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Goodarzi B, Azimi Mohammadabadi M, Jafari AJ, Gholami M, Kermani M, Assarehzadegan MA, Shahsavani A. Investigating PM 2.5 toxicity in highly polluted urban and industrial areas in the Middle East: human health risk assessment and spatial distribution. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17858. [PMID: 37857811 PMCID: PMC10587072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) can be considered as a factor affecting human health. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of PM2.5 and heavy metals and their influence on survival of A549 human lung cells in exposure to PM2.5 breathing air of Ahvaz city. In order to assess the levels of PM2.5 and heavy metals, air samples were collected from 14 sampling stations positioned across Ahvaz city during both winter and summer seasons. The concentration of heavy metals was determined using ICP OES. Next, the MTT assay [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] was employed to ascertain the survival rate of A549 cells. The findings from this research demonstrated that average PM2.5 of the study period was (149.5 μg/m3). Also, the average concentration of PM2.5 in the urban area in winter and summer was (153.3- and 106.9 μg/m3) and in the industrial area this parameter was (191.6 and 158.3 μg/m3). The average concentration of metals (ng/m3) of urban areas against industrial, Al (493 vs. 485), Fe (536 vs. 612), Cu (198 vs. 212), Ni (128 vs. 129), Cr (48.5 vs. 54), Cd (118 vs. 124), Mn (120 vs. 119), As (51 vs. 67), Hg (37 vs. 50), Zn (302 vs. 332) and Pb (266 vs. 351) were obtained. The results of the MTT assay showed that the highest percentage of cell survival according to the exposure concentration was 25 > 50 > 100 > 200. Also, the lowest percentage of survival (58.8%) was observed in the winter season and in industrial areas with a concentration of 200 μg/ml. The carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metals indicated that except for Cr, whose carcinogenicity was 1.32E-03, other metals were in the safe range (10-4-10-6) for human health. The high concentration of PM2.5 and heavy metals can increase respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and reduce the public health level of Ahvaz citizens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Goodarzi
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
| | - Maryam Azimi Mohammadabadi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Air Pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Gholami
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Air Pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad-Ali Assarehzadegan
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Aldekheel M, Farahani VJ, Sioutas C. Assessing Lifetime Cancer Risk Associated with Population Exposure to PM-Bound PAHs and Carcinogenic Metals in Three Mid-Latitude Metropolitan Cities. TOXICS 2023; 11:697. [PMID: 37624202 PMCID: PMC10457896 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Lifetime cancer risk characterization of ambient PM-bound carcinogenic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined in the cities of Los Angeles (USA), Thessaloniki (Greece) and Milan (Italy), which share similar Mediterranean climates but are different in their urban emission sources and governing air quality regulations. The samples in Milan and Thessaloniki were mostly dominated by biomass burning activities whereas the particles collected in Los Angeles were primary impacted by traffic emissions. We analyzed the ambient PM2.5 mass concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Hexavalent Chromium (Cr(VI)), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), as well as 13 PAH compounds in the PM samples, collected during both cold and warm periods at each location. Pb exhibited the highest annual average concentration in all three cities, followed by Ni, As, Cr(VI), Cd and PAHs, respectively. The cancer risk assessment based on outdoor pollutants was performed based on three different scenarios, with each scenario corresponding to a different level of infiltration of outdoor pollutants into the indoor environment. Thessaloniki exhibited a high risk associated with lifetime inhalation of As, Cr(VI), and PAHs, with values in the range of (0.97-1.57) × 10-6, (1.80-2.91) × 10-6, and (0.77-1.25) × 10-6, respectively. The highest cancer risk values were calculated in Milan, exceeding the US EPA standard by a considerable margin, where the lifetime risk values of exposure to As, Cr(VI), and PAHs were in the range of (1.29-2.08) × 10-6, (6.08-9.82) × 10-6, and (1.10-1.77) × 10-6, respectively. In contrast, the estimated risks associated with PAHs and metals, except Cr(VI), in Los Angeles were extremely lower than the guideline value, even when the infiltration factor was assumed to be at peak. The lifetime cancer risk values associated with As, Cd, Ni, Pb, and PAHs in Los Angeles were in the range of (0.04-0.33) × 10-6. This observation highlights the impact of local air quality measures in improving the air quality and lowering the cancer risks in Los Angeles compared to the other two cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aldekheel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (M.A.); (V.J.F.)
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Vahid Jalali Farahani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (M.A.); (V.J.F.)
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (M.A.); (V.J.F.)
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Sanli G, Celik S, Joubi V, Tasdemir Y. Concentrations, phase exchanges and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) In Bursa-Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023:116344. [PMID: 37290625 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the pollution levels derived from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, plant and soil samples and to reveal the PAH exchange at the soil-air, soil-plant and plant-air interfaces. In this context, air and soil samples were collected in approximately 10-day periods between June 2021 and February 2022 from a semi-urban area in Bursa, an industrial city with a dense population. Also, plant branch samples were collected for the last three months. Total PAH concentrations in the atmosphere (∑16PAH) and soil (∑14PAH) ranged from 4.03 to 64.6 ng/m3 and 13-189.4 ng/g DM, respectively. PAH levels in the tree branches varied between 256.6 and 419.75 ng/g DM. In all air and soil samples, PAH levels were low in the summer and reached higher values in the winter. 3-ring PAHs were the dominant compounds, and their distribution in air and soil samples varied between 28.9%-71.9% and 22.8%-57.7%, respectively. According to the results of diagnostic ratios (DRs) and principal component analysis (PCA), both pyrolytic and petrogenic sources were found to be effective in PAH pollution in the sampling region. The fugacity fraction (ff) ratio and net flux (Fnet) values indicated that the direction of movement of PAHs was from soil to air. In order to better understand the PAH movement in the environment, soil-plant exchange calculations were also achieved. The ratio of ∑14PAH values measured to modeled concentrations (1.19<ratio<1.52) revealed that the model worked well for the sampling region and produced reasonable results. The ff and Fnet levels showed that branches were saturated with PAHs and the direction of PAH movement was from plant to soil. The plant-air exchange results indicated that the direction of movement of PAHs was from plant to air for low molecular weight PAHs and the opposite was true for compounds with high molecular weight ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Sanli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Semra Celik
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Viam Joubi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yücel Tasdemir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey.
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Alshaheen AS, Al-Naiema IM, Tuama DM, Al-Mosuwi WH. Characterization, risk assessment, and source estimation of PM 10-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during wintertime in the ambient air of Basrah City, Iraq. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 326:138444. [PMID: 36958500 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the concentration and structure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with the ambient PM10 in Basrah City, Iraq have been investigated for the first time. From December 2021 to February 2022, PM10 samples were collected on quartz fiber filters, extracted using an optimized extraction protocol, and analyzed for the sixteen US EPA priority PAHs. The results indicated that 4- and 5-ring PAHs represent 52% of the total detected PAHs. The most abundant PAHs over the study period were chrysene (1.2 ± 1.5 ng m-3), fluorene (0.9 ± 1.4 ng m-3), and benzo[b]fluoranthene (0.7 ± 0.9 ng m-3). Source identification suggested that PM10-bound PAHs primarily originated from pyrogenic and petrogenic activities in Basrah City. In addition, the cancer risk associated to PAH exposure was assessed based on benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration and was found ranging from 0.07 to 6.32 ng m-3; hence, it exceeded the threshold limit of 1.0 ng m-3 established by the European legislation (EU, 2014). Benzo[a]pyrene was determined to be main contributor to total carcinogenic power of the detected PAHs, accounting for 50.3%, followed by dibenz[a,h]anthracene (22.3%). Similarly, benzo[a]pyrene represented a major contributor to PAH associated mutagenicity, accounting for 43.5% of the total.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Alshaheen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Basrah, Basrah City, 61004, Iraq
| | - Ibrahim M Al-Naiema
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Basrah, Basrah City, 61004, Iraq.
| | - Dhaferah M Tuama
- Directorate of protect and improve the environment in the southern region of Iraq, Basrah City, 61004, Iraq
| | - Waleed H Al-Mosuwi
- Directorate of protect and improve the environment in the southern region of Iraq, Basrah City, 61004, Iraq
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Sharma K, Kumar P, Sharma J, Thapa SD, Gupta A, Rajak R, Baruah B, Prakash A, Ranjan RK. Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with fine aerosols in ambient atmosphere of high-altitude urban environment in Sikkim Himalaya. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161987. [PMID: 36740072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) compounds are ubiquitous in ambient air due to their persistence, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity. Gangtok being one of the cleanest cities in India located in Eastern Himalayan region, witnesses high developmental activities with enhanced urbanization affecting the ambient air quality. The present study aims to measure PM2.5 and PAHs in the ambient atmosphere of the Sikkim Himalaya to understand the influence of natural and anthropogenic activities on aerosol loading and their chemical characteristics. The PM2.5 samples were collected and analysed for the duration from Jan 2020 to Feb 2021.The seasonal mean concentrations of PM2.5 and PAHs were observed to be high during autumn and low during summer season. Overall, the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 was found higher than the prescribed limit of World Health Organization and National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The concentration of the 16 individual PAHs were found to be highest during autumn season (55.26 ± 37.15 ng/m3). Among the different PAHs, the annual mean concentration of fluorene (3.29 ± 4.07 ng/m3) and naphthalene (1.15 ± 3.76 ng/m3) were found to be the highest and lowest, respectively. The Molecular Diagnostic Ratio (MDR) test reveals higher contribution from heavy traffic activities throughout the winter and autumn seasons. The other possible sources identified over the region are fossil fuel combustion, and biomass burning. The multivariate statistical analysis (Multifactor Principal Component Analysis) also indicates a strong association between PM2.5 /PAHs and meteorological variables across the region in different seasons. The precipitation and wind pattern during the study period suggests that major contribution of the PM2.5 and PAHs were from local sources, with minimal contribution from long-range transport. The findings are important for comprehending the trends of PAH accumulation over a high-altitude urban area, and for developing sustainable air quality control methods in the Himalayan region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Sharma
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Jayant Sharma
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Satkar Deep Thapa
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Aparna Gupta
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Rajeev Rajak
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | | | - Amit Prakash
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India
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Zhang B, Peng Z, Lv J, Peng Q, He K, Xu H, Sun J, Shen Z. Gas Particle Partitioning of PAHs Emissions from Typical Solid Fuel Combustions as Well as Their Health Risk Assessment in Rural Guanzhong Plain, China. TOXICS 2023; 11:80. [PMID: 36668806 PMCID: PMC9863936 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutants from the incomplete combustion of rural solid fuels are seriously harmful to both air quality and human health. To quantify the health effects of different fuel-stove combinations, gas and particle partitioning of twenty-nine species of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from seven fuel-stove combinations were examined in this study, and the benzo (a) pyrene toxicity equivalent (BaPeq) and cancer risks were estimated accordingly. The results showed that the gas phase PAHs (accounting for 68-78% of the total PAHs) had higher emission factors (EFs) than particulate ones. For all combustion combinations, pPAHs accounted for the highest proportion (84.5% to 99.3%) in both the gas and particulate phases, followed by aPAHs (0.63-14.7%), while the proportions of nPAHs and oPAHs were much lower (2-4 orders of magnitude) than pPAHs. For BaPeq, particulate phase PAHs dominated the BaPeq rather than gas ones, which may be due to the greater abundance of 5-ring particle PAHs. Gas and particle pPAHs were both predominant in the BaPeq, with proportions of 95.2-98.6% for all combustion combinations. Cancer risk results showed a descending order of bituminous coal combustion (0.003-0.05), biomass burning (0.002-0.01), and clean briquette coal combustion (10-5-0.001), indicating that local residents caused a severe health threat by solid fuel combustion (the threshold: 10-4). The results also highlighted that clean briquette coal could reduce cancer risks by 1-2 orders of magnitude compared to bulk coal and biomass. For oPAH, BcdPQ (6H-benzo(c,d)pyrene-6-one) had the highest cancer risk, ranging from 4.83 × 10-5 to 2.45 × 10-4, which were even higher than the total of aPAHs and nPAHs. The dramatically high toxicity and cancer risk of PAHs from solid fuel combustion strengthened the necessity and urgency of clean heating innovation in Guanzhong Plain and in similar places.
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Orif MI, El-Shahawi MS, Ismail IMI, Rushdi A, Alshemmari H, El-Sayed MA. An extensive assessment on the distribution pattern of organic contaminants in the aerosols samples in the Middle East. OPEN CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2022-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Nowadays, in spite of a significant progress in indoor air quality (IAQ), an assessable and predictive understanding of atmospheric aerosol sources, chemical composition, transformation processes, and environmental effects are still rather incomplete and therefore signifies a key research challenge in the atmospheric science. Thus, the current comprehensive review is concerned with the dominant sources, organic compositions, and potential health impacts of the organic contaminants in the atmospheric particle matters (PMs) in the Middle East (ME). The ME contributes a major impact of organic contaminants on the atmosphere along with other Asian and African countries. In the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, the communities are noted for being the center of the great majority of the world’s oil reserves and infrastructure for producing crude oil. The review starts with a historical outlook on the scientific queries regarding major source of organic contaminants to the atmospheric aerosols over the past centuries, followed by an explanation of the distribution, sources, transformation processes, and chemical and physical properties as they are formerly assumed. Natural product chemicals from biota, manufactured organic compounds including pesticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and lubricants, as well as organic compounds from the use and combustion of fossil fuels make up the aerosol contamination. Thus, in the recent years, IAQ may be seen as a significant health issue because of the increase in industrial activity. Fugitive emissions from industrial processes, as well as natural and anthropogenic emissions from other sources such as forest fires, volcanic eruptions, incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, wood, agricultural waste, or leaves, are typical sources of organic pollutants to the aerosol. In the spring and early summer in the GCC countries, aerosol concentration increases because of dust storms; however, in winter, there are fewer dust storms and higher precipitation rates, and aerosol concentrations are lower. Significances of future research and major suggestions are also outlined to narrow the gap between the present understanding of the contribution of both anthropogenic and biogenic aerosols to radiative forcing, resulting from the spatial nonuniformity, intermittency of sources, unresolved composition, and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I. Orif
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University , P.O. Box 80207 , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad S. El-Shahawi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University , P.O. Box 80207 , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqbal M. I. Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University , P.O. Box 80207 , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Rushdi
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University , P.O. Box 80207 , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Alshemmari
- Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research , P.O. Box: 24885 , Safat 13109 , State of Kuwait
| | - Mohammed A. El-Sayed
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University , P.O. Box 80207 , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
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Shams Solari M, Ashrafi K, Pardakhti A, Hassanvand MS, Arhami M. Meteorological dependence, source identification, and carcinogenic risk assessment of PM 2.5-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in high-traffic roadside, urban background, and remote suburban area. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 20:813-826. [PMID: 36406605 PMCID: PMC9672248 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-022-00821-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) bound to ambient fine Particular Matter (PM2.5) are currently drawing a lot of attention due to their adverse health effects increasing lung cancer risk in humans. In this study, The PM2.5 samples were collected by high volume air samplers simultaneously from three different sites (high-traffic roadside, urban background, and remote suburban) in Tehran, Iran during warm and cold seasons (from July 2018 to March 2019), and 16 PAHs were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Unlike previous studies, a remote suburban area was chosen so as to observe the spatial differentiation in PM2.5-bound PAH characteristics. In high-traffic roadside site, the average concentration of total PM2.5-bound PAHs (ƩPAHs) was 3.7 times the concentration value in remote suburban area. Average (ƩPAHs) ranged from 5.54 ng/m3 for remote suburban area to 20.67 ng/m3 for high-traffic roadside site. In all sites, seasonal trends of PAH concentrations elucidated high concentrations in the cold season and low concentrations in the warm season. Correlation analysis between ƩPAHs and atmospheric factors (meteorology parameters and criteria air pollutants) indicated the heterogeneous processes play an important role in the level of PAHs. The results of diagnostic ratio (DR) analysis disclosed that the dominant source of PM2.5-bound PAHs was the combustion of liquid fossil fuels. Despite the fact that incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) via inhaling PM2.5-bound PAHs varied significantly in high-traffic roadside site and remote suburban site, its value was beyond the acceptable risk level in both sites. Our results suggested that effective regulations are needed to monitor PAHs concentrations and reduce PAHs emissions from liquid fossil fuel combustion so as to mitigate the potential carcinogenic risk of PAHs in ambient air. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40201-022-00821-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Shams Solari
- Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, 15 Ghods St, Enghelab Ave, Tehran, 14155-6135 Iran
| | - Khosro Ashrafi
- Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, 15 Ghods St, Enghelab Ave, Tehran, 14155-6135 Iran
| | - Alireza Pardakhti
- Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, 15 Ghods St, Enghelab Ave, Tehran, 14155-6135 Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arhami
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Mohammad Asgari H, Mojiri-Forushani H, Mahboubi M. Temporal and spatial pattern of dust storms, their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and human health risk assessment in the dustiest region of the world. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:76. [PMID: 36335250 PMCID: PMC9638477 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10703-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the concentration and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Abadan City under 4 different climatic conditions: normal days, dusty days, dust with northwesterly winds, and dust with southeasterly winds. It also determined the sources of aromatics and discussed the relationship between meteorological parameters and PAH concentrations. The spatiotemporal distribution of dust in the area was determined using the HYSPLIT (hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory) back trajectory model, moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) images. For this purpose, sampling was performed for 70 days using an Omni device. The concentrations of 16 PAHs (USEPA) ranged from 46.22 to 90.96 ng/m3. The highest concentration of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs was 4-6 rings, of which 4 rings were predominant in all samples. PAH sources were identified using diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA), and it was shown that PAHs mainly originate from a mixture of sources, including vehicular emissions, petrol emissions, and traffic. Wind speed was negatively correlated with dust, except on dusty days. This result indicates a decrease in PAH concentrations when wind speed increases. On the other hand, the dust correlation with PAH was positive on normal days, but a negative correlation was observed on dusty days. This result was due to the lower concentration of PAHs from natural resources (such as dust source areas) vs. human resources (such as traffic and industry). PAH health risk assessment in Abadan City showed that the risk of carcinogenesis was higher on normal days and through skin contact. The probability of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) in all sampling conditions was potential in terms of carcinogenic risk (10-4-10-6). As a critical risk factor, relevant authorities should prevent, control, and reduce it.
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Qian Y, Xu Z, Hong X, Luo Z, Gao X, Tie C, Liang H. Alkylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Are the Largest Contributor to Polycyclic Aromatic Compound Concentrations in the Topsoil of Huaibei Coalfield, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12733. [PMID: 36232034 PMCID: PMC9566202 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (APAHs) are more toxic and persistent than their parent compounds. Here, the concentrations, composition profiles, and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in 127 topsoil samples from Huaibei coalfield were analyzed. The PAC concentrations in different functional areas were significantly different: mining area > industrial area > residential area > agricultural area. APAHs were the major contributors to PACs, accounting for 71-83% of total PACs. Alkylnaphthalenes and alkylphenanthrenes were the primary APAH components, accounting for 83-87% of APAHs. Principal component analysis showed that petrogenic source, coal and biomass combustion, and vehicle emissions were the primary sources of PACs. By comparing the fingerprint information of soil, coal, and coal gangue, it was hypothesized that the petrogenic source of PAC pollution in typical mining areas and surrounding areas are coal particle scattering and coal gangue weathering. Some coal mining and industrial areas potentially pose risks to children, whereas others do not. There are limited evaluation criteria for alkyl PAHs; hence, the estimated risk is likely lower than the actual risk. In addition to the conventional 16 PAHs, it is critical to consider a broader range of PACs, especially APAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhenpeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiuping Hong
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Zhonggeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiulong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cai Tie
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Handong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
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11
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Guo L, Liu Z, Li P, Ji Y, Song S, Zheng N, Zhao L, Jia Y, Fang J, Wang H, Byun HM. Association between mitochondrial DNA methylation and internal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated-PAHs (NPAHs) and oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs) in young adults from Tianjin, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113799. [PMID: 35772359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated-PAHs (NPAHs) and oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs) are environmental pollutants with adverse effects on human health. The correlation between the concentrations of PAHs, NPAHs and OPAHs in human plasma and the methylation level of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was investigated using data from 110 plasma samples collected in Tianjin, China. The median concentrations of PAHs, NPAHs and OPAHs were 16.0 (IQR: 14.4-20.7) ng/mL, 82.2 (IQR: 63.1-97.6) ng/mL and 49.6 (IQR: 28.6-53.8) ng/mL, and the mean proportions were 13.4%, 56.5% and 30.1%, respectively. Bisulfite-PCR pyrosequencing was used to measure the methylation level of MT-CO1 and tRNA-Leu. The methylation levels of two mitochondrial genes (MT-CO1, tRNA-Leu) including four CpG sites (MT-CO1-P1, MT-CO1-P2, tRNA-Leu-P1 and tRNA-Leu-P2) were 0.67% ± 1.38%, 13.54% ± 2.59%, 7.23% ± 5.35% and 1.64% ± 2.94%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that significant correlations were found between PAHs and their derivatives exposure and mtDNA methylation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiong Guo
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, 325000, Wenzhou, China; Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ziquan Liu
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, 325000, Wenzhou, China; Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Penghui Li
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Yaqin Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Shanjun Song
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Na Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, 325000, Wenzhou, China; Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yaning Jia
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, 325000, Wenzhou, China; Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Junkai Fang
- Tianjin Healthcare Affairs Center, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Huiyu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hyang-Min Byun
- Population Health Science Institute, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
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12
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Yusuf RO, Odediran ET, Adeniran JA, Adesina OA. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road dusts of a densely populated African city: spatial and seasonal distribution, source, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:44970-44985. [PMID: 35146606 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18943-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Road dust is a principal source and depository of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in many urban areas of the world. Hence, this study probed the spatial and seasonal pattern, sources, and related cancer health risks of PAHs in the road dusts sampled at ten traffic intersection (TIs) of a model African city. Mixed PAHs sources were ascertained using the diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The results showed fluctuations in mean concentrations from 36.51 to 43.04 µg/g. Three-ring PAHs were the most abundant PAHs with anthracene (Anth) ranging from 6.84 ± 1.99 to 9.26 ± 4.42 µg/g being the predominant pollutant in Ibadan. Benzo(k)Fluoranthene (BkF) which is a pointer of traffic emission was the most dominant among the seven carcinogenic PAHs considered, varying from 2.68 ± 0.43 to 4.59 ± 0.48 µg/g. Seasonal variation results showed that PAH concentrations were 20% higher during dry season than rainy season. The seven sources of PAHs identified by PMF model include the following: diesel vehicle exhausts, gasoline combustion, diesel combustion, coal tar combustion, gasoline vehicle exhausts, coal and wood (biomass) combustion, and emissions from unburnt fossil fuels. Employing the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model, the city's cancer risk of 5.96E-05 for children and 6.60E-05 for adults were more than the satisfactory risk baseline of ILCR ≤ 10-6 and higher in adults than in Children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiu Olasunkanmi Yusuf
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Toluwalope Odediran
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Jamiu Adetayo Adeniran
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - Olusola Adedayo Adesina
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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13
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Abril GA, Amarillo AC, Mateos AC, Diez SC, Wannaz ED, Pignata ML, Carreras HA. Exposure to atmospheric particle-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the vicinity of two cement plants in Córdoba, Argentina. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Luo W, Deng Z, Zhong S, Deng M. Trends, Issues and Future Directions of Urban Health Impact Assessment Research: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19105957. [PMID: 35627492 PMCID: PMC9141375 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Health impact assessment (HIA) has been regarded as an important means and tool for urban planning to promote public health and further promote the integration of health concept. This paper aimed to help scientifically to understand the current situation of urban HIA research, analyze its discipline co-occurrence, publication characteristics, partnership, influence, keyword co-occurrence, co-citation, and structural variation. Based on the ISI Web database, this paper used a bibliometric method to analyze 2215 articles related to urban HIA published from 2012 to 2021. We found that the main research directions in the field were Environmental Sciences and Public Environmental Occupational Health; China contributed most articles, the Tehran University of Medical Sciences was the most influential institution, Science of the Total Environment was the most influential journal, Yousefi M was the most influential author. The main hotspots include health risk assessment, source appointment, contamination, exposure, particulate matter, heavy metals and urban soils in 2012–2021; road dust, source apposition, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, air pollution, urban topsoil and the north China plain were always hot research topics in 2012–2021, drinking water and water quality became research topics of great concern in 2017–2021. There were 25 articles with strong transformation potential during 2020–2021, but most papers carried out research on the health risk assessment of toxic elements in soil and dust. Finally, we also discussed the limitations of this paper and the direction of bibliometric analysis of urban HIA in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Luo
- School of Business, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (W.L.); (Z.D.)
- School of Accounting, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Zhongping Deng
- School of Business, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (W.L.); (Z.D.)
| | - Shihu Zhong
- Shanghai National Accounting Institute, Shanghai 201702, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Mingjun Deng
- Big Data and Intelligent Decision Research Center, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China;
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15
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Wu M, Luo J, Huang T, Lian L, Chen T, Song S, Wang Z, Ma S, Xie C, Zhao Y, Mao X, Gao H, Ma J. Effects of African BaP emission from wildfire biomass burning on regional and global environment and human health. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 162:107162. [PMID: 35247686 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The vegetation burning caused by wildfires can release significant quantities of aerosols and toxic chemicals into the atmosphere and result in health risk. Among these emitted pollutants, Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), the most toxic congener of 16 parent PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), has received widespread concerns because of its carcinogenicity to human health. Efforts have been made to investigate the environmental and health consequences of wildfire-induced BaP emissions in Africa. Still, uncertainties remain due to knowledge and data gaps in wildfire incidences and biomass burning emissions. Based on a newly-developed BaP emission inventory, the present study assesses quantitatively the BaP environment cycling in Africa and its effects on other continents from 2001 to 2014. The new inventory reveals the increasing contribution of BaP emission from African wildfires to the global total primarily from anthropogenic sources, accounting for 48% since the 2000 s. We identify significantly higher BaP emissions and concentrations across sub-Saharan Africa, where the annual averaged BaP concentrations were as high as 5-8 ng/m3. The modeled BaP concentrations were implemented to estimate the lifetime cancer risk (LCR) from the inhalation exposure to BaP concentrations. The results reveal that the LCR values in many African countries exceeded the acceptable risk level at 1 × 10-6, some of which suffer from very high exposure risk with the LCR>1 × 10-4. We show that the African BaP emission from wildfires contributed, to some extent, BaP contamination to Europe as well as other regions, depending on source proximity and atmospheric pathways under favorable atmospheric circulation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinmu Luo
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lulu Lian
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tianlei Chen
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shijie Song
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhanxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shuxin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chaoran Xie
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Mao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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16
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Soleimani M, Ebrahimi Z, Mirghaffari N, Moradi H, Amini N, Poulsen KG, Christensen JH. Seasonal trend and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with fine particulate matters (PM 2.5) in Isfahan City, Iran, using diagnostic ratio and PMF model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:26449-26464. [PMID: 34854007 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matters (PMs) and their associated chemical compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are important factors to evaluate air pollution and its health impacts particularly in developing countries. Source identification of these compounds can be used for air quality management. The aim of this study was to identify the sources of PM2.5-bound PAHs in Isfahan city, a metropolitan and industrialized area in central Iran. The PM2.5 samples were collected at 50 sites during 1 year. Source identification and apportionment of particle-bound PAHs were carried out using diagnostic ratios (DRs) of PAHs and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The results showed that the concentrations of PM2.5 ranged from 8 to 291 μg/m3 with an average of 60.2 ± 53.9 μg/m3, whereas the sum of concentrations of the 19 PAH compounds (ƩPAHs) ranged from 0.3 to 61.4 ng/m3 with an average of 4.65 ± 8.54 ng/m3. The PAH compounds showed their highest and lowest concentrations occurred in cold and warm seasons, respectively. The mean concentration of benzo[a]pyrene (1.357 ng m-3) in December-January, when inversion occured, was higher than the Iranian national standard value showing the risk of exposure to PM2.5-bound PAHs. Applying DRs suggested that the sources of the PAHs were mainly from fuel combustion. The main sources identified by the PMF model were gasoline combustion (23.8 to 33.1%) followed by diesel combustion (20.6 to 24.8%), natural gas combustion (9.5 to 28.4%), evaporative-uncombusted (9.5 to 23.0%), industrial activities (8.4 to 13.5%), and unknown sources (2.8 to 15.7%). It is concluded that transportation, industrial activities, and combustion of natural gas (both in residential-commercial and industrial sectors) as the main sources of PAHs in PM2.5 should be managed in the metropolitan area, particularly in cold seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Soleimani
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Zohreh Ebrahimi
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nourollah Mirghaffari
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Moradi
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nasibeh Amini
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kristoffer Gulmark Poulsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan H Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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17
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Aslam R, Sharif F, Baqar M, Shahzad L. Source identification and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air and dust samples of Lahore City. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2459. [PMID: 35165345 PMCID: PMC8844380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During two consecutive summer and winter seasons in Lahore, the health risk of air and dust-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was evaluated. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GS/MS) was used to determine air and dust samples from various functional areas across the city. The mean ∑16PAHs were higher in air 1035.8 ± 310.7 (pg m-3) and dust 963.4 ± 289.0 (ng g-1 d.w.) during winter seasons as compared to summer seasons in air 1010.9 ± 303.3 (pg m-3) and dust matrices 945.2 ± 283.6 (ng g-1 d.w.), respectively. PAHs ring profile recognized 3 and 4 rings PAHs as most dominant in air and dust samples. Estimated results of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) highlighted high carcinogenic risk among the residents of Lahore via ingestion and dermal contact on exposure to atmospheric PAHs. The total ILCR values in air among children (summer: 9.61E - 02, winter: 2.09E - 02) and adults (summer: 1.45E - 01, winter: 3.14E - 02) and in dust, children (summer: 9.16E - 03, winter: 8.80E - 03) and adults (summer: 1.38E - 02, winter: 1.33E - 02) during the study period. The isomeric ratios in the study area revealed mixed PAH sources, including vehicular emission, petroleum, diesel and biomass combustion. As a result, it is advised that atmospheric PAHs should be monitored throughout the year and the ecologically friendly fuels be used to prevent PAHs pollution and health concerns in the city. The findings of this study are beneficial to the local regulating bodies in terms of controlling the exposure and promoting steps to reduce PAHs pollution and manage health in Lahore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Aslam
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Sharif
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Laila Shahzad
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
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18
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Nasrabadi T, Ruegner H, Schwientek M, Ghadiri A, Hashemi SH, Grathwohl P. Dilution of PAHs loadings of particulate matter in air, dust and rivers in urban areas: A comparative study (Tehran megacity, Iran and city of Tübingen, SW-Germany). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151268. [PMID: 34710407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in urban areas are usually bound to particles. Concentrations are different in different compartments (airborne particles, street dust, suspended sediments in rivers and channels). This study follows concentrations of PAHs from particles in air to street dust and finally suspended sediments in the city of Tehran, Iran compared to Tübingen, Germany. Data sets are based on own investigations (PAHs on suspended sediments), or taken from literature studies (PAHs in street dust and airborne particles). Based on a cross-comparison of concentrations of PAHs on particles, and their congener distribution patterns, the occurrence, interrelation (exchange and mixing processes), as well as possible dilution processes among PAHs in the different particle classes are disentangled. Results show that for Tehran and Tübingen PAHs in airborne particles are very high (in the range of 500 mg kg-1). However, in street dust and suspended sediments PAHs concentrations on particles are around 100 times lower. Surprisingly concentrations in street dust and suspended sediments are 5 to 10 times lower in Tehran (average 0.5 mg kg-1) than in Tübingen (average 5 mg kg-1). Since it is unlikely that PAHs emissions are lower in the Tehran megacity, an effective dilution of the atmospheric signal by uncontaminated (background) particles is hypothesized. Uncontaminated particles may stem from wind erosion of bare surfaces, construction and sand mining sites or even dust from the desert areas, which are frequent in arid climate in Tehran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Touraj Nasrabadi
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hermann Ruegner
- Centre for Applied Geoscience, Tübingen University, Schnarrenbergstrasse 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Schwientek
- Centre for Applied Geoscience, Tübingen University, Schnarrenbergstrasse 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ali Ghadiri
- Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Iran
| | | | - Peter Grathwohl
- Centre for Applied Geoscience, Tübingen University, Schnarrenbergstrasse 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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19
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Rahmatinia T, Kermani M, Farzadkia M, Jonidi Jafari A, Delbandi AA, Rashidi N, Fanaei F. The effect of PM 2.5-related hazards on biomarkers of bronchial epithelial cells (A549) inflammation in Karaj and Fardis cities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:2172-2182. [PMID: 34363174 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15723-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fine particles (especially PM2.5 particles) in ambient air can cause irreversible effects on human health. In the present study, seasonal variations in toxicity PM2.5 (cell viability and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines) were exposed human lung cells (A549) to concentrations of PM2.5 samples in summer (sPM2.5) and winter (wPM2.5) seasons. Cells were separately exposed to three concentrations of PM2.5 (25, 50, and 100 μg/mL) and three times (12 h, 1 and 2 days). We evaluated cell viability by MTT assay [3- (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] and liberation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and interleukin-8) by the ELISA method. The toxicological results of this study showed that increasing the concentration of PM2.5 particulates and contact time with it reduces cell viability and increases inflammatory responses. Seasonal cytotoxicity of PM2.5 particles in high-traffic areas at summer season compared to winter season was lower. The lowest percent of viability at 2 days of exposure and 100 μg/mL exposure in the winter sample was observed. Also, PM2.5 particles were influential in the amount of interleukins 8 and 6. The average release level of IL-6 and IL-8 in the cold season (winter) and the enormous exposure time and concentrations (2 days-100 μg/mL) was much higher than in the hot season (summer). These values were twice as high for winter PM2.5 samples as for summer samples. The compounds in PM2.5 at different seasons can cause some biological effects. The samples' chemical characteristics in two seasons displayed that the PMs were diverse in chemical properties. In general, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were more in the winter samples. However, the samples of wPM2.5 had a lower mass quota of metals such as aluminum, iron, copper, zinc, and magnesium. Concentrations of chromium, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, nickel, and lead were more significant in the sample of wPM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Rahmatinia
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali-Akbar Delbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nesa Rashidi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Fanaei
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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20
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Rahmatinia T, Kermani M, Farzadkia M, Nicknam MH, Soleimanifar N, Mohebbi B, Jafari AJ, Shahsavani A, Fanaei F. Potential cytotoxicity of PM2.5-bound PAHs and toxic metals collected from areas with different traffic densities on human lung epithelial cells (A549). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1701-1712. [PMID: 34900299 PMCID: PMC8617124 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory and epidemiological researches have indicated that ambient air particulate matter have a plays critical role in causing diseases. The current research evaluated the chemical attributes of PM2.5 in the ambient air of the cities of Karaj and Fardis and determined its toxicological effects on human lung epithelial cells (A549). In the study city, 16 points were selected from the two high-traffic and low-traffic points for sampling. A sampling of ambient air was carried out in spring, summer, autumn, and winter 2018-19. Air sampling was performed for 24 h according to the EPA-TO/13A guidelines. To analyze of toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ICP-OES and GC-MS were used, respectively, and for cell toxicity analysis, an ELISA reader was used. Then from SPSS, Excel and R software were used for statistical analysis. The results of the current study indicated that the concentration of PAHs carcinogenic in the autumn season in high-traffic stations was the highest and equal to 9.3 ng/m3, and in the spring season in the low-traffic stations, it was the lowest and equal to 5.82 ng/m3. In general, during the period of study, Heavy metals including Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, and Al had the highest concentration compared to other metals. However, Hg, Cr, As, Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn were higher concentration in the winter and autumn seasons than in the spring and summer seasons. Cell viability measurements by using MTT showed that low-traffic and high-traffic stations had the highest toxicity in autumn season compared to other seasons. (p < 0.05). In general, high-traffic stations had the highest toxicity than low-traffic stations. The general conclusion of the present study was that PM2.5-bound PAHs and toxic metals, due to their high concentration, were toxic pollutants in air for residents of Karaj and Fardis. Also, the high concentration of PM2.5 caused the mitochondrial activity of A549 cells to stop and this stop was more significant in cold seasons and high-traffic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Rahmatinia
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Narjes Soleimanifar
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Mohebbi
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Air Quality and Climate Change Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Fanaei
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Adeniran JA, Abdulraheem MO, Ameen HA, Odediran ET, Yusuf MNO. Source identification and health risk assessments of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in settled dusts from different population density areas of Ilorin, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:777. [PMID: 34748100 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have attracted significant attention in recent times on account of their reasonably high environmental burden and extreme toxicity. Samples of indoor dusts were obtained daily over a period of 2 weeks from 10 residences located within low, medium, and high density residential areas of Ilorin City. The concentration levels, potential sources, and cancer health risks of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PAHs total concentrations varied from 3.95 ± 0.19 to 8.70 ± 0.43 μg/g with arithmetic mean of 6.09 ± 0.46 μg/g. Fluoranthene was the most dominant PAHs congener. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs (4-6 rings) were the most prevalent PAHs and were responsible for 79.29% of total PAHs in sampled residences. Chrysene (Chry) was the most abundant compound among the 7 carcinogenic PAHs (CPAHs). Moreover, diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization (PMF) employed to apportion PAHs suggested that indoor dusts originated from indoor activities and infiltrating outdoor air pollutants. Diagnostic ratios revealed that PAHs are from mixed sources which include coal/wood combustion, non-traffic and traffic emissions, petroleum, petrogenic (gasoline), and petroleum combustion. Similarly, positive matrix factorization (PMF) model suggested five sources (factors) were responsible for PAHs in indoor dusts comprised of petroleum combustion and traffic emissions (60.05%), wood and biomass combustion emissions (20.84%), smoke from cooking, incense burning and tobacco (4.17%), gasoline combustion from non-traffic sources (13.89%), and emissions from coal burning and electronic devices (1.05%). The incremental lifetime carcinogenic risks (ILCR) of PAHs in adults and children estimated by applying benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) equivalent were within the satisfactory risk limits in Ilorin. Indoor PAHs emissions in Ilorin residences could be monitored and controlled by using data provided in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamiu Adetayo Adeniran
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | | | - Hafsat Abolore Ameen
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Toluwalope Odediran
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad-Najeeb O Yusuf
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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22
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Aminiyan MM, Kalantzi OI, Etesami H, Khamoshi SE, Hajiali Begloo R, Aminiyan FM. Occurrence and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in dust of an emerging industrial city in Iran: implications for human health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:63359-63376. [PMID: 34231139 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14839-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bounded to street dust are a severe environmental and human health danger. This study provides preliminary information on the abundance of PAHs in street dust from Rafsanjan city, Iran, where industrial emissions are high and data are lacking. Seventy street dust samples were collected from streets with different traffic loads. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Standard Methods 8270D and 3550C were used for the measurement of PAHs using GC mass spectroscopy. The total concentration of PAHs was 1443 ng g-1, with a range of 1380-1550 ng g-1. Additionally, the concentration of carcinogenic PAHs (∑carcPAHs) ranged from 729.5 to 889.4 ng g-1, with a mean value of 798.1 ng g-1. Pyrene was the most abundant PAH, with an average concentration of 257 ng g-1. Source identification analyses showed that vehicle emissions along with incomplete combustion and petroleum were the main sources of PAHs. The ecological risk status of the studied area was moderate. Spatial distribution mapping revealed that the streets around the city center and oil company had higher PAH levels than the other sectors of Rafsanjan. The results indicated that dermal contact and ingestion of contaminated particles were the most important pathways compared to inhalation. The mean incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was 1.4 × 10-3 and 1.3 × 10-3 for children and adults, respectively. This implies potentially adverse health effects in exposed individuals. The mutagenic risk for both subpopulations was approximately 18 times greater than the one recommended by USEPA. Our findings suggest that children are subjected to a higher carcinogenic and mutagenic risk of PAHs, especially dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DahA), bounded to street dust of Rafsanjan. Our study highlights the need for the development of emission monitoring and control scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Mirzaei Aminiyan
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Hassan Etesami
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Erfan Khamoshi
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raziyeh Hajiali Begloo
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Mirzaei Aminiyan
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Vali-e-Asr Rafsanjan University, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Zhao L, Song S, Li P, Liu J, Zhang J, Wang L, Ji Y, Liu J, Guo L, Han J. Fine particle-bound PAHs derivatives at mountain background site (Mount Tai) of the North China: Concentration, source diagnosis and health risk assessment. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 109:77-87. [PMID: 34607676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ten nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nPAHs) and 4 oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oPAHs) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples from Mount Tai were analyzed during summer (June to August), 2015. During the observation campaign, the mean concentration of total nPAHs and oPAHs was 31.62 pg/m3 and 0.15 ng/m3, respectively. Two of the monitored compounds, namely 9-nitro-anthracene (9N-ANT) (6.86 pg/m3) and 9-fluorenone (9FO) (0.05 ng/m3) were the predominant compounds of nPAHs and oPAHs, respectively. The potential source and long-range transportation of nPAHs and oPAHs were investigated by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) method and the potential source contribution function (PSCF) methods. The results revealed that biomass/coal burning, gasoline vehicle emission, diesel vehicle emission and secondary formation were the dominant sources of nPAHs and oPAHs, which were mainly from Henan province and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and Bohai sea. The incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) values were calculated to evaluate the exposure risk of nPAHs and oPAHs for three group people (infant, children and adult), and the values of ILCR were 7.02 × 10-10, 3.49 × 10-9 and 1.41 × 10-8 for infant, children and adults, respectively. All these values were lower than the standard of EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (<10-6), indicating acceptable health risk of nPAHs and oPAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shanjun Song
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Penghui Li
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Easy Clear (Tianjin) Environment Protection Science & Technology Co., Itd, Tianjin 300380, China; Tianjin SF-Bio Industrial Bio-Tec Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300462, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hebei research center for Geoanalysis, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Yaqin Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Liqiong Guo
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jinbao Han
- College of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
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24
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Qin N, Tuerxunbieke A, Wang Q, Chen X, Hou R, Xu X, Liu Y, Xu D, Tao S, Duan X. Key Factors for Improving the Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of PAH Inhalation Exposure by Monte Carlo Simulation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111106. [PMID: 34769626 PMCID: PMC8583189 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is a computational technique widely used in exposure and risk assessment. However, the result of traditional health risk assessment based on the MCS method has always been questioned due to the uncertainty introduced in parameter estimation and the difficulty in result validation. Herein, data from a large-scale investigation of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure was used to explore the key factors for improving the MCS method. Research participants were selected using a statistical sampling method in a typical PAH polluted city. Atmospheric PAH concentrations from 25 sampling sites in the area were detected by GC-MS and exposure parameters of participants were collected by field measurement. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of participants was calculated based on the measured data and considered to be the actual carcinogenic risk of the population. Predicted risks were evaluated by traditional assessment method based on MCS and three improved models including concentration-adjusted, age-stratified, and correlated-parameter-adjusted Monte Carlo methods. The goodness of fit of the models was evaluated quantitatively by comparing with the actual risk. The results showed that the average risk derived by traditional and age-stratified Monte Carlo simulation was 2.6 times higher, and the standard deviation was 3.7 times higher than the actual values. In contrast, the predicted risks of concentration- and correlated-parameter-adjusted models were in good agreement with the actual ILCR. The results of the comparison suggested that accurate simulation of exposure concentration and adjustment of correlated parameters could greatly improve the MCS. The research also reveals that the social factors related to exposure and potential relationship between variables are important issues affecting risk assessment, which require full consideration in assessment and further study in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qin
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (N.Q.); (A.T.); (X.C.); (R.H.); (X.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ayibota Tuerxunbieke
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (N.Q.); (A.T.); (X.C.); (R.H.); (X.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qin Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Beijing 100021, China; (Q.W.); (D.X.)
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (N.Q.); (A.T.); (X.C.); (R.H.); (X.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Rong Hou
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (N.Q.); (A.T.); (X.C.); (R.H.); (X.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (N.Q.); (A.T.); (X.C.); (R.H.); (X.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yunwei Liu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (N.Q.); (A.T.); (X.C.); (R.H.); (X.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dongqun Xu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Beijing 100021, China; (Q.W.); (D.X.)
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (N.Q.); (A.T.); (X.C.); (R.H.); (X.X.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-10-6233-4308
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Famiyeh L, Chen K, Xu J, Sun Y, Guo Q, Wang C, Lv J, Tang YT, Yu H, Snape C, He J. A review on analysis methods, source identification, and cancer risk evaluation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147741. [PMID: 34058584 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have gained attention because of their environmental persistence and effects on ecosystems, animals, and human health. They are mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic. The review provides background knowledge about their sources, metabolism, temporal variations, and size distribution in atmospheric particulate matter. The review article briefly discusses the analytical methods suitable for the extraction, characterization, and quantification of nonpolar and polar PAHs, addressing the challenges. Herein, we discussed the molecular diagnostic ratios (DRs), stable carbon isotopic analysis (SCIA), and receptor models, with much emphasis on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, for apportioning PAH sources. Among which, DRs and PCA identified as the most widely employed method, but their accuracy for PAH source identification has received global criticism. Therefore, the review recommends compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) and PMF as the best alternative methods to provide detailed qualitative and quantitative source analysis. The compound-specific isotopic signatures are not affected by environmental degradation and are considered promising for apportioning PAH sources. However, isotopic fractions of co-eluted compounds like polar PAHs and aliphatic hydrocarbons make the PAHs isotopic fractions interpretation difficult. The interference of unresolved complex mixtures is a limitation to the application of CSIA for PAH source apportionment. Hence, for CSIA to further support PAH source apportionment, fast and cost-effective purification techniques with no isotopic fractionation effects are highly desirable. The present review explains the concept of stable carbon isotopic analysis (SCIA) relevant to PAH source analysis, identifying the techniques suitable for sample extract purification. We demonstrate how the source apportioned PAHs can be applied in assessing the health risk of PAHs using the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model, and in doing so, we identify the key factors that could undermine the accuracy of the ILCR and research gaps that need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lord Famiyeh
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang E Rd, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang E Rd, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Jingsha Xu
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang E Rd, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Qingjun Guo
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Chengjun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University of Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jungang Lv
- Procuratoral Technology and Information Research Center, Supreme People's Procuratorate, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Yu-Ting Tang
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang E Rd, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Collin Snape
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang E Rd, Ningbo 315100, China; Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province. University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
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Nádudvari Á, Kozielska B, Abramowicz A, Fabiańska M, Ciesielczuk J, Cabała J, Krzykawski T. Heavy metal- and organic-matter pollution due to self-heating coal-waste dumps in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125244. [PMID: 33951867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study provides potential insight between self-heating coal-waste dumps and related environmental pollution in southern Poland. Samples collected from dumps in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin were used to quantify released contents of organic- and inorganic pollutants, i.e., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trace elements (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Hg, As). Elevated Hg concentrations (~100-1078 mg/kg) and Pb (~600-2000 mg/kg) attest to the evaporation of these metals from deeper parts of the dumps. The acidic pH levels (3.0-4.5) may help to mobilize these elements. Pearson's correlation coefficients for samples analyzed by AAS and ICP-MS indicate a similar origin for Cd, Zn, and As. Mostly 2- and 3-ring PAHs, especially anthracene in burnt soil, dominate in the samples. Chlorinated PAHs, thiophenol, pyridines, quinolines (and derivatives) in thermally-altered samples, and waste containing pyrolytic bitumen indicate coking conditions. The high levels of Hg, Pb, and Cd, and chlorinated PAHs and nitrogen heterocycles formed or enriched during self-heating in these dumps should be deemed a significant environmental hazard. Calculating the lifetime cancer risks due to PAHs and heavy metals accumulations in the dumps are substantial, and access to these dumps should be prohibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Nádudvari
- University of Silesia, Faculty of Natural Sciences, 60 Będzińska Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Barbara Kozielska
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, Department of Air Protection, 22B Konarskiego St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Anna Abramowicz
- University of Silesia, Faculty of Natural Sciences, 60 Będzińska Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Monika Fabiańska
- University of Silesia, Faculty of Natural Sciences, 60 Będzińska Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Justyna Ciesielczuk
- University of Silesia, Faculty of Natural Sciences, 60 Będzińska Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Jerzy Cabała
- University of Silesia, Faculty of Natural Sciences, 60 Będzińska Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Tomasz Krzykawski
- University of Silesia, Faculty of Natural Sciences, 60 Będzińska Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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27
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Torkashvand J, Jafari AJ, Hopke PK, Shahsavani A, Hadei M, Kermani M. Airborne particulate matter in Tehran's ambient air. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1179-1191. [PMID: 34150304 PMCID: PMC8172739 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, particulate matter (PM) concentrations in Tehran have exceeded the World Health Organization's (WHO) guideline on most days. In this study, a search protocol was defined by identifying the keywords, to carry out a systematic review of the concentrations and composition of PM in Tehran's ambient air. For this purpose, searches were done in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science in 2019. Among the founded articles (197 in Scopus, 61 in PubMed, and 153 in Web of Science). The results show that in Tehran, the annual average PM10 exceeded the WHO guidelines and for more than 50.0% of the days, the PM2.5 concentration was more than WHO 24-h guidance value. The PM concentration in Tehran has two seasonal peaks due to poorer dispersion and suspension from dry land, respectively. Tehran has two daily PM peaks due to traffic and changes in boundary-layer heights; one just after midnight and the other during morning rush hour. Indoor concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in Tehran were 10.6 and 21.8 times higher than the corresponding values in ambient air. Tehran represents a unique case of problems of controlling PM because of its geographical setting, emission sources, and land use. This review provided a comprehensive assessment for decision makers to assist them in making appropriate policy decisions to improve the air quality. Considering factors such as diversity of resources, temporal and spatial variations, and urban location is essential in developing control plans. Also future studies should focus more on PM reduction plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Torkashvand
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Ahamd Jonidi Jafari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Philip K. Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hadei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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28
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Goudarzi G, Baboli Z, Moslemnia M, Tobekhak M, Tahmasebi Birgani Y, Neisi A, Ghanemi K, Babaei AA, Hashemzadeh B, Ahmadi Angali K, Dobaradaran S, Ramezani Z, Hassanvand MS, Dehdari Rad H, Kayedi N. Assessment of incremental lifetime cancer risks of ambient air PM 10-bound PAHs in oil-rich cities of Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:319-330. [PMID: 34150238 PMCID: PMC8172715 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the concentrations of PM10-bound PAHs and their seasonal variations in three cities of Ahvaz, Abadan, and Asaluyeh in Iran. The mean concentrations of PM10 in two warm and cold seasons in Ahvaz were higher and in Abadan and Assaluyeh were lower than the national standard of Iran and the guidelines of the World Health Organization. The Σ16 PAHs concentration in ambient air PM10 during the cold season in Ahvaz, Abadan and Asaluyeh was 244.6, 633, and 909 ng m- 3, respectively, and during the warm season in Ahvaz, Abadan, and Asaluyeh was 242.1, 1570 and 251 ng m- 3, respectively. The high molecular weight PAHs were the most predominant components. The most abundant PAHs species were Pyr, Chr, B [ghi] P, and Flt. The results showed that the total PAHs concentration in the cold and warm seasons was dependent on industrial activities, particularly the neighboring petrochemical units of the city, vehicular exhausts, traffic and use of oil, gas, and coal in energy production. The total cancer risk values as a result of exposure to PAHs in ambient air PM10 in all three cities for children and adults and in both cold and warm seasons were between 1 × 10- 6 and 1 × 10- 4, and this indicates a potential carcinogenic risk. Therefore, considering the various sources of air pollutants and its role on people's health, decision makers should adopt appropriate policies on air quality to reduce the ambient air PAHs and to mitigate human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zeynab Baboli
- School of Medical Sciences, Khoy Faculty of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Behbahan faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Maliheh Moslemnia
- School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Meimanat Tobekhak
- School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yaser Tahmasebi Birgani
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abdolkazem Neisi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kamal Ghanemi
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Babaei
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Bayram Hashemzadeh
- School of Medical Sciences, Khoy Faculty of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi Angali
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Zahra Ramezani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Dehdari Rad
- School of Medical Sciences, Khoy Faculty of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Neda Kayedi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Shahsavani S, Dehghani M, Hoseini M. Investigation of Relative Air Contribution in Total Pyrene Intake among Primary School Students in Shiraz, Iran. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1645709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Shahsavani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mansooreh Dehghani
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hoseini
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Kermani M, Asadgol Z, Gholami M, Jafari AJ, Shahsavani A, Goodarzi B, Arfaeinia H. Occurrence, spatial distribution, seasonal variations, potential sources, and inhalation-based health risk assessment of organic/inorganic pollutants in ambient air of Tehran. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:1983-2006. [PMID: 33216310 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00779-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the concentrations, spatial distribution, seasonal variations, potential sources, and risk assessment of organic/inorganic pollutants in ambient air of Tehran city. Totally, 180 air samples were taken from 9 sampling stations from March 2018 to March 2019 and were analyzed to determine the concentrations of organic pollutants (BTEX compounds and PM2.5-bound PAHs) plus inorganic pollutants (PM2.5-bound metals and asbestos fibers). The results revealed that the mean concentrations of ∑ PAHs, BTEX, ∑ heavy metals, and asbestos fibers were 5.34 ng/m3, 60.55 µg/m3, 8585.12 ng/m3, and 4.13 fiber/ml in the cold season, respectively, and 3.88 ng/m3, 33.86 µg/m3, 5682.61 ng/m3, and 3.21 fiber/ml in the warm season, respectively. Source apportionment of emission of the air pollutants showed that PAHs are emitted from diesel vehicles and industrial activities. BTEX and asbestos are also released mainly by vehicles. The results of the inhalation-based risk assessment indicated that the carcinogenic risk of PAHs, BTEX, and asbestos exceeded the recommended limit by The US environmental protection agency (US EPA) and WHO (1 × 10-4). The risk of carcinogenesis of heavy metal of lead and chromium also exceeded the recommended limit. Thus, proper management strategies are required to control the concentration of these pollutants in Tehran's ambient air in order to maintain the health of Tehran's citizens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadgol
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Gholami
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Goodarzi
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Hormozgan, Iran.
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
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Sei K, Wang Q, Tokumura M, Hossain A, Raknuzzaman M, Miyake Y, Amagai T. Occurrence, potential source, and cancer risk of PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their halogenated derivatives in Shizuoka, Japan, and Dhaka, Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110909. [PMID: 33639145 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Because of their unintentional formation and low vapor pressure, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their halogenated derivatives (XPAHs) in the atmosphere are distributed primarily to aerosolized particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5). However, no information is available regarding the occurrence of PM2.5-bound PAHs and XPAHs in Bangladesh, one of the most highly PM2.5-polluted regions worldwide. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of PM2.5-bound PAHs and XPAHs in the atmospheres of Dhaka in Bangladesh and Shizuoka in Japan (as a reference) and estimated their incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs). In addition, we statistically estimated the potential sources of PM2.5-bound PAHs and XPAHs by using principal component analysis and positive matrix factorization. The median concentration of total PM2.5-bound PAHs and XPAHs in Bangladesh was 24.2 times that in Japan. The estimated potential sources of PAHs clearly differed between Japan and Bangladesh, whereas those of XPAHs were largely (>80%) unknown in both countries. The median ILCR in Bangladesh was 2.81 × 10-3, which greatly exceeded the upper limit of acceptable risk (10-4). These results indicate that comprehensive monitoring and control of atmospheric PM2.5-bound PAHs and XPAHs are needed urgently, especially in highly polluted countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Sei
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Qi Wang
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tokumura
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Anwar Hossain
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Raknuzzaman
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Yuichi Miyake
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Takashi Amagai
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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Petit P, Maître A, Bicout DJ. A consensus approach for estimating health risk: Application to inhalation cancer risks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110436. [PMID: 33166535 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conducting a risk assessment is challenging because various and contrasting risk indicators are available, which can lead to discrepancies and, sometimes, conflicting conclusions. Constructing and using a consensus risk indicator (CRI) could provide a reliable alternative that is consistent and supports direct comparisons. The goal of this study is to propose a structured and pragmatic approach for constructing a CRI distribution and demonstrate its feasibility and easy implementation when conducting risk assessments. A CRI distribution is constructed as a weighted combination of existing indicators where the weights are obtained by using the overlapping areas of an individual indicator's distribution and an aggregated reference distribution. The approach is illustrated through an assessment of human cancer risk following inhalation exposure. The CRI is constructed using eight risk indicators. The CRI distribution parameters for 199 human carcinogenic chemicals associated with inhalation exposure were determined and are presented in an interactive table. To aid the wider implementation of the CRI approach, a user-friendly and interactive web application, named InCaRisk, was created to facilitate the cancer risk estimation following inhalation exposure. Our approach could be useful for enhancing the quality of regulatory decisions and protecting human health from environmental pollutants; our approach can be applied for a given health outcome, route of exposure and exposure setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Petit
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG (UMR 5525 CNRS - UGA), EPSP Team (Environment and Health Prediction of Populations), F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Anne Maître
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG (UMR 5525 CNRS - UGA), EPSP Team (Environment and Health Prediction of Populations), F-38000, Grenoble, France; Grenoble Alpes Teaching Hospital, Occupational and Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Environmental Toxicology Department, Biology and Pathology Institute, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Dominique J Bicout
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG (UMR 5525 CNRS - UGA), EPSP Team (Environment and Health Prediction of Populations), F-38000, Grenoble, France; Biomathematics and Epidemiology EPSP-TIMC, VetAgro Sup, Veterinary Campus of Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France; Laue - Langevin Institute, Theory Group, Grenoble, France.
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Teffahi A, Kerchich Y, Moussaoui Y, Romagnoli P, Balducci C, Malherbe C, Kerbachi R, Eppe G, Cecinato A. Exposure levels and health risk of PAHs associated with fine and ultrafine aerosols in an urban site in northern Algeria. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2021; 14:1375-1391. [PMID: 33880133 PMCID: PMC8050985 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-021-01028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Size distribution of toxicants in airborne particulates remains insufficiently investigated in Algeria. A 1-year campaign was performed at Bab Ezzouar, Algiers (Algeria), aimed at characterizing particulates for their physical and chemical features. For this purpose, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy (RaS), and GC-MS methodologies were applied. The samples were collected on daily basis by means of a high-volume sampling (HVS) system equipped with cascade impactor separating three size fractions, i.e., particles with aerodynamic diameters d < 1.0 μm (PM1), 1.0 μm <d<2.5 μm (PM2.5), and 2.5 μm <d<10 μm (PM10), respectively. The organic fraction was recovered from substrate through solvent extraction in an ultrasonic bath, separated and purified by column chromatography, then analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Investigation was focused on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the concentration ratios suitable to investigate the source nature. Further information was drawn from SEM and Raman analyses. Total PAH concentrations ranged broadly throughout the study period (namely, from 4.1 to 59.7 ng m-3 for PM1, from 2.72 to 32.3 ng m-3 for PM2.5 and from 3.30 to 32.7 ng m-3 for PM10). Both approaches and principal component analysis (PCA) of data revealed that emission from vehicles was the most important PAH source, while tobacco smoke provided an additional contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Teffahi
- Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Environment, National Polytechnic School, El-Harrach, BP 132 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Yacine Kerchich
- Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Environment, National Polytechnic School, El-Harrach, BP 132 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Yacine Moussaoui
- Faculté des Mathématiques et Sciences de la Matière, Université Kasdi Merbah (UKMO), Ouargla, Algeria
| | - Paola Romagnoli
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29.3, Monterotondo Scalo, P.O. Box 10, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Catia Balducci
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29.3, Monterotondo Scalo, P.O. Box 10, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Cedric Malherbe
- CART, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, UR MolSys, University of Liège, B4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Rabah Kerbachi
- Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Environment, National Polytechnic School, El-Harrach, BP 132 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- CART, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, UR MolSys, University of Liège, B4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Angelo Cecinato
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29.3, Monterotondo Scalo, P.O. Box 10, 00015 Rome, Italy
- Dept. of Chemistry, University “Sapienza – Roma 1”, Rome, Italy
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Nadali A, Leili M, Bahrami A, Karami M, Afkhami A. Phase distribution and risk assessment of PAHs in ambient air of Hamadan, Iran. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111807. [PMID: 33360291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, both gaseous and particulate (PM with dae <2.5 µm) phases of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in the ambient air of Hamadan city, Iran. For this reason, two low-volume samplers equipped with glass fiber filters were used for sampling of particulate phase (N = 30) and XAD-2 sorbent tubes were applied for sampling gaseous phase of PAHs (N = 30). The sampling was conducted during warm and cold seasons in 2019. The average of cold/warm season ratios for Σ16PAH and PM concentrations were 1.14 and 0.62, respectively. Summed PAHs concentration were determined to be in the range 0.008-59.46 (mean: 11.61) ng/m3 and 0.05-40.83 (mean: 10.22) ng/m3 for the cold and warm seasons, respectively. A negative Pearson correlation coefficient was obtained for wind speed and relative humidity. The average Benzo (a) Pyrene equivalent carcinogenic (BaPeq) levels in the cold season were lower than the maximum permissible risk level of 1 ng/m3 for BaP. The BaP toxicity equivalency (ΣBaPTEQ) and BaP mutagenicity equivalency (ΣBaPMEQ) appeared to be significantly higher in the cold season (averaging 0.35 and 1.65 ng/m3, respectively) than those in warm season. Health risk assessment was performed for children and adults based on BaPeq, inhalation cancer risk. The diagnostic ratios of individual PAHs concentration showed that the significant sources of PAH emissions may be related to light duty vehicles (LDVs) in Hamadan. Although, some other sources such as pyrogenic source and petrol combustion were also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Nadali
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Leili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Abdolrahman Bahrami
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Manoochehr Karami
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Abbas Afkhami
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
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Gope M, Masto RE, Basu A, Bhattacharyya D, Saha R, Hoque RR, Khillare PS, Balachandran S. Elucidating the distribution and sources of street dust bound PAHs in Durgapur, India: A probabilistic health risk assessment study by Monte-Carlo simulation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115669. [PMID: 33254680 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and seasonal distribution of PAHs, source identification, and their associated carcinogenic health risk was investigated in street dust of Durgapur, India. Street dust is an important indicator to detect the quality of the environment as well as the sources of pollutants. The obtained results showed fluctuation in PAHs concentrations from 2317 ± 402 ng/g to 5491 ± 2379 ng/g along with the sampling sites. Seasonal variation revealed higher PAHs concentrations in the winter season (5401 ± 993 ng/g) with the maximum presence of 4-ring PAHs. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) exposed that the sites, seasons and site-season interactions were vividly affected by dissimilar PAHs. The PAHs source identification was investigated by principal component analysis (PCA), positive matrix factorization (PMF), diagnostic ratios, and they revealed pyrogenic, diesel, gasoline, wood and coal combustion to be the key sources of the PAHs in street dust. Obtained results from incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model exhibited the carcinogenic risk for children ranged from 2.4E-06 to 3.8E-06 while 2.1E-06 to 3.4E-06 for adults which were above the baseline value 1.0E-06. The Monte Carlo simulation model identified cumulative cancer risk of sixteen PAHs in 50th percentile were 2.8 and 1.7 times more while in 95th percentile, the values were 8.8 and 7.8 times higher than the acceptable value of 1E-06 for child and adult respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manash Gope
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha-Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India; National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Reginald Ebhin Masto
- Environmental Management Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (Digwadih Campus), Jharkhand, 828108, India
| | - Aman Basu
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha-Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Debopriya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha-Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajnarayan Saha
- National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Raza Rafiqul Hoque
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India
| | - P S Khillare
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 100 067, India
| | - Srinivasan Balachandran
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha-Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India.
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Farzad K, Khorsandi B, Khorsandi M, Bouamra O, Maknoon R. A study of cardiorespiratory related mortality as a result of exposure to black carbon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 725:138422. [PMID: 32298903 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Air pollution is a global phenomenon which invariably leads to a serious environmental and health related sequalae. "Black carbon" (BC), a subset of fine particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), is a fossil fuel emission by-product and has more recently been recognized as a major health hazard. The objective of this study is to statistically analyze the BC concentration and its correlation with cardiorespiratory related mortality and to estimate the benefits of BC reduction on the health of the population in the capital city of Tehran. METHODS We analyzed the ambient air BC concentration and its correlation with cardiorespiratory related mortality and conducted health impact assessment of BC in Tehran (Jan 2018-Jan 2019). The data pertaining to BC concentration was obtained from Tehran's four major pollution monitoring stations. The mortality data was obtained from Tehran's cemetery registry. We calculated and analyzed BC concentration statistics including the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, skewness, and kurtosis. We then assessed the cross-correlation and temporal relationship (0-7 days) between the daily mean concentration of BC for the entire city and cardiorespiratory related mortality. The BenMAP software was utilized to estimate the potential reduction in cardiorespiratory related mortality rates if BC concentration is reduced. Three hypothetical scenarios were employed in the analysis, utilizing the BenMAP software: (I) BC concentration was completely removed from the ambient air; (II) BC concentration was eliminated, and the remaining (non-BC portion of) PM2.5 concentration was reverted to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s standard level (i.e., 35 μg/m3); and (III) The BC emission during the night (22:00 h-6:00 h, when heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) are allowed to commute in the city) was distributed throughout the whole day. Since the planetary boundary layer during daytime is much higher than that of nighttime, with the same rate of emission, lower concentrations are spread during the whole day. RESULTS The trend of BC concentration variation revealed a persistently higher emission of BC during the nighttime, which is consistent with the large-scale operation of HDVs during these hours in the city of Tehran. We observed a direct correlation between BC concentration and cardiorespiratory related mortality. Analysis also showed a 1.4-day lag period from the time of exposure to BC polluted air and respiratory related deaths, and 2 days for cardiovascular related deaths. As a result, the reduction in BC has significant beneficial effects in reducing potentially preventable cardiorespiratory related mortality. The aforementioned three scenarios for age groups of 30 and above yielded the following results: (I) 11,369 (126 per 100,000 population), (II) 15,386 (171 per 100,000 population), and (III) 2552 (28 per 100,000 population) potentially preventable all-cause (including cardiorespiratory) related deaths annually. CONCLUSIONS The BC concentration is relatively high in Tehran and HDVs have a major role in emission of this pollutant. A direct correlation between BC concentration and cardiorespiratory related mortality is observed. There are considerable health benefits in reducing BC concentration in this city. Our findings highlight the urgent need to actively curtail emissions of this harmful pollutant. This can be achieved through utilizing control mechanisms such as particulate filters or amending traffic laws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiarash Farzad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Khorsandi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maziar Khorsandi
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, WA, USA
| | - Omar Bouamra
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Epidemiology Centre, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Reza Maknoon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
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Yousefian F, Faridi S, Azimi F, Aghaei M, Shamsipour M, Yaghmaeian K, Hassanvand MS. Temporal variations of ambient air pollutants and meteorological influences on their concentrations in Tehran during 2012-2017. Sci Rep 2020; 10:292. [PMID: 31941892 PMCID: PMC6962207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated temporal variations of ambient air pollutants and the influences of meteorological parameters on their concentrations using a robust method; convergent cross mapping; in Tehran (2012–2017). Tehran citizens were consistently exposed to annual PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 approximately 3.0–4.5, 3.5–4.5 and 1.5–2.5 times higher than the World Health Organization air quality guideline levels during the period. Except for O3, all air pollutants demonstrated the lowest and highest concentrations in summertime and wintertime, respectively. The highest O3 concentrations were found on weekend (weekend effect), whereas other ambient air pollutants had statistically significant (P < 0.05) daily variations in which higher concentrations were observed on weekdays compared to weekend (holiday effect). Hourly O3 concentration reached its peak at 3.00 p.m., though other air pollutants displayed two peaks; morning and late night. Approximately 45% to 65% of AQI values were in the subcategory of unhealthy for sensitive groups and PM2.5 was the responsible air pollutant in Tehran. Amongst meteorological factors, temperature was the key influencing factor for PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations, while nebulosity and solar radiation exerted major influences on ambient SO2 and O3 concentrations. Additionally, there is a moderate coupling between wind speed and NO2 and CO concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Yousefian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Faridi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faramarz Azimi
- Nutrition Health Research Centre, Department of Environment Health, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mina Aghaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Shamsipour
- Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Yaghmaeian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Xue Q, Jiang Z, Wang X, Song D, Huang F, Tian Y, Huang-Fu Y, Feng Y. Comparative study of PM 10-bound heavy metals and PAHs during six years in a Chinese megacity: Compositions, sources, and source-specific risks. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 186:109740. [PMID: 31655327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To comparatively analyze source-specific risks of atmospheric particulate matter (PM), PM10-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals (HMs) were synchronously detected in a megacity (Chengdu, China) from 2009 to 2016. Non-cancer risk (assessed by hazard quotient, HQ) of PAHs and HMs was within the acceptable level, while cancer risk (assessed by incremental life cancer risk (ILCR), R) of PAHs and HMs were 1.01 × 10-4 and 9.40 × 10-5 in DP and WP, which showed low risk. HMs dominated cancer (92.12%) and non-cancer (99.99%) risks. An advanced method named as joint source-specific risk assessment of HMs and PAHs (HP-SRA model) was developed to assess comprehensive source-specific risks. Gasoline combustion (contributed 9.6% of PM10, 0.3% of HQ and 10.0% of R), diesel combustion (6.2% of PM10, 0.2% of HQ and 10.7% of R), coal combustion (17.5% of PM10, 1.8% of HQ and 13.4% of R), industrial source (9.1% of PM10, 80.7% of HQ and 35.0% of R), crustal dust (28.1% of PM10, 9.0% of HQ and 1.6% of R), nitrate (7.5% of PM10, 1.1% of HQ and 6.2% of R) and sulphate & secondary organic carbon & adsorption (SSA, 19.6% of PM10, 6.9% of HQ and 23.1% of R) were identified as main sources. For cancer risk, industrial sources and SSA posed the highest proportion. Higher levels of Co and Ni generated from industrial sources and Cr (Ⅵ), Cd and Ni absorbed in the SSA can result in high-risk contributions. Thus, controlling HMs levels in industrial emissions is essential to protecting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xue
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhuo Jiang
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Danlin Song
- Chengdu Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, China
| | - Fengxia Huang
- Chengdu Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, China
| | - Yingze Tian
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yanqi Huang-Fu
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Mueller A, Ulrich N, Hollmann J, Zapata Sanchez CE, Rolle-Kampczyk UE, von Bergen M. Characterization of a multianalyte GC-MS/MS procedure for detecting and quantifying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH derivatives from air particulate matter for an improved risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:112967. [PMID: 31610516 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.112967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A correct description of the concentration and distribution of particle bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is important for risk assessment of atmospheric particulate matter. A new targeted GC-MS/MS method was developed for analyzing 64 PAHs including compounds with a molecular weight >300, as well as nitro-, methyl-, oxy- and hydroxyl derivatives in a single analysis. The instrumental LOD ranged between 0.03 and 0.7 pg/μL for PAHs, 0.2-7.9 pg/μL for hydroxyl and oxy PAHs, 0.1-7.4 pg/μL for nitro PAHs and 0.06-0.3 pg/μL for methyl-PAHs. As an example for the relevance of this method samples of PM10 were collected at six sampling sites in Medellin, Colombia, extracted and the concentration of 64 compounds was determined. The 16 PAHs from the EPA priority list contributed only from 54% to 69% to the sum of all analyzed compounds, PAH with high molecular weight accounted for 8.8%-18.9%. Benzo(a)pyrene equivalents (BaPeq) were calculated for the estimation of the life time cancer (LCR). The LCR according to the samples ranged from 2.75 × 10-5 to 1.4 × 10-4 by a calculation with toxic equivalent factors (TEF) and 5.7 × 10-5 to 3.8 × 10-4 with potency equivalent factor (PEF). By using the new relative potency factors (RPF) recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA) the LCR ranged from 1.3 × 10-4 to 7.2 × 10-4. Hence, it was around six times higher than the well-known TEF. The novel method enables the reliable quantification of a more comprehensive set of PAHs bound on PM and thus will facilitate and improve the risk assessment of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mueller
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Dep. of Molecular Systems Biology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nadin Ulrich
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Dep. of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef Hollmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Dep. of Molecular Systems Biology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carmen E Zapata Sanchez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellin, Facultad de Minas, Departamento de Geociencias y Medioambiente, Carrera 80 Nr 65-223, Bl M3, Calaire, 050041 Medellin, Colombia
| | - Ulrike E Rolle-Kampczyk
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Dep. of Molecular Systems Biology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Dep. of Molecular Systems Biology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; University of Leipzig, Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Talstr. 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Huang X, Deng X, Li W, Liu S, Chen Y, Yang B, Liu Q. Internal exposure levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Prev Med 2019; 24:50. [PMID: 31351468 PMCID: PMC6661086 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-019-0805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely found in the environment, and comparing to adults, children are more vulnerable to PAHs exposure. Urinary metabolites of PAHs are used as preferred biomarkers to estimate the PAHs exposure. Systematic review on the internal exposure level of children and adolescents is rare. We aimed to calculate the internal exposure levels of PAHs in children and adolescents and compare the levels of PAHs internal exposure in various children groups. We searched PubMed, OVID, Web of Science, EBSCO, ACS, and four Chinese databases, and all studies examining the urinary concentrations of PAHs in children and adolescent were identified. The total exposure level of 11 PAHs metabolites were pooled. Standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of PAHs urinary concentration were calculated and pooled by RevMan5.3 to compare the exposure levels of different children groups. We found that 1-OHPyr, 2-OHNap, 2-OHFlu, 3-OHPhe, and 4-OHPhe were five PAHs metabolites most commonly studied in existing studies in children, and their total exposure levels were 0.38 ± 0.98, 2.32 ± 4.83, 0.81 ± 1.54, 0.09 ± 0.14, 0.03 ± 0.10 μmol/mol creatinine, respectively. The meta-analysis showed that the levels of 1-OHPyr were higher in higher environmental exposure group (SMD = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.03~0.40), ETS exposure group (SMD = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.08~0.54), and 6~11 years group (SMD = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.09~0.24); the level of 2-OHNap (SMD = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.01~0.53) was higher in higher environmental exposure group; however, the levels of 3-OHPhe (SMD = − 0.34, 95% CI = − 0.57~− 0.12) and 4-OHPhe (SMD = − 0.48, 95% CI = − 0.69~− 0.28) were higher in lower environmental exposure group. The levels of 1-OHPyr (SMD = − 0.01, 95% CI = − 0.11~0.10) and 2-OHNap (SMD = 0.01, 95% CI = − 0.20~0.22) were not statistically different between boys and girls. In conclusions, we found that the internal diversity of PAHs existed in children and adolescents, and the level of 1-OHPyr in children and adolescents was in higher status compared with non-occupational people who do not smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xu Deng
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shudan Liu
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qin Liu
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Motesaddi Zarandi S, Shahsavani A, Khodagholi F, Fakhri Y. Concentration, sources and human health risk of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bound PM 2.5 ambient air, Tehran, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:1473-1487. [PMID: 30552597 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bound to particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) ambient air can result in some adverse health effect. In the current study, PM2.5 ambient air of Tehran metropolitan, Iran, was characterized by the aid of scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray techniques. Also, the human health risk of heavy metals and PAHs bound PM2.5 for adults and children was assessed using the Monte Carlo simulation method. According to our findings, a size range of 0.97-2.46 μm with an average diameter of 1.56 μm for PM2.5 was noted. The average concentration of PM2.5 in ambient air (8.29E+04 ± 2.94E+04 ng m-3) significantly (p < 0.05) was suppressed the national (2.50E+04 ng m-3), World Health Organization (2.50E+04 ng m-3) and Environmental Protection Agency (3.50E+04 ng m-3) standard limits. The rank order of heavy metals bound PM2.5 was determined as Al > Cu > Cd > Cr > Pb > Ni > Fe > Mn. The maximum concentration among 16 PAHs compounds investigated was correlated with Phenanthrene. Considering the principal component analysis, the main source of heavy metals (Ni, Pb and Cr) is vehicle combustion. Moreover, the rank order of exposure pathways based on their health risk was ingestion > inhalation > dermal contact. Moreover, the significant health risks for Tehran residents due to heavy metals bound PM2.5 [target hazard quotient > 1; carcinogenic risk > 1.00E-06)] were noted based on the health risk assessment. Excessive carcinogenic risk (ECR) of PAHs bound PM2.5 was 4.16E-07 that demonstrated that there is no considerable risk (ECR < 1.00E-06).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Motesaddi Zarandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Najmeddin A, Keshavarzi B. Health risk assessment and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with PM 10 and road deposited dust in Ahvaz metropolis of Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:1267-1290. [PMID: 30413904 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM10 and road dust samples, as well as to identify and quantify the contributions of each source profile using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model. Health risk assessment was carried out using toxic equivalency factors and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), which quantitatively estimate the exposure risk for age-specific groups. PM10 samples were collected on PTFE filters in the metropolitan area of Ahvaz. Road dust samples were also collected from all over the urban areas with different land uses. Total PAH concentrations in PM10 and road dust samples were 0.5-25.5 ng/m3 and 49.3-16,645 µg/kg, respectively. Pyrene was the highest PAH in the PM10 profile, whereas fluoranthene became the highest PAH in the road dust. Abundance of benzo[ghi]perylene at PM10 and road dust samples suggested a source indicator for traffic emissions. The results demonstrate that in 36.5% of samples, PM10 concentrations exceed the maximum concentration level recommended by EPA. A multiple linear regression model was used to estimate the influence of meteorological parameters (temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) on buildup of PAHs. All of PAH species show higher concentrations during the cold and typical days rather than the dust event days and warm periods. PMF analysis showed that vehicular emissions (50.6%) and industrial activities (especially steel industries) (30.4%) were first two sources of PAHs bounded with PM10, followed by diesel emissions (11.6%) and air-soil exchange (7.4%). For road dust samples, three common sources were also identified: vehicular traffic (48%), industrial activities (42.3%), and petrogenic sources (9.7%), in line with that of diagnostic molecular ratios results. According to the results of health risk assessment model, the ILCR of exposure to PAHs associated with PM10 and road-deposited dust was higher than the guidelines of USEPA, indicating high carcinogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Najmeddin
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran.
- Medical Geology Center, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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Motesaddi Zarandi S, Shahsavani A, Khodagholi F, Fakhri Y. Co-exposure to ambient PM2.5 plus gaseous pollutants increases amyloid β1–42 accumulation in the hippocampus of male and female rats. TOXIN REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1611604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Motesaddi Zarandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chang J, Tao J, Xu C, Li Y, Li N, Tang Z, Yang Y, Liu Z, Wang Q, Xu D. Pollution characteristics of ambient PM 2.5-bound benzo[a]pyrene and its cancer risks in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:735-741. [PMID: 30448664 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to reveal the pollution characteristics of ambient PM2.5-bound benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in Beijing and to assess the lifetime cancer risk from respiratory pathway exposure. The average daily dose was evaluated by the annual concentrations of ambient PM2.5-bound B[a]P, combined with Chinese human exposure factors and the age sensitivity factors. The 70-year lifetime cancer risks of different groups were assessed by the exposure assessment and stochastic analysis method recommended by California Environmental Protection Agency. The groups were divided by age and gender. The results showed that the ambient PM2.5-bound B[a]P concentration during the cold season was 15.7 times greater than that during the warm season in Beijing. The annual average concentrations of PM2.5-bound B[a]P in outdoors and indoors were 1.67 ng/m3 and 1.04 ng/m3, respectively, which exceeded the limit of Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Standard. The cancer risks of PM2.5-bound B[a]P in males, females, and the general population were 9.085 × 10-6, 8.050 × 10-6, and 8.740 × 10-6, respectively. The cancer risk constituent ratios of ambient PM2.5-bound B[a]P in early life (≤16 years of age) for males, females, and the general population were 70.9%, 71.4%, and 71.3%, respectively. The males' cancer risk of PM2.5-bound B[a]P in Beijing was higher than that of the females. The early life cancer risk exposure to PM2.5-bound B[a]P should be paid more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrui Chang
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Tao
- Institute of Environmental Health, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, 100013 Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Xu
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Yunpu Li
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Na Li
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Zhigang Tang
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Yibing Yang
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Dongqun Xu
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
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Petit P, Maître A, Persoons R, Bicout DJ. Lung cancer risk assessment for workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in various industries. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 124:109-120. [PMID: 30641254 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Millions of workers are exposed to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mixtures. The toxicity of PAH mixtures is variable and depends on the composition of the mixture, which is related to the emission sources. Although several indicators exist, the cancer risk estimation associated with occupational exposure to PAHs is poorly known. OBJECTIVES To assess the risk of lung cancer associated with PAHs in several industries using the atmospheric concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) as a proxy. METHODS A total of 93 exposure groups belonging to 9 industries were investigated. Eight indicators found in the literature were compared to assess risks. A consensual indicator was used to estimate lung cancer risks. RESULTS Approximately 30% of the exposure groups were above the maximal risk level of the European Union (10-4). The risk probabilities were >10-3 for coke and silicon production; >10-4 for the manufacturing of carbon products and aluminum production; >10-5 for foundries and combustion processes; >10-6 for the use of lubricating oils and engine exhaust emissions; and >10-7 for bitumen. The risk probabilities were highly variable within industries (from 1 to 1000 likelihood). A total of 27 (95% CI: 0.1-54) contemporary additional lung cancer cases could be expected per year in the French exposed population based on estimations using published data. CONCLUSION This study provides an overview of cancer risk estimation in many industries. Despite efforts and changes that had been made to decrease risks, PAHs remain a sanitary threat for people exposed to these pollutants in occupational environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Petit
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, EPSP team (Environment and Health Prediction of Populations), 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Anne Maître
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, EPSP team (Environment and Health Prediction of Populations), 38000 Grenoble, France; Grenoble Alpes teaching Hospital, CHUGA, Occupational and Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Biochemistry Toxicology and Pharmacology Department, Biology and Pathology Institute, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Renaud Persoons
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, EPSP team (Environment and Health Prediction of Populations), 38000 Grenoble, France; Grenoble Alpes teaching Hospital, CHUGA, Occupational and Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Biochemistry Toxicology and Pharmacology Department, Biology and Pathology Institute, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dominique J Bicout
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, EPSP team (Environment and Health Prediction of Populations), 38000 Grenoble, France; VetAgro Sup, Biomathematics and Epidemiology Unit, Veterinary Campus of Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
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Javed W, Iakovides M, Stephanou EG, Wolfson JM, Koutrakis P, Guo B. Concentrations of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient PM 2.5 and PM 10 particulates in Doha, Qatar. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2019; 69:162-177. [PMID: 30199331 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1520754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and 90 organic compounds (36 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs], 25 n-alkane homologues, 17 hopanes, and 12 steranes) were concurrently quantified in atmospheric particulate matter of PM2.5 and PM10. The 24-hr PM samples were collected using Harvard Impactors at a suburban site in Doha, Qatar, from May to December 2015. The mass concentrations (mean ± standard deviation) of PM2.5 and PM10 were 40 ± 15 and 145 ± 70 µg m-3, respectively, exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines. Coarse particles comprised 70% of PM10. Total carbonaceous contents accounted for 14% of PM2.5 and 10% of PM10 particulate mass. The major fraction (90%) of EC was associated with the PM2.5. In contrast, 70% of OC content was found in the PM2.5-10 fraction. The secondary OC accounted for 60-68% of the total OC in both PM fractions, indicating photochemical conversions of organics are much active in the area due to higher air temperatures and solar radiations. Among the studied compounds, n-alkanes were the most abundant group, followed by PAHs, hopanes, and steranes. n-Alkanes from C25 to C35 prevailed with a predominance of odd carbon numbered congeners (C27-C31). High-molecular-weight PAHs (5-6 rings) also prevailed, within their class, with benzo[b + j]fluoranthene (Bb + jF) being the dominant member. PAHs were mainly (80%) associated with the PM2.5 fraction. Local vehicular and fugitive emissions were predominant during low-speed southeasterly winds from urban areas, while remote petrogenic/biogenic emissions were particularly significant under prevailing northwesterly wind conditions. Implications: An unprecedented study in Qatar established concentration profiles of EC, OC, and 90 organic compounds in PM2.5 and PM10. Multiple tracer organic compounds for each source can be used for convincing source apportionment. Particle concentrations exceeded WHO air quality guidelines for 82-96% of the time, revealing a severe problem of atmospheric PM in Doha. Dominance of EC and PAHs in fine particles signifies contributions from combustion sources. Dependence of pollutants concentrations on wind speed and direction suggests their significant temporal and spatial variability, indicating opportunities for improving the air quality by identifying sources of airborne contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Javed
- a Mechanical Engineering Program , Texas A&M University at Qatar , Doha , Qatar
| | - Minas Iakovides
- b Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry , University of Crete , Heraklion , Greece
- c The Cyprus Institute , Aglantzia , Republic of Cyprus
| | - Euripides G Stephanou
- b Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry , University of Crete , Heraklion , Greece
- c The Cyprus Institute , Aglantzia , Republic of Cyprus
| | - Jack M Wolfson
- d Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- d Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Bing Guo
- a Mechanical Engineering Program , Texas A&M University at Qatar , Doha , Qatar
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Rezaei S, Naddafi K, Hassanvand MS, Nabizadeh R, Yunesian M, Ghanbarian M, Atafar Z, Faraji M, Nazmara S, Mahmoudi B, Ghozikali MG, ghanbarian M, Gholampour A. Physiochemical characteristics and oxidative potential of ambient air particulate matter (PM 10) during dust and non-dust storm events: a case study in Tehran, Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2018; 16:147-158. [PMID: 30728987 PMCID: PMC6277329 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-018-0303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the characteristics of metal(loid)s, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxidative potential (OP) in PM10 during dust and non-dust days in a rural and an urban area in Tehran. Water-soluble ions, metal(loid)s, PAHs, and OP were measured using ion chromatography (IC), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and dithiothreitol (DTT) assay respectively. The results showed that the average concentrations of ambient PM10 were 284 ± 90.4 and 123 ± 31.4 μg m-3 on dusty and regular days in urban areas respectively, and were 258 ± 48.3 and 124 ± 41.4 μg m-3 on dusty and regular days in rural areas, respectively; these values were 95% above the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline level. The crustal elements Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Al, Si, Fe and Ti were the dominant for PM10 on dusty days, and NO- 3 and SO4 2- were dominant for PM10 on regular days. The average ± SD concentrations of total PAHs were 34.3 ± 22.5 and 55.1 ± 28.3 ng m-3 on dusty and regular days, respectively, with the maximum value occurring on inversion days. The average OP was 8.90 ± 7.15 and 1.41 ± 0.35 and was 11.4 ± 3.97 and 19.9 ± 8.67 (nmol min-1 μg PM10 -1) for water and methanol extracts on dusty and regular days, respectively, with the lowest value occurring on dusty days. The OP was highly associated with Cu and Mn. Briefly; the results of this study demonstrate that OP is mass independent and consequence a promising proxy for PM mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Rezaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Methodology and Data Analysis Department, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghanbarian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Atafar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Faraji
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Nazmara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Mahmoudi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghanbari Ghozikali
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, East Azerbaijan Province Health Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Akbar Gholampour
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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49
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Nabizadeh R, Yousefi M, Azimi F. Study of particle number size distributions at Azadi terminal in Tehran, comparing high-traffic and no traffic area. MethodsX 2018; 5:1549-1555. [PMID: 30547006 PMCID: PMC6282095 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vehicle traffic is known as the anthropogenic aerosol source in megacities. Exposure to ambient air pollution, especially particulate matter has become the most environmental risk factor. The main aim of this study is to determine the particle number and their size distribution in Tehran at Azadi terminal (located in the West of Tehran), crossing of Nawab and Azadi streets the area with high traffic, and campus of Tehran University as an area without traffic. Particle size distribution (0.3-1 μm) was measured using a Grimm Environmental Dust Monitor and was conducted in two seasons, hot and cold (summer 2016 and winter 2016). The measurement was performed twice per month. Although the average number of particles at Azadi Terminal was more than the other two locations in both seasons but it was not significant) p > 0.05). The average number of particles larger than 0.3 μm was 286.72 ± 129.55 and 183.61 ± 86.79 cm-3 in winter and summer respectively. In relation to particles size distribution, the average number of particles larger than 0.4, 0.5, 0.65, 0.8 and 1 μm in winter and summer were 111.5 ± 120, 29.3 ± 23.7, 8.2 ± 5.8, 4 ± 3, 2 ± 1.5 and 52.5 ± 37, 14.4 ± 10.8, 6.1 ± 5, 3.8 ± 3.5, 2.3 ± 2 cm-3 respectively. In the current study the highest number of particles significantly observed in winter time in comparison to summer. In addition, had no significant difference between the number of particles at three sampling locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Yousefi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faramarz Azimi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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50
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Taghvaee S, Sowlat MH, Hassanvand MS, Yunesian M, Naddafi K, Sioutas C. Source-specific lung cancer risk assessment of ambient PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in central Tehran. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:321-332. [PMID: 30107293 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, source-specific cancer risk characterization of ambient PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was performed in central Tehran. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied for source apportionment of PAHs in the area from May 2012 through May 2013. The PMF runs were carried out using chemically analyzed PAHs mass concentrations. Five factors were identified as the major sources of airborne PAHs in central Tehran, including petrogenic sources and petroleum residue, natural gas and biomass burning, industrial emissions, diesel exhaust emissions, and gasoline exhaust emissions, with approximately similar contributions of around 20% to total PAHs concentration from each factor. Results of the PMF source apportionment (i.e., PAHs factor profiles and contributions) were then used to calculate the source-specific lung cancer risks for outdoor and lifetime exposure, using the benzo[α]pyrene (BaP) equivalent method. Our risk assessment analysis indicated that the lung cancer risk associated with each specific source is within the range of 10-6-10-5, posing cancer risks exceeding the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) guideline safety values (10-6). Furthermore, the epidemiological lung cancer risk for lifetime exposure to total ambient PAHs was found to be (2.8 ± 0.78) × 10-5. Diesel exhaust and industrial emissions were the two sources with major contributions to the overall cancer risk, contributing respectively to 39% and 27% of the total risk associated with exposure to ambient PAHs. Results from this study provide an estimate of the cancer risk caused by exposure to ambient PAHs in highly crowded areas in central Tehran, and can be used as a guide for the adoption of effective air quality policies in order to reduce the human exposure to these harmful organic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Taghvaee
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, LA, California, USA.
| | - Mohammad H Sowlat
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, LA, California, USA.
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, LA, California, USA.
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