1
|
Cohen A, Rasheduzzaman M, O'Connell B, Brown T, Taniuchi M, Krometis LA, Hubbard A, Scheuerman P, Edwards M, Darling A, Pennala B, Price S, Lytton B, Wettstone E, Pholwat S, Ward H, Hallinger DR, Simmons SO, Griffin SM, Kobylanski J, Egorov AI, Wade TJ. Drinking water sources, quality, and associated health outcomes in Appalachian Virginia: A risk characterization study in two counties. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 260:114390. [PMID: 38772087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the US, violations of drinking water regulations are highest in lower-income rural areas overall, and particularly in Central Appalachia. However, data on drinking water use, quality, and associated health outcomes in rural Appalachia are limited. We sought to assess public and private drinking water sources and associated risk factors for waterborne pathogen exposures for individuals living in rural regions of Appalachian Virginia. METHODS We administered surveys and collected tap water, bottled water, and saliva samples in lower-income households in two adjacent rural counties in southwest Virginia (bordering Kentucky and Tennessee). Water samples were tested for pH, temperature, conductivity, total coliforms, E. coli, free chlorine, nitrate, fluoride, heavy metals, and specific pathogen targets. Saliva samples were analyzed for antibody responses to potentially waterborne infections. We also shared water analysis results with households. RESULTS We enrolled 33 households (83 individuals), 82% (n = 27) with utility-supplied water and 18% with private wells (n = 3) or springs (n = 3). 58% (n = 19) reported household incomes of <$20,000/year. Total coliforms were detected in water samples from 33% (n = 11) of homes, E. coli in 12%, all with wells or springs (n = 4), and Aeromonas, Campylobacter, and Enterobacter in 9%, all spring water (n = 3). Diarrhea was reported for 10% of individuals (n = 8), but was not associated with E. coli detection. 34% (n = 15) of saliva samples had detectable antibody responses for Cryptosporidium spp., C. jejuni, and Hepatitis E. After controlling for covariates and clustering, individuals in households with septic systems and straight pipes had significantly higher likelihoods of antibody detection (risk ratios = 3.28, 95%CI = 1.01-10.65). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to collect and analyze drinking water samples, saliva samples, and reported health outcome data from low-income households in Central Appalachia. Our findings indicate that utility-supplied water in this region was generally safe, and individuals in low-income households without utility-supplied water or sewerage have higher exposures to waterborne pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair Cohen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Md Rasheduzzaman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Bethesda O'Connell
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Teresa Brown
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Virginia's College at Wise, Wise, VA, USA
| | - Mami Taniuchi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Leigh-Anne Krometis
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Alan Hubbard
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Phillip Scheuerman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Marc Edwards
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Amanda Darling
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Blaine Pennala
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Sarah Price
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Breanna Lytton
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Erin Wettstone
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Suporn Pholwat
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Daniel R Hallinger
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Steven O Simmons
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Shannon M Griffin
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jason Kobylanski
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Andrey I Egorov
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Timothy J Wade
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lourenço R, Cesar R, Koifman G, Teixeira M, Santos D, Polivanov H, Alexandre K, Carneiro M, da Silva LID, Pereira MMSC, Castilhos Z. Land disposal of dredged sediments from an urbanized tropical lagoon: toxicity to soil fauna. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s10646-024-02757-9. [PMID: 38733499 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-024-02757-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Urban tropical lagoons are commonly impacted by silting, domestic sewage and industrial wastes and the dredging of their sediments is often required to minimize environmental impacts. However, the ecological implications of land disposal of dredged sediments are still poorly investigated in the tropics. Aiming to contribute to filling this gap, an ecotoxicological evaluation was conducted with dredged sediments from Tijuca Lagoon (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) using different lines of evidence, including soil and sediment characterization, metal determination, and acute and avoidance bioassays with Eisenia andrei. Two different dredged sediment samples, a sandy sediment and another muddy one, were obtained in two distinct and spatially representative sectors of the Tijuca Lagoon. The sediments were mixed with an artificial soil, Ferralsol and Spodosol to obtain doses between 0 (pure soil) and 12%. The sediment dose that caused mortality (LC50) or avoidance responses (EC50) to 50% of the organisms was estimated through PriProbit analysis. Metal concentrations and toxicity levels were higher in the muddy sediment (artificial soil LC50 = 3.84%; Ferralsol LC50 = 4.58%; Spodosol LC50 = 2.85%) compared to the sandy one (artificial soil LC50 = 10.94%; Ferralsol LC50 = 14.36%; Spodosol LC50 = 10.38%), since fine grains tend to adsorb more organic matter and contaminants. Mortality and avoidance responses were the highest in Spodosol due to its extremely sandy texture (98% of sand). Metal concentrations in surviving earthworms were generally low, except sodium whose bioaccumulation was high. Finally, the toxicity is probably linked to marine salts, and the earthworms seem to accumulate water in excess to maintain osmotic equilibrium, increasing their biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Lourenço
- Department of Geography, CCMN-Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 274 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Cesar
- Department of Geography, CCMN-Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 274 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Department of Geology, CCMN-Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 274 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Koifman
- Department of Geography, CCMN-Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 274 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Geochemistry, Fluminense Federal University, UFF, Outeiro São João Baptista, s/n. Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Matheus Teixeira
- Department of Geography, CCMN-Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 274 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Geochemistry, Fluminense Federal University, UFF, Outeiro São João Baptista, s/n. Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Domynique Santos
- Department of Geography, CCMN-Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 274 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Helena Polivanov
- Department of Geology, CCMN-Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 274 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Katia Alexandre
- Centre for Mineral Technology, CETEM/MCTI, Av. Pedro Calmon, 900. Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Manuel Carneiro
- Centre for Mineral Technology, CETEM/MCTI, Av. Pedro Calmon, 900. Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lilian Irene Dias da Silva
- Centre for Mineral Technology, CETEM/MCTI, Av. Pedro Calmon, 900. Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Zuleica Castilhos
- Centre for Mineral Technology, CETEM/MCTI, Av. Pedro Calmon, 900. Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cantelli CP, Tavares GCL, Sarmento SK, Burlandy FM, Fumian TM, Maranhão AG, da Silva EDSRF, Horta MAP, Miagostovich MP, Yang Z, Leite JPG. Assessment of Gastroenteric Viruses in Marketed Bivalve Mollusks in the Tourist Cities of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2022. Viruses 2024; 16:317. [PMID: 38543684 PMCID: PMC10974528 DOI: 10.3390/v16030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of gastroenteric viruses in mussels and oysters in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. One hundred and thirty-four marketed bivalve samples were obtained between January and December 2022. The viral analysis was performed according to ISO/TS 15216, and the screening revealed the detection of norovirus GII/GI (40.3%), sapovirus (SaV; 12.7%), human mastadenovirus (7.5%), and rotavirus A (RVA; 5.9%). In total, 44.8% (60) of shellfish samples tested positive for one or more viruses, 46.7% (28/60) of the positive samples tested positive for a single viral agent, 26.7% (16) tested positive for two viral agents, 8.3% (5) for three viral agents, and 13.3% (8) for four viral agents. Additionally, three mussel samples were contaminated with the five investigated viruses (5%, 3/60). Norovirus GII showed the highest mean viral load (3.4 × 105 GC/g), followed by SaV (1.4 × 104 GC/g), RVA (1.1 × 104 GC/g), human mastadenovirus (3.9 × 103 GC/g), and norovirus GI (6.7 × 102 GC/g). Molecular characterization revealed that the recovered norovirus strains belonged to genotypes GII.2, GII.6, GII.9, GII.17, and GII.27; SaV belonged to genotypes GI.1 and GIV.1; RVA to genotypes G6, G8, P[8]-III, and human mastadenovirus to types F40 and F41. The GII.27 norovirus characterized in this study is the only strain of this genotype reported in Brazil. This study highlights the dissemination and diversity of gastroenteric viruses present in commercialized bivalves in a touristic area, indicating the potential risk to human health and the contribution of bivalves in the propagation of emerging pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Pacheco Cantelli
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Sylvia Kahwage Sarmento
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Zhihui Yang
- Division of Molecular Biology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - José Paulo Gagliardi Leite
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Assessment of virus concentration methods for detecting SARS-CoV-2 IN wastewater. Braz J Microbiol 2023:10.1007/s42770-023-00941-3. [PMID: 36877444 PMCID: PMC9987392 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology has been described as a valuable tool for monitoring the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a community. However, there is no consensus on the best concentration method to allow reliable detection of SARS-CoV-2 in this matrix, considering different laboratory facilities. This study compares two viral concentration methods, ultracentrifugation (ULT) and skimmed-milk flocculation (SMF), for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater samples. The analytical sensitivity (limits of detection and quantification [LoD/LoQ]) of both methods was evaluated using a bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) as a surrogate. Three different approaches were conducted to establish LoD of each method based on the assays on the standard curve (ALoDsc), on the dilution of internal control (ALoDiC), and the processing steps (PLoD). For PLoD, ULT method had the lowest value (1.86 × 103 genome copy/microliter [GC/µL]) when compared to the SMF method (1.26 × 107 GC/µL). The LoQ determination showed a mean value of 1.55 × 105 GC/µL and 3.56 × 108 GC/µL to ULT and SMF, respectively. The detection of SARSCoV-2 in naturally contaminated wastewater revealed 100% (12/12) and 25% (3/12) of detection using ULT and SMF with quantification ranging from 5.2 to 7.2 log10 genome copy/liter (GC/L) and 5.06 to 5.46 log10 GC/L, respectively. The detection success rate of BRSV used as an internal control process was 100% (12/12) for ULT and 67% (8/12) for SMF, with an efficiency recovery rate ranging from 12 to 38% and 0.1 to 5%, respectively. Our data consolidates the importance of assessing the methods used; however, further analysis should be carried out to improve low-cost concentration methodologies, essential for use in low-income and developing countries.
Collapse
|
5
|
Dos Santos DRL, Silva-Sales M, Fumian TM, Maranhão AG, Malta FC, Ferreira FC, Pimenta MM, Miagostovich MP. Investigation of Human and Animal Viruses in Water Matrices from a Rural Area in Southeastern Region of Brazil and Their Potential Use as Microbial Source-Tracking Markers. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:21-31. [PMID: 36629977 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the sources of contamination of water matrices in a rural area using detection of a host-specific virus (human adenovirus [HAdV], porcine adenovirus [PAdV] and bovine polyomaviruses [BoPyV]) as potential microbial source-tracking tool, and rotavirus A [RVA], given its epidemiological importance in Brazil. From July 2017 to June 2018, 92 samples were collected from eight points (P1-P8) of surface and raw waters in southeastern region of Brazil. Fifty-five (59.8%) were positive for HAdV, 41 (44.5%) for RVA, 10 (10.9%) for PAdV and four (4.3%) for BoPyV. HAdV and RVA were detected at all sites, and over the entire sampling period, PAdV was detected at a porcine breeding area and at Guarda River site, presenting high concentrations up to 2.6 × 109 genome copies per liter [GC/L], and viral concentrations ranging from 9.6 × 101 to 7.1 × 107, while BoPyV (1.5 × 104 GC/L-9.2 × 105 GC/L) was only detected in samples from the bovine breeding areas. The combination of human and animal virus circulation presents a potential impact in the environment due to raw sewage discharge from regional communities, as well as potential hazard to human and animal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debora Regina Lopes Dos Santos
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Federal Rural Do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marcelle Silva-Sales
- Institute of Public Health and Tropical Pathology, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio Correia Malta
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando César Ferreira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Maria Pimenta
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
do Nascimento LG, Sarmento SK, Leonardo R, Gutierrez MB, Malta FC, de Oliveira JM, Guerra CR, Coutinho R, Miagostovich MP, Fumian TM. Detection and Molecular Characterization of Enteric Viruses in Bivalve Mollusks Collected in Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112359. [PMID: 36366459 PMCID: PMC9695388 DOI: 10.3390/v14112359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral bivalve contamination is a recognized food safety hazard. Therefore, this study investigated the detection rates, seasonality, quantification, and genetic diversity of enteric viruses in bivalve samples (mussels and oysters). We collected 97 shellfish samples between March 2018 and February 2020. The screening of samples by qPCR or RT-qPCR revealed the detection of norovirus (42.3%), rotavirus A (RVA; 16.5%), human adenovirus (HAdV; 24.7%), and human bocavirus (HBoV; 13.4%). There was no detection of hepatitis A virus. In total, 58.8% of shellfish samples tested positive for one or more viruses, with 42.1% of positive samples contaminated with two or more viruses. Norovirus showed the highest median viral load (3.3 × 106 GC/g), followed by HAdV (median of 3.5 × 104 GC/g), RVA (median of 1.5 × 103 GC/g), and HBoV (median of 1.3 × 103 GC/g). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that norovirus strains belonged to genotype GII.12[P16], RVA to genotype I2, HAdV to types -C2, -C5, and -F40, and HBoV to genotypes -1 and -2. Our results demonstrate the viral contamination of bivalves, emphasizing the need for virological monitoring programs to ensure the quality and safety of shellfish for human consumption and as a valuable surveillance tool to monitor emerging viruses and novel variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Gonçalves do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sylvia Kahwage Sarmento
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raphael Leonardo
- Laboratory of Viral Morphology and Morphogenesis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Meylin Bautista Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fábio Correia Malta
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Mendes de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rezende Guerra
- Laboratory of Marine Genetics, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Sea Studies Institute Admiral Paulo Moreira (IEAPM), Arraial do Cabo 28930-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Coutinho
- Laboratory of Marine Genetics, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Sea Studies Institute Admiral Paulo Moreira (IEAPM), Arraial do Cabo 28930-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-2562-1817
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bottled and Well Water Quality in a Small Central Appalachian Community: Household-Level Analysis of Enteric Pathogens, Inorganic Chemicals, and Health Outcomes in Rural Southwest Virginia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148610. [PMID: 35886462 PMCID: PMC9319903 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of unsafe drinking water is associated with a substantial burden of disease globally. In the US, ~1.8 million people in rural areas lack reliable access to safe drinking water. Our objective was to characterize and assess household-level water sources, water quality, and associated health outcomes in Central Appalachia. We collected survey data and water samples (tap, source, and bottled water) from consenting households in a small rural community without utility-supplied water in southwest Virginia. Water samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters, total coliforms, E. coli, nitrate, sulfate, metals (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, lead), and 30+ enteric pathogens. Among the 69% (n = 9) of households that participated, all had piped well water, though 67% (n = 6) used bottled water as their primary drinking water source. Total coliforms were detected in water samples from 44.4% (n = 4) of homes, E. coli in one home, and enteric pathogens (Aeromonas, Campylobacter, Enterobacter) in 33% (n = 3) of homes. Tap water samples from 11% (n = 1) of homes exceeded the EPA MCL for nitrate, and 33% (n = 3) exceeded the EPA SMCL for iron. Among the 19 individuals residing in study households, reported diarrhea was 25% more likely in homes with measured E. coli and/or specific pathogens (risk ratio = 1.25, cluster-robust standard error = 1.64, p = 0.865). Although our sample size was small, our findings suggest that a considerable number of lower-income residents without utility-supplied water in rural areas of southwest Virginia may be exposed to microbiological and/or chemical contaminants in their water, and many, if not most, rely on bottled water as their primary source of drinking water.
Collapse
|
8
|
Quantification of infectious Human mastadenovirus in environmental matrices using PMAxx-qPCR. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1465-1471. [PMID: 35666431 PMCID: PMC9168632 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular methodologies providing data on viral concentration and infectivity have been successfully used in environmental virology, supporting quantitative risk assessment studies. The present study aimed to assess human mastadenovirus (HAdV) intact particles using a derivative of propidium monoazide associated with qPCR (PMAxx-qPCR) in aquatic matrices. Initially, different concentrations of PMAxx were evaluated to establish an optimal protocol for treating different naturally contaminated matrices, using 10 min incubation in the dark at 200 rpm at room temperature and 15 min of photoactivation in the PMA-Lite™ LED photolysis device. There was no significant reduction in the quantification of infectious HAdV with increasing concentration of PMAxx used (20 μM, 50 μM, and 100 μM), except for sewage samples. In this matrix, a reduction of 5.01 log of genomic copies (GC)/L was observed from the concentration of 50 μM and revealed 100% HAdV particles with damaged capsids. On the other hand, the mean reduction of 0.51 log in stool samples using the same concentration mentioned above demonstrated 83% of damaged particles eliminated in the stool. Following, 50 μM PMAxx-qPCR protocol revealed a log reduction of 0.91, 0.67, and 1.05 in other samples of raw sewage, brackish, and seawater where HAdV concentration reached 1.47 × 104, 6.81 × 102, and 2.33 × 102 GC/L, respectively. Fifty micrometers of PMAxx protocol helped screen intact viruses from different matrices, including sea and brackish water.
Collapse
|
9
|
Vieira CB, Araújo IT, Ferreira FC, Liu J, Feitosa RC, Miagostovich MP. Fast screening of enteropathogens in marine water samples. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1439-1446. [PMID: 35596892 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00770-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to fast screen the microbiological contamination of recreational waters using a TaqMan Array Card (TAC), a multiplexed platform designed for the simultaneous detection of 35 enteropathogens. Surface and deep marine water samples were concentrated by skimmed milk flocculation and processed for nucleic acid extraction protocol using QIAamp Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit. Twelve microorganisms and parasites, including bacteria (n = 6), protozoa (4), and viruses (2), were detected in 85.7% (24/28) of samples. Campylobacter (82.1%), Cryptosporidium (39.3%), and adenovirus (14.3%) were the most detected pathogens. Neither fungi nor helminths were detected. A spatial pollution profile of microbiological contamination was observed in the area. Methodologies for simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens, such as TAC, can assist decision-makers by providing a quick assessment of the microbiological water quality in areas used for recreational purposes, which in many cases are in accordance with the bacteriological indicators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Baur Vieira
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Irene Trigueiros Araújo
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando César Ferreira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Renato Castiglia Feitosa
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shubo T, Maranhão AG, Ferreira FC, de Silva E Mouta Júnior S, de Pedrosa Macena LDG, do Rosário Vaz Morgado C, Warish A, Sidhu JPS, Miagostovich MP. Microbiological characterization of stormwater in a high-income neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:51. [PMID: 34985601 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater harvesting and reuse in the urban environment is emerging as an alternative water source, despite human pathogens in the stormwater may represent a hazard to public health. This study presents the results of 1-year monitoring to evaluate the quality of stormwater obtained in a high-income neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro for a set of microbiological parameters as total coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli), human adenovirus (HAdV), human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), Group A rotavirus (RVA), and norovirus GI and GII. Forty-eight stormwater samples obtained from two multiplex units presented total coliforms and E. coli in 91.7% (n = 44) and 58.3% (n = 28) of samples, while HAdV and JCPyV were detected in 20.8% (n = 10) and 12.5% (n = 6), respectively. Viral quantification ranged from 103 to 104 genomic copies/liter (GC/L) for HAdV and from 101 to 104 GC/L for JCPyV. Neither RVA nor norovirus GI and GII was detected. Fifteen out of sixteen (93.8%) samples containing viruses were compliant as per fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) according to Brazilian standards for rainwater reuse and US EPA Guidelines for Water Reuse, suggesting that viruses monitoring should complement the study of bacterial indicators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Shubo
- Environmental Engineering Program (PEA), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brazil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando César Ferreira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sérgio de Silva E Mouta Júnior
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lorena da Graça de Pedrosa Macena
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Ahmed Warish
- Environmental Contaminant Mitigation & Biotechnologies (ECMB), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jatinder P S Sidhu
- Ecoscience Precinct, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, 41 Boggo Road, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|