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Istatu PS, Dubey JK, Katna S, Sharma A, Sharma S, Shandil D, Devi N, Kumar A, Singh S, Thakur N. Residue behavior and consumer risk assessment of spirotetramat and chlorpyrifos on cabbage heads and cropped soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:25736-25750. [PMID: 38488914 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32854-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
A field experiment following good agricultural practices was laid out to study the dissipation of spirotetramat (90 g a.i. ha-1 and 180 g a.i. ha-1) and chlorpyrifos (400 g a.i. ha-1 and 800 g a.i. ha-1) on cabbage heads and soil. Samples were processed using quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method for residue estimation of spirotetramat and chlorpyrifos, which were further detected using HPLC-PDA and GC-FPD respectively. The residues of spirotetramat on cabbage heads reached below detection limit (BDL) (< 0.05 mg kg-1) on 7th and 10th day and for chlorpyrifos, BDL (< 0.01 mg kg-1) was achieved on 10th and 15th day for X and 2X dose, respectively. On 20th day after second spray, residues in soil were found to be BDL for both the pesticides. Half-life of spirotetramat and chlorpyrifos was found to be 3 and 2 days, respectively while a safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 9 days for spirotetramat and 10 days for chlorpyrifos is suggested on cabbage. The dietary risk assessment studies for various age groups of Indian population, ascertained safety of treated cabbage heads for consumption, as current study revealed that hazard quotient (HQ) < 1 and theoretical maximum dietary intake (TMDI) < maximum permissible intake (MPI) for both the pesticides at respective PHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Sharma Istatu
- Department of Entomology, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173230, India
| | - Jatiender Kumar Dubey
- Department of Entomology, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173230, India
| | - Sapna Katna
- Department of Entomology, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173230, India
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Entomology, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173230, India
| | - Sakshi Sharma
- Department of Entomology, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173230, India.
| | - Deepika Shandil
- Department of Entomology, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173230, India
| | - Nisha Devi
- Department of Entomology, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173230, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Entomology, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173230, India
| | - Shubhra Singh
- Department of Entomology, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173230, India
| | - Nimisha Thakur
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Research & Development Merck, RY818-C202, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
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Ahammed Shabeer TP, Hingmire S, Patil R, Patil A, Sharma AK, Taynath B. Dissipation kinetics and evaluation of processing factor for fluopyram + tebuconazole residues in/on grape and during raisin preparation. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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Podbielska M, Kus-Liśkiewicz M, Jagusztyn B, Szpyrka E. Effect of microorganisms on degradation of fluopyram and tebuconazole in laboratory and field studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:47727-47741. [PMID: 36745346 PMCID: PMC10097794 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, chemical pesticides are the most widespread measure used to control crop pests and diseases. However, their negative side effects prompted the researchers to search for alternative options that were safer for the environment and people. Pesticide biodegradation by microorganisms seems to be the most reasonable alternative. The aim of the laboratory studies was to assess the influence of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum, used separately and combined together, on fluopyram and tebuconazole degradation. In field studies, the degradation of fluopyram and tebuconazole after the application of the biological preparation in apples was investigated. The results from the laboratory studies show that the greatest decomposition of fluopyram and tebuconazole was observed in tests with T. harzianum in a range of 74.3-81.5% and 44.5-49.2%, respectively. The effectiveness of fluopyram degradation by B. subtilis was 7.5%, while tebuconazole inhibited bacterial cell growth and no degradation was observed. The mixture of microorganisms affected the degradation of fluopyram in a range of 8.3-24.1% and tebuconazole in a range of 6.1-23.3%. The results from the field studies show that degradation increased from 3.1 to 30.8% for fluopyram and from 0.4 to 14.3% for tebuconazole when compared to control samples. The first-order kinetics models were used to simulate the residue dissipation in apples. For the determination of pesticide residues, the QuEChERS method for apple sample preparation was performed, followed by GC-MS/MS technique. Immediately after the treatments, the maximum residue level (MRL) values for tebuconazole were exceeded, and it was equal to 100.7% MRL for the Red Jonaprince variety and 132.3% MRL for the Gala variety. Thus, preharvest time is recommended to obtain apples in which the concentration of pesticides is below the MRL and which can be recognized as safe for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Podbielska
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Kus-Liśkiewicz
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Jagusztyn
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Ewa Szpyrka
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland
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Hou K, Cheng C, Shi B, Liu W, Du Z, Li B, Wang J, Wang J. New insights into the effects of chlorpyrifos on soil microbes: Carbon and nitrogen cycle related microbes in wheat/maize rotation agricultural field. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120908. [PMID: 36549448 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos, a broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide, has been widely detected worldwide and is a potential neurotoxin and endocrine disruptor. Besides, chlorpyrifos has been proven that have a negative effect on soil microbes. In the present study, chlorpyrifos formulation (LORSBAN®, 45% emulsifiable concentrate) was applied in an agricultural field at the recommended dose (R dose, 270.0 and 337.5 g a.i. ha-1 for wheat and maize respectively) and double recommended (DR) dose. Chlorpyrifos residue level and effect on soil microbes related to soil carbon and nitrogen cycle function were analyzed. Results showed that the half-lives of chlorpyrifos in wheat and maize field soil were 7.23-8.23 and 1.45-1.77 d, respectively. Application of chlorpyrifos at even DR dose did not result in unacceptable residual chlorpyrifos, where the final residual chlorpyrifos in wheat/maize (leaf, stem, and grain) was meet the requirement of the maximum residual limit (0.5 mg kg-1 for wheat and 0.05 mg kg-1 for maize) in China. Chlorpyrifos enhanced the activity of β-glucosidase by increasing the relative abundance of Sphingosinicella and promoted the carbon cycle in wheat field. The changes of cbbLR and cbbLG gene abundance also confirmed that chlorpyrifos could affect the import and export of soil carbon pool. The effect of chlorpyrifos on soil N cycle was determined by changes in the abundance of the bacterial genus Gemmatimonas, which is associated with denitrification. Further analysis of N-cycle functional genes and urease activity showed that chlorpyrifos inhibited nitrogen fixation in wheat field, but promoted nitrogen fixation in maize field. In general, bacterial abundance, urease, and AOA-amoA gene could be early warning markers of chlorpyrifos contamination. The results demonstrated the negative effects of chlorpyrifos on soil microbes especially on soil C and N cycle in actual agricultural field. It provides new insights about chlorpyrifos environmental pollution and its effect on soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Hou
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Chao Cheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Baihui Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Experiment Management Centre, Dezhou University, No. 566 University West Road, Dezhou, 253023, PR China.
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
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Mandal K, Singh R, Sharma S, Kataria D. Dissipation and kinetic studies of fluopyram and trifloxystrobin in chilli. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sharma N, Mandal K, Sharma S. Dissipation and risk assessment of fluopyram and trifloxystrobin on onion by GC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:80612-80623. [PMID: 35723826 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The dissipation and risk assessment studies on fluopyram, trifloxystrobin and their metabolites were carried out on onion under field conditions after two treatments of fluopyram 250 g/L + trifloxystrobin 250 g/L SC @ 150 and 300 g a.i. ha-1. The onion bulb samples were collected at 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after second spray to study the pattern of dissipation using QuEChERS methodology for processing and analysis on GC-MS/MS. The total initial residues of fluopyram (fluopyram + fluopyram benzamide) in immature onion bulb were 2.14 and 4.93 mg kg-1, at single and double dose, respectively. The residues of 0.02 and 0.06 mg kg-1 persisted in the mature onion bulb collected at the harvest (30 days after treatment). The total initial residues of trifloxystrobin (trifloxystrobin + CGA 321113) in immature onion bulb were 0.65 and 1.97 mg kg-1, at single and double dose, respectively, which reached < LOQ and 0.06 mg kg-1 at the respective doses at the harvest time. Dissipation of fluopyram followed second-order kinetics with DT50 values of 1.83 and 1.74 days, whereas trifloxystrobin followed first-order kinetics with DT50 values of 4.73 and 4.78 days, at single and double dose respectively. Risk assessment in terms of hazard quotient was done to estimate the risk that can occur due to application of this combination pesticide. It was observed that even the spray at the double recommended dose could not have dietary risks on the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Sharma
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Kousik Mandal
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India.
| | - Smriti Sharma
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
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Yang Y, Yang M, Zhao T, Pan L, Jia L, Zheng L. Residue and Risk Assessment of Fluopyram in Carrot Tissues. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175544. [PMID: 36080310 PMCID: PMC9457905 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the variation in residue behavior of fluopyram in soil, carrot root, and carrot leaf samples after the application of fluopyram (41.7% suspension, Bayer) by foliar spray or root irrigation at the standard of 250.00 g active ingredient per hectare (a.i./ha) and double-dose treatment (500.00 g a.i./ha). Fluopyram and its metabolite fluopyram-benzamide were extracted and cleaned up using the QuEChERS method and subsequently quantified with LC-QQQ-MS/MS. The LOD and LOQ of the developed method were in the range of 0.05–2.65 ug/kg and 0.16–8.82 ug/kg, respectively. After root irrigation, the final residues detected in edible parts were 0.60 and 1.80 mg/kg, respectively, when 250.00 and 500.00 g a.i./ha were applied, which is much higher than the maximum residue limit in China (0.40 mg/kg). In contrast, after spray application, most of the fluopyram dissipated from the surface of carrot leaves, and the final residues in carrot roots were both only 0.05 mg/kg. Dietary risk assessments revealed a 23–40% risk quotient for the root irrigation method, which was higher than that for the foliar spray method (8–14%). This is the first report comparing the residue behavior of fluopyram applied by root irrigation and foliar spray. This study demonstrates the difference in risk associated with the two application methods and can serve as a reference for the safe application of fluopyram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyue Yang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lingyi Pan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li Jia
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lufei Zheng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-82106567
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Pereira de Freitas LV, de Paula Terra G, de Souza Santos S, Sicupira LC, Silvério FO. Optimization and validation of liquid-liquid extraction with low-temperature purification (LLE-LTP) for determining fluopyram fungicide in water samples using HPLC-DAD. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:2945-2952. [PMID: 35861165 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01004f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fluopyram is a fungicide and nematicide that belongs to the chemical group of benzamides, which act as succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) on the mitochondrial respiratory chain of fungi. Despite being well known in several countries, there are few studies involving the optimization and validation of extraction methods for determining fluopyram in water samples. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize and validate liquid-liquid extraction with low-temperature purification (LLE-LTP) to determine fluopyram fungicide in water samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). A two-level full factorial design was employed to optimize LLE-LTP which enabled achieving a recovery rate close to 100% and relative standard deviations (RSD) < 10.0%. The validation showed that the extraction method may be considered selective, precise, accurate, and linear in the range of 6.0 to 200 μg L-1. The LOD and LOQ were 4.0 and 6.0 μg L-1, respectively, proving the efficiency of this method for trace level determination of this fungicide in water samples. LLE-LTP coupled to HLPC-DAD analysis showed a matrix effect of less than 8% and it was applied in monitoring 20 environmental water samples, but no fluopyram residue was detected in the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Victor Pereira de Freitas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gleysson de Paula Terra
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Silas de Souza Santos
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 39404-547, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Lázaro Chaves Sicupira
- Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 39447-790, Janaúba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flaviano Oliveira Silvério
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 39404-547, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Tripathy V, Sharma KK, Mohapatra S, Siddamallaiah L, Matadha NY, Patil CS, Saindane YS, Deore B, Rao CS, Parmar KD, Litoriya NS, Shah PG, Sharma K. Persistence evaluation of fluopyram + tebuconazole residues on mango and pomegranate and their risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:33180-33190. [PMID: 35022971 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of combination formulation of fluopyram 200 + tebuconazole 200-400 SC was evaluated across different agro-climates in India for the management of fungal diseases in two commercially important fruit crops, mango and pomegranate. The residues were extracted using quick easy cheap effective rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method and quantification was done on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The fungicide degradation followed 1st-order kinetics and the half-lives were 2.9-6.4 days for mango, and 3.5-7.4 days for pomegranate for both the fungicides. On the basis of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) maximum residue limit (MRL) calculation, 1.0 mg kg-1 MRL was obtained for fluopyram while for tebuconazole, it was 0.5 mg kg-1 on mango, at the pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 5 days. For pomegranate, the respective MRLs were 1.0 mg kg-1 and 0.7 mg kg-1 at PHI of 7 days. The dietary risk assessment study indicated that % acceptable daily intake (% ADI) and % acute reference dose (% ARfD) were much lower than 100; thus, the application of fluopyram and tebuconazole on mango and pomegranate is unlikely to present public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Tripathy
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Krishan Kumar Sharma
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
| | - Soudamini Mohapatra
- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Lekha Siddamallaiah
- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Nagapooja Yogendraiah Matadha
- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Chidanand Shiveshankar Patil
- Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth (MPKV), All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Rahuri, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogesh Subhash Saindane
- Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth (MPKV), All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Rahuri, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhaidas Deore
- Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth (MPKV), All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Rahuri, Maharashtra, India
| | - Cherukuri Sreenivasa Rao
- Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Rajendranagar, Telangana, India
| | - Kaushik D Parmar
- Anand Agricultural University (AAU), All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Nitesh S Litoriya
- Anand Agricultural University (AAU), All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Paresh G Shah
- Anand Agricultural University (AAU), All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Khushbu Sharma
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
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Dubey JK, Patyal SK, Katna S, Shandil D, Devi N, Singh G, Singh G. Persistence and dissipation kinetics of tebuconazole in apple, tomato, chilli and onion crops of Himachal Pradesh, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:11290-11302. [PMID: 31965494 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07724-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tebuconazole is a broad-spectrum fungicide extensively used worldwide for the control of many diseases such as powdery mildew and scab in apple, early blight of tomato, anthracnose of chilli, white rot and purple blotch of onion etc. Maximum residue level of this compound has not been worked out on these crops in India; the persistence and dissipation kinetics of tebuconazole on apple, tomato, chilli and onion were studied following three foliar applications of the formulation Folicur 430 SC at a standard dose (X) 322, 268.75, 215 and 215 g a.i./ha and at double dose (2X) 645, 537.5, 430 and 430 g a.i./ha, respectively, to work out the safe waiting periods and half-life period of tebuconazole. Extraction was done using QuEChERS method and cleanup by using dispersive solid-phase method. Tebuconazole residues were estimated on gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery of tebuconazole in fortified matrix was above 90% with a limit of quantification (LOQ) at 0.05 mg kg-1. The initial deposits of tebuconazole on apple at two locations under study ranged from 1.986-2.011 mg kg-1at X dose to 3.698-3.843 mg kg-1 at 2X dose. The initial deposits in tomato, chilli and onion were 1.129, 1.760 and 1.169 mg kg-1 at X dose and 2.213, 2.784 and 2.340 mg kg-1, respectively at the 2X dose. Dissipation of the fungicide followed first-order of kinetics and the half life of degradation ranged from 1.30-2.25 days at X dose to 1.40-2.62 days at 2X days on different crops under study. Residues declined below the determination limit (LOQ) of 15 and 20 days after spraying, respectively, at X and 2X dose in apple; 7 and 10 days in tomato; 10 and 15 days in chilli and onion. Waiting periods of 5, 2, 7 and 12 days, respectively, are suggested for apple, tomato, chilli and onion at 2X dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatiender Kumar Dubey
- Department of Entomology, Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173 230, India.
| | - Surender Kumar Patyal
- Department of Entomology, Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173 230, India
| | - Sapna Katna
- Department of Entomology, Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173 230, India
| | - Deepika Shandil
- Department of Entomology, Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173 230, India
| | - Nisha Devi
- Department of Entomology, Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173 230, India
| | - Gaganpreet Singh
- Department of Entomology, Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173 230, India
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Entomology, Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173 230, India
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Lu S, Liu S, Cui J, Liu X, Zhao C, Fan L, Yin S, Hu H. Combination of Patulin and Chlorpyrifos Synergistically Induces Hepatotoxicity via Inhibition of Catalase Activity and Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11474-11480. [PMID: 31537057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is the most common food-borne mycotoxin found in fruits and fruit-derived products, while chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used pesticide on fruit and other crops. On the basis of the residue data, certain types of fruits can be contaminated simultaneously by patulin and chlorpyrifos. However, there are no available data about the combined toxicity. Since liver is a possible toxic target of both patulin and chlorpyrifos, we tested whether the combination exposure can cause enhanced hepatotoxicity using both cell culture and animal models. Results showed that the combination resulted in synergistic cytotoxicity in vitro and significantly enhanced liver toxicity in vivo. Mechanistically, PAT inhibited catalase activity via PIG3 induction, while CPF decreased catalase expression. These two mechanisms were converged in response to the combination, leading to enhanced inactivating catalase and boosted reactive oxygen species generation. The finding implicated that it is necessary to consider the combined toxicity in safety assessment of these food-borne contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyun Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing , China Agricultural University , No 17, Qinghua East Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing , China Agricultural University , No 17, Qinghua East Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Jinling Cui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing , China Agricultural University , No 17, Qinghua East Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing , China Agricultural University , No 17, Qinghua East Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing , China Agricultural University , No 17, Qinghua East Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Lihong Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Shutao Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing , China Agricultural University , No 17, Qinghua East Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing , China Agricultural University , No 17, Qinghua East Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100083 , China
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Perestrelo R, Silva P, Porto-Figueira P, Pereira JAM, Silva C, Medina S, Câmara JS. QuEChERS - Fundamentals, relevant improvements, applications and future trends. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1070:1-28. [PMID: 31103162 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method is a simple and straightforward extraction technique involving an initial partitioning followed by an extract clean-up using dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE). Originally, the QuEChERS approach was developed for recovering pesticide residues from fruits and vegetables, but rapidly gained popularity in the comprehensive isolation of analytes from different matrices. According to PubMed, since its development in 2003 up to November 2018, about 1360 papers have been published reporting QuEChERS as extraction method. Several papers have reported different improvements and modifications to the original QuEChERS protocol to ensure more efficient extractions of pH-dependent analytes and to minimize the degradation of labile analytes. This analytical approach shows several advantages over traditional extraction techniques, requiring low sample and solvent volumes, as well as less time for sample preparation. Furthermore, most of the published studies show that the QuEChERS protocol provides higher recovery rate and a better analytical performance than conventional extraction procedures. This review proposes an updated overview of the most recent developments and applications of QuEChERS beyond its original application to pesticides, mycotoxins, veterinary drugs and pharmaceuticals, forensic analysis, drugs of abuse and environmental contaminants. Their pros and cons will be discussed, considering the factors influencing the extraction efficiency. Whenever possible, the performance of the QuEChERS is compared to other extraction approaches. In addition to the evolution of this technique, changes and improvements to the original method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Silva
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Priscilla Porto-Figueira
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Jorge A M Pereira
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Catarina Silva
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Sonia Medina
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
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