1
|
Watanabe K, Hayashi M. Description of the larva of Cybisterlewisianus Sharp, 1873 (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Cybistrinae). Zookeys 2024; 1197:137-152. [PMID: 38651115 PMCID: PMC11033555 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1197.119508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We describe for the first time, the larvae of Cybister (Cybister) lewisianus Sharp, 1873, an endangered species of diving beetle in Japan, emphasizing the chaetotaxy of the cephalic capsule, head appendages, legs, last abdominal segment, and urogomphi. Cybisterlewisianus larvae are characterized by a longer third article of antenna 3 than the sum of the first and second articles; rounded apex of parietal setae 1-3; labium seta 8 absent; elongated trochanter seta 4, not multi-branched; rounded apex of abdominal setae 1, 12, and 13 (instar I); narrow lateral projections of the frontoclypeus; pronotum without two dark-brown longitudinal stripes dorsally (instar III); and the base of the thick row of small setae on the inner edge of the mandible angulate and projecting medially (all instars).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Watanabe
- Ishikawa Insect Museum, Hakusan, Ishikawa, 920–2113, JapanIshikawa Insect MuseumHakusanJapan
| | - Masakazu Hayashi
- Hoshizaki Green Foundation, Izumo, Shimane, 691–0076, JapanHoshizaki Green FoundationIzumoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bachman SP, Brown MJM, Leão TCC, Nic Lughadha E, Walker BE. Extinction risk predictions for the world's flowering plants to support their conservation. New Phytol 2024; 242:797-808. [PMID: 38437880 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
More than 70% of all vascular plants lack conservation status assessments. We aimed to address this shortfall in knowledge of species extinction risk by using the World Checklist of Vascular Plants to generate the first comprehensive set of predictions for a large clade: angiosperms (flowering plants, c. 330 000 species). We used Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) to predict the extinction risk of all angiosperms using predictors relating to range size, human footprint, climate, and evolutionary history and applied a novel approach to estimate uncertainty of individual species-level predictions. From our model predictions, we estimate 45.1% of angiosperm species are potentially threatened with a lower bound of 44.5% and upper bound of 45.7%. Our species-level predictions, with associated uncertainty estimates, do not replace full global, or regional Red List assessments, but can be used to prioritise predicted threatened species for full Red List assessment and fast-track predicted non-threatened species for Least Concern assessments. Our predictions and uncertainty estimates can also guide fieldwork, inform systematic conservation planning and support global plant conservation efforts and targets.
Collapse
|
3
|
Peng S, Shrestha N, Luo Y, Li Y, Cai H, Qin H, Ma K, Wang Z. Incorporating global change reveals extinction risk beyond the current Red List. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3669-3678.e4. [PMID: 37591250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Global changes over the past few decades have caused species distribution shifts and triggered population declines and local extinctions of many species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species (Red List) is regarded as the most comprehensive tool for assessing species extinction risk and has been used at regional, national, and global scales. However, most Red Lists rely on the past and current status of species populations and distributions but do not adequately reflect the risks induced by future global changes. Using distribution maps of >4,000 endemic woody species in China, combined with ensembled species distribution models, we assessed the species threat levels under future climate and land-cover changes using the projected changes in species' suitable habitats and compared our updated Red List with China's existing Red List. We discover an increased number of threatened species in the updated Red List and increased threat levels of >50% of the existing threatened species compared with the existing one. Over 50% of the newly identified threatened species are not adequately covered by protected areas. The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, rather than the Hengduan Mountains, is the distribution center of threatened species on the updated Red Lists, as opposed to the threatened species on the existing Red List. Our findings suggest that using Red Lists without considering the impacts of future global changes will underestimate the extinction risks and lead to a biased estimate of conservation priorities, potentially limiting the ability to meet the Kunming-Montreal global conservation targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Peng
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Nawal Shrestha
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yaoqi Li
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hongyu Cai
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haining Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Colas-Rosas PF, Rezende C, Silva LP, de Melo FR. First record of the southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides) in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Primates 2023:10.1007/s10329-023-01071-y. [PMID: 37233857 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-023-01071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Critically Endangered southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides) and its sister taxon the northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) are endemic to the Atlantic Forest in Brazil. To date, our understanding of the distribution of the southern muriqui has restricted it to the states of Paraná, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro. The northern muriqui occurs in the states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, and Bahia. Here, we describe the first record of the southern muriqui in Minas Gerais. A group of seven individuals, including one infant, was detected and photographed on a private property in the district of Monte Verde, municipality of Camanducaia, on the northwestern slope of the Serra da Mantiqueira. This location is 5.3 km from a population of southern muriquis (known since 1994) on the southeastern slope of the serra in São Paulo. This discovery highlights the importance of further surveys in the Serra da Mantiqueira in order to detect any new populations, provide data for a more accurate assessment of the conservation status of the two species-the delimitation of their distributions, the size and extent of isolation of their populations, and the threats they face.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Camila Rezende
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Larissa P Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36036-330, Brazil
| | - Fabiano R de Melo
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cogoni D, Grace MK, Long B, Orsenigo S, Fenu G. The IUCN Green Status of Species: A Call for Mediterranean Botanists to Contribute to This New Ambitious Effort. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:2592. [PMID: 36235458 PMCID: PMC9572627 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the Mediterranean Basin, a critical focal point for the conservation of plant diversity, there has been a large increase in practical conservation actions for many plant species to prevent extinction and to improve their conservation status; quantifying the effectiveness of these initiatives in reversing species declines is urgently important. In 2021, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) launched a new tool that allows the impact of conservation actions on plant species to be assessed. The Green Status of Species is a new set of metrics under the Red List of Threatened Species that assigns species to recovery categories, complementary to the classic extinction risk categories. Crucially, the Green Status of Species provides methods to evaluate the impact of past conservation, and the potential for future conservation impact, on species status and recovery in a standardized way. Considering the efforts made so far for the conservation of Mediterranean threatened plants, using the Green Status of Species would be highly useful to direct future conservation policies. We, therefore, encourage botanists and practitioners working on threatened plants in the Mediterranean area to use this new assessment tool to inform conservation and recovery programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Cogoni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Molly K. Grace
- Wadham College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Barney Long
- Re: Wild, P.O. Box 129, Austin, TX 78767, USA
| | - Simone Orsenigo
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fenu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Milano F, Borio L, Komposch C, Mammola S, Pantini P, Pavlek M, Isaia M. Species conservation profiles of the endemic spiders Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from the Alps and the north-western Dinarides. Biodivers Data J 2022; 10:e87261. [PMID: 36761670 PMCID: PMC9848466 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.10.e87261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Troglohyphantes Joseph, 1882 (Araneae, Linyphiidae) includes 131 species, mainly distributed across the main European mountain ranges. The Alps and the north-western Dinarides account for 66 species, most of them showing narrow or even point-like distributions. The majority of Troglohyphantes spiders dwell in subterranean habitats including caves, mines, soil litter, rocky debris and other moist and shaded retreats. Despite being intensively studied from taxonomic, ecological and biogeographic standpoints, knowledge on the status of conservation and on the potential risk of extinction of these spiders is lagging. To date, only three species have been included in the global IUCN Red List, but their status has not been updated ever since their last assessment in 1996. The aim of this contribution is to assess the Alpine and north-western Dinaric species of the genus Troglohyphantes and to re-assess the species previously evaluated, according to the last version of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. New information Amongst the 66 species here considered, 62 had sufficient data to allow the quantification of their Extent Of Occurrence (EOO) and Area Of Occupancy (AOO). Most of the species have a narrow distribution range, with an estimated EOO < 20,000 km2 and AOO < 2,000 km2, meeting the thresholds for the inclusion in the threatened categories. Five species have a more widespread distribution (EOO > 20,000 km2), extending across multiple countries. The quality of the data on distribution of four species was not sufficient to provide a reliable estimation of the distribution range.A continuing decline in EOO, AOO and habitat quality was inferred for 30 species. The majority of them were subterranean specialised species, with a reduced thermal tolerance and a low dispersal ability. Accordingly, changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change represent a major threat for these species. Land-use change and habitat alteration were identified as additional relevant threats for several species.A considerable proportion of the species here assessed was found in protected areas and in sites of the Natura 2000 network. In addition, 14 species are formally protected by national and sub-national legislation. At present, 25 species are listed in the regional Red Lists.Long-term monitoring programmes, management plans for both the species and their habitats, expansion of the extant protected areas and designation of new ones, should be considered as the most effective approaches to species conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Milano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, ItalyDepartment of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Luca Borio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, ItalyDepartment of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Christian Komposch
- ÖKOTEAM – Institute for Animal Ecology and Landscape Planning, Graz, AustriaÖKOTEAM – Institute for Animal Ecology and Landscape PlanningGrazAustria
| | - Stefano Mammola
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), Verbania Pallanza, ItalyWater Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR)Verbania PallanzaItaly,Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandFinnish Museum of Natural History, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Paolo Pantini
- Museo Civico di Scienze Naturali “E. Caffi.”, Bergamo, ItalyMuseo Civico di Scienze Naturali “E. Caffi.”BergamoItaly
| | - Martina Pavlek
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, CroatiaRuđer Bošković InstituteZagrebCroatia,Croatian Biospeleological Society, Zagreb, CroatiaCroatian Biospeleological SocietyZagrebCroatia
| | - Marco Isaia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, ItalyDepartment of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TurinTurinItaly
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Scattolini MC, Pocco ME, Cigliano MM. New Species and Conservation Status of the Genus Group Scotussae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in the Atlantic Forest. Neotrop Entomol 2022; 51:243-255. [PMID: 34859372 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-021-00923-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two new brachypterous species of the genus Scotussa, with restricted distributions, are described for one of the most important and greatly threatened biodiversity hotspots, the Atlantic Forest. These species belong to the genus group Scotussae, a diverse group regarding mobility and oviposition habits. It has been mentioned that these characteristics could lead to restrictions in the species distribution. Based on these antecedents and considering the importance of biodiversity conservation within the Atlantic Forest, we performed novel conservation indices for this group. The rapid assessment indices calculated herein are based upon Red List status, endemism, dispersal capacity, and life-history traits that allowed us to identify areas for conservation for this group of grasshoppers. For a better understanding of the conservation status of the group, the results of the indices were compared with protected areas and Key Biodiversity Areas. Moreover, historical biome stability was also considered since it has been associated with different distributional and diversification patterns within the genus group Scotussae. The approach applied indicates that the indices recovered different but complementary information. The Grasshopper Biotic Index (GBI) determined important regions for conservation within the richest region of the group while the GBI/SiteScore located regions with lower diversity values for the group but with high importance regarding endemisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Scattolini
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, CEPAVE, CONICET-CCT La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Museo de La Plata, División Entomología, FCNyM-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - M E Pocco
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, CEPAVE, CONICET-CCT La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Museo de La Plata, División Entomología, FCNyM-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M M Cigliano
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, CEPAVE, CONICET-CCT La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Museo de La Plata, División Entomología, FCNyM-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fernández D, Kerhoas D, Dempsey A, Billany J, McCabe G, Argirova E. The Current Status of the World's Primates: Mapping Threats to Understand Priorities for Primate Conservation. INT J PRIMATOL 2021; 43:15-39. [PMID: 34744218 PMCID: PMC8557711 DOI: 10.1007/s10764-021-00242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, primate populations have been declining. Four years ago, >60% of species were listed as threatened. As the rate of loss accelerates and new IUCN assessments are being published, we used IUCN Red List assessments and peer-reviewed literature published within the last 5 yr to evaluate the status of primates globally, by region and by taxonomic group. We also examined the main factors affecting a species’ conservation status to determine if we could predict the status of understudied species. We found that 65% of species are in the top three IUCN Red List categories (Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered). Globally, the main threats to primates are Biological Resource Use, including Hunting & Logging, and Agriculture. The impact of these threats varied by region and taxon. Our model showed that Malagasy and Asian primates, and those affected by Agriculture, Human Disturbance, and Climate Change were more likely to be considered at risk of extinction. The model’s predictive probability, however, was low. Our literature analysis showed that some threats, especially climate change and disease, affected more species than indicated by the IUCN Red List. As we move into the next decade, we must continue tackling hunting and agricultural expansion but also be vigilant about emerging threats. We must also aim to regularly test the effectiveness of mitigation strategies, evaluating their long-term adoption and their impact on primates; as well as to increase communication between researchers and applied conservationists to ensure IUCN assessments include current and emerging threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Fernández
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, England
| | - Daphne Kerhoas
- Institute of Conservation Science and Learning, Bristol Zoological Society, Bristol, England
| | | | - Josephine Billany
- Institute of Conservation Science and Learning, Bristol Zoological Society, Bristol, England
| | - Gráinne McCabe
- Institute of Conservation Science and Learning, Bristol Zoological Society, Bristol, England
| | - Elitsa Argirova
- Institute of Conservation Science and Learning, Bristol Zoological Society, Bristol, England
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Barrios S, Monsegur-Rivera OA, Heller TM, Harrigan N, Grant KA, Gibney E, Clubbe CP, Hamilton MA. Range extension and conservation status of the rare Solanaceae shrub, Solanum conocarpum. Biodivers Data J 2021; 9:e69156. [PMID: 34393587 PMCID: PMC8324583 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.9.e69156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The British Virgin Islands and the US Virgin Islands, two island groups located in the Caribbean archipelago, hold unique plant diversity and high endemism. Until recently, Solanumconocarpum was considered a rare plant species endemic to the island of St. John in the US Virgin Islands. Ongoing botanical surveys in this region are revealing new populations and refining our understanding of the distribution of these narrow endemic plant species. The objective of this paper is to assess the conservation status of S.conocarpum, including a review of its geographic range, population numbers, threats and conservation actions needed for its long-term survival. New information In this paper, we present new occurrences for S.conocarpum, extending its geographic range to a new island, Tortola and new territory, the British Virgin Islands. Despite this range expansion, this species is evaluated as Endangered (EN), based on Criteria B1b(iii,v)+2b(iii,v)+C2a(i), according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. The extent of occurrence (EOO = 46 km2) and area of occupancy (AOO = 20 km2) are highly restricted. On St. John (US Virgin Islands), the historically recorded individuals at Reef Bay, Europa Ridge and Sabbat Point are now considered extirpated due to disturbance from development compounded by invasive species, as well as the impact of feral ungulates and drought stress. These threats are impacting the species across the whole island of St. John and contributing to a continuing decline of suitable habitat, despite the island being a National Park. On the island of Tortola, the species occurs on unprotected lands subject to development and habitat modification and decline by feral ungulates. Based on these threats acting separately across the two islands, two locations were defined. The estimated total number of mature individuals ranges between 150 and 250, with the largest subpopulation at Nanny Point in the US Virgin Islands, containing 108 mature individuals. Conservation action, focused on protecting this species' habitat, is urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Barrios
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond United Kingdom
| | - Omar A Monsegur-Rivera
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Boquerón, Puerto Rico US Fish and Wildlife Service Boquerón Puerto Rico
| | - Thomas M Heller
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Harrigan
- National Parks Trust of the Virgin Islands, Road Town, Virgin Islands (British) National Parks Trust of the Virgin Islands Road Town Virgin Islands (British)
| | - Keith A Grant
- National Parks Trust of the Virgin Islands, Road Town, Virgin Islands (British) National Parks Trust of the Virgin Islands Road Town Virgin Islands (British)
| | - Eleanor Gibney
- Independent Researcher, Saint John, Virgin Islands (USA) Independent Researcher Saint John Virgin Islands (USA)
| | - Colin P Clubbe
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond United Kingdom
| | - Martin A Hamilton
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond United Kingdom.,Oak Spring Garden Foundation, Upperville, VA, United States of America Oak Spring Garden Foundation Upperville, VA United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hamilton MA, Maldonado-Castro A, Sustache JA, Monsegur-Rivera OA. Reassessment of Varronia bellonis - a threatened, endemic plant from Puerto Rico. Biodivers Data J 2021; 9:e64654. [PMID: 33841021 PMCID: PMC8032646 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.9.e64654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Varroniabellonis (Urb.) Britton is a lianescent or recumbent shrub that is endemic to Puerto Rico where it is restricted to specific geology types with a limited extent on the western half of the Island. The species occurs on serpentinite geology covered by serpentine-derived soils in the west-central mountains and on limestone geology in the the northern karst region. The species area of occupancy is estimated to range between 108 km2 and 268 km2 and its extent of occurrence to be between 644 km2 and 852 km2. The number of locations are estimated to be four. There are 418 known mature individuals in the wild (Hamilton 2020a). The species was previously assessed as Critically Endangered (Linsky and Sustache 2014), based on available information. However, an international team have been collaborating to conserve the species and, based on new information derived from this work, the species is reassessed as Endangered (EN), based on Criteria B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v), according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (version 3.1) and guidelines (IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2019). New information Areas of suitable habitat across the native range of the threatened plant, V.bellonis, were surveyed by a team of experts between 2016 and 2019 to determine the species habitat preferences, identify threats to the species survival and provide an up-to-date meta-population status. The new information enabled members of the international team to reassess the species status and will enable sound and scientifically-based recovery actions to be recommended that can secure Varroniabellonis populations for the future. Parallel efforts are ongoing to explore the species population genetics and reproductive biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Hamilton
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew London United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Maldonado-Castro
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew London United Kingdom.,University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras San Juan Puerto Rico
| | - José A Sustache
- Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, San Juan, Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources San Juan Puerto Rico
| | - Omar A Monsegur-Rivera
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico US Fish and Wildlife Service Cabo Rojo Puerto Rico
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kass JM, Meenan SI, Tinoco N, Burneo SF, Anderson RP. Improving area of occupancy estimates for parapatric species using distribution models and support vector machines. Ecol Appl 2021; 31:e02228. [PMID: 32970879 PMCID: PMC7816235 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As geographic range estimates for the IUCN Red List guide conservation actions, accuracy and ecological realism are crucial. IUCN's extent of occurrence (EOO) is the general region including the species' range, while area of occupancy (AOO) is the subset of EOO occupied by the species. Data-poor species with incomplete sampling present particular difficulties, but species distribution models (SDMs) can be used to predict suitable areas. Nevertheless, SDMs typically employ abiotic variables (i.e., climate) and do not explicitly account for biotic interactions that can impose range constraints. We sought to improve range estimates for data-poor, parapatric species by masking out areas under inferred competitive exclusion. We did so for two South American spiny pocket mice: Heteromys australis (Least Concern) and Heteromys teleus (Vulnerable due to especially poor sampling), whose ranges appear restricted by competition. For both species, we estimated EOO using SDMs and AOO with four approaches: occupied grid cells, abiotic SDM prediction, and this prediction masked by approximations of the areas occupied by each species' congener. We made the masks using support vector machines (SVMs) fit with two data types: occurrence coordinates alone; and coordinates along with SDM predictions of suitability. Given the uncertainty in calculating AOO for low-data species, we made estimates for the lower and upper bounds for AOO, but only make recommendations for H. teleus as its full known range was considered. The SVM approaches (especially the second one) had lower classification error and made more ecologically realistic delineations of the contact zone. For H. teleus, the lower AOO bound (a strongly biased underestimate) corresponded to Endangered (occupied grid cells), while the upper bounds (other approaches) led to Near Threatened. As we currently lack data to determine the species' true occupancy within the post-processed SDM prediction, we recommend that an updated listing for H. teleus include these bounds for AOO. This study advances methods for estimating the upper bound of AOO and highlights the need for better ways to produce unbiased estimates of lower bounds. More generally, the SVM approaches for post-processing SDM predictions hold promise for improving range estimates for other uses in biogeography and conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M. Kass
- Ph.D. Program in BiologyThe Graduate CenterCUNYNew YorkNew York10016USA
- Department of BiologyCity College of New York (CUNY)New YorkNew York10031USA
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate UniversityTancha, Onna‐son, Kunigami‐gunOkinawa904‐0495Japan
| | - Sarah I. Meenan
- Department of BiologyCity College of New York (CUNY)New YorkNew York10031USA
| | - Nicolás Tinoco
- Museo de ZoologíaPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorAvenida 12 de Octubre, 1076 y Roca170517QuitoEcuador
| | - Santiago F. Burneo
- Museo de ZoologíaPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorAvenida 12 de Octubre, 1076 y Roca170517QuitoEcuador
| | - Robert P. Anderson
- Ph.D. Program in BiologyThe Graduate CenterCUNYNew YorkNew York10016USA
- Department of BiologyCity College of New York (CUNY)New YorkNew York10031USA
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy)American Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkNew York10024USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Moldovan OT, Iepure S, Brad T, Kenesz M, Mirea IC, Năstase-Bucur R. Database of Romanian cave invertebrates with a Red List of cave species and a list of hotspot/coldspot caves. Biodivers Data J 2020; 8:e53571. [PMID: 32581637 PMCID: PMC7303226 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.8.e53571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing human impact in Romanian caves raises the urgency of publishing a correct database of the strictly-adapted cave fauna. Previous attempts at indexing cave fauna and classifying caves by using their fauna opened many questions regarding the use of an incomplete list of cave species and mixed lists of troglobionts/stygobionts with troglophiles/stygophiles for ranking caves with priority for protection. It has also become obvious that there is a need to publish a list of Romanian cave species that are under threat. Cave species in Romania (and elsewhere) are endemic on small ranges, are unique and must be considered as important units for conservation. A cave must be equally protected if it has one or more rare and strictly endemic cave species. Although not exhaustive, we here provide the first checklist of Romanian troglobionts/stygobionts developed in the framework of the DARKFOOD and GROUNDWATERISK projects, coordinated by the “Emil Racovita” Institute of Speleology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The GIS application was used to complement the checklist of cave species with data on caves and surface environments above the caves. Until complete data on species diversity and population sizes are made available for each cave, measures of conservation can be implemented, based on the presence/absence of cave species, while classifications of caves for protection, based on the number of species, must be avoided. We also propose a list of Romanian caves with fauna that are under threat and a tentative Red List of Romanian troglobiont/stygobionts. New information This is the first database with identified troglobiont and stygobiont species of Romania, with a critical analysis of their distribution inside the country. A list of caves that need protection for their rare and unique species and a tentative Red List of Romanian cave fauna are also added. A total of 173 species were identified, of which 77 troglobionts and 96 stygobionts are currently registered in 366 caves. The database is divided into two parts, one part with a list of troglobionts, their revised systematic position, cave name, cave code and geographic region; and the second part with the same information on stygobionts. The database represents the contribution of many active researchers, who are the authors of this paper and of review publications of many other authors of the "Emil Racoviță" Institute of Speleology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oana Teodora Moldovan
- Emil Racovitza Institute of Speleology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Emil Racovitza Institute of Speleology Cluj-Napoca Romania.,Romanian Institute of Science and Technology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Romanian Institute of Science and Technology Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Sanda Iepure
- Emil Racovitza Institute of Speleology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Emil Racovitza Institute of Speleology Cluj-Napoca Romania.,Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Spain, Valencia, Spain Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Spain Valencia Spain
| | - Traian Brad
- Emil Racovitza Institute of Speleology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Emil Racovitza Institute of Speleology Cluj-Napoca Romania.,Romanian Institute of Science and Technology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Romanian Institute of Science and Technology Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Marius Kenesz
- Emil Racovitza Institute of Speleology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Emil Racovitza Institute of Speleology Cluj-Napoca Romania.,Romanian Institute of Science and Technology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Romanian Institute of Science and Technology Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Ionuț Cornel Mirea
- Emil Racovitza Institute of Speleology, București, Romania Emil Racovitza Institute of Speleology București Romania.,Romanian Institute of Science and Technology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Romanian Institute of Science and Technology Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Ruxandra Năstase-Bucur
- Emil Racovitza Institute of Speleology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Emil Racovitza Institute of Speleology Cluj-Napoca Romania.,Romanian Institute of Science and Technology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Romanian Institute of Science and Technology Cluj-Napoca Romania
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang Y, Meng Q, Wang Y, Zhang X, Wang W. Climate change-induced migration patterns and extinction risks of Theaceae species in China. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4352-4361. [PMID: 32489602 PMCID: PMC7246209 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Theaceae, an economically important angiosperm family, is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical forests in Asia. In China, Theaceae has particularly high abundances and endemism, comprising ~75% of the total genera and ~46% of the total species worldwide. Therefore, predicting the response of Theaceae species to climate change is vital. In this study, we collected distribution data for 200 wild Theaceae species in China, and predicted their distribution patterns under current and future climactic conditions by species distribution modeling (SDM). We revealed that Theaceae species richness is highest in southeastern China and on Hainan Island, reaching its highest value (137 species) in Fujian Province. According to the IUCN Red List criteria for assessing species threat levels under two dispersal assumptions (no dispersal and full dispersal), we evaluated the conservation status of all Theaceae species by calculating loss of suitable habitat under future climate scenarios. We predicted that nine additional species will become threatened due to climate change in the future; one species will be classified as critically endangered (CR), two as endangered (EN), and six as vulnerable (VU). Given their extinction risks associated with climate change, we recommended that these species be added to the Red List. Our investigation of migration patterns revealed regional differences in the number of emigrant, immigrant, and persistent species, indicating the need for targeted conservation strategies. Regions containing numerous emigrants are concentrated in Northern Taiwan and coastal regions of Zhejiang and Fujian provinces, while regions containing numerous immigrants include central Sichuan Province, the southeastern Tibet Autonomous Region, southwest Yunnan Province, northwest Sichuan Province, and the junction of Guangxi and Hunan provinces. Lastly, regions containing persistent species are widely distributed in southern China. Importantly, regions with high species turnover are located on the northern border of the entire Theaceae species distribution ranges owing to upwards migration; these regions are considered most sensitive to climate change and conservation planning should therefore be prioritized here. This study will contribute valuable information for reducing the negative impacts of climate change on Theaceae species, which will ultimately improve biodiversity conservation efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinbo Zhang
- College of Resources and EnvironmentShanxi University of Finance and EconomicsTaiyuanChina
- College of Environmental and Resource SciencesShanxi UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Qingxin Meng
- College of Environmental and Resource SciencesShanxi UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Science & Tiantong National Station of Forest EcosystemEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- College of Resources and EnvironmentShanxi University of Finance and EconomicsTaiyuanChina
| | - Wei Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco‐process and Function AssessmentChinese Research Academy of Environmental SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bárrios S, Sustache JA, Goyder D, Hamilton MA. New island record and conservation status of Puerto Rican Bank endemic plant species, Ruehssia woodburyana (Acev.-Rodr.) Goyder, comb. nov., formally transferred from Marsdenia. Biodivers Data J 2020; 8:e47110. [PMID: 32025187 PMCID: PMC6992692 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.8.e47110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thought to be endemic to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Ruehssiawoodburyana (Apocynaceae) was recently discovered at a single location on Norman Island in the British Virgin Islands. Despite an increase in the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy, this species meta-population is very limited with a total of 37 individuals known in the wild. The largest subpopulation, on Mona Island, has only 26 individuals. The species suitable habitat is experiencing a continuing decline due to urban development, grazing by feral ungulates and human-induced forest fires. Conservation action is urgently needed and should be directed towards establishing genetically representative ex situ collections, such as seed for long term storage and live material for propagation. This species is evaluated as Critically Endangered (CR), based on Criteria C2a(i)+D, according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (version 3.1) and guidelines (Subcommittee IUCN Standards and Petitions 2016). New information Extensive and regular surveys to the region enable the discovery of new plant records for different countries and islands. In this paper, we record a new island record for Ruehssiawoodburyana on Norman Island, in the British Virgin Islands and discuss the species conservation status. Marsdeniawoodburyana is transferred to the genus Ruehssia to reflect the resurrection of that genus for species of Marsdenia native to the New World.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bárrios
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew London United Kingdom
| | - José A Sustache
- Department of Natural and Environmental Resources of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources of Puerto Rico San Juan Puerto Rico
| | - David Goyder
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew London United Kingdom
| | - Martin A Hamilton
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew London United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bachman S, Walker BE, Barrios S, Copeland A, Moat J. Rapid Least Concern: towards automating Red List assessments. Biodivers Data J 2020; 8:e47018. [PMID: 32025186 PMCID: PMC6992691 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.8.e47018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesTM (hereafter the Red List) is an important global resource for conservation that supports conservation planning, safeguarding critical habitat and monitoring biodiversity change (Rodrigues et al. 2006). However, a major shortcoming of the Red List is that most of the world's described species have not yet been assessed and published on the Red List (Bachman et al. 2019Eisenhauer et al. 2019). Conservation efforts can be better supported if the Red List is expanded to achieve greater coverage of mega-diverse groups of organisms such as plants, fungi and invertebrates. There is, therefore, an urgent need to speed up the Red List assessment and documentation workflow. One reason for this lack of species coverage is that a manual and relatively time-consuming procedure is usually employed to assess and document species. A recent update of Red List documentation standards (IUCN 2013) reduced the data requirements for publishing non-threatened or 'Least Concern' species on the Red List. The majority of the required fields for Least Concern plant species can be found in existing open-access data sources or can be easily calculated. There is an opportunity to consolidate these data and analyses into a simple application to fast-track the publication of Least Concern assessments for plants. There could be as many as 250,000 species of plants (60%) likely to be categorised as Least Concern (Bachman et al. 2019), for which automatically generated assessments could considerably reduce the outlay of time and valuable resources for Red Listing, allowing attention and resources to be dedicated to the assessment of those species most likely to be threatened. New information We present a web application, Rapid Least Concern, that addresses the challenge of accelerating the generation and documentation of Least Concern Red List assessments. Rapid Least Concern utilises open-source datasets, such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and Plants of the World Online (POWO) through a simple web interface. Initially, the application is intended for use on plants, but it could be extended to other groups, depending on the availability of equivalent datasets for these groups. Rapid Least Concern users can assess a single species or upload a list of species that are assessed in a batch operation. The batch operation can either utilise georeferenced occurrence data from GBIF or occurrence data provided by the user. The output includes a series of CSV files and a point map file that meet the minimum data requirements for a Least Concern Red List assessment (IUCN 2013). The CSV files are compliant with the IUCN Red List SIS Connect system that transfers the data files to the IUCN database and, pending quality control checks and review, publication on the Red List. We outline the knowledge gap this application aims to fill and describe how the application works. We demonstrate a use-case for Rapid Least Concern as part of an ongoing initiative to complete a global Red List assessment of all native species for the United Kingdom Overseas Territory of Bermuda.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Bachman
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew London United Kingdom
| | - Barnaby Eliot Walker
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew London United Kingdom
| | - Sara Barrios
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew London United Kingdom
| | - Alison Copeland
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of Bermuda, Hamilton, Bermuda Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of Bermuda Hamilton Bermuda
| | - Justin Moat
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew London United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fukushima C, Mendoza JI, West RC, Longhorn SJ, Rivera E, Cooper EWT, Hénaut Y, Henriques S, Cardoso P. Species conservation profiles of tarantula spiders (Araneae, Theraphosidae) listed on CITES. Biodivers Data J 2019; 7:e39342. [PMID: 31749657 PMCID: PMC6858399 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.7.e39342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CITES is an international agreement between governments to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Regarding spiders, all species listed in CITES are tarantulas. They are included in Appendix II, meaning that they are species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that they may become so unless trade is closely controlled. Many tarantulas are legally and illegally traded in the pet market and they are one of the most traded invertebrate groups. Originally, the CITES list published in 1995 included all the current species of the genus Brachypelma Simon, 1891 plus Aphonopelmapallidum (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897) and the so-called Aphonopelmaalbiceps (Pocock, 1903). After that, some taxonomic changes were done, as well as descriptions of new species in the genus Brachypelma. The objective of this paper is to assess the 21 taxonomically valid spider species listed on CITES according to the IUCN criteria, study the general patterns and trends and advise on possible future conservation actions critical for the survival of endangered species. New information Amongst all 21 species assessed, 16 had sufficient data on their distribution, ecology and threats to properly understand their current status and suggest possible conservation measures. A decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) was inferred to almost all species, caused mostly by human activities (urbanisation, roads, agricultural and touristic activities), which often lead to the complete loss of subpopulations across their range. Hurricanes and frequent rising water, which are increasing in frequency due to climate change, can cause decline in habitat quality and consequent change in EOO and AOO of some species and should also be considered when planning conservation actions. Severe fragmentation was detected in 13 species and is therefore one of the most relevant threats to the most endangered Brachypelma species and should be made a priority aspect to deal with when proposing conservation actions for the group. Regarding the loss of individuals in wild populations, the main cause seems to be the overharvesting to meet the illegal trade. The most important conservation actions identified across species include preserving their natural habitat through protected areas, establishing management plans for both the species and their habitats and undertaking systematic monitoring to provide information about population recovery and species re-introduction programmes. In general, we propose to prioritise and support research on the population trends and distribution, as well as on the impact of land use and habitat degradation. Special attention regarding conservation actions and research plans has to be given to the central Pacific coastal area of Mexico, particularly around Guerrero State where five species of Brachypelma occur. Critically, for some of the most endangered species, such as B.baumgarteni and B.hamorii, there is no official protected area in their range of occurrence. It would therefore be highly recommended to establish at least one conservation unit which focuses on protecting each of these species in situ. In some cases, basic taxonomic research is needed before development of any appropriate conservation action can be proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fukushima
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Jorge Ivan Mendoza
- Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico Mexico City Mexico
| | - Rick C West
- Independent Researcher, Sooke, BC, Canada Independent Researcher Sooke, BC Canada.,IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group, Helsinki, Finland IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group Helsinki Finland
| | - Stuart John Longhorn
- Arachnology Research Association, Oxford, United Kingdom Arachnology Research Association Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Rivera
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Mexico City, Mexico Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) Mexico City Mexico
| | - Ernest W T Cooper
- E. Cooper Environmental Consulting, Delta, Canada E. Cooper Environmental Consulting Delta Canada.,Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada Simon Fraser University Burnaby Canada.,IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group, Helsinki, Finland IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group Helsinki Finland
| | - Yann Hénaut
- Ecosur - El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico Ecosur - El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Chetumal, Quintana Roo Mexico
| | - Sergio Henriques
- IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group, Helsinki, Finland IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group Helsinki Finland.,Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, London, United Kingdom Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY London United Kingdom.,Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, London, United Kingdom Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT London United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Branco VV, Henriques S, Rego C, Cardoso P. Species conservation profiles of spiders (Araneae) endemic to mainland Portugal. Biodivers Data J 2019; 7:e39315. [PMID: 31636504 PMCID: PMC6794330 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.7.e39315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Iberian Peninsula is a diverse region that contains several different bioclimatic areas within one confined space, leading to high biodiversity. Portugal distinguishes itself in this regard by having a high count of spider species (829) and a remarkable number of endemic spider species (42) for its size (approximately 88,890 km2). However, only one non-endemic species (Macrothele calpeiana) is currently protected by the Natura 2000 network and no endemic spider species (aside from Anapistula ataecina) has been assessed according to the IUCN Red List criteria. The objective of this paper is to assess all non-assessed endemic species (41) as well as M. calpeiana. NEW INFORMATION The 43 assessed species belong to 15 families, the richest being Zodariidae, Dysderidae, Linyphiidae and Gnaphosidae. In general and despite the lack of information on more than half the species, general patterns and trends could be found.Only 18 species (including M. calpeiana and A. ataecina) had enough data to allow their EOO (extent of occurrence) and AOO (area of occurrence) to be quantified. Of these, we modelled the distribution of 14 epigean species, eight of which were found to be widespread. The remaining six fulfilled at least one of the criteria for threatened species. Four species are troglobiont, all of which meet the EOO and AOO thresholds for threatened species. The remaining 25 Portuguese endemics had no reliable information on their range. Only nine species out of the 43 are estimated to be in decline and 11 are stable, with the majority of species having no information on trends (23 species).Forest areas, sand dunes, shrublands and caves host the majority of species. As such, the threats to Portuguese endemics reflect the diversity of habitats they occupy. Urbanisation and climate change seem to be the most important threats to these species, although other factors are also important and represented across the data.A considerable proportion of the currently known Portuguese endemic species can be found in national protected areas, with higher prominence to the Serras de Aire e Candeeiros, Douro Internacional, Vale do Guadiana, Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina and Arrábida Natural Parks. These correspond mostly to areas that have been particularly well sampled during the last two decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Veiga Branco
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandLaboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- FCUL - Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PortugalFCUL - Faculty of Sciences of the University of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| | - Sergio Henriques
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandLaboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, London, United KingdomInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RYLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, London, United KingdomCentre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BTLondonUnited Kingdom
- IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group, Helsinki, FinlandIUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist GroupHelsinkiFinland
| | - Carla Rego
- Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, PortugalCentro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo GrandeLisboaPortugal
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandLaboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Molander MA, Winde IB, Burman J, Nyabuga FN, Lindblom TUT, Hanks LM, Millar JG, Larsson MC. Common Cerambycid Pheromone Components as Attractants for Longhorn Beetles (Cerambycidae) Breeding in Ephemeral Oak Substrates in Northern Europe. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:537-548. [PMID: 31254146 PMCID: PMC6661259 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Longhorn beetles are ecologically important insects in forest ecosystems as decomposers of woody substrates, microhabitat engineers, and as components of forest food webs. These species can be greatly affected both positively and negatively by modern forestry management practices, and should be monitored accordingly. Through headspace sampling, coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and field bioassays, we identified two compounds, 2-methyl-1-butanol and 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, that constitute aggregation-sex pheromone attractants of three cerambycid species which breed primarily in different types of fresh, recently dead oak wood in Northern Europe: Pyrrhidium sanguineum (L.), Phymatodes alni ssp. alni (L.), and Phymatodes testaceus (L.) (Cerambycinae: Callidiini). Analyses of headspace volatiles collected from live insects indicated that the male-produced aggregation-sex pheromone of P. sanguineum is a 1–15:100 blend of (R)-2-methyl-1-butanol and (R)-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, whereas the corresponding ratios for P. alni were 70–110:100. In field bioassays, adult P. sanguineum and P. alni were significantly attracted to multiple blends with varying ratios of the two compounds. When tested individually, the compounds were minimally attractive. In contrast, adult P. testaceus exhibited nonspecific attraction to both of the individual compounds and to different blends, despite the hydroxyketone not being part of its pheromone, which consists of (R)-2-methyl-1-butanol alone. Overall, our results suggest that a blend of 50:100 of racemic 2-methyl-1-butanol and 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone is appropriate for parallel, cost-efficient pheromone-based monitoring of all three species. In particular, these species could serve as useful indicators of how modern forestry practices affect a whole guild of saproxylic insects that require ephemeral deadwood substrates for successful breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael A Molander
- Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 102, Sundsvägen 14, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - Inis B Winde
- Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 102, Sundsvägen 14, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Joseph Burman
- Ecology Research Group, Canterbury Christ Church University, North Holmes Road, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1QU, United Kingdom
| | - Franklin N Nyabuga
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, P.O. Box 6, 60100, Embu, Kenya
| | - Tobias U T Lindblom
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7043, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lawrence M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Departments of Entomology and Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Mattias C Larsson
- Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 102, Sundsvägen 14, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Maes D, Brosens D, T'jollyn F, Desmet P, Piesschaert F, Van Hoey S, Adriaens T, Dekoninck W, Devos K, Lock K, Onkelinx T, Packet J, Speybroeck J, Thomaes A, Van Den Berge K, Van Landuyt W, Verreycken H. A database of threat statuses and life-history traits of Red List species in Flanders (northern Belgium). Biodivers Data J 2019; 7:e34089. [PMID: 31048982 PMCID: PMC6477847 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.7.e34089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Red Lists estimate the extinction risk of species at global or regional levels and are important instruments in conservation policies. Global Red List assessments are readily available via the IUCN website (https://www.iucnredlist.org) and are regularly updated by (taxonomic) experts. Regional Red Lists, however, are not always easy to find and often use local criteria to assess the local extinction risk of species. New information Here, we publish a database with the outcome of 38 Red List assessments in Flanders (northern Belgium) between 1994 and 2018. In total, the database contains 6,224 records of 5,039 unique taxa pertaining to 24 different taxonomic groups. Using a quality control procedure, we evaluated the criteria used, the number of records, the temporal and spatial distribution of the data and the up-to-dateness of the Red Lists. This way, nineteen Red Lists were approved as being of sufficient high quality (i.e. validated) and nineteen others were not. Once validated, Red Lists are approved by the regional Minister of Environment and published in the Belgian Official Gazette acquiring legal status. For the validated Red Lists, we additionally compiled (life-history) traits that are applicable to a wide variety of species groups (taxonomic kingdom, environment, biotope, nutrient level, dispersal capacity, lifespan and cuddliness). The publication of this dataset allows comparison of Red List statuses with other European regions and countries and permits analyses about how certain (life-history) traits can explain the Red List status of species. The dataset will be regularly updated by adding new Red List (re)assessments and/or additional (life-history) traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Maes
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO) Brussels Belgium
| | - Dimitri Brosens
- Belgian Biodiversity Platform, Brussels, Belgium Belgian Biodiversity Platform Brussels Belgium.,Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO) Brussels Belgium
| | - Filiep T'jollyn
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO) Brussels Belgium
| | - Peter Desmet
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO) Brussels Belgium.,Belgian Biodiversity Platform, Brussels, Belgium Belgian Biodiversity Platform Brussels Belgium.,Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences Brussels Belgium.,Ugent, Ghent, Belgium Ugent Ghent Belgium.,Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Geraardsbergen, Belgium Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO) Geraardsbergen Belgium
| | - Frederic Piesschaert
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO) Brussels Belgium
| | - Stijn Van Hoey
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO) Brussels Belgium
| | - Tim Adriaens
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO) Brussels Belgium
| | - Wouter Dekoninck
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences Brussels Belgium
| | - Koen Devos
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO) Brussels Belgium
| | - Koen Lock
- Ugent, Ghent, Belgium Ugent Ghent Belgium
| | - Thierry Onkelinx
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO) Brussels Belgium
| | - Jo Packet
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO) Brussels Belgium
| | - Jeroen Speybroeck
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO) Brussels Belgium
| | - Arno Thomaes
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Geraardsbergen, Belgium Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO) Geraardsbergen Belgium
| | - Koen Van Den Berge
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO) Brussels Belgium
| | - Wouter Van Landuyt
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO) Brussels Belgium
| | - Hugo Verreycken
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO) Brussels Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Borges PAV, Lamelas-Lopez L, Amorim IR, Danielczak A, Boieiro M, Rego C, Wallon S, Nunes R, Cardoso P, Hochkirch A. Species conservation profiles of cave-dwelling arthropods from Azores, Portugal. Biodivers Data J 2019; 7:e32530. [PMID: 31105442 PMCID: PMC6494796 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.7.e32530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Azorean volcanic cave biodiversity is under considerable pressure due to ongoing threats of pollution, land use change, touristic activities or climate change. In this contribution, we present the IUCN Red List profiles of 15 cave-adapted arthropod species, endemic to the Azorean archipelago, including species belonging to the speciose genus Trechus (Carabidae), which is represented in Azores by seven species. The objective of this paper is to assess all endemic Azorean cave-adapted species and advise on possible future research and conservation actions critical for the long-term survival of the most endangered species. New information Most species have a restricted distribution (i.e. occur in one or two caves), very small extent of occurrence (EOO) and a small area of occupancy (AOO). A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing cave habitat degradation. The two troglobitic species of the homopteran genus Cixius are in great danger of extinction due to major land-use changes in epigean habitats above their known localities. We suggest, as future measures of conservation, the regular monitoring of the species (every five years), the creation of additional protected caves, the limitation of several aggressive activities around the caves (e.g. decreasing pasture intensification) and in some cases the creation of fences in the entrance of the most important caves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Alexandre Vieira Borges
- CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Dep. de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Dep. de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente Angra do Heroísmo, Açores Portugal.,IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group Angra do Heroísmo, Açores Portugal
| | - Lucas Lamelas-Lopez
- CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Dep. de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Dep. de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente Angra do Heroísmo, Açores Portugal.,IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group Angra do Heroísmo, Açores Portugal
| | - Isabel R Amorim
- CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Dep. de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Dep. de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente Angra do Heroísmo, Açores Portugal.,IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group Angra do Heroísmo, Açores Portugal
| | - Anja Danielczak
- Trier University, Department of Biogeography, D-54296 Trier, Germany Trier University, Department of Biogeography D-54296 Trier Germany
| | - Mário Boieiro
- CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Dep. de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Dep. de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente Angra do Heroísmo, Açores Portugal.,IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group Angra do Heroísmo, Açores Portugal
| | - Carla Rego
- CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Dep. de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Dep. de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente Angra do Heroísmo, Açores Portugal.,IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group Angra do Heroísmo, Açores Portugal
| | - Sophie Wallon
- CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores Angra do Heroísmo, Açores Portugal
| | - Rui Nunes
- IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group Angra do Heroísmo, Açores Portugal.,CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Dep. de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Dep. de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente Angra do Heroísmo, Açores Portugal
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- LIBRe - Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland LIBRe - Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland.,IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group, Helsinki, Finland IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group Helsinki Finland.,CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Dep. de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Dep. de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente Angra do Heroísmo, Açores Portugal
| | - Axel Hochkirch
- Trier University, Department of Biogeography, D-54296 Trier, Germany Trier University, Department of Biogeography D-54296 Trier Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hofmann MM, Zohner CM, Renner SS. Narrow habitat breadth and late-summer emergence increases extinction vulnerability in Central European bees. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190316. [PMID: 30836868 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluating intrinsic and extrinsic traits that predispose species to local extinction is important for targeting conservation efforts. Among the species of special concern in Europe are bees, which, along with butterflies, are the best monitored insects. Bees are most species-rich in Mediterranean-type climates with short winters, warm springs, and dry summers. In Central Europe, climate warming per se is, therefore, expected to benefit most bee species, while pesticides and the loss of habitats and plant diversity should constitute threats. Here, we use the bee fauna of Germany, which has been monitored for Red Lists for over 40 years, to analyse the effects of habitat breadth, pollen specialization, body size, nesting sites, sociality, duration of flight activity, and time of emergence during the season. We tested each factor's predictive power against changes in commonness and Red List status, using phylogenetically informed hierarchical Bayesian (HB) models. Extinction vulnerability is strongly increased in bees flying in late summer, with a statistical model that included flight time, habitat preference, and duration of activity correctly predicting the vulnerability status of 85% of the species. Conversely, spring emergence and occurrence in urban areas each reduce vulnerability, pointing to intensive land use especially harming summer-active bees, with the combination of these factors currently shifting Germany's bee diversity towards warm-adapted, spring-flying, city-dwelling species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela M Hofmann
- 1 Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department of Biology, University of Munich (LMU) , Menzinger Straße 67, Munich 80638 , Germany
| | - Constantin M Zohner
- 2 Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) , Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Susanne S Renner
- 1 Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department of Biology, University of Munich (LMU) , Menzinger Straße 67, Munich 80638 , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jarić I, Lennox RJ, Kalinkat G, Cvijanović G, Radinger J. Susceptibility of European freshwater fish to climate change: Species profiling based on life-history and environmental characteristics. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:448-458. [PMID: 30417977 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to strongly affect freshwater fish communities. Combined with other anthropogenic drivers, the impacts may alter species spatio-temporal distributions and contribute to population declines and local extinctions. To provide timely management and conservation of fishes, it is relevant to identify species that will be most impacted by climate change and those that will be resilient. Species traits are considered a promising source of information on characteristics that influence resilience to various environmental conditions and impacts. To this end, we collated life-history traits and climatic niches of 443 European freshwater fish species and compared those identified as susceptible to climate change to those that are considered to be resilient. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in their distribution, life history, and climatic niche, with climate-change-susceptible species being distributed within the Mediterranean region, and being characterized by greater threat levels, lesser commercial relevance, lower vulnerability to fishing, smaller body and range size, and warmer thermal envelopes. Based on our results, we establish a list of species of highest priority for further research and monitoring regarding climate-change susceptibility within Europe. The presented approach represents a promising tool to efficiently assess large groups of species regarding their susceptibility to climate change and other threats, and to identify research and management priorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jarić
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Robert J Lennox
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregor Kalinkat
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Gorčin Cvijanović
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Johannes Radinger
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
- GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Murase A, Miki R, Wada M, Itou M, Motomura H, Senou H. Review of the Japanese records of an endangered grouper, Epinephelus tukula, with comments on its population status (Teleostei, Serranidae). Zookeys 2018:153-163. [PMID: 30018512 PMCID: PMC6045684 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.772.24374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Potato Grouper, Epinephelustukula, is relatively rare worldwide. Records from the northernmost part of its range (Japan) have been few, resulting in a “Critically Endangered” listing on the Red List for Japan. The Japanese records were revised by examining literature, new specimens, photographs, and the internet, and a continuous distribution pattern from the tropical Ryukyu Islands (including adult individuals) to temperate regions affected by the Kuroshio Current were delineated; this suggests the species inhabits tropical Japan and can spread to temperate regions via the warm current. The species possibly reproduces in Japanese waters but further reproductive ecology research is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsunobu Murase
- Nobeoka Marine Science Station, Field Science Center, University of Miyazaki, 376-6 Akamizu, Nobeoka, Miyazaki 889-0517, Japan.,Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ryohei Miki
- Nobeoka Marine Science Station, Field Science Center, University of Miyazaki, 376-6 Akamizu, Nobeoka, Miyazaki 889-0517, Japan.,Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masaaki Wada
- Fisheries Cooperative Association of Iorigawa, 6-188 Iorigawa-nishi, Kadogawa-cho, Higashiusuki-gun, Miyazaki 889-0605, Japan
| | - Masahide Itou
- 718 Kataura, Kasasa, Minamisatsuma, Kagoshima 897-1301, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Motomura
- The Kagoshima University Museum, 1-21-30 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Senou
- Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, 499 Iryuda, Odawara-shi, Kanagawa 250-0031, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fay MF. Orchid conservation: how can we meet the challenges in the twenty-first century? Bot Stud 2018; 59:16. [PMID: 29872972 DOI: 10.1186/s405229-018-0232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With c. 28,000 species, orchids are one of the largest families of flowering plants, and they are also one of the most threatened, in part due to their complex life history strategies. Threats include habitat destruction and climate change, but many orchids are also threatened by unsustainable (often illegal and/or undocumented) harvest for horticulture, food or medicine. The level of these threats now outstrips our abilities to combat them at a species-by-species basis for all species in such a large group as Orchidaceae; if we are to be successful in conserving orchids for the future, we will need to develop approaches that allow us to address the threats on a broader scale to complement focused approaches for the species that are identified as being at the highest risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Fay
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
With c. 28,000 species, orchids are one of the largest families of flowering plants, and they are also one of the most threatened, in part due to their complex life history strategies. Threats include habitat destruction and climate change, but many orchids are also threatened by unsustainable (often illegal and/or undocumented) harvest for horticulture, food or medicine. The level of these threats now outstrips our abilities to combat them at a species-by-species basis for all species in such a large group as Orchidaceae; if we are to be successful in conserving orchids for the future, we will need to develop approaches that allow us to address the threats on a broader scale to complement focused approaches for the species that are identified as being at the highest risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Fay
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bell KC, Carlson CJ, Phillips AJ. Parasite Collections: Overlooked Resources for Integrative Research and Conservation. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:637-639. [PMID: 29759934 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Parasite natural history collections form vital scientific infrastructure that play a substantial role in increasing awareness of the importance of parasites to ecosystems, conservation assessments, science, and society. These collections support novel investigations that integrate across taxa, time, and space, and should be cultivated to advance organismal-based science. Promoting and supporting parasite collections will ensure their ongoing stability and accessibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayce C Bell
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Colin J Carlson
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA; National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC), University of Maryland, Annapolis, MD, USA
| | - Anna J Phillips
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cardoso P, Crespo LC, Silva I, Borges PA, Boieiro M. Species conservation profiles of endemic spiders (Araneae) from Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos, Portugal. Biodivers Data J 2017:e20810. [PMID: 29104441 PMCID: PMC5665005 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.5.e20810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The North Atlantic archipelagos of Madeira and Selvagens present a unique biological diversity including, presently, 56 endemic spider species. Several recent projects provide valuable information on their distribution across most islands and habitats. To date, the only endemic spider assessed according to the IUCN Red List criteria is Hognaingens. The objective of this paper is to assess all remaining endemic species and advise on possible future conservation actions critical for the survival of endangered species. New information Seven species were found to have a continuing decline in either range or population size. Their decline can be mostly attributed to habitat destruction or degradation, invasive plant species that reduce quality of habitat, forest fires at high mountain regions and possible competition for resources from invasive congeners. The tetragnathid M.barreti is considered as possibly extinct due to the suspected impact of a competing species. Although most endemic spiders from the Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos have relatively low extinction risk due to the good condition and protection of the laurisilva forests where many live, there are a number of species requiring urgent attention and protection measures. These include all cave and mountain-restricted species as well as those threatened by competing congeners or invasive plants. Extending current protected areas, restoring original habitats of threatened species and the control of invasive taxa should remain a priority for species survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cardoso
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group, Helsinki, Finland.,Azorean Biodiversity Group/CE3C, University of the Azores, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal
| | - Luís C Crespo
- Biodiversity Research Institute UB, Departament Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Isamberto Silva
- Institute of Forests and Nature Conservation, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Paulo Av Borges
- Azorean Biodiversity Group/CE3C, University of the Azores, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal.,IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mário Boieiro
- Azorean Biodiversity Group/CE3C, University of the Azores, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Murase A, Inui R, Miki R, Miyazaki Y. Revising the distribution of a threatened goby, Apocryptodon punctatus (Perciformes, Oxudercidae), in Japan with the discovery of an isolated population. Zookeys 2017:71-83. [PMID: 28228668 PMCID: PMC5299225 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.645.10755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Five specimens of a threatened goby, Apocryptodonpunctatus (21.2–40.1 mm in standard length), were collected at a mudflat site of Kushima City, Miyazaki Prefecture, Kyushu, southern Japan over two seasons, autumn (September 2015) and spring (April 2016). A review of distributional records of Apocryptodonpunctatus revealed that this population represents the southernmost record of the species in Japanese waters, and is isolated ca. 200 km south-southwest from the nearest point of the main range of the species along the Pacific coast of Japan. Publicising this population will help conserve it and its vulnerable habitat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsunobu Murase
- Nobeoka Marine Science Station, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 376-6 Akamizu, Nobeoka, Miyazaki 889-0517, Japan; Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2191, Japan
| | - Ryutei Inui
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Ryohei Miki
- Nobeoka Marine Science Station, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 376-6 Akamizu, Nobeoka, Miyazaki 889-0517, Japan; Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Miyazaki
- Department of Child Education and Welfare, Shiraume Gakuen College, 1-830 Ogawa-cho, Kodaira-shi, Tokyo 187-8570
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Niissalo MA, Leong-Škorničková J, Khew GS, Webb EL. Very small relict populations suggest high extinction debt of gingers in primary forest fragments of a tropical city. Am J Bot 2017; 104:182-189. [PMID: 28031166 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Tropical plant communities in fragmented forests are likely to experience an extinction debt, i.e., the habitat cannot support as many species as are present due to reduced habitat size and connectivity. There are few estimates of the number of species that represent extinction debt, and the number of extinctions over time has rarely been recorded. We recorded population sizes to assess threats and extinctions in gingers (sensu Zingiberales) in fragmented rainforest in Singapore, ca. 200 yr after fragmentation began. METHODS We surveyed extant diversity and population sizes of gingers and used the results to estimate species survival. We critically assessed historic specimens to estimate initial extinctions and extinctions realized in present habitats. KEY RESULTS We recorded 23 species, including five species previously presumed nationally extinct and four species omitted from the national checklist. The revised extinction rate is much lower than previously reported (12 vs. 37%). Most gingers have very small populations or miniscule ranges, implying that extinction debt has not been paid off. CONCLUSIONS Ginger diversity remains high, but the number of species at immediate risk of extinction outnumber recorded extinctions. Although tropical forest fragments remain arks of plant diversity for a long time, extinction debt may be prevalent in all plant groups in Singapore. Slow relaxation of extinction debt should be explicitly identified as a conservation challenge and opportunity. For conserving plant diversity in tropical fragments, relaxation must be reversed through restoration of degraded landscapes and, where feasible, targeted ex situ conservation and planting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matti A Niissalo
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jana Leong-Škorničková
- Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gillian S Khew
- Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569, Republic of Singapore
| | - Edward L Webb
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Marshall CAM, Wieringa JJ, Hawthorne WD. Bioquality Hotspots in the Tropical African Flora. Curr Biol 2016; 26:3214-3219. [PMID: 27839969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Identifying areas of high biodiversity is an established way to prioritize areas for conservation [1-3], but global approaches have been criticized for failing to render global biodiversity value at a scale suitable for local management [4-6]. We assembled 3.1 million species distribution records for 40,401 vascular plant species of tropical Africa from sources including plot data, herbarium databases, checklists, and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and cleaned the records for geographic accuracy and taxonomic consistency. We summarized the global ranges of tropical African plant species into four weighted categories of global rarity called Stars. We applied the Star weights to summaries of species distribution data at fine resolutions to map the bioquality (range-restricted global endemism) of areas [7]. We generated confidence intervals around bioquality scores to account for the remaining uncertainty in the species inventory. We confirm the broad significance of the Horn of Africa, Guinean forests, coastal forests of East Africa, and Afromontane regions for plant biodiversity but also reveal the variation in bioquality within these broad regions and others, particularly at local scales. Our framework offers practitioners a quantitative, scalable, and replicable approach for measuring the irreplaceability of particular local areas for global biodiversity conservation and comparing those areas within their global and regional context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cicely A M Marshall
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - Jan J Wieringa
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - William D Hawthorne
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wood JS, Moretzsohn F, Gibeaut J. Extending marine species distribution maps using non-traditional sources. Biodivers Data J 2015:e4900. [PMID: 25941453 PMCID: PMC4411492 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.3.e4900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traditional sources of species occurrence data such as peer-reviewed journal articles and museum-curated collections are included in species databases after rigorous review by species experts and evaluators. The distribution maps created in this process are an important component of species survival evaluations, and are used to adapt, extend and sometimes contract polygons used in the distribution mapping process. New information During an IUCN Red List Gulf of Mexico Fishes Assessment Workshop held at The Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, a session included an open discussion on the topic of including other sources of species occurrence data. During the last decade, advances in portable electronic devices and applications enable 'citizen scientists' to record images, location and data about species sightings, and submit that data to larger species databases. These applications typically generate point data. Attendees of the workshop expressed an interest in how that data could be incorporated into existing datasets, how best to ascertain the quality and value of that data, and what other alternate data sources are available. This paper addresses those issues, and provides recommendations to ensure quality data use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Stephen Wood
- Harte Research Institute, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fabio Moretzsohn
- Harte Research Institute, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas, United States of America
| | - James Gibeaut
- Harte Research Institute, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Peters H, O'Leary BC, Hawkins JP, Roberts CM. Identifying species at extinction risk using global models of anthropogenic impact. Glob Chang Biol 2015; 21:618-628. [PMID: 25236755 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Endangered Species employs a robust, standardized approach to assess extinction threat focussed on taxa approaching an end-point in population decline. Used alone, we argue this enforces a reactive approach to conservation. Species not assessed as threatened but which occur predominantly in areas with high levels of anthropogenic impact may require proactive conservation management to prevent loss. We matched distribution and bathymetric range data from the global Red List assessment of 632 species of marine cone snails with human impacts and projected ocean thermal stress and aragonite saturation (a proxy for ocean acidification). Our results show 67 species categorized as 'Least Concern' have 70% or more of their occupancy in places subject to high and very high levels of human impact with 18 highly restricted species (range <100 km(2)) living exclusively in such places. Using a range-rarity scoring method we identified where clusters of endemic species are subject to all three stressors: high human impact, declining aragonite saturation levels and elevated thermal stress. Our approach reinforces Red List threatened status, highlights candidate species for reassessment, contributes important evidential data to minimize data deficiency and identifies regions and species for proactive conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Howard Peters
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pinke G, Gunton RM. Refining rare weed trait syndromes along arable intensification gradients. J Veg Sci 2014; 25:978-989. [PMID: 32336914 PMCID: PMC7166743 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
QUESTION How does the conservation (rarity) value of arable weed communities differ along intensification gradients? Which functional traits best distinguish the weed communities of more and less extensively managed fields? Can the same traits predict the rarity of individual weed species? LOCATION Hungary. METHODS Using relevé data from 60 cereal and 70 stubble fields, together with weed trait data, we characterized community responses to arable intensification using functional trait analyses based on trait-convergence and trait-divergence assembly patterns. We also examined how well the broad-scale rarity status of species predicts their occurrence along intensification gradients, and how it maps onto our functional classifications describing intensification responses. RESULTS The response of weeds to intensification in cereal fields was best described by a functional classification based on species' flowering duration, maximum height and seed weight: weeds of extensively managed fields have short flowering seasons (2-5 mo) and particularly large or small seeds. The highest proportions of rare species also happen to be found in these groups. The rarest weeds among these species tend to be late-winter and early-summer annuals, while the rare species of stubble fields tend to be broad-leaved with low nitrogen requirements, small seeds and short height. Stubble fields showed a decline in weed cover with increasing application of fertilizer and distance from the field edge, but we could detect no strong associations of management factors with trait composition, perhaps because the intensification gradient across these fields was shorter. CONCLUSIONS Many rare Hungarian weeds are associated with traditional extensive farming practices. They are particularly characterized by short, midsummer flowering periods and by preference for low nitrogen levels, but a range of trait syndromes must be considered to understand their ecology and conservation. Analyses based on trait-divergence patterns, rather than trait-convergence patterns, provide better insights into the functional composition of weed communities, emphasizing the importance of disruptive filters in weed community assembly and the need for improved methods to detect such effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyula Pinke
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food SciencesUniversity of West HungaryMosonmagyaróvárH‐9200Hungary
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
In this study, based on phylogenetic diversity (PD), I develop a conservation strategy for Galliformes species around the world. A cladogram of 197 Galliformes species derived from a previous study was used for calculating PD metrics. Branch length is an important aspect of the phylogenetic information a tree can convey, but 2 traditionally-used metrics, the number of phylogenetic groups to which a taxon belongs (I) and the proportion that each taxon contributes to the total diversity of the group (W), are fully node-based and do not take branch length into account. Therefore, to measure PD more appropriately, I combined a branch-related metric, pendant edge (P), in addition to I and W. A final combined rank for Galliformes species was obtained by summing the ranks of the 3 metrics. My results showed that the 5% top priority species for conserving evolutionary potential were Galloperdix lunulata, Haematortyx sanguiniceps, Margaroperdix madagarensis, Syrmaticus soemmerringii, Coturnix pectoralis, Polyplectron napoleonis, Alectoris melanocephala, Xenoperdix udzungwensis, Afropavo congensis and Syrmaticus reevesii. The current species priority ranking based on pylogenetic diversity and the official International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) ranking of Galliformes species was significantly correlated when considering the 5 categories of IUCN (critical endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near threatened and least concern). This indicated the feasibility of introducing the PD index into the network of IUCN regional Red List assessment. The 5% top priority countries selected using the complementarity principle possessing diversified Galliformes genetic resources were China, Indonesia, Mexico, India, Colombia, Australia, Brazil, Angola, Congo and Japan (in descending order). China, Indonesia, Mexico, Brazil, India and Colombia are consistently selected among the 4 top priority sets of richness, rarity, endemicity and PD. This result indicated that the priority result from PD is highly congruent with conventional measures. Along with other conventional ecological attributes, the alternative conservation scenario based on PD is reasonable and can be adopted in systematic conservation planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Chen
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. ,
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bachman S, Moat J, Hill AW, de Torre J, Scott B. Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. Zookeys 2011:117-26. [PMID: 22207809 PMCID: PMC3234434 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.150.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GeoCAT is an open source, browser based tool that performs rapid geospatial analysis to ease the process of Red Listing taxa. Developed to utilise spatially referenced primary occurrence data, the analysis focuses on two aspects of the geographic range of a taxon: the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO). These metrics form part of the IUCN Red List categories and criteria and have often proved challenging to obtain in an accurate, consistent and repeatable way. Within a familiar Google Maps environment, GeoCAT users can quickly and easily combine data from multiple sources such as GBIF, Flickr and Scratchpads as well as user generated occurrence data. Analysis is done with the click of a button and is visualised instantly, providing an indication of the Red List threat rating, subject to meeting the full requirements of the criteria. Outputs including the results, data and parameters used for analysis are stored in a GeoCAT file that can be easily reloaded or shared with collaborators. GeoCAT is a first step toward automating the data handling process of Red List assessing and provides a valuable hub from which further developments and enhancements can be spawned.
Collapse
|