metabolomics in broilers under high-stocking-density (HSD) stress. A total of 360 broilers were divided into four groups: normal density (ND, 14/m2), high density (HD, 22/m2), ND-AEE (ND + 0.01% AEE), and HD-AEE (HD + 0.01% AEE). HSD decreased total antioxidant capacity, increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and elevated the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) mRNA, which contributed to the reduced performance of broilers. Specifically, HSD caused abnormalities in linoleic acid metabolism, leading to elevated levels of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) synthesis, which aggravated inflammation, increased liver lipid levels, and impaired ATP production. AEE counteracted the decline in broiler production performance induced by HSD by enhancing total antioxidant capacity, reducing MDA levels, protecting the liver from oxidative damage, and maintaining mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. AEE positively regulated the linoleic acid metabolism by promoting the synthesis of γ-linolenic acid and phosphatidylcholine, which reduced the synthesis of COX-2 and mPGES-1. AEE alleviated the metabolic imbalance caused by HSD stress and enhanced the efficiency of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, which reduced excess lipid accumulation in the liver and promoted ATP production. In summary, this study provides strong support for the dietary addition of AEE to alleviate liver oxidative damage, inflammation, and energy metabolism disorders caused by HSD stress.

De novo Transcriptomic analysis to unveil the deltamethrin induced resistance mechanisms in Callosobruchus chinensis (L.)

The use of synthetic insecticides has been crucial in the management of insect pests however the extensive use of insecticides can result in the development of resistance. Callosobruchus chinensis is a highly destructive pest of stored grains, it's a major feeder and infests a range of stored grains that are vital to both global food security and human nutrition. We extensively investigated gene expression changes of adults in response to deltamethrin to decipher the mechanism behind the insecticide resistance. The analysis of gene expression revealed 25,343 unigenes with a mean length of 1,435 bp. All the expressed genes were identified, and analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment. Exposure to deltamethrin (4.6 ppm) causes 320 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 280 down-regulated and 50 up-regulated. The transcriptome analysis revealed that DEGs were found to be enriched in pathways related to xenobiotics metabolism, signal transduction, cellular processes, organismal systems and information processing. The quantitative real-time PCR was used to validate the DEGs encoding metabolic detoxification. To the best of our knowledge, these results offer the first toxicity mechanisms enabling a more comprehensive comprehension of the action and detoxification of deltamethrin in C. chinensis.

Unveiling the Therapeutic Promise of Epigenetics in Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Vascular Dementia

Vascular dementia (VaD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive decline and memory deficits. Despite its significant prevalence and impact, the pathophysiology of VaD remains poorly understood, and current treatments are limited to symptom management. Emerging evidence highlights the importance of lifestyle-associated risk factors in VaD, emphasizing the role of gene-environment interactions, particularly in the realm of epigenetics. While preclinical studies using animal models have provided valuable insights into epigenetic mechanisms, the translatability of these findings to human clinical settings remains limited, and research into VaD-specific epigenetics is still in its infancy. This review aims to elucidate the intricate interplay between epigenetics and VaD, shedding light on potential therapeutic interventions rooted in epigenetic mechanisms. By synthesizing insights from existing literature, we also discuss the challenges and opportunities in translating preclinical findings into clinically viable treatments, underscoring the need for further research to bridge the gap between animal models and human applications.

mTOR/HIF-1α pathway-mediated glucose reprogramming and macrophage polarization by Sini decoction plus ginseng soup in ALF

BACKGROUND

Acute liver failure (ALF) has a high mortality rate, and despite treatment advancements, long-term outcomes remain poor.

PURPOSE

This study explores the therapeutic targets and pathways of Sini Decoction plus Ginseng Soup (SNRS) in ALF using bioinformatics and network pharmacology, focusing on its impact on macrophage polarization through glucose metabolism reprogramming. The efficacy of SNRS was validated in an LPS/D-GalN-induced ALF model, and its optimal concentration was determined for in vitro macrophage intervention.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HBV-induced and acetaminophen-induced ALF were identified from GEO datasets. The correlation between target gene expression and immune cell infiltration in ALF liver tissue was analyzed. AST, ALT, TNF-α, HMGB1, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 levels were measured, and liver histopathology was assessed. Macrophage polarization was analyzed via immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and Western blot. Glycolysis-related enzymes and metabolites, including HK2, PFK-1, PKM2, and LDHA, were quantified. Cellular ultrastructure was examined by transmission electron microscopy.

RESULTS

Five key glycolysis-regulating genes (HK2, CDK1, SOD1, VEGFA, GOT1) were identified, with significant involvement in the HIF-1 signaling pathway. Immune infiltration was markedly higher in ALF liver tissue. SNRS improved survival, reduced ALT/AST levels, alleviated liver injury, and modulated macrophage polarization by decreasing CD86 and increasing CD163 expression. In vitro, SNRS inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine release, lactate production, p-mTOR/mTOR ratio, and HIF-1α expression.

CONCLUSION

SNRS modulates macrophage polarization and glucose metabolism reprogramming via the mTOR/HIF-1α pathway, showing promise as a treatment for ALF.

ATP and glutamate coordinate contractions in the freshwater sponge Ephydatia muelleri

Sponges (phylum Porifera) are an early diverging animal lineage without nervous and muscular systems, and yet they are able to produce coordinated whole-body contractions in response to disturbances. Little is known about the underlying signalling mechanisms in coordinating such responses. Previous studies demonstrated that sponges respond specifically to chemicals such as l-glutamate and γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA), which trigger and prevent contractions, respectively. Genes for purinergic P2X-like receptors are present in several sponge genomes, leading us to ask whether ATP works with glutamate to coordinate contractions in sponges as it does in other animal nervous systems. Using pharmacological approaches on the freshwater sponge Ephydatia muelleri, we show that ATP is involved in coordinating contractions. Bath application of ATP caused a rapid, sustained expansion of the excurrent canals in a dose-dependent manner. Complete contractions occurred when ATP was added in the presence of apyrase, an enzyme that hydrolyses ATP. Application of ADP, the first metabolic product of ATP hydrolysis, triggered complete contractions, whereas AMP, the subsequent metabolite, did not trigger a response. Blocking ATP from binding and activating P2X receptors with pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS) prevented both glutamate- and ATP-triggered contractions, suggesting that ATP works downstream of glutamate. Bioinformatic analysis revealed two P2X receptor sequences, one of which groups with other vertebrate P2X receptors. Altogether, our results confirm that purinergic signalling by ATP is involved in coordinating contractions in the freshwater sponge.

Effect of adenosine triphosphate on methylphenidate-induced oxidative and inflammatory kidney damage in rats

The purpose of this trial was to assess the effects of methylphenidate on the kidney tissues and to investigate the protective effect of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) against possible methylphenidate nephrotoxicity in rats. The rats were separated into; healthy control (HG), methylphenidate (MPHG), ATP (ATPG), and ATP+ methylphenidate (AMPG). The ATPG and AMPG groups were administered ATP 4 mg/kg bw/d, and the HG and MPHG groups received distilled water intraperitoneally. One hour from, ATP and distilled water administration, methylphenidate 10 mg/kg bw/d was applied via oral gavage to the AMPG and MPHG groups once daily for 30 d (1 × 1). Animals were euthanized after 30 d and tissues were collected. The levels of certain oxidant/antioxidant parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels were measured. Kidneys were also examined histopathologically. ATP inhibited the increase in oxidant and decrease antioxidant levels induced by methylphenidate. The amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines were increased in methylphenidate-treated kidney tissue compared with the HG and AMPG groups. However, ATP increased oxidative damage markers and cytokines levels close to the healthy group. Serum BUN and creatinine levels increased with methylphenidate but ATP prevented BUN and creatinine from rising in the ATPG and MPHG groups. ATP also reduced the histopathological damage increased by methylphenidate. The potential efficacy of ATP in treating kidney damage induced by methylphenidate use.

Exploring neuroglial signaling: diversity of molecules implicated in microglia-to-astrocyte neuroimmune communication

Effective communication between different cell types is essential for brain health, and dysregulation of this process leads to neuropathologies. Brain glial cells, including microglia and astrocytes, orchestrate immune defense and neuroimmune responses under pathological conditions during which interglial communication is indispensable. Our appreciation of the complexity of these processes is rapidly increasing due to recent advances in molecular biology techniques, which have identified numerous phenotypic states of both microglia and astrocytes. This review focuses on microglia-to-astrocyte communication facilitated by secreted neuroimmune modulators. The combinations of interleukin (IL)-1α, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), plus complement component C1q as well as IL-1β plus TNF are already well-established microglia-derived stimuli that induce reactive phenotypes in astrocytes. However, given the large number of inflammatory mediators secreted by microglia and the rapidly increasing number of distinct functional states recognized in astrocytes, it can be hypothesized that many more intercellular signaling molecules exist. This review identifies the following group of cytokines and gliotransmitters that, while not established as interglial mediators yet, are known to be released by microglia and elicit functional responses in astrocytes: IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, interferon (IFN)-γ, C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)5, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), l-glutamate, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The review of molecular mechanisms engaged by these mediators reveals complex, partially overlapping signaling pathways implicated in numerous neuropathologies. Additionally, lack of human-specific studies is identified as a significant knowledge gap. Further research on microglia-to-astrocyte communication is warranted, as it could discover novel interglial signaling-targeted therapies for diverse neurological disorders.

A new paradigm for cancer immunotherapy: targeting immunogenic cell death-related noncoding RNA

Cancer immunotherapy has shown significant potential in treating several malignancies by stimulating the host immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) can amplify the antitumor immune responses and reverse the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, thus increasing the sensitivity of cancer immunotherapy. In recent years, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as key regulatory factors in ICD and oncologic immunity. Accordingly, ICD-related ncRNAs hold promise as novel therapeutic targets for optimizing the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. However, the immunomodulatory properties of ICD-related ncRNAs have not yet been comprehensively summarized. Hence, we summarize the current knowledge on ncRNAs involved in ICD and their potential roles in cancer immunotherapy in this review. It deepens our understanding of ncRNAs associated with ICD and provides a new strategy to enhance cancer immunotherapy by specifically targeting the ICD-related ncRNAs.

Metabolomic characteristics of cord blood from neonates with hyperkalemia after antenatal exposure to ritodrine and magnesium sulfate

In the management of pregnancy, ritodrine has been used to prevent preterm birth, and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has been used to prevent preterm labor and preeclampsia. Neonates born to mothers receiving these medications occasionally show an increase in serum potassium concentration. Recently, an elevated risk of neonatal hyperkalemia has been reported, particularly when ritodrine and MgSO4 are co-administered; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 142 preterm infants born between 24 and 36 weeks of gestation, categorized into groups exposed to antenatal ritodrine, MgSO4, both agents, or neither. In addition, we investigated the association between potassium levels and metabolites in the serum of umbilical cord blood from 33 infants exposed to antenatal ritodrine and MgSO4 using a metabolomic analysis. Our findings revealed a significant elevation in serum potassium concentration associated with metabolomic findings of activation of glycolysis and the derived metabolic routes in preterm neonates exposed to both ritodrine and MgSO4. Our data indicate that the concurrent administration of ritodrine and MgSO4 caused distinctive metabolic alterations, potentially leading to an additional increase in the intracellular potassium concentration in the fetus. Consequently, this mechanism may imply an elevation in serum potassium concentration postnatally through the redistribution of potassium.

Residue-Level Multiview Deep Learning for ATP Binding Site Prediction and Applications in Kinase Inhibitors

Accurate identification of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding sites is crucial for understanding cellular functions and advancing drug discovery, particularly in targeting kinases for cancer treatment. Existing methods face significant challenges due to their reliance on time-consuming precomputed features and the heavily imbalanced nature of binding site data without further investigations on their utility in drug discovery. To address these limitations, we introduced Multiview-ATPBind and ResiBoost. Multiview-ATPBind is an end-to-end deep learning model that integrates one-dimensional (1D) sequence and three-dimensional (3D) structural information for rapid and precise residue-level pocket-ligand interaction predictions. Additionally, ResiBoost is a novel residue-level boosting algorithm designed to mitigate data imbalance by enhancing the prediction of rare positive binding residues. Our approach outperforms state-of-the-art models on benchmark data sets, showing significant improvements in balanced metrics with both experimental and AI-predicted structures. Furthermore, our model seamlessly transfers to predicting binding sites and enhancing docking simulations for kinase inhibitors, including imatinib and dasatinib, underscoring the potential of our method in drug discovery applications.

Highly stable scalable production of porous graphene-polydopamine nanocomposites for drug molecule sensing

As atenolol overdosing can lead to severe health complications, the rapid detection of atenolol intake in point-of-care settings is highly desirable. The recent advancement of redox analytical methodologies has facilitated the efficacious quantification of these compounds for drug analysis, but their performance still presents challenges in practical applications. This study addresses these challenges by controlling the electropolymerization of polydopamine (PDA) on highly porous laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes with enhanced electrochemical redox activity for the detection of drug molecules such as atenolol, with minimized interference with the other active substances to induce variation of electrochemical behavior. The enhanced sensitivity of atenolol is attributed to the superhydrophilicity and increased number of active surface sites and -NH2 groups in the PDA polymer through a controlled polymerization process. Moreover, the simulation results further reveal that highly sensitive sensing of atenolol molecules relies on optimal adsorption of the atenolol molecule on dopamine or dopaminequinone structural units. The resulting sensors with high repeatability and reproducibility can achieve a low detection limit of 80 μM and a sensitivity of 0.020 ± 0.04 μA/μM within a linear range from 100 to 800 μM. The materials and surface chemistry in the electrode design based on highly porous LIG provide insights into the integration and application of future scalable and cost-effective electrochemical sensors for use in point-of-care or in-field applications.

The interplay of factors in metabolic syndrome: understanding its roots and complexity

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an indicator and diverse endocrine syndrome that combines different metabolic defects with clinical, physiological, biochemical, and metabolic factors. Obesity, visceral adiposity and abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance (IR), elevated blood pressure, endothelial dysfunction, and acute or chronic inflammation are the risk factors associated with MetS. Abdominal obesity, a hallmark of MetS, highlights dysfunctional fat tissue and increased risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Insulin, a vital peptide hormone, regulates glucose metabolism throughout the body. When cells become resistant to insulin's effects, it disrupts various molecular pathways, leading to IR. This condition is linked to a range of disorders, including obesity, diabetes, fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Atherogenic dyslipidemia is characterized by three key factors: high levels of small, low-dense lipoprotein (LDL) particles and triglycerides, alongside low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), the "good" cholesterol. Such a combination is a major player in MetS, where IR is a driving force. Atherogenic dyslipidemia contributes significantly to the development of atherosclerosis, which can lead to cardiovascular disease. On top of that, genetic alteration and lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise influence the complexity and progression of MetS. To enhance our understanding and consciousness, it is essential to understand the fundamental pathogenesis of MetS. This review highlights current advancements in MetS research including the involvement of gut microbiome, epigenetic regulation, and metabolomic profiling for early detection of Mets. In addition, this review emphasized the epidemiology and fundamental pathogenesis of MetS, various risk factors, and their preventive measures. The goal of this effort is to deepen understanding of MetS and encourage further research to develop effective strategies for preventing and managing complex metabolic diseases.

Repeated pulses of ultrasound maintain sperm motility

Sperm motility is a primary criterion for selecting viable and functional sperm in assisted reproduction, where the most motile sperm are used to increase the likelihood of successful conception. Traditional chemical agents to enhance motility pose embryo-toxicity risks, necessitating safer alternatives. This study investigates the use of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound exposure as a non-invasive treatment within an acoustofluidic device to maintain sperm motility. We utilized a droplet-based platform to examine the effects of repeated ultrasound pulses on single human sperm cells. Our findings demonstrate that repeated pulsed ultrasound maintains sperm motility over an hour, with significant improvements in motility parameters by at least 25% as compared to non-exposed sperm. Moreover, we show that the motility enhancements by repeated pulsed ultrasound are more significant in initially non-progressive sperm. Importantly, this method did not compromise sperm viability or DNA integrity. These results suggest a viable, sperm safe approach to enhance and maintain sperm motility, potentially improving assisted reproduction outcomes.

Comparative investigations on the metabolomic responses to cadmium in clams Ruditapes philippinarum from the Bohai Sea and South China Sea

Cadmium (Cd) is a typical heavy metal contaminant along China coasts. Clams Ruditapes philippinarum are widely distributed in multiple climatic zones. However, few research has been conducted on the different responses to Cd in clams from different climatic zones. In this study, the temperate zone Bohai Sea (BS) and tropical zone South China Sea (SCS) clams exhibited distinct background metabolome profiles, characterized by different strategies of osmotic regulation, energy metabolism, and anaerobiosis tendencies, suggesting different tolerance and enrichment capacities to Cd. After Cd treatments, the BS clams demonstrated quicker and higher accumulations of Cd than the SCS clams. Despite differences in their background metabolomes, both BS and SCS clams displayed similar metabolomic responses to Cd, such as anaerobiosis inhibition and increased energy demands. Overall, these findings suggested that the inconsistency of biological responses induced by geographic conditions should be considered in ecotoxicological studies. CAPSULE ABSTRACT: This study elucidated the biological differences in clams Ruditapes philippinarum from the Bohai Sea and South China Sea, and the metabolomic responses in these two clam populations after Cd (200 μg/L) treatments.

Photobiomodulation therapy at 650 nm enhances osteogenic differentiation of osteoporotic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells through modulating autophagy

BACKGROUND

Photobiomodulatiom therapy (PBMT) has biostimulatory effects on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which takes a pivotal role in maintaining bone mass and avoiding osteoporosis (OP). Autophagy is an important regulator for cell survival and homeostasis. Previous researchers found that BMSCs derived from osteoporotic rats (OP-BMSCs) were with the feature of reduced osteogenic differentiation and autophagy dysfunction. However, the potential regulation of PBMT in osteogenic differentiation of OP-BMSCs and its underling relationship with autophagy remain unclear.

METHODS

650 nm red light-emitting diode (LED) was selected to initiate PBMT effects. The isolation and culture of OP-BMSCs were implemented after the establishment of the OP rat model. Firstly, the optimal dose of LED was screened on OP-BMSCs by CCK-8. Meanwhile, the osteogenic and mineralization activities were studied through the detection of Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red S (ARS). Then, the levels of osteogenesis and autophagy were investigated via western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Finally, the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA was applied to illustrate the underlying mechanism of the osteogenic effect of PBMT on OP-BMSCs.

RESULTS

Firstly, the optimal dose of 6 J/cm2 LED was selected in the subsequent experiments according to CCK-8. Then, the ALP activity and the mineralization ability of OP-BMSCs were obviously increased by PBMT. Meanwhile, Runx-2, OCN and OPN were significantly upregulated in LED group. Furthermore, the expressions of autophagic proteins increased significantly in LED group by immunofluorescence staining and western blot assay. At last, the promoted effects of PBMT on osteogenic differentiation in OP-BMSCs were distinctly reversed via inhibiting autophagy.

CONCLUSION

Our research illustrated that 650 nm LED could improve osteogenic differentiation of OP-BMSCs, suggesting a potential correlation between PBMT-mediated activation of autophagy and promotion of osteogenic differentiation.

Exploring genetic signatures of obesity: hub genes and miRNAs unveiled through comprehensive bioinformatic analysis

Objectives

Adipogenesis, the process of fat accumulation in adipose tissue, is closely linked to obesity, a condition characterized by excessive fat storage. Genetic factors significantly contribute to an individual's susceptibility to adipogenesis and the development of obesity.

Methods

In this study, we conducted a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis, including Weighted Gene Co-expression Analysis, differentially expressed gene analysis, and protein-protein interaction analysis, to identify hub genes and miRNAs associated with obesity.

Results

Our findings highlight the potential involvement of genes such as ATP5F1A, FN1, CCl2, RPS14, and RPS16, as well as miRNAs including hsa-miR-6844, hsa-miR-4528, hsa-miR-3686, hsa-miR-3124-3p, hsa-miR-381-3p, and hsa-miR-300 in obesity.

Conclusions

The findings from this study contribute to the growing knowledge of adipogenesis and obesity genetics, and provide potential biomarkers for further investigation and translation into clinical or research applications.

Graphical abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-024-01490-8.

Dysfunctional copper homeostasis in Caenorhabditis elegans affects genomic and neuronal stability

While copper (Cu) is an essential trace element for biological systems due to its redox properties, excess levels may lead to adverse effects partly due to overproduction of reactive species. Thus, a tightly regulated Cu homeostasis is crucial for health. Cu dyshomeostasis and elevated labile Cu levels are associated with oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders, but the underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully characterized. Here, we used Caenorhabditis elegans loss-of-function mutants of the Cu chaperone ortholog atox-1 and the Cu binding protein ortholog ceruloplasmin to model Cu dyshomeostasis, as they display a shifted ratio of total Cu towards labile Cu. We applied highly selective and sensitive techniques to quantify metabolites associated to oxidative stress with focus on mitochondrial integrity, oxidative DNA damage and neurodegeneration all in the context of a disrupted Cu homeostasis. Our novel data reveal elevated oxidative stress, compromised mitochondria displaying reduced ATP levels and cardiolipin content. Cu dyshomeostasis further induced oxidative DNA damage and impaired DNA damage response as well as neurodegeneration characterized by behavior and neurotransmitter analysis. Our study underscores the essentiality of a tightly regulated Cu homeostasis as well as mitochondrial integrity for both genomic and neuronal stability.

Prospects of marine-derived compounds as potential therapeutic agents for glioma

CONTEXT

Glioma, the most common primary malignant brain tumour, is a grave health concern associated with high morbidity and mortality. Current treatments, while effective to some extent, are often hindered by factors such as the blood-brain barrier and tumour microenvironment. This underscores the pressing need for exploring new pharmacologically active anti-glioma compounds.

METHODS

This review synthesizes information from major databases, including Chemical Abstracts, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Abstracts, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Springer Link and relevant books. Publications were selected without date restrictions, using terms such as 'Hymenocrater spp.,' 'phytochemical,' 'pharmacological,' 'extract,' 'essential oil' and 'traditional uses.' General web searches using Google and Yahoo were also performed. Articles related to agriculture, ecology, synthetic work or published in languages other than English or Chinese were excluded.

RESULTS

The marine environment has been identified as a rich source of diverse natural products with potent antitumour properties.

CONCLUSIONS

This paper not only provides a comprehensive review of marine-derived compounds but also unveils their potential in treating glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) based on functional classifications. It encapsulates the latest research progress on the regulatory biological functions and mechanisms of these marine substances in GBM, offering invaluable insights for the development of new glioma treatments.

Progress in Lactate Metabolism and Its Regulation via Small Molecule Drugs

Lactate, once viewed as a byproduct of glycolysis and a metabolic "waste", is now recognized as an energy-providing substrate and a signaling molecule that modulates cellular functions under pathological conditions. The discovery of histone lactylation in 2019 marked a paradigm shift, with subsequent studies revealing that lactate can undergo lactylation with both histone and non-histone proteins, implicating it in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer, liver fibrosis, sepsis, ischemic stroke, and acute kidney injury. Aberrant lactate metabolism is associated with disease onset, and its levels can predict disease outcomes. Targeting lactate production, transport, and lactylation may offer therapeutic potential for multiple diseases, yet a systematic summary of the small molecules modulating lactate and its metabolism in various diseases is lacking. This review outlines the sources and clearance of lactate, as well as its roles in cancer, liver fibrosis, sepsis, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and acute kidney injury, and summarizes the effects of small molecules on lactate regulation. It aims to provide a reference and direction for future research.

The Warburg Effect: Is it Always an Enemy?

The Warburg effect, also known as 'aerobic' glycolysis, describes the preference of cancer cells to favor glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation for energy (adenosine triphosphate-ATP) production, despite having high amounts of oxygen and fully active mitochondria, a phenomenon first identified by Otto Warburg. This metabolic pathway is traditionally viewed as a hallmark of cancer, supporting rapid growth and proliferation by supplying energy and biosynthetic precursors. However, emerging research indicates that the Warburg effect is not just a strategy for cancer cells to proliferate at higher rates compared to normal cells; thus, it should not be considered an 'enemy' since it also plays complex roles in normal cellular functions and/or under stress conditions, prompting a reconsideration of its purely detrimental characterization. Moreover, this review highlights that distinguishing glycolysis as 'aerobic' and 'anaerobic' should not exist, as lactate is likely the final product of glycolysis, regardless of the presence of oxygen. Finally, this review explores the nuanced contributions of the Warburg effect beyond oncology, including its regulatory roles in various cellular environments and the potential effects on systemic physiological processes. By expanding our understanding of these mechanisms, we can uncover novel therapeutic strategies that target metabolic reprogramming, offering new avenues for treating cancer and other diseases characterized by metabolic dysregulation. This comprehensive reevaluation not only challenges traditional views but also enhances our understanding of cellular metabolism's adaptability and its implications in health and disease.

Orientia tsutsugamushi infection reduces host gluconeogenic but not glycolytic substrates

Orientia tsutsugamushi a causal agent of scrub typhus, is an obligate intracellular bacterium that, akin to other rickettsiae, is dependent on host cell-derived nutrients for survival and thus pathogenesis. Based on limited experimental evidence and genome-based in silico predictions, O. tsutsugamushi is hypothesized to parasitize host central carbon metabolism (CCM). Here, we (re-)evaluated O. tsutsugamushi dependency on host cell CCM as initiated by glucose and glutamine. Orientia infection had no effect on host glucose and glutamine consumption or lactate accumulation, indicating no change in overall flux through CCM. However, host cell mitochondrial activity and ATP levels were reduced during infection and correspond with lower intracellular glutamine and glutamate pools. To further probe the essentiality of host CCM in O. tsutsugamushi proliferation, we developed a minimal medium for host cell cultivation and paired it with chemical inhibitors to restrict the intermediates and processes related to glucose and glutamine metabolism. These conditions failed to negatively impact O. tsutsugamushi intracellular growth, suggesting the bacterium is adept at scavenging from host CCM. Accordingly, untargeted metabolomics was utilized to evaluate minor changes in host CCM metabolic intermediates across O. tsutsugamushi infection and revealed that pathogen proliferation corresponds with reductions in critical CCM building blocks, including amino acids and TCA cycle intermediates, as well as increases in lipid catabolism. This study directly correlates O. tsutsugamushi proliferation to alterations in host CCM and identifies metabolic intermediates that are likely critical for pathogen fitness.IMPORTANCEObligate intracellular bacterial pathogens have evolved strategies to reside and proliferate within the eukaryotic intracellular environment. At the crux of this parasitism is the balance between host and pathogen metabolic requirements. The physiological basis driving O. tsutsugamushi dependency on its mammalian host remains undefined. By evaluating alterations in host metabolism during O. tsutsugamushi proliferation, we discovered that bacterial growth is independent of the host's nutritional environment but appears dependent on host gluconeogenic substrates, including amino acids. Given that O. tsutsugamushi replication is essential for its virulence, this study provides experimental evidence for the first time in the post-genomic era of metabolic intermediates potentially parasitized by a scrub typhus agent.

Recent advances in fluorescent probes for ATP imaging

Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a critical biological molecule that functions as the primary energy currency within cells. ATP synthesis occurs in the mitochondria, and variations in its concentration can significantly influence mitochondrial and cellular performance. Prior studies have established a link between ATP levels and a variety of diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative conditions, ischemia, and hypoglycemia. Consequently, researchers have developed many fluorescent probes for ATP detection, recognizing the importance of monitoring intracellular ATP levels to understand cellular processes. These probes have been effectively utilized for visualizing ATP in living cells and biological samples. In this comprehensive review, we categorize fluorescent sensors developed in the last five years for ATP detection. We base our classification on fluorophores, structure, multi-response channels, and application. We also evaluate the challenges and potential for advancing new generations of fluorescence imaging probes for monitoring ATP in living cells. We hope this summary motivates researchers to design innovative and effective probes tailored to ATP sensing. We foresee imminent progress in the development of highly sophisticated ATP probes.

No energy, no autophagy-Mechanisms and therapeutic implications of autophagic response energy requirements

Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated self-degradation process of central importance for cellular quality control. It also provides macromolecule building blocks and substrates for energy metabolism during nutrient or energy deficiency, which are the main stimuli for autophagy induction. However, like most biological processes, autophagy itself requires ATP, and there is an energy threshold for its initiation and execution. We here present the first comprehensive review of this often-overlooked aspect of autophagy research. The studies in which ATP deficiency suppressed autophagy in vitro and in vivo were classified according to the energy pathway involved (oxidative phosphorylation or glycolysis). A mechanistic insight was provided by pinpointing the critical ATP-consuming autophagic events, including transcription/translation/interaction of autophagy-related molecules, autophagosome formation/elongation, autophagosome fusion with the lysosome, and lysosome acidification. The significance of energy-dependent fine-tuning of autophagic response for preserving the cell homeostasis, and potential implications for the therapy of cancer, autoimmunity, metabolic disorders, and neurodegeneration are discussed.

The development of ultrasensitive microcalorimeters for bioanalysis and energy balance monitoring

Heat generation or consumption is required for all biological processes. Microcalorimetry is an ultrasensitive method to measure heat change for various applications. In this paper, we aimed to review the ultrasensitive microcalorimeter systems and their extensive applications in bioanalysis and energy balance monitoring. We first discussed the basic structure of microcalorimeters, including the closed system and open system, temperature sensing methods, isolation materials, and temperature stabilization. Then, we focused on their applications, such as cell metabolism research, biomolecule interaction measurement, biothermal analysis, and calorimetric detection. Finally, we compared the advantages and disadvantages of commercially available microcalorimeters and their contributions to bioresearch. The development of ultrasensitive microcalorimeters provides the tools for bioanalysis at the single-cell, or even subcellular, level, as well as for precise calorimetric detection.

Copper in Human Health and Disease: A Comprehensive Review

This comprehensive review discusses the crucial role of copper in human health and disease as an essential trace mineral. It emphasizes the significance of copper while addressing potential risks from imbalances in copper levels, be it excessive or inadequate. The review outlines various challenges in copper research, including toxicity concerns, data limitations, metabolic complexities, genetic influences, nutrient interactions, and resource constraints. Despite these challenges, the review identifies specific research areas needing exploration, such as copper homeostasis regulation, transport mechanisms, gut microbiome interactions, immune function, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular health, cancer, fertility, and reproductive health. The purpose of this review is to explore the important role of copper in human health and disease, which highlights the delicate balance required to avoid deficiency or toxicity. For the researchers and scientists, it provides the gaps in the research, so it aims to provide insights that could advance diagnostic and therapeutic strategies across various medical disciplines.

Development and evaluation of a standardised sampling protocol to determine the effect of cleaning in the pig sty

BACKGROUND

All-in, all-out with strict hygienic routines is necessary in modern pig production. Furthermore, a standardised, validated method is needed to quantitatively control the effect of these hygiene protocols. This study aimed to establish a reproducible and reliable sampling method to assess cleaning of the pig pen.

METHODS

Sterilised pig faeces were mixed with indicator bacteria (i.e. Enterococcus hirae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) and spread out in a controlled environment. The retrieval rate of three different sampling methods were evaluated; swabbing by (i) a cloth and (ii) a sponge, analysed by standardised bacterial culture and counting of colony-forming units, and (iii) a cotton swab analysed by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence. Two time-points were evaluated during the study; after drying overnight and after manual scraping of the surfaces. To determine sample-to-sample variability, sampling by the cloth and the cotton swab was carried out after manual scraping and further, after high-pressure washing with cold water.

RESULTS

Sampling by the cloth and the sponge showed few differences in in the number of CFU obtained before and after the manual scraping (retrieval rate), whereas the swabs, measuring ATP bioluminescence, showed a very high retrieval rate. Sample-to-sample variability was low for all three methods.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, to sample pens for the presence of bacteria, the cloth was assessed as the preferable material, being cheap, easy, specific, and approachable, and with a low sample-to-sample variability. The ATP measurement could have potential for use when evaluating the cleaning of stables, however, threshold values for evaluating the cleaning of a pig sty needs to be developed.