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Abstract
Abstract
This paper evaluates the remediation of soil spiked with lindane using a combined treatment consisting of electrokinetic soil flushing (EKSF) with air stripping to elucidate the main processes occurring in the soil when electric fields of 0.75 V cm−1 and 1.50 V cm−1 are applied. The results demonstrate that lindane is efficiently transported to the anodic and cathodic wells using flushing fluids containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Additionally, an important amount is volatilized and stripped with the injected air. In the cathodic well, lindane is rapidly transformed into other species because of the strongly alkaline media. These other species are also found in the portions of soil next to this well, confirming the efficient transport of chlorinated organics with SDS. After 14 days of operation, nearly 50% of the spiked lindane can be removed from the soil. Operation with large electric fields does not improve the performance of the treatment technology and results in lower current intensities and electro-osmotic fluxes and in higher evaporated water, despite the water content in the soil matrix, indicating the coexistence of multiple inputs in these processes.
Graphical abstract
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White KB, Kalina J, Scheringer M, Přibylová P, Kukučka P, Kohoutek J, Prokeš R, Klánová J. Temporal Trends of Persistent Organic Pollutants across Africa after a Decade of MONET Passive Air Sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9413-9424. [PMID: 33095578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Global Monitoring Plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) was established to generate long-term data necessary for evaluating the effectiveness of regulatory measures at a global scale. After a decade of passive air monitoring (2008-2019), MONET is the first network to produce sufficient data for the analysis of long-term temporal trends of POPs in the African atmosphere. This study reports concentrations of 20 POPs (aldrin, chlordane, chlordecone, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan, HBCDD, HCB, HCHs, heptachlor, hexabromobiphenyl, mirex, PBDEs, PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, PeCB, PFOA, and PFOS) monitored in 9 countries (Congo, Ghana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, and Sudan). As of January 1, 2019, concentrations were in the following ranges (pg/m3): 0.5-37.7 (∑6PCB), 0.006-0.724 (∑17PCDD/F), 0.05-5.5 (∑9PBDE), 0.6-11.3 (BDE 209), 0.1-1.8 (∑3HBCDD), 1.8-138 (∑6DDT), 0.1-24.3 (∑3endosulfan), 0.6-14.6 (∑4HCH), 9.1-26.4 (HCB), 13.8-18.2 (PeCB). Temporal trends indicate that concentrations of many POPs (PCBs, DDT, HCHs, endosulfan) have declined significantly over the past 10 years, though the rate was slow at some sites. Concentrations of other POPs such as PCDD/Fs and PBDEs have not changed significantly over the past decade and are in fact increasing at some sites, attributed to the prevalence of open burning of waste (particularly e-waste) across Africa. Modeled airflow back-trajectories suggest that the elevated concentrations at some sites are primarily due to sustained local emissions, while the low concentrations measured at Mt. Kenya represent the continental background level and are primarily influenced by long-range transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B White
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kalina
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Scheringer
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Přibylová
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kohoutek
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Guida Y, Carvalho GOD, Capella R, Pozo K, Lino AS, Azeredo A, Carvalho DFP, Braga ALF, Torres JPM, Meire RO. Atmospheric Occurrence of Organochlorine Pesticides and Inhalation Cancer Risk in Urban Areas at Southeast Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116359. [PMID: 33535363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been produced for almost a century and some of them are still used, even after they have been proved to be toxic, persistent, bioaccumulative and prone to long-range transport. Brazil has used and produced pesticides in industrial scales for both agricultural and public health purposes. Urban and industrial regions are of special concern due to their high population density and their increased exposure to chemical pollution, many times enhanced by chemical production, application or irregular dumping. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the occurrence of OCPs in outdoor air of urban sites from two major regions of southeast Brazil. Some of these sites have been affected by OCP production and their irregular dumping. Deterministic and probabilistic inhalation cancer risk (CR) assessments were conducted for the human populations exposed to OCPs in ambient air. Ambient air was mainly affected by Ʃ-HCH (median = 340 pg m-3) and Ʃ-DDT (median = 233 pg m-3), the only two OCPs registered for domissanitary purposes in Brazil. OCP concentrations tended to be higher in summer than in winter. Dumping sites resulted in the highest OCP atmospheric concentrations and, thus, in the highest CR estimations. Despite of all limitations, probabilistic simulations suggested that people living in the studied regions are exposed to an increased risk of hepatic cancer. Infants and toddlers (0 < 2 y) were exposed to the highest inhalation CRs compared to other age groups. Other exposure pathways (such as ingestion and dermic uptake) are needed for a more comprehensive risk assessment. Moreover, this study also highlights the need to review the human exposure to OCPs through inhalation and their respective CR in other impacted areas worldwide, especially where high levels of OCPs are still being measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Guida
- Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Oliveira de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel Capella
- Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karla Pozo
- RECETOX, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur, 1457, Concepción, Bío Bío, Chile
| | - Adan Santos Lino
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio Azeredo
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicologia, Instituto de Estudos Em Saúde Coletiva Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horácio Macedo, 21941-598, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniele Fernandes Pena Carvalho
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Paulista, Avenida Francisco Manoel, S/N, 11075-110, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alfésio Luís Ferreira Braga
- Grupo de Avaliação de Exposição e Risco Ambiental, Programa de Pós-graduação Em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Católica de Santos, Avenida Conselheiro Nébias, 300, 11015-002, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Machado Torres
- Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ornellas Meire
- Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Wania F, Shunthirasingham C. Passive air sampling for semi-volatile organic chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1925-2002. [PMID: 32822447 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00194e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During passive air sampling, the amount of a chemical taken up in a sorbent from the air without the help of a pump is quantified and converted into an air concentration. In an equilibrium sampler, this conversion requires a thermodynamic parameter, the equilibrium sorption coefficient between gas-phase and sorbent. In a kinetic sampler, a time-averaged air concentration is obtained using a sampling rate, which is a kinetic parameter. Design requirements for kinetic and equilibrium sampling conflict with each other. The volatility of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) varies over five orders of magnitude, which implies that passive air samplers are inevitably kinetic samplers for less volatile SVOCs and equilibrium samplers for more volatile SVOCs. Therefore, most currently used passive sampler designs for SVOCs are a compromise that requires the consideration of both a thermodynamic and a kinetic parameter. Their quantitative interpretation depends on assumptions that are rarely fulfilled, and on input parameters, that are often only known with high uncertainty. Kinetic passive air sampling for SVOCs is also challenging because their typically very low atmospheric concentrations necessitate relatively high sampling rates that can only be achieved without the use of diffusive barriers. This in turn renders sampling rates dependent on wind conditions and therefore highly variable. Despite the overall high uncertainty arising from these challenges, passive air samplers for SVOCs have valuable roles to play in recording (i) spatial concentration variability at scales ranging from a few centimeters to tens of thousands of kilometers, (ii) long-term trends, (iii) air contamination in remote and inaccessible locations and (iv) indoor inhalation exposure. Going forward, thermal desorption of sorbents may lower the detection limits for some SVOCs to an extent that the use of diffusive barriers in the kinetic sampling of SVOCs becomes feasible, which is a prerequisite to decreasing the uncertainty of sampling rates. If the thermally stable sorbent additionally has a high sorptive capacity, it may be possible to design true kinetic samplers for most SVOCs. In the meantime, the passive air sampling community would benefit from being more transparent by rigorously quantifying and explicitly reporting uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Md Meftaul I, Venkateswarlu K, Dharmarajan R, Annamalai P, Megharaj M. Pesticides in the urban environment: A potential threat that knocks at the door. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134612. [PMID: 31810707 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides play a pivotal role in controlling pests and disease infestations not only in urban agriculture but also in non-agricultural settings. Several pesticides like herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, etc. are applied unintentionally at higher concentrations even in small urban areas such as lawns, gardens and impermeable surfaces. Consequent to their indiscriminate use, both extensively and intensively, in the urban areas, contamination of pesticides poses a serious threat to the environment, living organisms and food safety. Although the fate and ecological effects of pesticides and their residues have been thoroughly understood in agricultural soils, information available in the literature on the impact of these contaminants in the urban environment is very limited and fragmentary. In fact, the fate and behaviour of pesticide residues in the urban environment are distinct from those in other ecosystems since the soils in urban areas greatly vary in their physico-chemical properties. Development of sustainable and eco-friendly approaches for remediation of even urban soils contaminated with pesticides is therefore greatly warranted. Thus, the present critical review is the first single source that provides updated knowledge on the sources, nature and extent of pesticide pollution in the urban environment, and the ecological and human health effects of pesticides and their residues. The potential of nano-encapsulation of pesticides for their application in urban settings has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Md Meftaul
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu 515003, India
| | - Rajarathnam Dharmarajan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Prasath Annamalai
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Vaccher V, Ingenbleek L, Adegboye A, Hossou SE, Koné AZ, Oyedele AD, Kisito CSKJ, Dembélé YK, Hu R, Adbel Malak I, Cariou R, Vénisseau A, Veyrand B, Marchand P, Eyangoh S, Verger P, Dervilly-Pinel G, Leblanc JC, Le Bizec B. Levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in foods from the first regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 135:105413. [PMID: 31881431 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, a multi-centre Total Diet Study was carried out in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria. We collected and prepared as consumed 528 typical fatty foods from those areas and pooled these subsamples into 44 composites samples. These core foods were tested for a wide spectrum of POPs, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame-retardants (BFRs), organochlorine compounds (OCs), perfluoro alkyl substances (PFAS) and chlorinated flame retardants (CFRs). The POPs contamination levels were similar or lower than those reported in total diet studies previously conducted worldwide. In most cases, core foods belonging to fish food group presented higher POPs concentrations than the other food groups. Interestingly, we observed a difference in both contamination profile and concentration for smoked fish compared to non-smoked fish. Such finding suggests that the smoking process itself might account for a large proportion of the contamination. Further investigation would require the assessment of combustion materials used to smoke fish as a potential vehicle, which may contribute to the dietary exposure of the studied populations to POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luc Ingenbleek
- LABERCA, Oniris, INRA, F-44307 Nantes, France; Centre Pasteur du Cameroun (CPC), Yaoundé BP1274, Cameroon
| | - Abimobola Adegboye
- National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), Abuja 900288, Nigeria.
| | | | - Abdoulaye Zié Koné
- Agence Nationale de la Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (ANSSA), Bamako BP 2362, Mali
| | - Awoyinka Dada Oyedele
- National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), Abuja 900288, Nigeria.
| | - Chabi Sika K J Kisito
- Laboratoire Central de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (LCSSA), Cotonou BP 6874, Benin
| | | | - Reinwei Hu
- Inovalys, Official Laboratory of Analysis, Le Mans, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sara Eyangoh
- Centre Pasteur du Cameroun (CPC), Yaoundé BP1274, Cameroon.
| | | | | | - Jean-Charles Leblanc
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy.
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Wacławek S, Silvestri D, Hrabák P, Padil VVT, Torres-Mendieta R, Wacławek M, Černík M, Dionysiou DD. Chemical oxidation and reduction of hexachlorocyclohexanes: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 162:302-319. [PMID: 31288141 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane) and its isomers (HCH) are some of the most common and most easily detected organochlorine pesticides in the environment. The widespread distribution of lindane is due to its use as an insecticide, accompanied by its persistence and bioaccumulation, whereas HCH were disposed of as waste in unmanaged landfills. Unfortunately, certain HCH (especially the most reactive ones: γ- and α-HCH) are harmful to the central nervous system and to reproductive and endocrine systems, therefore development of suitable remediation methods is needed to remove them from contaminated soil and water. This paper provides a short history of the use of lindane and a description of the properties of HCH, as well as their determination methods. The main focus of the paper, however, is a review of oxidative and reductive treatment methods. Although these methods of HCH remediation are popular, there are no review papers summarising their principles, history, advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, recent advances in the chemical treatment of HCH are discussed and risks concerning these processes are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Wacławek
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic.
| | - Daniele Silvestri
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hrabák
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Vinod V T Padil
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Torres-Mendieta
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Wacławek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, University of Opole, ul. kard. B. Kominka 6, 45-032, Opole, Poland
| | - Miroslav Černík
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic.
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, 705 Engineering Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
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Wang S, Steiniche T, Romanak KA, Johnson E, Quirós R, Mutegeki R, Wasserman MD, Venier M. Atmospheric Occurrence of Legacy Pesticides, Current Use Pesticides, and Flame Retardants in and around Protected Areas in Costa Rica and Uganda. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6171-6181. [PMID: 31081620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Protected areas have developed alongside intensive changes in land use and human settlements in the neighboring landscape. Here, we investigated the occurrence of 21 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 14 current use pesticides (CUPs), 47 halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), and 19 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in air around Las Cruces (LC) and La Selva (LS) Biological Stations, Costa Rica, and Kibale National Park (KNP), Uganda using passive air samplers (PAS) with polyurethane foam (PUF) discs (PAS-PUF). Significantly higher concentrations of CUPs were observed around LS, while LC had a higher concentration of OCPs. Land use analysis indicated that LS had a higher fraction of agriculture than LC (33% vs 14%), suggesting the higher CUPs concentration at LS was related to pesticide intensive crops, while higher OCPs concentration at LC may be attributed to the area's long agricultural history characterized by small-scale subsistence farming or long-range transport. In Uganda, CUPs and OCPs were generally lower than in Costa Rica, but high concentrations of HFRs were observed inside KNP, possibly due to human activity at research camps near the protected forest. This is the first study that documented the occurrence of anthropogenic chemicals in the air at protected areas with tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaorui Wang
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana , United States
| | - Tessa Steiniche
- Department of Anthropology , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana , United States
| | - Kevin A Romanak
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana , United States
| | - Eric Johnson
- Department of Anthropology , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana , United States
| | - Rodolfo Quirós
- Las Cruces Biological Field Station, Organization for Tropical Studies, San Vito , Costa Rica
| | - Richard Mutegeki
- Makerere University Biological Field Station (MUBFS), Kibale National Park , Uganda
| | - Michael D Wasserman
- Department of Anthropology , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana , United States
| | - Marta Venier
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana , United States
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Bruce-Vanderpuije P, Megson D, Reiner EJ, Bradley L, Adu-Kumi S, Gardella JA. The state of POPs in Ghana- A review on persistent organic pollutants: Environmental and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:331-342. [PMID: 30447476 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ghana is one of the top pesticide users and highest persistent organic pollutant (POP) emitters in sub-saharan Africa. Despite recent increases in published data, there is limited information on how POP concentrations have changed, post ratification of the Stockholm Convention. As a result, this review aims to address these knowledge gaps by collating available data that reported POPs in Ghanaian environmental matrices, identify spatial and temporal trends, and establish potential health risks. It is worth noting that Ghana has not developed its own regulatory standards for POPs, but adapts United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standards. Results obtained showed concentrations in excess of USEPA regulatory standards for per- and poly-fluoroalkyl sulphonates (PFASs) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) in water, polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs) in e-waste soils, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in aquatic organisms and dairy products. The published studies do not cover major regions nationwide. The inconsistency in methods and analytes measured, along with data scarcity in some regions, makes it challenging to identify temporal trends. However, the data did indicate decreasing concentrations of some legacy POPs in soil/sediment and aquatic organisms, with increasing concentrations of some POPs in water, fish, fruits and vegetables. Studies that performed health risks assessments were limited although the data indicated risks to e-waste workers, some farmers and vulnerable sub-populations. This review identified potential human health risks from POPs in the Ghanaian environment and the need for more consistent and widespread monitoring program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pennante Bruce-Vanderpuije
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - David Megson
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Laboratory Services Branch, Toronto, ON, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Lee Bradley
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Sam Adu-Kumi
- Environmental Protection Agency, P. O. Box MB 326, Ministries Post Office, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph A Gardella
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
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Isogai N, Hogarh JN, Seike N, Kobara Y, Oyediran F, Wirmvem MJ, Ayonghe SN, Fobil J, Masunaga S. Atmospheric monitoring of organochlorine pesticides across some West African countries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:31828-31835. [PMID: 27475438 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Most African countries have ratified the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and are expected to reduce emissions of POPs such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) to the atmosphere. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that there are contemporary sources of OCPs in African countries despite the global ban on these products. This study investigated the atmospheric contamination from OCPs in four West African countries-Togo, Benin, Nigeria, and Cameroon-to ascertain the emission levels of OCPs and the characteristic signatures of contamination. Polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers (PAS) were deployed in each country for ca. 55 days in 2012 and analyzed for 25 OCPs. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and DDTs constituted the highest burden of atmospheric OCPs in the target countries, at average concentrations of 441 pg m-3 (range 23-2718) and 403 pg m-3 (range 91-1880), respectively. Mirex had the lowest concentration, ranged between 0.1 and 3.3 pg m-3. The concentration of OCPs in rainy season was higher than in dry season in Cameroon, and presupposed inputs from agriculture during the rainy season. The concentrations of ∑25 OCPs in each country were in the following order: Cameroon > Nigeria > Benin > Togo. There was significant evidence, based on chemical signatures of the contamination that DDT, aldrin, chlordane, and endosulfan were recently applied at certain sites in the respective countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahomi Isogai
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Jonathan N Hogarh
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Nobuyasu Seike
- National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Yuso Kobara
- National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Femi Oyediran
- Environmental Laboratories Limited, P. O. Box 15104, Ikeja G.P.O., Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Mengnjo J Wirmvem
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, 259-1211, Japan
| | - Samuel N Ayonghe
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P. O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Julius Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Shigeki Masunaga
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
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11
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Wrobel MH. Do chlorinated insecticides (aldrin and DDT) or products of their transformations (dieldrin and DDE) impair signal transfer from regulators (oxytocin and relaxin) of bovine myometrium motility in vitro? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:234-239. [PMID: 30059857 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aldrin, dieldrin, and DDT are chlorinated insecticides that are unintentionally widespread in the environment. It was previously shown that all of the aforementioned compounds increased secretion of ovarian oxytocin (OT), which is a potent uterotonic agent. However, only DDT and its metabolite (DDE) promoted, while aldrin and dieldrin inhibited basal and OT-stimulated myometrial contractions in cows. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of these treatments on the reception and further transmission of the OT-signal for myometrial contractions and on the levels of contractile-associated integral proteins (caveolin; CAV) and gap junction proteins (GAPs). Moreover, their effect on reception of signal for the relaxation of myometrium was also studied. Myometrial strips or cells from non-pregnant (8-12 days of oestrous cycle) or late pregnant (5-8 months) cows were incubated with the studied compounds at environmentally relevant dose (10 ng/ml), which was chosen according to the previous studies. DDT and DDE increased the CAV protein level, while dieldrin decreased the GAPs level. None of the studied compounds affected mRNA expression of the OT receptor and expression of the second messengers (DAG, IP3, PKC, MLCK). Oppositely, DDE and dieldrin decreased mRNA expression of the relaxin (RLX) receptor. Changes in the amount of contractile-associated integral proteins may be involved in the molecular mechanism underlying the adverse effects of the studied insecticides on myometrial motility. Admittedly, none of the studied compounds impaired the reception or further intracellular transmission of the OT signal to promote contractions during the oestrous cycle, while they showed potential to impair the transmission the signal between cells as well as to diminish the effects of one of the primary inhibitor (RLX) of myometrial contractions during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hubert Wrobel
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Street 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
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12
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Ibekwe PU, Ukonu BA. Impact of Weather Conditions on Atopic Dermatitis Prevalence in Abuja, Nigeria. J Natl Med Assoc 2018; 111:88-93. [PMID: 30129480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climatic conditions may trigger subclinical disease in predisposed individuals and also exacerbate eczematous symptoms resulting in persistence or increased frequency of atopic dermatitis (AD) flares. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of tropical weather conditions on the frequency at which atopic dermatitis patients present at the dermatology clinic of a tertiary hospital in Abuja, Nigeria; and, to find out which component of these conditions exerts the most significant effects. METHODS Medical records of all new patients seen at the clinic within July 2015 and June 2017 was obtained. Data for monthly temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloud cover and UV index of Abuja during this period was obtained from worldweatheronline. Univariate analyses and multiple regressions were used to assess the associations between monthly prevalence of AD and the above-mentioned meteorological variables. RESULTS Patients had a 1.6 times odds (95% CI: 1.03-2.56, p = 0.038) of presenting with AD in the dry season as compared to wet season. Dry season was associated with higher temperatures and UV index and lower precipitation, humidity and cloud cover, p<0.001. Multivariate logistic regression modelling adjusting for precipitation, humidity, cloud cover and age group demonstrated that precipitation (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.02, p = 0.002), humidity (OR = 1.03, 95% CI:1.01-1.05, p = 0.015) and cloud cover (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.88-1.02, p = 0.002) exert the most significant effects. Also infants had 4.4 times odds of AD than adults (95% CI: 2.04-9.69, p<0.001). CONCLUSION Exposure to tropical season meteorological variables can influence the presentation of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P U Ibekwe
- Consultant Dermatologist, Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - B A Ukonu
- Consultant Dermatologist, Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria
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13
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Henríquez-Hernández LA, Boada LD, Pérez-Arellano JL, Carranza C, Ruiz-Suárez N, Jaén Sánchez N, Valerón PF, Zumbado M, Camacho M, Luzardo OP. Relationship of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with parasitism, iron homeostasis, and other health outcomes: Results from a cross-sectional study on recently arrived African immigrants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:549-556. [PMID: 26253855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic and persistent chemicals produced between 1930s and 1980s, which accumulate in humans and wildlife. Although a decreasing trend of PCB levels in humans has been described in developed countries, mainly as a consequence of strict regulations and remediation plans, an inverse trend has been recently reported in people from developing countries. We had the opportunity of sampling a series of African immigrants recently arrived to the Spanish archipelago of the Canary Islands, in which high levels of PCBs have been described, and we studied the relationships between their level of contamination and health status. A total of 570 subjects who underwent a complete medical examination and a face-to-face interview were recruited for this study. Hematological and biochemical parameters (blood and urine) were determined in all participants. Serology for the diagnostic of infectious diseases was also performed, and direct identification of parasites was performed in feces, urine or blood samples when appropriate. It is remarkable that up to 26.0% of the population had intestinal parasites, and we found an inverse relationship between PCB levels and parasitism and parasitic diseases: median values of PCBs were lower in parasitized subjects than in subjects without parasites in stool (237.6ng/g fat vs. 154.4ng/g fat for marker PCBs, p=0.015) and median values of dioxin-like PCBs were lower in subjects carrying pathogen parasites than among subjects showing non-pathogen parasites in stool (0.0 ng/g fat vs. 13.1ng/g fat, respectively; p=0.001). Although this inverse association had been described in some vertebrates this is the first study reporting such an association in humans. Furthermore, it has been also recently described that PCBs may disrupt iron metabolism, and we found a direct relationship between serum iron and total PCBs burden (r=0.231, p=0.025), suggesting that PCBs, although at subclinical level, could play a role on iron homeostasis. Although the role of PCBs in parasitism and in the iron metabolism needs future research, our findings may help to understand the adverse health outcomes associated to environmental exposure to PCBs and they might be used in exposed populations as indicators of subtle effects due to environmental insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Henríquez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC) and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Luis D Boada
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC) and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - José Luis Pérez-Arellano
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Avenida Marítima del Sur, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Cristina Carranza
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Avenida Marítima del Sur, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Norberto Ruiz-Suárez
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC) and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Nieves Jaén Sánchez
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Avenida Marítima del Sur, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Pilar F Valerón
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC) and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Manuel Zumbado
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC) and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - María Camacho
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC) and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Octavio P Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC) and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Arinaitwe K, Kiremire BT, Muir DCG, Fellin P, Li H, Teixeira C, Mubiru DN. Legacy and currently used pesticides in the atmospheric environment of Lake Victoria, East Africa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 543:9-18. [PMID: 26575633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Lake Victoria watershed has extensive agricultural activity with a long history of pesticide use but there is limited information on historical use or on environmental levels. To address this data gap, high volume air samples were collected from two sites close to the northern shore of Lake Victoria; Kakira (KAK) and Entebbe (EBB). The samples, to be analyzed for pesticides, were collected over various periods between 1999 and 2004 inclusive (KAK 1999-2000, KAK 2003-2004, EBB 2003 and EBB 2004 sample sets) and from 2008 to 2010 inclusive (EBB 2008, EBB 2009 and EBB 2010 sample sets). The latter sample sets (which also included precipitation samples) were also analyzed for currently used pesticides (CUPs) including chlorpyrifos, chlorthalonil, metribuzin, trifluralin, malathion and dacthal. Chlorpyrifos was the predominant CUP in air samples with average concentrations of 93.5, 26.1 and 3.54 ng m(-3) for the EBB 2008, 2009, 2010 sample sets, respectively. Average concentrations of total endosulfan (ΣEndo), total DDT related compounds (ΣDDTs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (ΣHCHs) ranged from 12.3-282, 22.8-130 and 3.72-81.8 pg m(-3), respectively, for all the sample sets. Atmospheric prevalence of residues of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) increased with fresh emissions of endosulfan, DDT and lindane. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) and dieldrin were also detected in air samples. Transformation products, pentachloroanisole, 3,4,5-trichloroveratrole and 3,4,5,6-tetrachloroveratrole, were also detected. The five most prevalent compounds in the precipitation samples were in the order chlorpyrifos>chlorothalonil>ΣEndo>ΣDDTs>ΣHCHs with average fluxes of 1123, 396, 130, 41.7 and 41.3 ng m(-2)sample(-1), respectively. PeCB exceeded HCB in precipitation samples. The reverse was true for air samples. Backward air trajectories suggested transboundary and local emission sources of the analytes. The results underscore the need for a concerted regional vigilance in management of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Arinaitwe
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Bernard T Kiremire
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | | | - Henrik Li
- AirZoneOne Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Camilla Teixeira
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Drake N Mubiru
- Kawanda Agricultural Reasearch Institute, Kampala, Uganda
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15
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Arinaitwe K, Rose NL, Muir DCG, Kiremire BT, Balirwa JS, Teixeira C. Historical deposition of persistent organic pollutants in Lake Victoria and two alpine equatorial lakes from East Africa: Insights into atmospheric deposition from sedimentation profiles. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1815-1822. [PMID: 26539705 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Information on historical deposition of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) for African lakes is very limited. We investigated historical deposition trends and sources of POPs in sediment cores from Lakes Victoria (SC1), Bujuku (Buju2) and Mahoma (Maho2). The latter two lakes are situated in the Rwenzori mountain range in western Uganda. SC1 was taken from a central depositional area within the Ugandan part of the lake. Profiles in Buju2 and Maho2 were used as a reference for historical atmospheric deposition. For the post-1940 sediment deposits in SC1, average focusing factor-adjusted fluxes (FFFs) of ΣDDTs, polychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCBs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (ΣHCHs) and chlordanes (ΣCHLs) were 390, 230, 210 and 120 ng m(-2) yr(-1). Higher fluxes of ΣDDTs, ΣPCBs, and ΣCHLs were observed in Buju2 and Maho2. The average FFF of HCB in Buju2 was the highest while the values for Maho2 and SC1 were similar. The endosulfan FFFs in SC1 were lower than in the alpine lake cores. Generally, Buju2 was a better reference for historical atmospheric deposition of POPs than Maho2 probably due to distortion of the latter's profile by Lake Mahoma's forested catchment. Profiles of p,p'-DDE, ΣCHLs and HCB in SC1 were consistent with atmospheric deposition while profiles of PCBs and HCHs were indicative of particle-bound loadings from additional sources. Profiles of endosulfans, DDTs, and chlordanes were consistent with influence of other factors such as anoxia, and dilution. Further studies of spatial resolution of historical deposition, especially in near-shore deposition areas of the lake are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil L Rose
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | | | - John S Balirwa
- National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI), Jinja, Uganda
| | - Camilla Teixeira
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
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Wang W, Wang Y, Zhang R, Wang S, Wei C, Chaemfa C, Li J, Zhang G, Yu K. Seasonal characteristics and current sources of OCPs and PCBs and enantiomeric signatures of chiral OCPs in the atmosphere of Vietnam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 542:777-786. [PMID: 26551278 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Passive air samplers (PAS) were deployed concurrently at 15 locations (nine urban sites and six rural sites) in Vietnam and exposed for approximately 6 weeks from June 26, 2012 to August 26, 2012 and from December 8, 2012 to February 8, 2013. The concentration, composition and enantiomeric signatures of the target compound and Air Mass Backward Trajectories of the 15 sampling sites are presented and discussed in this study. Relatively clean air mass from ocean and similar concentrations and composition of POPs between the south and north of Vietnam indicate that local emissions is most likely the major source of POPs in Vietnam. Technical DDT and technical HCH were widely used in Vietnam and corresponding quantitative data suggests the sporadic use. The preferential degradation of (+)-α-HCH was found in all sampling sites, which could be a regional characteristic of Vietnam. High trans-/cis-chlordane (TC/CC) ratios indicate the current use of technical chlordane for termite control. PCA estimated that main source of PCBs present in the atmosphere of Vietnam was uncontrolled discarded e-waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Environment, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chaoshuai Wei
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chakra Chaemfa
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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Li Y, Shi X, He M. Computational investigation on NO3-initiated degradation of p,p′-DDE in atmosphere: Mechanism and kinetics. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Diamond ML, de Wit CA, Molander S, Scheringer M, Backhaus T, Lohmann R, Arvidsson R, Bergman Å, Hauschild M, Holoubek I, Persson L, Suzuki N, Vighi M, Zetzsch C. Exploring the planetary boundary for chemical pollution. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 78:8-15. [PMID: 25679962 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rockström et al. (2009a, 2009b) have warned that humanity must reduce anthropogenic impacts defined by nine planetary boundaries if "unacceptable global change" is to be avoided. Chemical pollution was identified as one of those boundaries for which continued impacts could erode the resilience of ecosystems and humanity. The central concept of the planetary boundary (or boundaries) for chemical pollution (PBCP or PBCPs) is that the Earth has a finite assimilative capacity for chemical pollution, which includes persistent, as well as readily degradable chemicals released at local to regional scales, which in aggregate threaten ecosystem and human viability. The PBCP allows humanity to explicitly address the increasingly global aspects of chemical pollution throughout a chemical's life cycle and the need for a global response of internationally coordinated control measures. We submit that sufficient evidence shows stresses on ecosystem and human health at local to global scales, suggesting that conditions are transgressing the safe operating space delimited by a PBCP. As such, current local to global pollution control measures are insufficient. However, while the PBCP is an important conceptual step forward, at this point single or multiple PBCPs are challenging to operationalize due to the extremely large number of commercial chemicals or mixtures of chemicals that cause myriad adverse effects to innumerable species and ecosystems, and the complex linkages between emissions, environmental concentrations, exposures and adverse effects. As well, the normative nature of a PBCP presents challenges of negotiating pollution limits amongst societal groups with differing viewpoints. Thus, a combination of approaches is recommended as follows: develop indicators of chemical pollution, for both control and response variables, that will aid in quantifying a PBCP(s) and gauging progress towards reducing chemical pollution; develop new technologies and technical and social approaches to mitigate global chemical pollution that emphasize a preventative approach; coordinate pollution control and sustainability efforts; and facilitate implementation of multiple (and potentially decentralized) control efforts involving scientists, civil society, government, non-governmental organizations and international bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, M5S 3B1 Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sverker Molander
- Environmental Systems Analysis, Department of Energy and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Leuphana University Lüneburg, D-21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 100, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States
| | - Rickard Arvidsson
- Environmental Systems Analysis, Department of Energy and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åke Bergman
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox), Forskargatan 20, Sweden
| | - Michael Hauschild
- Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Nils Koppels Allé, Building 426 D, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ivan Holoubek
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Linn Persson
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Linnégatan 87D, Box 24218, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- Strategic Risk Management Research Section, Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Marco Vighi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan 20126, Italy
| | - Cornelius Zetzsch
- Forschungsstelle für Atmosphärische Chemie, Dr. Hans-Frisch-Str. 1-3, Universität Bayreuth, D-954 48 Bayreuth, Germany
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Chen B, Pan P, Wang L, Chen M, Dong Y, Ge RS, Hu GX. Effects of Methoxychlor and 2,2-bis ( p-Hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-Trichloroethane on Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Activities in Human and Rat Livers. Pharmacology 2015; 95:145-53. [DOI: 10.1159/000380883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Luzardo OP, Boada LD, Carranza C, Ruiz-Suárez N, Henríquez-Hernández LA, Valerón PF, Zumbado M, Camacho M, Arellano JLP. Socioeconomic development as a determinant of the levels of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in the inhabitants of Western and Central African countries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 497-498:97-105. [PMID: 25127444 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Several studies of environmental samples indicate that the levels of many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are increasing in Africa, but few studies have been conducted in humans. Simultaneously, many African countries are experiencing a rapid economic growth and implementing information and communication technologies (ICT). These changes have generated high amounts of electronic waste (e-waste) that have not been adequately managed. We tested the hypothesis that the current levels of two main classes of POPs in Western and Central African countries are affected by the degree of socioeconomic development. We measured the levels of 36 POPs in the serum of recent immigrants (N=575) who came from 19 Sub-Saharan countries to the Canary Islands (Spain). We performed statistical analyses on their anthropometric and socioeconomic data. High median levels of POPs were found in the overall sample, with differences among the countries. Organochlorine pesticide (OCP) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels increased with age. People from low-income countries had significantly higher OCP levels and much lower PCB levels than those from high-income countries. We found a significant association between the implementation of ICT and PCB contamination. Immigrants from the countries with a high volume of imports of second-hand electronic equipment had higher PCB levels. The economic development of Africa and the e-waste generation have directly affected the levels of POPs. The POP legacies of these African populations most likely are due to the inappropriate management of the POPs' residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio P Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Luis D Boada
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Cristina Carranza
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Medical Sciences and Surgery Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Norberto Ruiz-Suárez
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Pilar F Valerón
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Manuel Zumbado
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - María Camacho
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Luis Pérez Arellano
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Medical Sciences and Surgery Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Hogarh JN, Seike N, Kobara Y, Ofosu-Budu GK, Carboo D, Masunaga S. Atmospheric burden of organochlorine pesticides in Ghana. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 102:1-5. [PMID: 24210596 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are subject to the Stockholm Convention on POPs and have been banned or restricted globally. In Ghana, concerns of illicit applications of some OCPs have been raised in recent times. Applying polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers (PAS), the levels of OCPs in the atmosphere and their spatial resolution were investigated. It was the first nationwide coverage of OCPs monitoring in Ghana. ∑DDTs and endusulfans constituted the highest burden of atmospheric OCPs in Ghana, at average concentrations of 156±36 and 153±28 pg m(-3), respectively. Mirex had the lowest concentration (0.2±0.01 pg m(-3)). From the chemical signatures of the various OCPs, we deduced that DDT, endosulfans and heptachlor were freshly applied at certain sites, which were all agricultural sites. The OCPs were spatially resolved as a function of the types of crops cultivated in different areas, legacy issues and recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Hogarh
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan.
| | - N Seike
- National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Y Kobara
- National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - G K Ofosu-Budu
- University of Ghana Agricultural Research Centre - Kade, College of Agricultural and Consumer Sciences, Legon, Ghana
| | - D Carboo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 56, Legon, Ghana
| | - S Masunaga
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
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Garrison VH, Majewski MS, Foreman WT, Genualdi SA, Mohammed A, Massey Simonich SL. Persistent organic contaminants in Saharan dust air masses in West Africa, Cape Verde and the eastern Caribbean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:530-43. [PMID: 24055669 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate, are toxic at low concentrations, and undergo long-range atmospheric transport (LRT) were identified and quantified in the atmosphere of a Saharan dust source region (Mali) and during Saharan dust incursions at downwind sites in the eastern Caribbean (U.S. Virgin Islands, Trinidad and Tobago) and Cape Verde. More organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides (OCPPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were detected in the Saharan dust region than at downwind sites. Seven of the 13 OCPPs detected occurred at all sites: chlordanes, chlorpyrifos, dacthal, dieldrin, endosulfans, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and trifluralin. Total SOCs ranged from 1.9-126 ng/m(3) (mean = 25 ± 34) at source and 0.05-0.71 ng/m(3) (mean = 0.24 ± 0.18) at downwind sites during dust conditions. Most SOC concentrations were 1-3 orders of magnitude higher in source than downwind sites. A Saharan source was confirmed for sampled air masses at downwind sites based on dust particle elemental composition and rare earth ratios, atmospheric back trajectory models, and field observations. SOC concentrations were considerably below existing occupational and/or regulatory limits; however, few regulatory limits exist for these persistent organic compounds. Long-term effects of chronic exposure to low concentrations of SOCs are unknown, as are possible additive or synergistic effects of mixtures of SOCs, biologically active trace metals, and mineral dust particles transported together in Saharan dust air masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Garrison
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southeast Ecological Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
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23
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Ye L, Guo J, Ge RS. Environmental pollutants and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2014; 94:349-90. [PMID: 24388197 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800095-3.00013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD) are a group of steroidogenic enzymes that are involved in the steroid biosynthesis and metabolism. Four classes of HSDs, namely, 3β-, 11β-, 17β-, and 20α-HSDs, are discussed. 3β-HSDs catalyze the conversion of pregnenolone, 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, and dehydroepiandrosterone to progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, and androstenedione, respectively. 11β-HSDs catalyze the interconversion between active cortisol and inactive cortisone. 17β-HSDs catalyze the interconversion between 17β-hydroxyl steroids and 17-ketoandrogens and estrogens. 20α-HSDs catalyze the conversion of progesterone into 20α-hydroxyprogesterone. Many environmental pollutants directly inhibit one or more enzymes of these HSDs, thus interfering with endogenous active steroid hormone levels. These chemicals include industrial materials (perfluoroalkyl compounds, phthalates, bisphenol A, and benzophenone), pesticides/biocides (methoxychlor, organotins, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, and prochloraz), and plant constituents (genistein, gossypol, and licorice). This chapter reviews these inhibitors targeting on HSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leping Ye
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital and Research Academy of Reproductive Biomedicine of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital and Research Academy of Reproductive Biomedicine of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital and Research Academy of Reproductive Biomedicine of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
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