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Martin-Pozas T, Fernandez-Cortes A, Cuezva S, Jurado V, Gonzalez-Pimentel JL, Hermosin B, Ontañon R, Arias P, Cañaveras JC, Sanchez-Moral S, Saiz-Jimenez C. Microclimate, airborne particles, and microbiological monitoring protocol for conservation of rock-art caves: The case of the world-heritage site La Garma cave (Spain). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119762. [PMID: 38081083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Cave heritage is often threatened by tourism or even scientific activities, which can lead to irreversible deterioration. We present a preventive conservation monitoring protocol to protect caves with rock art, focusing on La Garma Cave (Spain), a World Heritage Site with valuable archaeological materials and Palaeolithic paintings. This study assessed the suitability of the cave for tourist use through continuous microclimate and airborne particles monitoring, biofilm analysis, aerobiological monitoring and experimental visits. Our findings indicate several factors that make it inadvisable to adapt the cave for tourist use. Human presence and transit within the cave cause cumulative effects on the temperature of environmentally very stable and fragile sectors and significant resuspension of particles from the cave sediments. These environmental perturbations represent severe impacts as they affect the natural aerodynamic control of airborne particles and determine bacterial dispersal throughout the cave. This monitoring protocol provides part of the evidence to design strategies for sustainable cave management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Soledad Cuezva
- Departamento de Geologia, Geografia y Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valme Jurado
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, IRNAS-CSIC, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Gonzalez-Pimentel
- Departamento de Genetica, Centro Andaluz de Biologia del Desarrollo (CABD, UPO-CSIC-JA), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Bernardo Hermosin
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, IRNAS-CSIC, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Roberto Ontañon
- Museo de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de Cantabria - Cuevas Prehistoricas de Cantabria, 39009, Santander, Spain
| | - Pablo Arias
- Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria (IIIPC). Universidad de Cantabria, 39009, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Cañaveras
- Departmento de Ciencias de la Tierra y Medio Ambiente, Universida de Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, IRNAS-CSIC, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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2
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Dutra YLG, Rosado AWC, Condé TO, Leão AF, Neves SDC, Fraga LMS, Kasuya MCM, Pereira OL. Two new Cladosporium species from a quartzite cave in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:3021-3031. [PMID: 37880564 PMCID: PMC10689331 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Caves are underground and natural environments mainly found in rocky terrain. Caves have a very specific microclimate, which benefits the occurrence of specific fungi. In recent studies, researchers have observed that caves harbour a great diversity of fungi. However, studies on fungal diversity in Brazilian caves are still incipient. In September 2019, airborne spore and soil samples were collected from the Monte Cristo cave, in the Southern Espinhaço Range, Diamantina, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Two Cladosporium single-spore isolates, among other genera, were obtained from these samples. This study aimed to characterise these two fungal isolates based on their DNA sequence data and morphology. Phylogenetic analyses of the rDNA-ITS, ACT and TEF1-α loci revealed that the isolates belonged to the Cladosporium cladosporioides species complex. Both isolates did not cluster with any known species and were formally described and named herein as C. diamantinense and C. speluncae. This study presents taxonomic novelties and contributes to the knowledge about the fungal diversity in Brazilian caves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lucas Gomes Dutra
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - André Wilson Campos Rosado
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago Oliveira Condé
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Leão
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Soraya de Carvalho Neves
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Lucio Mauro Soares Fraga
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, 39100-000, Brazil
| | | | - Olinto Liparini Pereira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Martin-Pozas T, Fernandez-Cortes A, Cuezva S, Cañaveras JC, Benavente D, Duarte E, Saiz-Jimenez C, Sanchez-Moral S. New insights into the structure, microbial diversity and ecology of yellow biofilms in a Paleolithic rock art cave (Pindal Cave, Asturias, Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165218. [PMID: 37419360 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of sunlight, caves harbor a great diversity of microbial colonies to extensive biofilms with different sizes and colors visible to the naked eye. One of the most widespread and visible types of biofilm are those with yellow hues that can constitute a serious problem for the conservation of cultural heritage in many caves, such as Pindal Cave (Asturias, Spain). This cave, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO for its Paleolithic parietal art, shows a high degree of development of yellow biofilms that represents a real threat to the conservation of painted and engraved figures. This study aims to: 1) identify the microbial structures and the most characteristic taxa composing the yellow biofilms, 2) seek the linked microbiome reservoir primarily contributing to their growth; 3) seed light on the driving vectors that contribute to their formation and determine the subsequent proliferation and spatial distribution. To achieve this goal, we used amplicon-based massive sequencing, in combination with other techniques such as microscopy, in situ hybridization and environmental monitoring, to compare the microbial communities of yellow biofilms with those of drip waters, cave sediments and exterior soil. The results revealed microbial structures related to the phylum Actinomycetota and the most characteristic bacteria in yellow biofilms, represented by the genera wb1-P19, Crossiella, Nitrospira, and Arenimonas. Our findings suggest that sediments serve as potential reservoirs and colonization sites for these bacteria that can develop into biofilms under favorable environmental and substrate conditions, with a particular affinity for speleothems and rugged-surfaced rocks found in condensation-prone areas. This study presents an exhaustive study of microbial communities of yellow biofilms in a cave, which could be used as a procedure for the identification of similar biofilms in other caves and to design effective conservation strategies in caves with valuable cultural heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Martin-Pozas
- Department of Geology, National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Soledad Cuezva
- Department of Geology, Geography and Environment, University of Alcala, Campus Cientifico-Tecnologico, 28802 Alcala de Henares, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Cañaveras
- Department of Environmental and Earth Sciences, University of Alicante, Campus San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
| | - David Benavente
- Department of Environmental and Earth Sciences, University of Alicante, Campus San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Elsa Duarte
- Department of History, University of Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez
- Department of Agrochemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Soil and Water Protection, Institute of Natural Resources and Agricultural Biology (IRNAS-CSIC), 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Sergio Sanchez-Moral
- Department of Geology, National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Stupar M, Savković Ž, Popović S, Simić GS, Grbić ML. Speleomycology of Air in Stopića Cave (Serbia). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 86:2021-2031. [PMID: 37000232 PMCID: PMC10064612 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02214-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Fungi can colonize organic matter present in subterranean sites and have a significant role as dwellers in different microniches of cave habitats. In order to analyze the content of airborne fungal propagules in different parts of "Stopića Cave," a touristic site in Serbia, air sampling was carried out in three seasons during 2020, prior to and during the onset of COVID-19 pandemic. Culturable mycobiota was identified using both microscopic techniques and ITS region/BenA gene barcoding, while multivariate analyses were employed to establish the link between fungal taxa and different environmental factors. The maximal measured fungal propagule concentrations were recorded during spring sampling which were based on fungal propagule concentration categories; the cave environment matches the category V. A total of 29 fungal isolates were identified, while Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Lecanicillium, Mucor, and Penicillium were the most diverse genera. According to the trophic mode, most of the isolated fungal species were pathotrophs (75.86%), but when regarding ecological guilds, the most dominant were undefined saprobes and animal pathogens (41.38% for each). Show caves are especially vulnerable to human impacts, and the fungal propagules' concentration within the caves could be good indices for the level of ecological disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Stupar
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| | - Željko Savković
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Slađana Popović
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Gordana Subakov Simić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
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5
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Piano E, Biagioli F, Nicolosi G, Coleine C, Poli A, Prigione V, Zanellati A, Addesso R, Varese GC, Selbmann L, Isaia M. Tourism affects microbial assemblages in show caves. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:162106. [PMID: 36764528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic disturbance on natural ecosystems is growing in frequency and magnitude affecting all ecosystems components. Understanding the response of different types of biocoenosis to human disturbance is urgently needed and it can be achieved by adopting a metacommunity framework. With the aid of advanced molecular techniques, we investigated sediment communities of Fungi, Bacteria and Archaea in four Italian show caves, aiming to disentangle the effects induced by tourism on their diversity and to highlight changes in the driving forces that shape their community composition. We modelled diversity measures against proxies of tourism pressure. With this approach we demonstrate that the cave tourism has a direct effect on the community of Bacteria and an indirect influence on Fungi and Archaea. By analysing the main driving forces influencing the community composition of the three microbial groups, we highlighted that stochastic factors override dispersal-related processes and environmental selection in show caves compared to undisturbed areas. Thanks to this approach, we provide new perspectives on the dynamics of microbial communities under human disturbance suggesting that a proper understanding of the underlying selective mechanisms requires a comprehensive and multi-taxonomic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Piano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Biagioli
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nicolosi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
| | - Claudia Coleine
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Anna Poli
- Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Valeria Prigione
- Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Zanellati
- Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Rosangela Addesso
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cristina Varese
- Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Selbmann
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Marco Isaia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy.
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6
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Villa F, Ludwig N, Mazzini S, Scaglioni L, Fuchs AL, Tripet B, Copié V, Stewart PS, Cappitelli F. A desiccated dual-species subaerial biofilm reprograms its metabolism and affects water dynamics in limestone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161666. [PMID: 36669662 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of sessile communities on underlying materials is of paramount importance in stone conservation. Up until now, the critical role of subaerial biofilms (SABs) whether they are protective or deteriorative remains unclear, especially under desiccation. The interest in desiccated SABs is raised by the prediction of an increase in drought events in the next decades that will affect the Mediterranean regions' rich stone heritage as never before. Thus, the main goal of this research is to study the effects of desiccation on both the biofilms' eco-physiology and its impacts on the lithic substrate. To this end, we used a dual-species model system composed of a phototroph and a chemotroph to simulate biofilm behavior on stone heritage. We found that drought altered the phototroph-chemotroph balance and enriched the biofilm matrix with proteins and DNA. Desiccated SABs underwent a shift in metabolism to fermentation and a decrease in oxidative stress. Additionally, desiccated SABs changed the water-related dynamics (adsorption, evaporation, and wetting properties) in limestone. Water absorption experiments showed that desiccated SABs protected the stone from rapid water uptake, while a thermographic survey indicated a delay in water evaporation. Spilling-drop tests revealed a change in the wettability of the stone-SAB interface, which affected the water transport properties of the stone. Finally, desiccated SABs reduced stone swelling in the presence of water vapor. The biodeteriorative and bioprotective implications of desiccated SABs on the stone were ultimately assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Villa
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - N Ludwig
- Dipartimento di Fisica Aldo Pontremoli, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - S Mazzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - L Scaglioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - A L Fuchs
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
| | - B Tripet
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
| | - V Copié
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
| | - P S Stewart
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman 59717, USA.
| | - F Cappitelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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7
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Tizabi D, Hill RT. Micrococcus spp. as a promising source for drug discovery: A review. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 50:kuad017. [PMID: 37460166 PMCID: PMC10548855 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Historically, bacteria of the phylum, Actinobacteria have been a very prominent source of bioactive compounds for drug discovery. Among the actinobacterial genera, Micrococcus has not generally been prioritized in the search for novel drugs. The bacteria in this genus are known to have very small genomes (generally < 3 Mb). Actinobacteria with small genomes seldom contain the well-characterized biosynthetic gene clusters such as those encoding polyketide synthases and nonribosomal peptide synthetases that current genome mining algorithms are optimized to detect. Nevertheless, there are many reports of substantial pharmaceutically relevant bioactivity of Micrococcus extracts. On the other hand, there are remarkably few descriptions of fully characterized and structurally elucidated bioactive compounds from Micrococcus spp. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the bioactivity of Micrococcus spp. that encompasses antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. This review uncovers the considerable biosynthetic potential of this genus and highlights the need for a re-examination of these bioactive strains, with a particular emphasis on marine isolates, because of their potent bioactivity and high potential for encoding unique molecular scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Tizabi
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Russell T Hill
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
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8
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Yang Y, Luo W, Zhang W, Mridha MAU, Wijesinghe SN, McKenzie EHC, Wang Y. Cladosporium Species Associated with Fruit Trees in Guizhou Province, China. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020250. [PMID: 36836364 PMCID: PMC9962058 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
During an investigation of fungal diversity on fruit trees in Guizhou Province, 23 Cladosporium strains were isolated from various locations in Guizhou Province. Culture characteristics, morphology and molecular phylogenetic analysis of three genetic markers, namely, the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) of the rDNA, partial fragments of actin (act), and the translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-ɑ) loci were used to characterize these isolates. Seven new Cladosporium species and new host records for five other species were introduced, with detailed descriptions and illustrations. This study showed that there is a rich diversity of Cladosporium spp. in fruit trees in Guizhou Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqiao Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agriculture College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wenmei Luo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agriculture College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wensong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agriculture College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | | | | | | | - Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agriculture College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence: or
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9
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Milano F, Borio L, Komposch C, Mammola S, Pantini P, Pavlek M, Isaia M. Species conservation profiles of the endemic spiders Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from the Alps and the north-western Dinarides. Biodivers Data J 2022; 10:e87261. [PMID: 36761670 PMCID: PMC9848466 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.10.e87261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Troglohyphantes Joseph, 1882 (Araneae, Linyphiidae) includes 131 species, mainly distributed across the main European mountain ranges. The Alps and the north-western Dinarides account for 66 species, most of them showing narrow or even point-like distributions. The majority of Troglohyphantes spiders dwell in subterranean habitats including caves, mines, soil litter, rocky debris and other moist and shaded retreats. Despite being intensively studied from taxonomic, ecological and biogeographic standpoints, knowledge on the status of conservation and on the potential risk of extinction of these spiders is lagging. To date, only three species have been included in the global IUCN Red List, but their status has not been updated ever since their last assessment in 1996. The aim of this contribution is to assess the Alpine and north-western Dinaric species of the genus Troglohyphantes and to re-assess the species previously evaluated, according to the last version of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. New information Amongst the 66 species here considered, 62 had sufficient data to allow the quantification of their Extent Of Occurrence (EOO) and Area Of Occupancy (AOO). Most of the species have a narrow distribution range, with an estimated EOO < 20,000 km2 and AOO < 2,000 km2, meeting the thresholds for the inclusion in the threatened categories. Five species have a more widespread distribution (EOO > 20,000 km2), extending across multiple countries. The quality of the data on distribution of four species was not sufficient to provide a reliable estimation of the distribution range.A continuing decline in EOO, AOO and habitat quality was inferred for 30 species. The majority of them were subterranean specialised species, with a reduced thermal tolerance and a low dispersal ability. Accordingly, changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change represent a major threat for these species. Land-use change and habitat alteration were identified as additional relevant threats for several species.A considerable proportion of the species here assessed was found in protected areas and in sites of the Natura 2000 network. In addition, 14 species are formally protected by national and sub-national legislation. At present, 25 species are listed in the regional Red Lists.Long-term monitoring programmes, management plans for both the species and their habitats, expansion of the extant protected areas and designation of new ones, should be considered as the most effective approaches to species conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Milano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, ItalyDepartment of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Luca Borio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, ItalyDepartment of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Christian Komposch
- ÖKOTEAM – Institute for Animal Ecology and Landscape Planning, Graz, AustriaÖKOTEAM – Institute for Animal Ecology and Landscape PlanningGrazAustria
| | - Stefano Mammola
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), Verbania Pallanza, ItalyWater Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR)Verbania PallanzaItaly,Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandFinnish Museum of Natural History, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Paolo Pantini
- Museo Civico di Scienze Naturali “E. Caffi.”, Bergamo, ItalyMuseo Civico di Scienze Naturali “E. Caffi.”BergamoItaly
| | - Martina Pavlek
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, CroatiaRuđer Bošković InstituteZagrebCroatia,Croatian Biospeleological Society, Zagreb, CroatiaCroatian Biospeleological SocietyZagrebCroatia
| | - Marco Isaia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, ItalyDepartment of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TurinTurinItaly
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10
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Buresova‐Faitova A, Kopecky J, Sagova‐Mareckova M, Alonso L, Vautrin F, Moënne‐Loccoz Y, Rodriguez‐Nava V. Comparison of
Actinobacteria
communities from human‐impacted and pristine karst caves. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1276. [PMID: 35478281 PMCID: PMC8988830 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacteria are important cave inhabitants, but knowledge of how anthropization and anthropization‐related visual marks affect this community on cave walls is lacking. We compared Actinobacteria communities among four French limestone caves (Mouflon, Reille, Rouffignac, and Lascaux) ranging from pristine to anthropized, and within Lascaux Cave between marked (wall visual marks) and unmarked areas in different rooms (Sas‐1, Passage, Apse, and Diaclase). In addition to the 16S rRNA gene marker, 441 bp fragments of the hsp65 gene were used and an hsp65‐related taxonomic database was constructed for the identification of Actinobacteria to the species level by Illumina‐MiSeq analysis. The hsp65 marker revealed higher resolution for species and higher richness (99% operational taxonomic units cutoff) versus the 16S rRNA gene; however, more taxa were identified at higher taxonomic ranks. Actinobacteria communities varied between Mouflon and Reille caves (both pristine), and Rouffignac and Lascaux (both anthropized). Rouffignac displayed high diversity of Nocardia, suggesting human inputs, and Lascaux exhibited high Mycobacterium relative abundance, whereas Gaiellales were typical in pristine caves and the Diaclase (least affected area of Lascaux Cave). Within Lascaux, Pseudonocardiaceae dominated on unmarked walls and Streptomycetaceae (especially Streptomyces mirabilis) on marked walls, indicating a possible role in mark formation. A new taxonomic database was developed. Although not all Actinobacteria species were represented, the use of the hsp65 marker enabled species‐level variations of the Actinobacteria community to be documented based on the extent of anthropogenic pressure. This approach proved effective when comparing different limestone caves or specific conditions within one cave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Buresova‐Faitova
- CNRS, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, UMR 5557 Ecologie MicrobienneUniversité de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1VilleurbanneFrance
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of ScienceCharles University in PraguePrague 2PragueCzech Republic
- Laboratory for Epidemiology and Ecology of MicroorganismsCrop Research InstitutePrahaCzech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Laboratory for Epidemiology and Ecology of MicroorganismsCrop Research InstitutePrahaCzech Republic
| | - Marketa Sagova‐Mareckova
- Laboratory for Epidemiology and Ecology of MicroorganismsCrop Research InstitutePrahaCzech Republic
| | - Lise Alonso
- CNRS, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, UMR 5557 Ecologie MicrobienneUniversité de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Florian Vautrin
- CNRS, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, UMR 5557 Ecologie MicrobienneUniversité de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Yvan Moënne‐Loccoz
- CNRS, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, UMR 5557 Ecologie MicrobienneUniversité de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Veronica Rodriguez‐Nava
- CNRS, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, UMR 5557 Ecologie MicrobienneUniversité de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1VilleurbanneFrance
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11
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Richness of Cladosporium in a tropical bat cave with the description of two new species. Mycol Prog 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Baković N, Matoničkin Kepčija R, Siemensma FJ. Transitional and small aquatic cave habitats diversification based on protist assemblages in the Veternica cave (Medvednica Mt., Croatia). SUBTERRANEAN BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.42.78037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protists in caves are scarcely researched. Most cave studies address the diversity of protists, but very little is known about their habitats and spatio-temporal dynamics. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity and abundance of protists in the Veternica cave in the Medvednica mountain in Croatia on hygropetric and sinter and clay pools during six months. During this study, 47 protists taxa were distinguished belonging to the groups of heterotrophic flagellates, ciliates, heliozoans, stramenopiles and testate and naked amoebae. The highest taxon richness was found at the sinter pool site richest in bats guano (36 taxa). Most diverse were testate amoebae and ciliates. The number of taxa and their abundance differed significantly between the sampling sites. The prospected habitats supported different protist assemblages, proved by ordination analysis. The most distinctive habitat was the hygropetric. Habitat heterogeneity could be attributed to the presence of inorganic and organic sediments at the sites and habitat microhydrology (lotic or lentic system). Kendall’s concordance coefficient showed a good synchronicity between the habitats in the Veternica cave, based on taxon richness and abundance of protists indicating similar seasonal trends. Seasonality in the studied habitats is attributed to the hydro-meteorological conditions in the Veternica cave drainage area. This study is one of the few studies of spatio-temporal diversity and abundance of protists in caves. Despite the similar appearance of small transitional and aquatic habitats in caves, an example of this study showed specific habitat diversification.
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Dominguez-Moñino I, Jurado V, Rogerio-Candelera MA, Hermosin B, Saiz-Jimenez C. Airborne bacteria in show caves from Southern Spain. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2021; 8:247-255. [PMID: 34692820 PMCID: PMC8485469 DOI: 10.15698/mic2021.10.762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a study on the airborne bacteria recorded in three Andalusian show caves, subjected to different managements. The main differences within the caves were the absence of lighting and phototrophic biofilms in Cueva de Ardales, the periodic maintenance and low occurrence of phototrophic biofilms in Gruta de las Maravillas, and the abundance of phototrophic biofilms in speleothems and walls in Cueva del Tesoro. These factors conditioned the diversity of bacteria in the caves and therefore there are large differences among the CFU m-3, determined using a suction impact collector, equipment widely used in aerobiological studies. The study of the bacterial diversity, inside and outside the caves, indicates that the air is mostly populated by bacteria thriving in the subterranean environment. In addition, the diversity seems to be related with the presence of abundant phototrophic biofilms, but not with the number of visitors received by each cave.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valme Jurado
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, IRNAS-CSIC, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Bernardo Hermosin
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, IRNAS-CSIC, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, IRNAS-CSIC, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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14
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Evaluation of Plant Origin Essential Oils as Herbal Biocides for the Protection of Caves Belonging to Natural and Cultural Heritage Sites. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091836. [PMID: 34576731 PMCID: PMC8470480 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study concerns the serious issue of biodeterioration of the caves belonging to natural and cultural heritage sites due to the development of various microorganisms. Thus, a series of 18 essential oils (EOs) extracted from various Greek plants were evaluated in vitro (concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0% v/v) against 35 bacterial and 31 fungi isolates (isolated from a Greek cave) and the antimicrobial activity was evident through the changes in optical density of microbial suspensions. In continuance, eight (8) representative bacterial and fungal isolates were further used to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and non-inhibitory concentration (NIC) values of the most effective EOs. According to the results, two EOs of Origanum vulgare were the most effective by inhibiting the growth of all the tested microorganisms at 0.1% (v/v), followed by that of Satureja thymbra which inhibited all bacterial isolates at 0.1% (v/v) and fungal isolates at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5% (v/v) (depending on the isolate). The MIC ranged between 0.015–0.157 and 0.013–0.156 (v/v) for the bacterial and fungal isolates respectively, depending on the case. The current study demonstrated that conventional biocides may be replaced by herbal biocides with significant prospects for commercial exploitation.
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15
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Sanchez-Moral S, Jurado V, Fernandez-Cortes A, Cuezva S, Martin-Pozas T, Gonzalez-Pimentel JL, Ontañon R, Saiz-Jimenez C. Environment-driven control of fungi in subterranean ecosystems: the case of La Garma Cave (northern Spain). Int Microbiol 2021; 24:573-591. [PMID: 34292448 PMCID: PMC8616876 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Airborne microorganisms can cause important conservation problems in caves with Paleolithic art and therefore the knowledge of cave aerodynamic is essential. La Garma Cave (Cantabria, Spain), an exceptional archaeological site with several levels of galleries interconnected and two entrances, presents a complex atmospheric dynamics. An approach including aerobiological sampling together with microclimate monitoring was applied to assess the factors controlling the origin of airborne fungi. Here we show that winter ventilation is critical for the increasing of Basidiomycota spores in the cave air and the highest concentrations were found in the most ventilated areas. On the contrary, Ascomycota spores prevailed in absence of ventilation. Besides, most Ascomycota were linked to insects and bats that visit or inhabit the cave. The combination of aerobiological and microclimate data constitutes a good approach to evaluate the influence of external climatic conditions and design the most suitable strategies for the conservation of cultural heritage in the cave environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valme Jurado
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia (IRNAS-CSIC), 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Soledad Cuezva
- Departamento de Geologia, Geografia y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Alcala de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Roberto Ontañon
- Museo de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de Cantabria, 39009, Santander, Spain
| | - Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia (IRNAS-CSIC), 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
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16
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Diversity and Seasonal Dynamics of Airborne Fungi in Nerja Cave, Spain. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11136236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nerja Cave, Southern Spain, was revealed as an important biodiversity reservoir from which several novel species of Aspergillus were described. We carried out an aerobiological study in Nerja Cave to assess the origin of airborne fungi. This study quantified the fungi present in the air of ten representative halls covering the three sectors comprising the cave: Touristic Galleries, High Galleries, and New Galleries. Microclimatological monitoring allowed us to understand the dynamic of airborne fungi in two seasons of the year (winter and summer), corresponding to the strongest and the lowest cave ventilation, and to validate the influence that the transport of airborne fungi from outside may have on the cave itself. The data show that cold air enters in winter, as confirmed by the abundant presence of Aspergillus and Penicillium spores inside and outside the cave. In summer, the abundance of some fungi in the air of Nerja Cave, which are not detected outside, indicates a stagnation or low ventilation, and therefore, the concentration of fungal spores is maxima. The high occurrence of Cladosporium outside the cave and the scarce abundance inside support the cave stagnation in this season.
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Lampenflora in a Show Cave in the Great Basin Is Distinct from Communities on Naturally Lit Rock Surfaces in Nearby Wild Caves. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061188. [PMID: 34072861 PMCID: PMC8227912 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In show caves, artificial lighting is intended to illuminate striking cave formations for visitors. However, artificial lighting also promotes the growth of novel and diverse biofilm communities, termed lampenflora, that obtain their energy from these artificial light sources. Lampenflora, which generally consist of cyanobacteria, algae, diatoms, and bryophytes, discolor formations and introduce novel ecological interactions in cave ecosystems. The source of lampenflora community members and patterns of diversity have generally been understudied mainly due to technological limitations. In this study, we investigate whether members of lampenflora communities in an iconic show cave—Lehman Caves—in Great Basin National Park (GRBA) in the western United States also occur in nearby unlit and rarely visited caves. Using a high-throughput environmental DNA metabarcoding approach targeting three loci—the ITS2 (fungi), a fragment of the 16S (bacteria), and a fragment of 23S (photosynthetic bacteria and eukaryotes)—we characterized diversity of lampenflora communities occurring near artificial light sources in Lehman Caves and rock surfaces near the entrances of seven nearby “wild” caves. Most caves supported diverse and distinct microbial-dominated communities, with little overlap in community members among caves. The lampenflora communities in the show cave were distinct, and generally less diverse, from those occurring in nearby unlit caves. Our results suggest an unidentified source for a significant proportion of lampenflora community members in Lehman Caves, with the majority of community members not found in nearby wild caves. Whether the unique members of the lampenflora communities in Lehman Caves are related to distinct abiotic conditions, increased human visitation, or other factors remains unknown. These results provide a valuable framework for future research exploring lampenflora community assemblies in show caves, in addition to a broad perspective into the range of microbial and lampenflora community members in GRBA. By more fully characterizing these communities, we can better monitor the establishment of lampenflora and design effective strategies for their management and removal.
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18
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Abstract
The aerobiology of caves in Southern Spain possesses special characteristics, different from caves located in Northern Spain. Previous studies demonstrated the influence of outdoor air on caves in the north and the existence of two different patterns, depending on the season. In summer there is an abundance of Ascomycota, whereas in winter Basidiomycota predominates, which are related to the periods of stagnation and ventilation, respectively. In caves in Southern Spain the presence of airborne Basidiomycota is scarce and Ascomycota represents the main group of fungi widely distributed across the caves in all seasons. The most characteristic features were the abundant presence of entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana, Parengyodontium album, Pochonia chlamydosporia, Leptobacillium symbioticum, Leptobacillium leptobactrum) and Cladosporium cladosporioides in Cueva del Tesoro, Cueva de Ardales and Gruta de las Maravillas. However, the presence of yeasts of the genera Cutaneotrichosporon, Trichosporon, Cryptococcus, Naganishia, Cystobasidium, Microstroma and Phragmotaenium was exclusive to Gruta de las Maravillas. Fungal hazard in the three show caves were determined using an ecological indicator based on the concentration of spores in cave air.
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19
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Cunha AOB, Bezerra JDP, Oliveira TGL, Barbier E, Bernard E, Machado AR, Souza-Motta CM. Living in the dark: Bat caves as hotspots of fungal diversity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243494. [PMID: 33275627 PMCID: PMC7717564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bat caves are very special roosts that harbour thousands of bats of one or more species. Such sites may hold an incredible “dark fungal diversity” which is still underestimated. We explored the culturable fungal richness in the air, on bats, and in the guano in a bat cave in Brazil’s Caatinga dry forest. Fungal abundance was 683 colony-forming units (CFU) in the guano, 673 CFU in the air, and 105 CFU on the bats. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analysis of ITS, LSU, and TUB2 sequences, fungal isolates of 59 taxa belonging to 37 genera in the phyla Ascomycota (28 genera, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and Talaromyces), Basidiomycota (eight genera, including Rhodotorula and Schizophyllum), and Mucoromycota (only Rhizopus) were identified. The fungal richness in the air was 23 taxa (especially Aspergillus taxa), mainly found at 15 m and 45 m from the cave entrance; on the bodies of bats it was 36 taxa (mainly Aspergillus taxa), especially on their wing membranes (21 taxa, nine of which were exclusively found in this microhabitat); and in guano 10 fungal taxa (especially Aspergillus and Penicillium) were found. The fungal richness associated with guano (fresh and non-fresh) was similar from bats with different eating habits (insectivorous, frugivorous, and haematophagous). Sampling effort was not sufficient to reveal the total fungal taxa richness estimated. Eight (21.6%) of the 37 genera and 17 (53.1%) of the 32 identified fungal species are reported for the first time in caves. Our results highlight bat caves in Brazil as hotspots of fungal diversity, emphasizing the need to protect such special roosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline O B Cunha
- Departamento de Micologia Prof. Chaves Batista, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Jadson D P Bezerra
- Setor de Micologia, Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Thays G L Oliveira
- Departamento de Micologia Prof. Chaves Batista, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Eder Barbier
- Laboratório de Ciência Aplicada à Conservação da Biodiversidade, Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Enrico Bernard
- Laboratório de Ciência Aplicada à Conservação da Biodiversidade, Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Alexandre R Machado
- Departamento de Micologia Prof. Chaves Batista, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Cristina M Souza-Motta
- Departamento de Micologia Prof. Chaves Batista, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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20
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Colored Microbial Coatings in Show Caves from the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador): First Microbiological Approach. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10111134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Galapagos Islands (Ecuador) have a unique ecosystem on Earth due to their outstanding biodiversity and geological features. This also extends to their subterranean heritage, such as volcanic caves, with plenty of secondary mineral deposits, including coralloid-type speleothems and moonmilk deposits. In this study, the bacterial communities associated with speleothems from two lava tubes of Santa Cruz Island were investigated. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was carried out for the morphological characterization and detection of microbial features associated with moonmilk and coralloid speleothems from Bellavista and Royal Palm Caves. Microbial cells, especially filamentous bacteria in close association with extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), were abundant in both types of speleothems. Furthermore, reticulated filaments and Actinobacteria-like cells were observed by FESEM. The analysis of 16S rDNA revealed the presence of different bacterial phylotypes, many of them associated with the carbon, nitrogen, iron and sulfur cycles, and some others with pollutants. This study gives insights into subsurface microbial diversity of the Galapagos Islands and further shows the interest of the conservation of these subterranean geoheritage sites used as show caves.
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21
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Ando K, Murakami T. Detection of human-associated bacteria in water from Akiyoshi-do Cave, Japan. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:1866-1873. [PMID: 32386088 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Akiyoshi-do Cave is one of the oldest and the largest show caves in Japan. Environmental alterations induced by tourism impacts have been suggested; however, only a few previous studies have investigated the impacts of tourism on the cave. In this study, enrichment culture procedures were applied to detect human-associated bacteria (HAB) including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and thermo-tolerant Bacillus spp. in cave water. Physical and bacterial parameters of water including total nitrogen, ammonia, phosphate, total number of bacteria, and total number of viable bacteria were collected as environmental factors. Escherichia coli was absent at all sites, but increased levels of total bacteria, viable bacteria, S. aureus, and thermo-tolerant Bacillus spp. were present at high-impact sites. Examination of the origin tracking of HAB suggested that cave tourists could be a source of HAB contamination, but other causes related to the surface land use could also contribute to HAB contamination. © 2020 Water Environment Federation PRACTITIONER POINTS: Detection of HAB was performed for the first time in Japanese show caves to consider tourism impacts. The greater number of HAB was detected from the tourist area than the nontourist area in the cave. It was suggested that the origin of HAB may not be limited to tourists, but may also include the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanato Ando
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Murakami
- Mine City Board of Education, Cultural Property Protection Division, Yamaguchi, Japan
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22
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Mammola S, Amorim IR, Bichuette ME, Borges PAV, Cheeptham N, Cooper SJB, Culver DC, Deharveng L, Eme D, Ferreira RL, Fišer C, Fišer Ž, Fong DW, Griebler C, Jeffery WR, Jugovic J, Kowalko JE, Lilley TM, Malard F, Manenti R, Martínez A, Meierhofer MB, Niemiller ML, Northup DE, Pellegrini TG, Pipan T, Protas M, Reboleira ASPS, Venarsky MP, Wynne JJ, Zagmajster M, Cardoso P. Fundamental research questions in subterranean biology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1855-1872. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mammola
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS) University of Helsinki Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13 Helsinki 00100 Finland
- Molecular Ecology Group (MEG) Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR) Corso Tonolli, 50 Pallanza 28922 Italy
| | - Isabel R. Amorim
- cE3c – Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Faculty of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, Rua Capitão João d'Àvila Pico da Urze Angra do Heroísmo Azores 9700‐042 Portugal
| | - Maria E. Bichuette
- Laboratory of Subterranean Studies Federal University of São Carlos Rodovia Washington Luís km 235 São Carlos São Paulo 13565‐905 Brazil
| | - Paulo A. V. Borges
- cE3c – Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Faculty of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, Rua Capitão João d'Àvila Pico da Urze Angra do Heroísmo Azores 9700‐042 Portugal
| | - Naowarat Cheeptham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science Thompson Rivers University 805 TRU Way Kamloops British Columbia Canada
| | - Steven J. B. Cooper
- Evolutionary Biology Unit South Australian Museum North Terrace Adelaide South Australia 5000 Australia
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, and Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - David C. Culver
- Department of Environmental Science American University 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington DC 20016 U.S.A
| | - Louis Deharveng
- UMR7205 – ISYEB Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 45 rue Buffon (CP50) Paris 75005 France
| | - David Eme
- IFREMER Centre Atlantique Unité Ecologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique Rue de l'Île d'Yeu Nantes 44980 France
| | - Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira
- Center of Studies in Subterranean Biology, Biology Department Federal University of Lavras Campus Universitário Lavras Minas Gerais CEP 37202‐553 Brazil
| | - Cene Fišer
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Jamnikarjeva 101, PO BOX 2995 Ljubljana SI‐1000 Slovenia
| | - Žiga Fišer
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Jamnikarjeva 101, PO BOX 2995 Ljubljana SI‐1000 Slovenia
| | - Daniel W. Fong
- Department of Biology American University 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington DC 20016 U.S.A
| | - Christian Griebler
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of Limnology University of Vienna Althanstrasse 14 Vienna 1090 Austria
| | - William R. Jeffery
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 U.S.A
| | - Jure Jugovic
- Department of Biodiversity, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies University of Primorska Glagoljaška 8 Koper SI‐6000 Slovenia
| | - Johanna E. Kowalko
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College Florida Atlantic University 5353 Parkside Dr Jupiter FL 33458 U.S.A
| | - Thomas M. Lilley
- BatLab Finland, Finnish Museum of Natural History University of Helsinki Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13 Helsinki 00100 Finland
| | - Florian Malard
- UMR5023 Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés Univ. Lyon 1, ENTPE, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Bat. Forel 6 rue Raphaël Dubois Villeurbanne cedex 69622 France
| | - Raoul Manenti
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy Università degli Studi di Milano Via Celoria 26 Milan 20113 Italy
| | - Alejandro Martínez
- Molecular Ecology Group (MEG) Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR) Corso Tonolli, 50 Pallanza 28922 Italy
| | - Melissa B. Meierhofer
- BatLab Finland, Finnish Museum of Natural History University of Helsinki Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13 Helsinki 00100 Finland
- Department of Rangeland, Wildlife and Fisheries Management Texas A&M University 534 John Kimbrough Blvd. College Station TX 77843 U.S.A
| | - Matthew L. Niemiller
- Department of Biological Sciences The University of Alabama in Huntsville 301 Sparkman Drive NW Huntsville AL 35899 U.S.A
| | - Diana E. Northup
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131‐0001 U.S.A
| | - Thais G. Pellegrini
- Center of Studies in Subterranean Biology, Biology Department Federal University of Lavras Campus Universitário Lavras Minas Gerais CEP 37202‐553 Brazil
| | - Tanja Pipan
- ZRC SAZU Karst Research Institute Novi trg 2 Ljubljana SI‐1000 Slovenia
- UNESCO Chair on Karst Education University of Nova Gorica Vipavska cesta Nova Gorica 5000 Slovenia
| | - Meredith Protas
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Domenicas University of California 50 Acacia Avenue San Rafael CA 94901 U.S.A
| | - Ana Sofia P. S. Reboleira
- Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 15 Copenhagen 2100 Denmark
| | - Michael P. Venarsky
- Australian Rivers Institute Griffith University 170 Kessels Road Nathan Queensland 4111 Australia
| | - J. Judson Wynne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes Northern Arizona University Box 5640 Flagstaff AZ 86011 U.S.A
| | - Maja Zagmajster
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Jamnikarjeva 101, PO BOX 2995 Ljubljana SI‐1000 Slovenia
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS) University of Helsinki Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13 Helsinki 00100 Finland
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23
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Liñán C, Ojeda L, Benavente J, Del Rosal Y, Vadillo I, Carrasco F. Coupling air temperature records and gravimetric data to interpret ventilation patterns in a Mediterranean karstic system (Nerja-Pintada caves, southern Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 730:139147. [PMID: 32417530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microclimate and geophysical studies are commonly applied to the characterization of karst systems although they are usually used separately. The main purpose of this manuscript is to show how the analysis of the data from both these research methods is a useful tool in the characterization of karst systems and we present the analysis of a specific case study: the Nerja- Pintada caves system. The joint analysis of the Nerja Cave and external air data (mainly temperatures) and the pre-existing gravimetric data of its surroundings (residual gravity anomaly map) have allowed us: 1) to postulate the existence of an unknown great cavity located near to the Nerja Cave and with direct influence in its ventilation and 2) to propose a new model of the Nerja-Pintada caves ventilation based on the changing connection between a "main cavity" system (Nerja Cave), with basically a transmissive function of airflows and an "annex cavities" sub-system, with different functioning as far as the airflow is concerned: transmissive in the case of Pintada Cave and capacitive in the case of the geophysically-located cave.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liñán
- Research Institute, Nerja Cave Foundation, Carretera de Maro, s/n, 29787, Nerja, Málaga, Spain; Centre of Hydrogeology of University of Malaga, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - L Ojeda
- Centre of Hydrogeology of University of Malaga, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - J Benavente
- Department of Geodynamics, Faculty of Sciences and Water Research Institute, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Y Del Rosal
- Research Institute, Nerja Cave Foundation, Carretera de Maro, s/n, 29787, Nerja, Málaga, Spain.
| | - I Vadillo
- Centre of Hydrogeology of University of Malaga, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - F Carrasco
- Centre of Hydrogeology of University of Malaga, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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Biological Control of Phototrophic Biofilms in a Show Cave: The Case of Nerja Cave. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10103448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria and microalgae are usually found in speleothems, rocks and walls of show caves exposed to artificial lighting. These microorganisms develop as biofilms coating the mineral surfaces and producing aesthetic, physical and chemical deterioration. A wide number of physical, chemical and environmental-friendly methods have been used for controlling the biofilms with different results. Natural biological control has been suggested by some authors as a theoretical approach but without direct evidence or application. Here we report the finding of a natural biological control of phototrophic biofilms on the speleothems of Nerja Cave, Malaga, Spain. The formation of plaques or spots where the phototrophic microorganisms disappeared can be assumed on the basis of processes of predation of bacteria, amoebas and some other organisms on the phototrophic biofilms. This study aims at investigating the potentialities of the biological control of phototrophic biofilms in caves, but the originality of these data should be confirmed in future studies with a larger number of biofilm samples in different ecological scenarios.
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Bourges F, Genty D, Perrier F, Lartiges B, Régnier É, François A, Leplat J, Touron S, Bousta F, Massault M, Delmotte M, Dumoulin JP, Girault F, Ramonet M, Chauveau C, Rodrigues P. Hydrogeological control on carbon dioxide input into the atmosphere of the Chauvet-Pont d'Arc cave. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 716:136844. [PMID: 32059316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration (CDC) is an essential parameter of underground atmospheres for safety and cave heritage preservation. In the Chauvet cave (South France), a world heritage site hosting unique paintings dated 36,000 years BP, a high-sensitivity monitoring, ongoing since 1997, revealed: 1) two compartments with a spatially uniform CDC, a large volume (A) (40,000 to 80,000 m3) with a mean value of 2.20 ± 0.01% vol. in 2016, and a smaller remote room (B) (2000 m3), with a higher mean value of 3.42 ± 0.01%; 2) large CDC annual variations with peak-to-peak amplitude of 2% and 1.6% in A and B, respectively; 3) long-term changes, with an increase of CDC and of its annual amplitude since 1997, then faster since 2013, reaching a maximum of 4.4% in B in 2017, decreasing afterwards. While a large effect of seasonal ventilation is ruled out, monitoring of seepage at two dripping points indicated that the main control of CDC seasonal reduction was transient infiltration. During periods of water deficit, calculated from surface temperature and rainfall, CDC systematically increased. The carbon isotopic composition of CO2, correlated with water excess, is consistent with a time-varying component of CO2 seeping from above. The CO2 flux, which is the primary driver of CDC in A and B, inferred using box modelling, was found to confirm the relationship between water excess and reduced CO2 flux into A, compatible with a more constant flux into B. A buoyancy-driven horizontal CO2 flow model in the vadose zone, hindered by water infiltration, is proposed. Similarly, pluri-annual and long-term CDC changes can likely be attributed to variations of water excess, but also to increasing vegetation density above the cave. As CDC controls the carbonate geochemistry, an increased variability of CDC raises concern for the preservation of the Chauvet cave paintings.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bourges
- Géologie Environnement Conseil, 30 rue de la République, F-09200 Saint-Girons, France
| | - Dominique Genty
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, UVSQ, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE/IPSL), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Perrier
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université de Paris, 1 rue Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Bruno Lartiges
- Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Géosciences Environnement-Toulouse, 14 av. Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Édouard Régnier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, UVSQ, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE/IPSL), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alexandre François
- Laboratoire de Recherches des Monuments Historiques (CRC, USR3224), Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Ministère de la Culture, CRNS, 29 rue de Paris, F-77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - Johann Leplat
- Laboratoire de Recherches des Monuments Historiques (CRC, USR3224), Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Ministère de la Culture, CRNS, 29 rue de Paris, F-77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - Stéphanie Touron
- Laboratoire de Recherches des Monuments Historiques (CRC, USR3224), Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Ministère de la Culture, CRNS, 29 rue de Paris, F-77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - Faisl Bousta
- Laboratoire de Recherches des Monuments Historiques (CRC, USR3224), Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Ministère de la Culture, CRNS, 29 rue de Paris, F-77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - Marc Massault
- Géosciences Paris-Sud (GEOPS), Université de Paris Saclay, Rue du Belvédère Bâtiment 504, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Marc Delmotte
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, UVSQ, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE/IPSL), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Pascal Dumoulin
- Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone 14 (LMC14), LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Girault
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université de Paris, 1 rue Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Michel Ramonet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, UVSQ, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE/IPSL), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Charles Chauveau
- Service de la Conservation de la Grotte Chauvet, Ministère de la Culture, F-07150 Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, France
| | - Paulo Rodrigues
- Service de la Conservation de la Grotte Chauvet, Ministère de la Culture, F-07150 Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, France
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Davis MC, Messina MA, Nicolosi G, Petralia S, Baker MD, Mayne CKS, Dinon CM, Moss CJ, Onac BP, Garey JR. Surface runoff alters cave microbial community structure and function. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232742. [PMID: 32374788 PMCID: PMC7202643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Caves formed by sulfuric acid dissolution have been identified worldwide. These caves can host diverse microbial communities that are responsible for speleogenesis and speleothem formation. It is not well understood how microbial communities change in response to surface water entering caves. Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing and bioinformatic tools were used to determine the impact of surface water on the microbial community diversity and function within a spring pool found deep in the Monte Conca Cave system in Sicily, Italy. Sulfur oxidizers comprised more than 90% of the microbial community during the dry season and were replaced by potential anthropogenic contaminants such as Escherichia and Lysinibacillus species after heavy rains. One sampling date appeared to show a transition between the wet and dry seasons when potential anthropogenic contaminants (67.3%), sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (13.6%), and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (6.5%) were all present within the spring pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison C. Davis
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | | | - Giuseppe Nicolosi
- Centro Speleologico Etneo, Catania, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Salvatore Petralia
- Centro Speleologico Etneo, Catania, Italy
- Applied Chemical Works, Paternò (Ct), Italy
| | - Melvin D. Baker
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Christiana K. S. Mayne
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Chelsea M. Dinon
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Christina J. Moss
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Bogdan P. Onac
- Karst Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - James R. Garey
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
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Bercea S, Năstase-Bucur R, Moldovan OT, Kenesz M, Constantin S. Yearly microbial cycle of human exposed surfaces in show caves. SUBTERRANEAN BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.31.34490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human impact upon the subterranean microbiomes is not only a peril to the cave environment but might also affect future visitors. We focused on the changes that humans induced on the surfaces they came in direct or indirect contact with inside two intensely visited Romanian show caves, by means of commercially available microbial rapid test kits and molecular identification.
Overall culturable bacteria abundance in the caves maintained high levels year-round while Enterobacteriaceae, coliform bacteria and Escherichiacoli levels peaked during the touristic season, reaching levels that could pose a threat to the health of the visitors. Culturable fungi abundance usually peaked in the spring, remained at a high level in the summer and started to slowly decrease towards the winter months. Differences were observed between the direct and indirect exposed surfaces, as the later had lower overall levels of bacteria and fungi, with increased Enterobacteriaceae loads. Most of the taxa identified are known biodeteriorants of subterranean surfaces and were previously associated with human altered caves. A Dothideomycete sp. previously unknown to the cave environments was detected.
This was the first study to analyse the dynamics of the microbial communities of delicate subterranean surfaces in show caves through the use of commercially available test kits. We revealed that exposed surfaces in show caves, in direct or indirect contact with tourists, are host to high concentrations of cultivable microbes. The touristic activity was shown to influence the abundance and dynamics of the microbial communities inhabiting surfaces of show caves.
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28
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Guirado E, Ramos-López D, Maldonado A, Moreno-Balcázar J, Calaforra J. Modeling carbon dioxide for show cave conservation. J Nat Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pusz W, Król M, Zwijacz-Kozica T. Airborne fungi as indicators of ecosystem disturbance: an example from selected Tatra Mountains caves (Poland). AEROBIOLOGIA 2017; 34:111-118. [PMID: 29497242 PMCID: PMC5818591 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-017-9498-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the determination of the spore concentration and the species composition of the airborne fungi in selected caves of the Tatra Mountains, Poland. The following caves were surveyed: Mylna, Obłazkowa, Mroźna, Zimna and Naciekowa. The sampling was carried out in July 2015 and in January 2016. The aeromycological analyses were performed with the impact method, using the Air Ideal 3P apparatus and potato dextrose agar (PDA, Biocorp) culture medium. In the course of the July 2015 analysis, 17 species of fungi were isolated and 11 species were isolated in January 2016. In Mylna and Naciekowa caves, the dominant species were Cladosporium cladosporioides and Stachybotrys cylindrospora. In Obłazkowa cave, Rhizoctonia predominated and in Zimna cave-the colonies of the yeast-like fungi, along with S. cylindrospora. In Mroźna cave, Penicillium notatum was the most abundant taxon. In the winter time, in the majority of the caves Penicillium spp. predominated, with the exception of Mroźna and Naciekowa caves where Aspergillus niger was dominant. We propose that aeromycological monitoring be performed regularly in the following caves: Mroźna, Naciekowa and Zimna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Pusz
- Department of Plant Protection, Wroclaw University and Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 24A, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria Król
- Tatra National Park, Kuźnice 1, 34-500 Zakopane, Poland
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30
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Spacio-Temporal Distribution and Tourist Impact on Airborne Bacteria in a Cave (Škocjan Caves, Slovenia). DIVERSITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/d9030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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31
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Abarenkov K, Adams RI, Laszlo I, Agan A, Ambrosio E, Antonelli A, Bahram M, Bengtsson-Palme J, Bok G, Cangren P, Coimbra V, Coleine C, Gustafsson C, He J, Hofmann T, Kristiansson E, Larsson E, Larsson T, Liu Y, Martinsson S, Meyer W, Panova M, Pombubpa N, Ritter C, Ryberg M, Svantesson S, Scharn R, Svensson O, Töpel M, Unterseher M, Visagie C, Wurzbacher C, Taylor AF, Kõljalg U, Schriml L, Nilsson RH. Annotating public fungal ITS sequences from the built environment according to the MIxS-Built Environment standard – a report from a May 23-24, 2016 workshop (Gothenburg, Sweden). MycoKeys 2016. [DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.16.10000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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32
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Kondratyeva LM, Polevskaya OS, Litvinenko ZN, Golubeva EM, Konovalova NS. Role of the microbial community in formation of speleothem (moonmilk) in the Snezhnaya carst cave (abkhazia). Microbiology (Reading) 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s002626171605009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Schuerger AC, Lee P. Microbial Ecology of a Crewed Rover Traverse in the Arctic: Low Microbial Dispersal and Implications for Planetary Protection on Human Mars Missions. ASTROBIOLOGY 2015; 15:478-91. [PMID: 26060984 PMCID: PMC4490634 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Between April 2009 and July 2011, the NASA Haughton-Mars Project (HMP) led the Northwest Passage Drive Expedition (NWPDX), a multi-staged long-distance crewed rover traverse along the Northwest Passage in the Arctic. In April 2009, the HMP Okarian rover was driven 496 km over sea ice along the Northwest Passage, from Kugluktuk to Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, Canada. During the traverse, crew members collected samples from within the rover and from undisturbed snow-covered surfaces around the rover at three locations. The rover samples and snow samples were stored at subzero conditions (-20°C to -1°C) until processed for microbial diversity in labs at the NASA Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The objective was to determine the extent of microbial dispersal away from the rover and onto undisturbed snow. Interior surfaces of the rover were found to be associated with a wide range of bacteria (69 unique taxa) and fungi (16 unique taxa). In contrast, snow samples from the upwind, downwind, uptrack, and downtrack sample sites exterior to the rover were negative for both bacteria and fungi except for two colony-forming units (cfus) recovered from one downwind (1 cfu; site A4) and one uptrack (1 cfu; site B6) sample location. The fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus (GenBank JX517279), and closely related bacteria in the genus Brevibacillus were recovered from both snow (B. agri, GenBank JX517278) and interior rover surfaces. However, it is unknown whether the microorganisms were deposited onto snow surfaces at the time of sample collection (i.e., from the clothing or skin of the human operator) or via airborne dispersal from the rover during the 12-18 h layovers at the sites prior to collection. Results support the conclusion that a crewed rover traveling over previously undisturbed terrain may not significantly contaminate the local terrain via airborne dispersal of propagules from the vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Schuerger
- University of Florida, Space Life Sciences Lab, Kennedy Space Center, Florida
| | - Pascal Lee
- Mars Institute, Moffett Field, California
- SETI Institute, Moffett Field, California
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
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Sablier M, Garrigues P. Cultural heritage and its environment: an issue of interest for Environmental Science and Pollution Research. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:5769-5773. [PMID: 24469766 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Sablier
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation des Collections CRCC, USR 3224 du CNRS, 36, rue Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 75005, Paris, France,
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35
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Human impact on underground cultural and natural heritage sites, biological parameters of monitoring and remediation actions for insensitive surfaces: Case of Slovenian show caves. J Nat Conserv 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Garcia-Anton E, Cuezva S, Jurado V, Porca E, Miller AZ, Fernandez-Cortes A, Saiz-Jimenez C, Sanchez-Moral S. Combining stable isotope (δ13C) of trace gases and aerobiological data to monitor the entry and dispersion of microorganisms in caves. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:473-484. [PMID: 23807558 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1915-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Altamira Cave (north of Spain) contains one of the world's most prominent Paleolithic rock art paintings, which are threatened by a massive microbial colonization of ceiling and walls. Previous studies revealed that exchange rates between the cave and the external atmosphere through the entrance door play a decisive role in the entry and transport of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) and nutrients to the interior of the cave. A spatial-distributed sampling and measurement of carrier (CO2) and trace (CH4) gases and isotopic signal of CO2 (δ(13)C) inside the cave supports the existence of a second connection (active gas exchange processes) with the external atmosphere at or near the Well Hall, the innermost and deepest area of the cave. A parallel aerobiological study also showed that, in addition to the entrance door, there is another connection with the external atmosphere, which favors the transport and increases microorganism concentrations in the Well Hall. This double approach provides a more complete knowledge on cave ventilation and revealed the existence of unknown passageways in the cave, a fact that should be taken into account in future cave management.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Garcia-Anton
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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37
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Montano ET, Henderson LO. Studies of Antibiotic Production by Cave Bacteria. CAVE MICROBIOMES: A NOVEL RESOURCE FOR DRUG DISCOVERY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5206-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Microbiological and environmental issues in show caves. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:2453-64. [PMID: 22806150 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cultural tourism expanded in the last half of the twentieth century, and the interest of visitors has come to include caves containing archaeological remains. Some show caves attracted mass tourism, and economical interests prevailed over conservation, which led to a deterioration of the subterranean environment and the rock art. The presence and the role of microorganisms in caves is a topic that is often ignored in cave management. Knowledge of the colonisation patterns, the dispersion mechanisms, and the effect on human health and, when present, over rock art paintings of these microorganisms is of the utmost importance. In this review the most recent advances in the study of microorganisms in caves are presented, together with the environmental implications of the findings.
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Martin-Sanchez PM, Nováková A, Bastian F, Alabouvette C, Saiz-Jimenez C. Use of biocides for the control of fungal outbreaks in subterranean environments: the case of the Lascaux Cave in France. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:3762-3770. [PMID: 22380699 DOI: 10.1021/es2040625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Lascaux Cave in France suffered an outbreak of the fungus Fusarium solani in 2001. Biocides were applied for three years to control this outbreak. Four months after the initial biocide application, a new outbreak appeared in the form of black stains that progressively invaded the cave. The black stains on the ceiling and passage banks were so evident by 2007 that they became one of the cave's major problems. Therefore, biocides were used again in 2008. The present study investigated the fungal communities associated with the black stains and the effectiveness of the biocides applied, by using cloning, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and culture-dependent methods. A novel species, Ochroconis lascauxensis, was the most abundant fungus in samples collected between 2007 and 2008, and the biocides applied were not effective in eliminating this fungus; on the contrary, they appeared to increase the fungal diversity. The fungal communities represented in the samples collected in 2010 were quite different from those collected in 2008 and 2009: the major OTUs corresponded to black yeasts belonging to the Herpotrichiellaceae family. The origin and evolution of these microorganisms are probably linked to the intensive biocide treatments and to the anthropogenic changes introduced by cave management.
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