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Fritsch C, Berny P, Crouzet O, Le Perchec S, Coeurdassier M. Wildlife ecotoxicology of plant protection products: knowns and unknowns about the impacts of currently used pesticides on terrestrial vertebrate biodiversity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33026-1. [PMID: 38639904 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Agricultural practices are a major cause of the current loss of biodiversity. Among postwar agricultural intensification practices, the use of plant protection products (PPPs) might be one of the prominent drivers of the loss of wildlife diversity in agroecosystems. A collective scientific assessment was performed upon the request of the French Ministries responsible for the Environment, for Agriculture and for Research to review the impacts of PPPs on biodiversity and ecosystem services based on the scientific literature. While the effects of legacy banned PPPs on ecosystems and the underlying mechanisms are well documented, the impacts of current use pesticides (CUPs) on biodiversity have rarely been reviewed. Here, we provide an overview of the available knowledge related to the impacts of PPPs, including biopesticides, on terrestrial vertebrates (i.e. herptiles, birds including raptors, bats and small and large mammals). We focused essentially on CUPs and on endpoints at the subindividual, individual, population and community levels, which ultimately linked with effects on biodiversity. We address both direct toxic effects and indirect effects related to ecological processes and review the existing knowledge about wildlife exposure to PPPs. The effects of PPPs on ecological functions and ecosystem services are discussed, as are the aggravating or mitigating factors. Finally, a synthesis of knowns and unknowns is provided, and we identify priorities to fill gaps in knowledge and perspectives for research and wildlife conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Fritsch
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249 CNRS/Université de Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Berny
- UR-ICE, Vetagro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire, 69280, Marcy L'étoile, France
| | - Olivier Crouzet
- Direction de La Recherche Et de L'Appui Scientifique, Office Français de La Biodiversité, Site de St-Benoist, 78610, Auffargis, France
| | | | - Michael Coeurdassier
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249 CNRS/Université de Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, F-25000, Besançon, France.
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Organophosphate-Pesticide-Mediated Immune Response Modulation in Invertebrates and Vertebrates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065360. [PMID: 36982434 PMCID: PMC10049729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) have greatly facilitated food production worldwide, and their use is not limited to agriculture and the control of pests and disease vectors. However, these substances can directly affect the immune response of non-target organisms. In this sense, exposure to OPs can have negative effects on innate and adaptive immunity, promoting deregulation in humoral and cellular processes such as phagocytosis, cytokine expression, antibody production, cell proliferation, and differentiation, which are crucial mechanisms for host defense against external agents. This review focuses on the scientific evidence of exposure to OPs and their toxic effects on the immune system of non-target organisms (invertebrates and vertebrates) from a descriptive perspective of the immuno-toxic mechanisms associated with susceptibility to the development of bacterial, viral, and fungal infectious diseases. During the exhaustive review, we found that there is an important gap in the study of non-target organisms, examples of which are echinoderms and chondrichthyans. It is therefore important to increase the number of studies on other species directly or indirectly affected by Ops, to assess the degree of impact at the individual level and how this affects higher levels, such as populations and ecosystems.
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Monteiro Titon SC, Assis VR, Junior BT, Kinker GS, Queiroz Hazarbassanov NGTD, Lima AS, Oliveira Massoco CD, Fernandes PA, Gomes FR, Markus RP. Optimizing Studies of Phagocytic Activity by Flowsight Cytometry in Amphibians. SOUTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.2994/sajh-d-20-00006.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanny Christie Monteiro Titon
- Laboratório de Comportamento e Fisiologia Evolutiva, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vania Regina Assis
- Laboratório de Comportamento e Fisiologia Evolutiva, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Braz Titon Junior
- Laboratório de Comportamento e Fisiologia Evolutiva, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Sarti Kinker
- Laboratório de Neuroimunoendocrinologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alan Siqueira Lima
- Laboratório de Comportamento e Fisiologia Evolutiva, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristina de Oliveira Massoco
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Aplicada, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- Laboratório de Neuroimunoendocrinologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ribeiro Gomes
- Laboratório de Comportamento e Fisiologia Evolutiva, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina P. Markus
- Laboratório de Cronofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Dyck A, Robinson SA, Young SD, Renaud JB, Sabourin L, Lapen DR, Pick FR. The Effects of Ditch Management in Agroecosystems on Embryonic and Tadpole Survival, Growth, and Development of Northern Leopard Frogs (Lithobates pipiens). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 81:107-122. [PMID: 33944964 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural drainage ditches help remove excess water from fields and provide habitat for wildlife. Drainage ditch management, which includes various forms of vegetation clearing and sediment dredging, can variably affect the ecological function of these systems. To determine whether ditch conditions following dredging/vegetation clearing management affected the survival, growth, and development of embryos and tadpoles of northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens), we conducted three field studies using in situ cages over 2 years. We measured nutrients, pesticides, and other water quality properties in vegetated/unmanaged (i.e., no clearing or dredging) and newly cleared/dredged (i.e., treeless, then dredged), clay-bottomed drainage ditches in a river basin in Eastern Ontario, Canada. Nutrients, atrazine, and total neonicotinoid concentrations were generally lower at the cleared/dredged sites, whereas glyphosate was at higher concentrations. In contrast, water-quality variables measured in situ, particularly temperature, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity, tended to be higher in the cleared/dredged sites. Total phosphorous and total organic carbon concentrations at all sites were above the recommended limits for amphibian assays. No significant differences were detected in the survival, hatching success, or development of embryos among the ditch management treatments, but premature hatching was observed at one vegetated/unmanaged site where high specific conductivity may have been formative. We found the cleared/dredged sites supported earlier tadpole growth and development, likely as a result of the higher water temperatures. Increased temperature may have offset other growth/development stressors, such as those related to water chemistry. However, the long-term consequences of these differences on amphibian populations requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Dyck
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stacey A Robinson
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - Sarah D Young
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Justin B Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lyne Sabourin
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - David R Lapen
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Frances R Pick
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Marcogliese DJ, King KC, Bates KA. Effects of multiple stressors on northern leopard frogs in agricultural wetlands. Parasitology 2021; 148:827-834. [PMID: 33685539 PMCID: PMC11010203 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202100038x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural and anthropogenic stressors, including parasites and pesticides, may induce oxidative stress in animals. Measuring oxidative stress responses in sentinel species that are particularly responsive to environmental perturbations not only provides insight into host physiology but is also a useful readout of ecosystem health. Newly metamorphosed northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens), a sentinel species, were collected from agricultural and non-agricultural wetlands exposed to varying concentrations of the herbicide atrazine. Significant effects of certain parasites' abundance and their interaction with atrazine exposure on frog oxidative stress were identified. Specifically, increased protein levels were detected in frogs infected with echinostome metacercariae. In addition, the nematode Oswaldocruzia sp. was significantly associated with increased thiol concentration and catalase activity. Significant parasite × atrazine interactions were observed for atrazine exposure and the abundance of Oswaldocruzia sp. on thiol, as thiol concentrations increased with parasite abundance at low atrazine localities and decreased in high atrazine wetlands. In addition, a significant interaction between the abundances of Oswaldocruzia sp. and gorgoderid trematodes on thiol concentrations was observed. These findings demonstrate that studies of oxidative stress on animals in natural ecosystems should account for the confounding effects of parasitism, particularly for amphibians in agricultural landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Marcogliese
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, St. Lawrence Centre, 105 McGill Street, 7th floor, Montreal, Quebec H2Y 2E7, Canada
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 125 Marine Science Drive, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - Kayla C. King
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W., Montreal, Quebec H3G 1M8, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Kieran A. Bates
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
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Shojaei N, Naderi S, Yasari E, Moradi N. Exposure to common pesticides utilized in northern rice fields of Iran affects survival of non-target species, Pelophylax ridibundus (Amphibia: Ranidae). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-13168-2. [PMID: 33641106 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians are the most important vulnerable non-target vertebrate group that are affected by pesticides. Most previous studies have confirmed the destructive effects of pesticides. But, so far, no comprehensive studies have been carried out in Iran. Therefore, to estimate the mortality rate of frogs during the growing season in different cultivating systems, we examined the presence of pesticides in water and substrate as indicators of habitat quality and in the liver tissue of Marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771), enclosed in the prepared cages at five rice paddy fields in Mazandaran province, Iran. The measurement of pollution was done using mass gas chromatography method and statistical analyses by Minitab software. Furthermore, the probable movement pattern of free frogs was analyzed using capture-mark-recapture method. Thirteen pesticides were detected both in the habitat and in frogs' liver tissue. Among them ß-Mevinphos, Fenitrothion, Bromofos, and Trifluralin had the most frequent occurrence in liver tissue, and Diazinon with concentrations up to 517.8 μg/Kg had the highest concentration. Furthermore, there is a significant correlation (R2 > 0.96) between water quality and frogs' contamination, whereas, no correlation was observed between substrate pollution and frogs' contamination. Pesticide concentrations were higher in two stations but lower than lethal doses to frogs, so that no mortality was observed at any of the stations. However, some specimens had a considerable muscle atrophy. Despite no significant movement pattern was detected, we can expect that if this trend continues, in a long term, they will face a reduction in the survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadimeh Shojaei
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Saeid Naderi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Esmaeil Yasari
- Department of Agricultural Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
- Agricultural Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development, Summerland, BC, Canada
| | - Naeim Moradi
- Iranian Plateau Herpetology Research Group (IPHRG), Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Preuss JF, Greenspan SE, Rossi EM, Lucas Gonsales EM, Neely WJ, Valiati VH, Woodhams DC, Becker CG, Tozetti AM. Widespread Pig Farming Practice Linked to Shifts in Skin Microbiomes and Disease in Pond-Breeding Amphibians. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11301-11312. [PMID: 32845628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Farming practices may reshape the structure of watersheds, water quality, and the health of aquatic organisms. Nutrient enrichment from agricultural pollution increases disease pressure in many host-pathogen systems, but the mechanisms underlying this pattern are not always resolved. For example, nutrient enrichment should strongly influence pools of aquatic environmental bacteria, which has the potential to alter microbiome composition of aquatic animals and their vulnerability to disease. However, shifts in the host microbiome have received little attention as a link between nutrient enrichment and diseases of aquatic organisms. We examined nutrient enrichment through the widespread practice of integrated pig-fish farming and its effects on microbiome composition of Brazilian amphibians and prevalence of the globally distributed amphibian skin pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). This farming system drove surges in fecal coliform bacteria, disturbing amphibian skin bacterial communities such that hosts recruited higher proportions of Bd-facilitative bacteria and carried higher Bd prevalence. Our results highlight previously overlooked connections between global trends in land use change, microbiome dysbiosis, and wildlife disease. These interactions may be particularly important for disease management in the tropics, a region with both high biodiversity and continually intensifying anthropogenic pressures on aquatic wildlife habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson F Preuss
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS 93022-750, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, São Miguel do Oeste, SC 89900-000, Brazil
| | - Sasha E Greenspan
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Eliandra M Rossi
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, São Miguel do Oeste, SC 89900-000, Brazil
| | - Elaine M Lucas Gonsales
- Departamento de Zootecnia e Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS 98300-000, Brazil
| | - Wesley J Neely
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Victor Hugo Valiati
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS 93022-750, Brazil
| | - Douglas C Woodhams
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - C Guilherme Becker
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Alexandro M Tozetti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS 93022-750, Brazil
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Brodeur JC, Bahl MF, Natale GS, Poliserpi MB. Biomarker and hematological fieldwork with amphibians: is it necessary to sample all night? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:17152-17161. [PMID: 32146672 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the context of the global amphibian crisis, biomonitoring constitutes a valuable assessment tool to provide critical up to date information on the status and health of amphibians worldwide. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the possible confounding effects of sex, size, and time since capture on enzymatic biomarkers and hematologic parameters of the South American frog Leptodactylus latrans. Frogs were collected by hand between 9 pm and 12 am on two consecutive nights. On the first night, captured frogs were transported for 2 h by car to laboratory installations, maintained overnight in plastic containers, and blood and tissue sampled on the next morning. In contrast, frogs collected on the second night were blood and tissue sampled in the field, immediately after the capture period. Hematological parameters were analyzed, and enzymatic activities of catalase, cholinesterase (ChE), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were determined in the plasma, liver, kidney, and muscle. A sex difference was observed only for total white blood cell counts (WBC), females exhibiting significantly greater values than males. The packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), WBC, and muscle ChE activity were significantly correlated with snout-vent length (SVL). The correlation was inversed in the case of MCHC, WBC, and muscle ChE, while the correlation was positive between PCV and SVL. Most examined parameters presented similar values when frogs were sampled at night following capture or the next morning. Total red blood cells (RBCs) count, and plasma enzymatic activities of ChE and GST were the only parameters that presented significantly increased values in morning samplings compared with night samplings. Overall, the current study indicates that it is best to sample the frogs as soon as possible after capture if hematologic or plasmatic biomarkers are examined. Nevertheless, it is possible to sample on the next morning if tissular biomarkers are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Céline Brodeur
- Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, Centro de Investigaciones de Recursos Naturales (CIRN), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CNIA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), 1686, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Florencia Bahl
- Centro Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Sebastián Natale
- Centro Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Poliserpi
- Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, Centro de Investigaciones de Recursos Naturales (CIRN), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CNIA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), 1686, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Weeks DM, Parris MJ. A Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki Biopesticide Does Not Reduce Hatching Success or Tadpole Survival at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations in Southern Leopard Frogs (Lithobates sphenocephalus). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:155-161. [PMID: 31499575 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians are in global decline, and anthropogenic activities are known leading causes of their demise. Thus the interaction between agriculture and amphibian health has been examined for decades. Many facets of amphibian physiology and ecology place them at high risk among the nontarget organisms affected by agricultural byproducts. Research has shown that many chemicals and fertilizers affect amphibian growth, reproduction, and survival. The impacts differ based on the type of agricultural byproduct (e.g., chemical pesticide or nutrient-heavy fertilizer) and amphibian species, but the effects are usually negative. However, minimal research exists on how organic biopesticides interact with amphibian populations. Biopesticides utilize insecticidal bacteria as the active ingredient in lieu of synthetic chemicals. The inert ingredients present in biopesticide commercial products are considered safe to nontarget organisms. The present study tested the impacts of a commercial biopesticide on the survival of amphibian embryos and larvae. We found that expected environmental concentrations of the microbial biopesticide Monterrey B.t. did not significantly reduce survival in embryos or larvae. However, the higher doses used to assess threshold toxicity levels caused significant mortality. Our data suggest that biopesticides are not directly harmful to amphibian embryos or larvae in concentrations regularly applied for pest control. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;39:155-161. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denita Mychele Weeks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew James Parris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Van Meter RJ, Adelizzi R, Glinski DA, Henderson WM. Agrochemical Mixtures and Amphibians: The Combined Effects of Pesticides and Fertilizer on Stress, Acetylcholinesterase Activity, and Bioaccumulation in a Terrestrial Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:1052-1061. [PMID: 30698848 PMCID: PMC8996708 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tank mixtures are popular within the agricultural community because they are time- and cost-effective, but field applications leave nontarget organisms at risk of exposure. We explored the effects of a common herbicide (atrazine and alachlor) and fertilizer (urea) tank mixture on juvenile frog corticosterone stress levels, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and pesticide bioaccumulation. Single agrochemical or tank mixtures were applied to terrestrial microcosms, and then individual Southern leopard frog (Lithobates sphenocephala) juveniles were added to microcosms for an 8-h exposure. Afterward, frogs were transferred to aquatic microcosms for 1 h to monitor corticosterone prior to euthanasia, brain tissues were excised to evaluate AChE, and tissue homogenates were analyzed for pesticide bioconcentation with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Atrazine significantly increased corticosterone in frogs, particularly when combined with alachlor and urea. Atrazine increased AChE and urea decreased AChE, although no interactive effects of chemical combinations were discernible. Relative to their individual treatments, the complete tank mixture with all 3 agrochemicals resulted in 64% greater bioconcentration of atrazine and 54% greater bioconcentration of alachlor in frog tissues. Our results suggest that agrochemical mixtures as well as their active ingredients can lead to altered stress levels and impaired physiological responses in amphibians. An improved understanding of the effects of co-exposure to environmental contaminants in amphibians is important in assessing the ecological risks these compounds pose. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;9999:1-10. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donna A. Glinski
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - W. Matthew Henderson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Çakıcı Ö. Histopathological analysis of carbaryl-induced toxicity in the spleen of Levantine frog, Pelophylax bedriagae (Anura: Ranidae). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:24917-24922. [PMID: 29931639 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the histopathological effects of carbaryl in the spleen of Levantine frog, Pelophylax bedriage. Due to its primary role in immune system, it is important to research the toxic effects of pesticides, which play an important role in environmental pollution, on spleen. To that end, adult frogs were exposed to carbaryl for 96 h. Experimental groups contained low dose, (0.05 mg/g), medium dose (0.1 mg/g) and high dose (0.2 mg/g). After following exposure to carbaryl, the frogs were euthanised and dissected. In low-dose group, there were no important changes in spleen tissue. In medium-dose group, prominence in haemorrhage just below the capsule and an increase in the melanomacrophage number were determined. In high-dose group, in addition to increases in the melanomacrophages, separations in capsule, haemorrhage below capsule and within splenic tissue, sinusoidal enlargement, congestion in dilated sinusoid, hypertrophic plasma cells and fibrosis were determined as important histological lesions in exposed frogs. This study clearly showed that carbaryl caused important histopathological damages in splenic tissue of Pelophylax bedriagae. In view of these findings, it can be said that this insecticide has the capacity to disrupt spleen' functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Çakıcı
- Science Faculty, Biology Department, Zoology Section, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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12
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Van Meter RJ, Glinski DA, Henderson WM, Garrison AW, Cyterski M, Purucker ST. Pesticide Uptake Across the Amphibian Dermis Through Soil and Overspray Exposures. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 69:545-556. [PMID: 26135301 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
For terrestrial amphibians, accumulation of pesticides through dermal contact is a primary route of exposure in agricultural landscapes and may be contributing to widespread amphibian declines. To show pesticide transfer across the amphibian dermis at permitted label application rates, our study was designed to measure pesticide body burdens after two simulated exposure scenarios. We compared direct exposures, where amphibians were present when spraying occurred, to indirect exposures, where amphibians were exposed to soils after pesticide application. During summer 2012, we reared barking (Hyla gratiosa) and green treefrogs (H. cinerea) through 60-90 days post-metamorphosis at a United States Environmental Protection Agency research laboratory. We tested exposure for 8 h to five pesticide active ingredients (imidacloprid, atrazine, triadimefon, fipronil, or pendimethalin) in glass aquaria lined with soil in the laboratory. We quantified total pesticide body burden and soil concentrations using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. All individuals in both treatments had measurable body burdens at the end of the study. A randomized block design analysis of variance (n = 18) showed that body burdens (p = 0.03) and bioconcentration factors (BCFs) (p = 0.01) were significantly greater in the direct overspray treatment relative to the indirect soil spray treatment for both species and tested pesticides. BCFs ranged from 0.1 to 1.16 and from 0.013 to 0.78 in the direct and indirect treatments, respectively. Our study shows dermal uptake for multiple pesticides from both direct spray and indirect soil exposures and provides empirical support for the degree to which terrestrial phase amphibians have higher body burdens after overspray pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Van Meter
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 960 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.
- Washington College, Toll Science Center SG20, Chestertown, MD, 21620, USA.
| | - Donna A Glinski
- Student Services Authority Contractor, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 960 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - W Matthew Henderson
- Ecosystems Research Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 960 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - A Wayne Garrison
- Ecosystems Research Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 960 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Mike Cyterski
- Ecosystems Research Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 960 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - S Thomas Purucker
- Ecosystems Research Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 960 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
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13
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Van Der Kraak GJ, Hosmer AJ, Hanson ML, Kloas W, Solomon KR. Effects of atrazine in fish, amphibians, and reptiles: an analysis based on quantitative weight of evidence. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 44 Suppl 5:1-66. [PMID: 25375889 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.967836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative weight of evidence (WoE) approach was developed to evaluate studies used for regulatory purposes, as well as those in the open literature, that report the effects of the herbicide atrazine on fish, amphibians, and reptiles. The methodology for WoE analysis incorporated a detailed assessment of the relevance of the responses observed to apical endpoints directly related to survival, growth, development, and reproduction, as well as the strength and appropriateness of the experimental methods employed. Numerical scores were assigned for strength and relevance. The means of the scores for relevance and strength were then used to summarize and weigh the evidence for atrazine contributing to ecologically significant responses in the organisms of interest. The summary was presented graphically in a two-dimensional graph which showed the distributions of all the reports for a response. Over 1290 individual responses from studies in 31 species of fish, 32 amphibians, and 8 reptiles were evaluated. Overall, the WoE showed that atrazine might affect biomarker-type responses, such as expression of genes and/or associated proteins, concentrations of hormones, and biochemical processes (e.g. induction of detoxification responses), at concentrations sometimes found in the environment. However, these effects were not translated to adverse outcomes in terms of apical endpoints. The WoE approach provided a quantitative, transparent, reproducible, and robust framework that can be used to assist the decision-making process when assessing environmental chemicals. In addition, the process allowed easy identification of uncertainty and inconsistency in observations, and thus clearly identified areas where future investigations can be best directed.
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14
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Sifkarovski J, Grayfer L, De Jesús Andino F, Lawrence BP, Robert J. Negative effects of low dose atrazine exposure on the development of effective immunity to FV3 in Xenopus laevis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 47:52-8. [PMID: 24984115 PMCID: PMC4146652 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The recent dramatic increase of the prevalence and range of amphibian host species and populations infected by ranaviruses such as Frog Virus 3 (FV3) raises concerns about the efficacies of amphibian antiviral immunity. In this context, the potential negative effects of water contaminants such as the herbicide atrazine, at environmentally relevant levels, on host antiviral immunity remains unclear. Here we describe the use of the amphibian Xenopus laevis as an ecotoxicology platform to elucidate the consequences of exposure to ecologically relevant doses of atrazine on amphibian antiviral immunity. X. laevis were exposed at tadpole and adult stages as well as during metamorphosis to atrazine (range from 0.1 to 10.0 ppb) prior to infection with FV3. Quantitative analysis of gene expression revealed significant changes in the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α and the antiviral type I IFN gene in response to FV3 infection. This was most marked in tadpoles that were exposed to atrazine at doses as low 0.1 ppb. Furthermore, atrazine exposure significantly compromised tadpole survival following FV3 infections. In contrast, acute atrazine exposure of mature adult frogs did not induce detectable effects on anti-FV3 immunity, but adults that were exposed to atrazine during metamorphosis exhibited pronounced defects in FV3-induced TNF-α gene expression responses and slight diminution in type I IFN gene induction. Thus, even at low doses, atrazine exposure culminates in impaired development of amphibian antiviral defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Sifkarovski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
| | - Leon Grayfer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
| | | | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA.
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15
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Watson FL, Schmidt H, Turman ZK, Hole N, Garcia H, Gregg J, Tilghman J, Fradinger EA. Organophosphate pesticides induce morphological abnormalities and decrease locomotor activity and heart rate in Danio rerio and Xenopus laevis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:1337-1345. [PMID: 24677261 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides (OPs), a class of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, are used widely in agriculture to reduce insect populations. Because of the conservation of acetylcholinesterase between invertebrates and vertebrates, OPs also can adversely affect nontarget species, such as aquatic and terrestrial animals. This study used uniform conditions to analyze the morphological and physiological effects caused by developmental exposure to 3 commonly used OPs-chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, and diazinon-on 2 aquatic vertebrate species, Danio rerio (zebrafish) and Xenopus laevis. Survival, locomotor activity, heart rate, and gross anatomical abnormalities, including kyphosis and edema, were observed over a 5-d period in response to OP concentrations ranging from 0 µM to 1000 µM. Both zebrafish and Xenopus showed decreased survival for all 3 OPs at higher concentrations. However, Xenopus showed higher mortality than zebrafish at lower chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos concentrations. Both models showed a dose-dependent decrease in heart rate and free-swimming larval activity in response to chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos. In addition, kyphosis and decreased spine length were prominent in Xenopus in response to 10 µM of chlorpyrifos and 0.1 µM dichlorvos. Although diazinon induced no effects on skeletal and cardiac motor activity in either species, it did induce cardiac edemas in zebrafish. Differences in the biological actions of OPs and their differential effects in these 2 vertebrate models demonstrate the importance of using common protocols and multiple models to evaluate the ecotoxicology of OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L Watson
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia, USA
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Cary TL, Ortiz-Santaliestra ME, Karasov WH. Immunomodulation in post-metamorphic northern leopard frogs, Lithobates pipiens, following larval exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:5910-5919. [PMID: 24735054 DOI: 10.1021/es405776m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pollutants and disease are factors implicated in amphibian population declines, and it is hypothesized that these factors exert a synergistic adverse effect, which is mediated by pollutant-induced immunosuppression. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous pollutants that can exert immunotoxicity, making them of interest to test effects on amphibian immune function. We orally exposed Lithobates (Rana) pipiens tadpoles to environmentally realistic levels (0-634 ng/g wet diet) of a pentabromodiphenyl ether mixture (DE-71) from as soon as they became free-swimming through metamorphic climax. To assess adaptive immune response in juvenile frogs, we used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure specific IgY production following immunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Specific KLH antibody response was significantly decreased in juvenile frogs that had been exposed to PBDEs as tadpoles. When assessing innate immune responses, we found significantly different neutrophil counts among treatments; however, phagocytic activity of neutrophils was not significantly different. Secretion of antimicrobial skin peptides (AMPs) nonsignificantly decreased with increasing PBDE concentrations, and no significant effect of PBDE treatment was observed on efficacy of AMPs to inhibit chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) growth. Our findings demonstrate that environmentally realistic concentrations of PBDEs are able to alter immune function in frogs; however, further research is needed to determine how these alterations impact disease susceptibility in L. pipiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawnya L Cary
- Department of Zoology and ‡Department of Forest & Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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17
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Muñoz FA, Franco-Noguez SY, Gonzalez-Ballesteros E, Negrete-Philippe AC, Flores-Romo L. Characterisation of the green turtle’s leukocyte subpopulations by flow cytometry and evaluation of their phagocytic activity. Vet Res Commun 2014; 38:123-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-014-9595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F A Muñoz
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Carretera San Luis-Matehuala km 14.5, Soledad de Graciano Sánchez, C.P.78433, San Luis Potosí, México,
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