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Zheng G, Xu X, Wu H, Fan L, Wang Q, Peng J, Guo M, Yang D, Tan Z. Contamination Status and Risk Assessment of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Shellfish along the Coastal Areas of China. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:64. [PMID: 38393035 PMCID: PMC10890588 DOI: 10.3390/md22020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are widely distributed in shellfish along the coast of China, causing a serious threat to consumer health; however, there is still a lack of large-scale systematic investigations and risk assessments. Herein, 641 shellfish samples were collected from March to November 2020, and the PSTs' toxicity was detected via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the contamination status and potential dietary risks of PSTs were discussed. PSTs were detected in 241 shellfish samples with a detection rate of 37.60%. The average PST toxicities in mussels and ark shells were considerably higher than those in other shellfish. The PSTs mainly included N-sulfonylcarbamoyl toxins (class C) and carbamoyl toxins (class GTX), and the highest PST toxicity was 546.09 μg STX eq. kg-1. The PST toxicity in spring was significantly higher than those in summer and autumn (p < 0.05). Hebei Province had the highest average PST toxicity in spring. An acute exposure assessment showed that consumers in Hebei Province had a higher dietary risk, with mussels posing a significantly higher dietary risk to consumers. This research provides reference for the green and sustainable development of the shellfish industry and the establishment of a shellfish toxin prevention and control system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanchao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (G.Z.); (X.X.); (L.F.)
| | - Xizhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (G.Z.); (X.X.); (L.F.)
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (G.Z.); (X.X.); (L.F.)
| | - Liqiang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (G.Z.); (X.X.); (L.F.)
| | - Qianrui Wang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100000, China; (Q.W.); (D.Y.)
| | - Jixing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (G.Z.); (X.X.); (L.F.)
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (G.Z.); (X.X.); (L.F.)
| | - Dajin Yang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100000, China; (Q.W.); (D.Y.)
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (G.Z.); (X.X.); (L.F.)
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Cao P, Zhang L, Huang Y, Li S, Wang X, Pan F, Yu X, Sun J, Liang J, Zhou P, Xu X. Contamination Status and Acute Dietary Exposure Assessment of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Shellfish in the Dalian Area of the Yellow-Bohai Sea, China. Foods 2024; 13:361. [PMID: 38338497 PMCID: PMC10855875 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Yellow-Bohai Sea is an important semi-enclosed continental shelf marginal seas with an intensive aquaculture industry in China. The current study analyzed the contamination status and the time variations of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in shellfish between 2019 and 2020 from the Yellow-Bohai Sea in the Dalian area and estimated the acute health risks to consumers in China. A total of 199 shellfish samples (including 34 Pacific oysters, 25 Mediterranean blue mussels, 34 Manila clams, 36 bay scallops, 34 veined rapa whelks and 36 bloody clams) were analyzed from four representative aquaculture zones around the Yellow-Bohai Sea in Dalian. Among the samples, scallops and blood clams were the shellfish species with the highest detection rate of PSTs (94.4%), and the highest level of PSTs was detected in scallops with 3953.5 μg STX.2HCl eq./kg (μg STX.2HCL equivalents per kg shellfish tissue), followed by blood clams with 993.4 μg STX.2HCl eq./kg. The contents of PSTs in shellfish showed a time variation trend, and autumn was the season of concern for PST contamination in Dalian. For general Chinese consumers, the probability of acute health risks to shellfish consumers from dietary exposure to PSTs was around 13%. For typical consumers in coastal areas of China, especially those with higher shellfish intake, there was an acute health risk associated with exposure to PSTs through shellfish consumption during the occurrence of harmful algal blooms. It is suggested that the government continue to strengthen the monitoring of the source of PSTs and the monitoring of harmful algal blooms and give reasonable advice on shellfish consumption for consumers in coastal areas, such as not eating scallop viscera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Cao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China; (P.C.); (L.Z.); (Y.H.); (X.W.); (F.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China; (P.C.); (L.Z.); (Y.H.); (X.W.); (F.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Yaling Huang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China; (P.C.); (L.Z.); (Y.H.); (X.W.); (F.P.); (J.L.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, HuNan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Shuwen Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (S.L.); (X.Y.); (J.S.)
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China; (P.C.); (L.Z.); (Y.H.); (X.W.); (F.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Feng Pan
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China; (P.C.); (L.Z.); (Y.H.); (X.W.); (F.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiaojin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (S.L.); (X.Y.); (J.S.)
| | - Jinfang Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (S.L.); (X.Y.); (J.S.)
| | - Jiang Liang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China; (P.C.); (L.Z.); (Y.H.); (X.W.); (F.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Pingping Zhou
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China; (P.C.); (L.Z.); (Y.H.); (X.W.); (F.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiaomin Xu
- Zhe Jiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
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Weng Q, Zhang R, Wu P, Chen J, Pan X, Zhao D, Wang J, Zhang H, Qi X, Wu X, Han J, Zhou B. An Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins from Shellfish in Zhejiang Province, China. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:624. [PMID: 37999487 PMCID: PMC10675454 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The intake of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) may adversely affect human health. Therefore, this study aimed to show the prevalence of PSTs from commercially available shellfish in Zhejiang Province, China, during the period of frequent red tides, investigate the factors affecting the distribution of PSTs, and assess the risk of PST intake following the consumption of bivalve shellfish among the Zhejiang population. A total of 546 shellfish samples were collected, 7.0% of which had detectable PSTs at concentrations below the regulatory limit. Temporal, spatial, and interspecific variations in the occurrence of PSTs were observed in some cases. The dietary exposure to PSTs among the general population of consumers only was low. However, young children in the extreme scenario (the 95th percentile of daily shellfish consumption combined with the maximum PST concentration), defined as 89-194% of the recommended acute reference doses, were possibly at risk of exposure. Notably, Arcidae and mussels were the major sources of exposure to toxins. From the public health perspective, PSTs from commercially available shellfish do not pose a serious health risk; however, more attention should be paid to acute health risks, especially for young children, during periods of frequent red tides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Weng
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China;
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Ronghua Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Pinggu Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Jiang Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaodong Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Dong Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Jikai Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Hexiang Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaojuan Qi
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Junde Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China;
| | - Biao Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
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Li S, Chen X, Sun Q, Ren X, Zhong J, Zhou L, Zhang H, Li G, Liu Y, Liu J, Huang H. Long term exposure of saxitoxin induced cognitive deficits and YAP1 cytoplasmic retention. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 253:114645. [PMID: 36791486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While most studies assessed the acute toxicity of saxitoxin (STX), fewer studies focus on the long-term degenerative effects of STX on the central nervous system. We investigated the cognitive impairment and hippocampal damages of 6 months' exposure of low-dose STX to C57BL/6NJ mice with behavioral tests, H&E staining, and Western blots, and the possible mechanism (Ppp1C, YAP1, tau-phosphorylation) underlies the pathological changes. Furthermore, we discussed the specific localization of YAP1 in N2a cells induced by STX and the effect of inactivated Ppp1C on its downstream protein YAP1 in the Hippo signal pathway. We found STX intoxicated mice showed declined cognitive performance in both NOR test and MWM test, degenerations in the CA1 area of hippocampi. STX induced up-regulation expression of Ppp1C and YAP1 in hippocampus and N2a cells. Meanwhile, STX treatment induced cell apoptosis and Tau protein hyperphosphorylation. In addition, STX treatment promoted YAP1 cytoplasmic retention that indicates the activation of Hippo pathway, while depletion of Ppp1C inactivate YAP1 during the treatment of STX. Our results highlight the role of Ppp1C and YAP1 cytoplasmic retention in chronic low-dose STX intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenpan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523109, China
| | - Xiaohu Ren
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiacheng Zhong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guowei Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yungang Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Zheng R, Yang Y, Zhang W, Hua Y. Contamination status of paralytic shellfish toxins in shellfish from Southeastern China in 2017-2021. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:34728-34740. [PMID: 36520283 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms is a widespread problem in aquatic ecosystems, in particular dinoflagellates that produce PSTs which are harmful to animal and human health. To explore the contamination status of PSTs in shellfish in the Southeastern China, a total of 2355 shellfish samples were analyzed by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to study the toxin profiles of the 10 PSTs collected from the southeast coast of China from 2017 to 2021. From 2355 shellfish samples, 257 were detected (10.91%), with the highest value in samples of Perna viridis. Among the six source areas in China, the samples from Fujian recorded the highest detected rate (15.28%). PSTs were found in Fuzhou, Ningde, Quanzhou, Putian, Zhangzhou, and Xiamen, with Quanzhou and Fuzhou having the highest and lowest detection rates of 15.28% and 4.23%, respectively. Saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (neoSTX), gonyautoxin (GTX1, GTX2, GTX3, GTX4), N-sulfocarbamoyl toxin (GTX5), and decarbamoyl toxin (dcSTX, dcGTX2, dcGTX3) were detected, and GTX5 and dcGTX2 were dominant. In addition, the samples containing PSTs were mostly concentrated in May to August. The study confirms the risks of PSTs to shellfish consumers in the region. It will offer a great foundation for future monitoring of marine toxins and protecting the health of seafood consumers in China. This is the first detailed evaluation of PSTs occurrences and their profiles in shellfish from the Southeastern China over a period of multiple years. HIGHLIGHTS: 2355 mussels from China were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS for PSTs in 2017-2021. The predominant PSTs were GTX5, neoSTX and dcGTX2. Arca granosa and Crassostyea gigas exhibited higher levels than other shellfish. Shellfish containing PSTs were mostly concentrated in May to August. Maximum detected level in shellfish was 2137.10 ug STXeq/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjin Zheng
- Physical and Chemical Analysis Department, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, 350011, Fujian, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Yafang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Physical and Chemical Analysis Department, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, 350011, Fujian, China
| | - Yongyou Hua
- Physical and Chemical Analysis Department, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, 350011, Fujian, China.
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Residue Analysis and Assessment of the Risk of Dietary Exposure to Domoic Acid in Shellfish from the Coastal Areas of China. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120862. [PMID: 36548759 PMCID: PMC9783215 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms in Chinese waters have caused serious domoic acid (DA) contamination in shellfish. Although shellfish are at particular risk of dietary exposure to DA, there have been no systematic DA risk assessments in Chinese coastal waters. A total of 451 shellfish samples were collected from March to November 2020. The presence of DA and four of its isomers were detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The spatial-temporal distribution of DA occurrence and its potential health risks were examined. DA was detected in 198 shellfish samples (43.90%), with a maximum level of 942.86 μg/kg. DA was recorded in all 14 shellfish species tested and Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) showed the highest average DA concentration (82.36 μg/kg). The DA concentrations in shellfish showed distinct spatial-temporal variations, with significantly higher levels of occurrence in autumn than in summer and spring (p < 0.01), and particularly high occurrence in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces. The detection rates and maximum concentrations of the four DA isomers were low. While C. gigas from Guangdong Province in September showed the highest levels of DA contamination, the risk to human consumers was low. This study improves our understanding of the potential risk of shellfish exposure to DA-residues.
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