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Lian C, Zhao Y, Li P, Zhang T, Al-Rasheid KAS, Stover NA, Wang Y, Shao C. Three closely-related subclasses Phacodiniidia Small & Lynn, 1985, Protohypotrichia Shi et al., 1999, and Euplotia Jankowski, 1979 (Protista, Ciliophora): A new contribution to their phylogeny with reconsiderations on the evolutionary hypotheses. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 189:107936. [PMID: 37778530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The huge variety of species and worldwide distribution of ciliated protists in class Spirotrichea continue to make it one of the most complicated and confused groups in Ciliophora, despite significant research interest in the unique molecular genetics of these organisms. In this study, the morphological and molecular information were integrated, and it is inferred from a new perspective for the evolutionary relationship among Phacodiniidia, Protohypotrichia, Hypotrichia and Euplotia. Our results indicate that Kiitricha and Caryotricha, two members in Protohypotrichia, may represent two parallel branches of evolution; Euplotidae and Aspidiscidae represent the most recently diverged taxa within Euplotida, followed by Certesiidae, Gastrocirrhidae, and Uronychidae. Further, representative morphological characters (e.g. fronto-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen, undulating membranes, marginal cirri and caudal cirri) were stochastically mapped on phylogenies to speculate evolutionary path and morphological characters of the evolutionary transition node groups were assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Lian
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ping Li
- Powerchina Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Tengteng Zhang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Khaled A S Al-Rasheid
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naomi A Stover
- Department of Biology, Bradley University, Peoria 61625, USA
| | - Yurui Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Chen Shao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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Song W, Jiao H, Yang J, Tang D, Ye T, Li L, Yang L, Li L, Song W, Al-Farraj SA, Hines HN, Liu W, Chen X. New evidence of consistency between phylogeny and morphology for two taxa in ciliated protists, the subclasses Oligotrichia and Choreotrichia (Protista, Ciliophora). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 188:107911. [PMID: 37648182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Marine planktonic ciliates are largely oligotrichs and choreotrichs, which are two subclasses of the class Spirotrichea. The current phylogenetic assignments of oligotrichs and choreotrichs are inconsistent with previous results based on morphological features, probably hindered by the limited information from a single gene locus. Here we provide 53 new sequences from small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rDNA), ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2, and large subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU rDNA) gene loci in 25 oligotrich and choreotrich species. We also predict RNA secondary structures for the ITS2 regions in 55 species, 48 species of which are reported for the first time. Based on these novel data, we make a more comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction, revealing consistency between morphological taxonomy and an updated phylogenetic system for oligotrichs and choreotrichs. With the addition of data from ciliature patterns and genes, the phylogenetic analysis of the subclass Oligotrichia suggests three evolutionary trajectories, among which: 1) Novistrombidium asserts an ancestral ciliary pattern in Oligotrichia; 2) the subgenera division of Novistrombidium and Parallelostrombidium are fully supported; 3) the three families (Tontoniidae, Pelagostrombidiidae and Cyrtostrombidiidae) all evolved from the most diverse family Strombidiidae, which explains why strombidiids consistently form polyphyletic clades. In the subclass Choreotrichia, Strombidinopsis likely possesses an ancestral position to other choreotrichs, and both phylogenetic analysis and RNA secondary structure prediction support the hypothesis that tintinnids may have evolved from Strombidinopsis. The results presented here offer an updated hypothesis for the evolutionary history of oligotrichs and choreotrichs based on new evidence obtained by expanding sampling of molecular information across multiple gene loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Song
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Huixin Jiao
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Danxu Tang
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Tingting Ye
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Lu Li
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Lifang Li
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Weibo Song
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Saleh A Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hunter N Hines
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Xiao Chen
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; Suzhou Research Institute of Shandong University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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3
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Wang Y, Wang J, Wang B, Wang K, Shao C. Morphological, ontogenetic, and phylogenetic research of a poorly known non-dorsomarginalian ciliate: Erniella filiformis Foissner, 1987 (Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Eur J Protistol 2023; 91:126031. [PMID: 37925832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2023.126031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Erniella Foissner, 1987 is a poorly known genus with its available information limited solely to morphological characteristics. In this study, the type species E. filiformis, isolated from highly saline water in China, was investigated for morphology, morphogenesis, and phylogeny based on small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. The main characteristic events during morphogenesis in Erniella filiformis are as follows: (1) in the proter, only the posterior part of the parental adoral zone is renewed and undulating membranes anlage is formed from the dedifferentiation of the old structure; (2) the oral primordium is formed intrakinetally in the opisthe; (3) frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen II-IV develop in the primary mode, anlage V develops intrakinetally in the proter; and (4) the right frontoventral row is formed by a single anlage. The phylogenetic analyses indicate that Erniella forms a monophyletic group with Bistichella, Keronopsis, Lamtostyla, Orthoamphisiella, Parabistichella, Paraholosticha, and Uroleptoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurui Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Banghe Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kunwu Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
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Lyu Z, Ma X, Su J, Hu F, Liu W, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Xing L. Morphology, morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of Lamtostyla granulifera sinensis subsp. nov. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) from a wetland in China. Eur J Protistol 2023; 87:125938. [PMID: 36512884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The morphology, morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of a hypotrichous ciliate, Lamtostyla granulifera sinensis subsp. nov., isolated from northern China, were investigated. This population appeared highly similar in morphology to L. granulifera Foissner, 1997. However, on detailed investigation some non-overlapping features were identified, i.e., the body shape and the arrangement of the cortical granules. These differences suggested the separation at subspecies level. Furthermore, the morphogenesis of the new subspecies is described, which is characterized by: (1) the posterior part of the parental adoral zone of membranelles is renewed; (2) the amphisiellid median cirral row is formed from two anlagen; and (3) the frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen II to VI generate one transverse cirrus each. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA sequence data show that Lamtostyla species are scattered in different clades. The monophyly of the genus Lamtostyla is also rejected by the AU test in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lyu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoqin Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jian Su
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Fangcheng Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Wanjing Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China
| | - Lianxi Xing
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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Song W, Luo X, Chi Y, Al-Farraj SA, Shao C. Ontogenesis and systematic position of a new hypotrichous ciliate, Chaetospira sinica sp. nov., with an improved diagnosis of the poorly defined family Chaetospiridae Jankowski, 1985 (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:513-526. [PMID: 37078078 PMCID: PMC10077230 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ciliates are unique single-celled organisms that play important roles in ecological, environmental, evolutionary, and ontogenetic research. In the present study, phylogenetic analyses based on 18S rRNA gene sequence data reveal that Chaetospira sinica sp. nov. clusters with Stichotricha aculeata with strong to full support (97% ML, 1.00 BI), but is not closely related to members of Spirofilidae Gelei, 1929 to which Chaetospira and Stichotricha have previously been assigned. Phylogenetic analyses, together with morphological and morphogenetic data from Chaetospira sinica sp. nov., support the validity of family Chaetospiridae Jankowski, 1985. Chaetospira and Stichotricha are here assigned to the family Chaetospiridae, the improved diagnosis of which is as follows: non-dorsomarginalian Hypotrichia with flask-shaped body; oral region extending along narrow anterior neck region; lorica usually present; two ventral and two marginal cirral rows, all distinctly spiraled or obliquely curved; pretransverse and transverse cirri absent. The basic morphogenetic features in C. sinica sp. nov. can be summarized as: (1) the oral primordium for the opisthe develops de novo and the parental adoral zone is completely retained by the proter; (2) all ventral cirral anlagen and marginal anlagen developed intrakinetally; (3) three dorsal kineties anlagen formed intrakinetally in each daughter cell; and (4) macronuclear nodules fuse into a single mass. Exconjugant cells were also isolated and their morphologic and molecular data are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Song
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Xiaotian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Yong Chi
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Saleh A. Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Chen Shao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 China
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Luo X, Huang J, Ma H, Liu Y, Lu X, Bourland WA. Hypotrichidium tisiae (Gelei, 1929) Gelei, 1954: a unique hypotrichid ciliate having a highly specialized developmental pattern during binary division. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:536-550. [PMID: 37078087 PMCID: PMC10077263 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In sharp contrast to their pelagic relatives, the oligotrichs, the overwhelming majority of hypotrich ciliates inhabit the benthos. Only a few species, including those of the genus Hypotrichidium Ilowaisky, 1921, have adapted to a planktonic lifestyle. The ontogenetic mode of the highly differentiated ciliate, Hypotrichidium tisiae (Gelei, 1929) Gelei, 1954, is unknown. In this study, the interphase morphology and the ontogenetic process of this species are investigated. Accordingly, the previously unidentified ciliary pattern of Hypotrichidium is redefined. The main morphogenetic features are as follows: (1) The parental adoral zone of membranelles is inherited completely by the proter and the oral primordium of the opisthe arises in a deep pouch. (2) Five frontoventral cirral anlagen (FVA) are formed: FVA I contributes to the single frontal cirrus, FVA II-IV generate three frontoventral cirral rows, FVA V migrates and forms postoral ventral cirri. (3) All marginal cirral row anlagen develop de novo: each of the two left anlagen forms a single cirral row, while the single right anlage fragments into anterior and posterior parts. (4) Two dorsal kinety anlagen occur de novo, with the right one fragmenting to form kineties 2 and 3. (5) Two long caudal cirral rows are formed at the ends of dorsal kineties 1 and 3. On the basis of the morphogenetic features and phylogenetic analyses, the assignment of Hypotrichidium to the family Spirofilidae Gelei, 1929 within Postoralida is supported. The establishment of separate families for the slender "tubicolous" spirofilids and the highly helical spirofilids is also validated. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-022-00148-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Honggang Ma
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Xiaoteng Lu
- Department of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, 518172 China
| | - William A. Bourland
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 12843 Czech Republic
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Wang Z, Chi Y, Li T, Song W, Wang Y, Wu T, Zhang G, Liu Y, Ma H, Song W, Al-Rasheid KAS, Warren A, Lu B. Biodiversity of freshwater ciliates (Protista, Ciliophora) in the Lake Weishan Wetland, China: the state of the art. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:429-451. [PMID: 37078082 PMCID: PMC10077249 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ciliates are core components of the structure of and function of aquatic microbial food webs. They play an essential role in the energy flow and material circulation within aquatic ecosystems. However, studies on the taxonomy and biodiversity of freshwater ciliates, especially those in wetlands in China are limited. To address this issue, a project to investigate the freshwater ciliates of the Lake Weishan Wetland, Shandong Province, commenced in 2019. Here, we summarize our findings to date on the diversity of ciliates. A total of 187 ciliate species have been found, 94 of which are identified to species-level, 87 to genus-level, and six to family-level. These species show a high morphological diversity and represent five classes, i.e., Heterotrichea, Litostomatea, Prostomatea, Oligohymenophorea, and Spirotrichea. The largest number of species documented are oligohymenophoreans. A comprehensive database of these ciliates, including morphological data, gene sequences, microscope slide specimens and a DNA bank, has been established. In the present study, we provide an annotated checklist of retrieved ciliates as well as information on the sequences of published species. Most of these species are recorded in China for the first time and more than 20% are tentatively identified as new to science. Additionally, an investigation of environmental DNA revealed that the ciliate species diversity in Lake Weishan Wetland is higher than previously supposed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-022-00154-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Yong Chi
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Wenya Song
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Tong Wu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Gongaote Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Honggang Ma
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Weibo Song
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | | | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Borong Lu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
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Ye T, Jiang Y, Chen S, Xu Y, Li L, Shin MK, Chen X. The widely reported but poorly studied ciliate family Folliculinidae (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Heterotrichea): a revision with notes on its taxonomy, morphology and phylogenetic relationships. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:471-492. [PMID: 37078084 PMCID: PMC10077228 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ciliates of the heterotrich family Folliculinidae are widespread in various habitats and are distinguished by their transparent loricae of various shapes, conspicuous peristomial lobes, and dimorphic life cycles. They usually attach firmly to the surface of substrates, feed on bacteria and microalgae, and play a significant role in energy flow and material cycling in the microbial food web. However, little is known regarding their biodiversity and systematics. In this work, we establish the terminology of the family Folliculinidae and select six crucial features for genus recognition. Based on previous studies, we revise the classification of Folliculinidae, supply improved diagnoses for each of the 33 folliculinid genera, and provide a key to their identification. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences revealed that the family is monophyletic and comprises two subclades (subclades I II) which can be identified by the flexibility of their peristomial lobes and the sculpturing of their necks. Furthermore, we investigate the evolutionary relationships of folliculinids using the six chosen generic features. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-022-00152-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ye
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800 China
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Yaohan Jiang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Shuchang Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800 China
| | - Yixiang Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800 China
| | - Lifang Li
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Mann Kyoon Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610 South Korea
| | - Xiangrui Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800 China
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9
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Yang H, Chen P, Chen L, Warren A, Ning Y. Morphology and morphogenesis of the hypotrich ciliate Parentocirrus hortualis , with notes on the phylogeny of Parentocirrus (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Eur J Protistol 2022; 86:125936. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Zhang T, Wang J, Lyu Z, Wang Y, Al-Rasheid KA, Shao C. Morphology, morphogenesis and phylogeny of a new soil ciliate, Bistichella sinensis n. sp., and morphology of two oxytrichids (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Eur J Protistol 2022; 86:125934. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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Zhang T, Tang Q, Chen Z, Lian C, Yang X, Song W, Warren A, Shao C. Insights into the phylogeny of the family Deviatidae (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) based on multi-gene, morphological and ontogenetic information, with the establishment of a new species Deviata multilineae n. sp. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 177:107623. [PMID: 36058509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hitherto, the phylogeny of ciliated protists, an important group of model organisms in many fields, has been mainly based on a single marker gene (SSU rDNA, nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA gene). However, there is increasing evidence showing this is insufficient to provide robust phylogenies and has resulted in confusing systematics in many ciliates groups. Among these, the phylogenies within family Deviatidae (Spirotrichea, Hypotrichia) are ambiguous due to the dependence on SSU rDNA and undersampling. Here, we provide eight new sequences and conduct phylogenetic analyses based on both multi-gene and single-gene to clarify evolutionary relationships among all deviatids for which gene sequence are available. The results reveal that: (1) the monophyly of Deviatidae is well-supported by both single-gene and concatenated data; (2) the presence of fine cirri and relatively wide spacing of these cirri within all rows are plesiomorphies of Deviatidae; (3) Pseudosincirra longicirrata is closely related to Deviata rositae, which is supported by their shared possession of dorsomarginal kineties; (4) phylogenetic analyses and approximately unbiased test based on multi-gene support a close relationship among taxa lacking dorsomarginal kineties (D. parabacilliformis, D. multilineae nov. spec., D. abbrevescens, D. brasiliensis and Perisincirra paucicirrata); (5) Deviatidae shows a close relationship with Dorsomarginalia and Strongylidium-Hemiamphisiella-Pseudouroleptus assemblage, suggesting the presence/absence of dorsomarginal kineties is phylogenetically informative in this family and presence of them may be a plesiomorphy. Based on the morphological, morphogenetic and phylogenetic data, the evolutionary relationships within Deviatidae are hypothesized, and a new ciliate, Deviata multilineae nov. spec., collected from China, is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengteng Zhang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Qiuyue Tang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Zhuofan Chen
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Chunyu Lian
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Weibo Song
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China; Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Chen Shao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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12
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Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a New Soil Ciliate, Holostichides eastensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Protist 2022; 173:125881. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2022.125881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Morphology, cell division, and phylogeny of Notohymena antarctica and Engelmanniella mobilis ( ) (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Eur J Protistol 2022; 84:125879. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Zhang T, Shao C, Zhang T, Song W, Vd’ačný P, Al-Farraj SA, Wang Y. Multi-Gene Phylogeny of the Ciliate Genus Trachelostyla (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), With Integrative Description of Two Species, Trachelostyla multinucleata Spec. nov. and T. pediculiformis (Cohn, 1866). Front Microbiol 2022; 12:775570. [PMID: 35178037 PMCID: PMC8844511 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.775570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many hypotrich genera, including Trachelostyla, are taxonomically challenging and in a need of integrative revision. Using morphological data, molecular phylogenetic analyses, and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) secondary structures, we attempt to cast more light on species relationships within the genus Trachelostyla. The present multifaceted approach reveals that (1) a large-sized species with numerous macronuclear nodules, isolated from sandy littoral sediments in southern China, is new to science and is endowed here with a name, T. multinucleata spec. nov.; (2) two other Chinese populations previously identified as T. pediculiformis represent undescribed species; and (3) multigene phylogeny is more robust than single-gene trees, recovering the monophyly of the genus Trachelostyla with high bootstrap frequency. Additionally, ITS2 secondary structures and the presence of compensatory base changes in helices A and B indicate the presence of four distinct taxa within the molecularly studied members of the genus Trachelostyla. Molecular data are more suitable for delimitation of Trachelostyla species than morphological characters as interspecific pairwise genetic distances of small subunit (18S) rDNA, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, and large subunit (28S) rDNA sequences do not overlap, whereas ranges of multiple morphometric features might transcend species boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyue Zhang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Chen Shao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tengteng Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Weibo Song
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Peter Vd’ačný
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Saleh A. Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yurui Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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15
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Xu W, Ma J, Li Y, Bourland WA, Petroni G, Luo X, Song W. Phylogeny of a new ciliate family Clampidae fam. nov. (Protista: Ciliophora), with notes on morphology and morphogenesis. Zool J Linn Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hypotrichs comprise a highly differentiated and diversified group of ciliates with an evolutionary history characterized by an exceptional number of convergences and reversions. A new hypotrich ciliate from a freshwater fishpond is investigated based on morphological, morphogenetic and molecular data. The phylogenetic analyses reveal that the new species is closely related to Simplicitergida despite the absence of zigzag-patterned midventral cirral pairs, a common feature of simplicitergids. The phylogenetic position of this atypical simplicitergid species is strongly supported by the conserved features of dorsal ciliature and nuclear apparatus, which are probably more informative than cirral patterns for higher-rank classification. The close phylogenetic relationships among those Simplicitergida with varied cirral patterns could be explained by evolutionary convergences and reversions. The new species is recognized mainly by three frontoventral rows, several short midventral rows, two long midventral rows and the absence of zigzag-patterned midventral cirral pairs. Based on comprehensive phylogenetic analyses, together with detailed morphological and morphogenetic comparisons, a new family, Clampidae fam. nov., is proposed for the new genus and species, Clampia sinica gen. et sp. nov. In addition, an emended diagnosis of the morphologically similar family Epiclintidae is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiyang Ma
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - William A Bourland
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Giulio Petroni
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa Via Luca Ghini 13, 56126, Italy
| | - Xiaotian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Weibo Song
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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16
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Jin D, Li L, Lyu J, Warren A, Shao C. Morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of a freshwater ciliate, Oxytricha multilineata n. sp. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Eur J Protistol 2022; 82:125864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Morphology, Life Cycle, and SSU rDNA-based Phylogeny of Two Folliculinid Ciliates (Ciliophora, Heterotrichea, Folliculinidae) Collected from Subtropical Coastal Wetlands of China. Protist 2021; 172:125844. [PMID: 34916151 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2021.125844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most ciliates of the heterotrich family Folliculinidae are flagship periphytic species. They are characterized by their transparent lorica, conspicuous peristomial lobes, and dimorphic life cycle. However, the understanding of their biodiversity and systematics is relatively poor. In the present study, we investigate the morphology and phylogenetic affinities of Ampullofolliculina lageniformis Hadži, 1951 and Metafolliculina producta (Wright, 1859) Dons, 1934, collected from subtropical coastal wetlands in China. An integrative approach combining investigations of their morphology, life cycle and ecology was used. Phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences showed that: all folliculinid genera form a monophyletic clade; the two genera with flexible peristomial lobes, Metafolliculina and Eufolliculina, are closely related; the other three genera with inflexible peristomial lobes, Ampullofolliculina, Diafolliculina and Folliculina, group together.
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18
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Wu W, Dong J, Long Y, Warren A, Chen L, Qiu H. Redescription and phylogenetic position of the terrestrial ciliates Gastrostylides dorsicirratus and Heterourosomoida lanceolata (Hypotricha, Dorsomarginalia). Eur J Protistol 2021; 82:125859. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Gao Q, Shao C, Tang Q, Li J. Redescription, Morphogenesis, and Molecular Phylogeny of Pseudosincirra longicirrata nov. comb., With Establishment of a New Genus Pseudosincirra nov. gen. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Front Microbiol 2021; 12:777540. [PMID: 34917056 PMCID: PMC8669764 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.777540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology and morphogenesis of Pseudosincirra longicirrata nov. gen. and nov. comb., isolated from southern China, were investigated with living observation and protargol staining. Our population is similar to the original population in living characteristics and ciliary patterns. The main determinable morphogenetic features of P. longicirrata nov. comb. are the presence of five frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen (FVT-anlagen) and a dorsomarginal kinety anlage. According to the origin of FVT-anlagen IV and V in proter, it can be determined that P. longicirrata nov. comb. possesses two frontoventral rows and one right marginal row. Hence, a new genus, Pseudosincirra nov. gen., is proposed, and the diagnosis of P. longicirrata nov. comb. is improved. The new genus is diagnosed as follows: adoral zone of membranelles and undulating membranes is in a Gonostomum pattern; there are three enlarged frontal cirri, one buccal cirrus, and one parabuccal cirrus; postperistomial cirrus and transverse cirri are lacking; there are two more or less long frontoventral rows and one right and two or more left marginal rows; cirri within all rows very widely spaced; dorsal kinety pattern is of Urosomoida type, that is, three dorsal kineties and one dorsomarginal kinety; and caudal cirri are present. Phylogenetic analyses based on the small subunit ribosomal (SSU rDNA) sequence data indicate that P. longicirrata nov. comb. clusters with Deviata and Perisincirra. It is considered that Pseudosincirra nov. gen. and Perisincirra paucicirrata should be assigned to the family Deviatidae; fine cirri, and cirri within all rows being relatively widely spaced, should be considered as plesiomorphies of Deviatidae; and Deviatidae is closely related to Dorsomarginalia or Strongylidium-Hemiamphisiella-Pseudouroleptus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qiuyue Tang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jingbao Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
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20
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Li J, Wang Y, Zhang H, Al-Farraj SA, Shao C, Wang J. Morphology, ontogeny and molecular phylogeny of a new urostylid ciliate, Bakuella (Pseudobakuella) guangdongica n. sp. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) from southern China. Eur J Protistol 2021; 81:125795. [PMID: 34717076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of Bakuella (Pseudobakuella) guangdongica n. sp., isolated from southern China, were investigated. The new species is characterized by a body length of 150-225 μm in vivo; 35-42 adoral membranelles; 3-5 buccal, two frontoterminal, 7-12 transverse and two pretransverse ventral cirri; midventral complex comprised of 10-20 pairs and two rows extending to transverse cirri; posterior part of marginal rows slightly overlapping; colorless cortical granules about 1 μm across, arranged in small groups; soil habitat. Its main ontogenetic features are: (1) in the proter, the parental adoral zone of membranelles is completely renewed by new structures; (2) in the opisthe, the oral primordium originates apokinetally, some old midventral cirri join the formation of frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen; (3) the anlagen for marginal rows and dorsal kineties develop intrakinetally; and (4) the numerous macronuclear nodules fuse into a single mass before dividing. Phylogenetic analyses based on the SSU rDNA sequence suggest the non-monophyly of the genus Bakuella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbao Li
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yurui Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Saleh A Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chen Shao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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21
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Ma J, Zhang T, Song W, Shao C. New Contributions to the Diversity of Hypotrichous Ciliates: Description of a New Genus and Two New Species (Protozoa, Ciliophora). Front Microbiol 2021; 12:712269. [PMID: 34421871 PMCID: PMC8375408 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.712269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliated protists (ciliates) are extremely diverse and play important ecological roles in almost all kinds of habitats. In this study, two new hypotrichs, Wilbertophrya sinica n. g. and n. sp. and Bakuella xianensis n. sp., from China are investigated. Wilbertophrya n. g. can be separated from related genera mainly by the combination of lacking a buccal cirrus, pretransverse cirri, and caudal cirri, while possessing frontoterminal cirri. Analyses based on morphological and molecular data confirm the validity of the species, W. sinica n. sp., which is characterized as follows: body 50-115 μm × 15-35 μm in vivo; midventral complex comprises four or five cirral pairs only and terminates above mid-body; three frontal, two frontoterminal cirri, and two to four transverse cirri; about 15 macronuclear nodules; colorless cortical granules sparsely distributed. Another new species, B. xianensis n. sp., was isolated from a freshwater wetland and is defined as follows: body 115-150 μm × 40-65 μm in vivo; about 70 macronuclear nodules; dark-brownish cortical granules in groups; midventral complex comprises 8-12 cirral pairs forming a row that terminates posteriorly in mid-body region and two or three short midventral rows that are continuous with the row of midventral pairs; three frontal, four to six frontoterminal, and three to five fine transverse cirri; three bipolar dorsal kineties. Phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequence data suggest that the new genus Wilbertophrya n. g. belongs to an isolated clade, which might represent an undescribed taxon at the family level, whereas B. xianensis n. sp. groups with several congeners and members of other related genera are within the core urostylids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyang Ma
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tengyue Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Weibo Song
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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22
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Wang J, Zhang T, Li F, Warren A, Li Y, Shao C. A new hypotrich ciliate, Oxytricha xianica sp. nov., with notes on the morphology and phylogeny of a Chinese population of Oxytricha auripunctata Blatterer & Foissner, 1988 (Ciliophora, Oxytrichidae). MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 3:303-312. [PMID: 37073288 PMCID: PMC10077236 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-020-00089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The morphology and infraciliature of the new hypotrichous ciliate, Oxytricha xianica sp. nov., and a Chinese population of Oxytricha auripunctata Blatterer & Foissner, 1988, are investigated using live observation and protargol staining. Oxytricha xianica sp. nov. is defined by the body size 85-130 µm × 30-50 µm in vivo, the typical oxytrichid 18 frontoventral-transverse cirri, cortical granules absent, undulating membranes reduced or absent, three caudal cirri, dorsal kineties in Oxytricha pattern, and two ellipsoidal macronuclear nodules. The Chinese population of O. auripunctata differs slightly from other populations in the arrangement and color of cortical granules and position of anterior end of dorsal kinety 4. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU-rDNA sequences support the assertion that O. auripunctata belongs to Oxytricha and Oxytrichidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 China
| | - Tengteng Zhang
- Insititute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Fengchao Li
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002 China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Yanbo Li
- Handan Foreign Language School of Hebei Province, Handan, 056002 China
| | - Chen Shao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 China
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23
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Song W, Zhang T, Dong J, Luo X, Bourland WA, Wang Y. Taxonomy and Molecular Phylogeny of Two New Urostylid Ciliates (Protozoa: Ciliophora) From Chinese Wetlands and Establishment of a New Genus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:707954. [PMID: 34394057 PMCID: PMC8361796 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.707954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypotrich ciliates with evolutionary novelties are continually being discovered, challenging the current taxonomic system and attracting increased attention. In the present work, two new urostylid ciliates, Heterobakuella bergeri gen. nov., sp. nov. and Anteholosticha perezuzae sp. nov., isolated from Chinese wetland samples, were identified based on morphology and 18S rRNA gene sequences. Heterobakuella gen. nov. is defined by three frontal cirri, single buccal cirrus, one parabuccal cirrus, midventral complex composed of cirral pairs and one cirral row, one left and two right marginal cirral rows, transverse and pretransverse cirri present, caudal and frontoterminal cirri absent. Heterobakuella can be easily distinguished from the morphologically most similar genus, Apobakuella, mainly by the single buccal cirrus (vs. one buccal cirral row) and one parabuccal cirrus (vs. several parabuccal cirral rows originated from different anlagen). Phylogenetic analyses show that H. bergeri branches within the clade formed by Bergeriella ovata, Monocoronella carnea, Anteholosticha gracilis, and Neourostylopsis spp., rather than the clade represented by Apobakuella. The other species, A. perezuzae, is mainly characterized by a distinctly slender body shape with an average length:width ratio about 7, distinctively shaped biconcave and greenish cortical granules, as well as one or two pretransverse cirri. Phylogenetic analyses indicate the genus Anteholosticha is non-monophyletic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Song
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Tengyue Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jingyi Dong
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaotian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - William A. Bourland
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Yurui Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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24
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Shao C, Gao Q, Warren A, Wang J. Morphology, Morphogenesis, and Molecular Phylogeny of a New Freshwater Ciliate, Quadristicha subtropica n. sp. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Front Microbiol 2021; 12:705826. [PMID: 34335539 PMCID: PMC8319829 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.705826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology and the regulation of cortical pattern associated with the cell size, division, and phylogenetic position of a new hypotrichous ciliate, Quadristicha subtropica n. sp. collected from a freshwater pond in southern China, were investigated. Quadristicha subtropica n. sp. is characterized as follows: size in vivo 60-115 μm × 25-45 μm; 19-21 adoral membranelles; buccal cirrus near anterior end of endoral and paroral; cirrus IV/3 at about level of buccal vertex; right marginal row begins ahead of buccal vertex; 11-16 right and 12-19 left marginal cirri; and dorsal cilia about 5 μm long. The basic morphogenetic process in Q. subtropica n. sp. is consistent with that of the type species, Quadristicha setigera. Phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit ribosomal DNA sequence data reveal that the systematic position of Q. subtropica n. sp. is rather unstable with low support values across the tree and the genus Quadristicha is not monophyletic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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25
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Omar A, Moon JH, Jung JH. Molecular phylogeny of a new gonostomatid ciliate revealing a discrepancy between interphasic and cell divisional patterns (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). Eur J Protistol 2021; 79:125794. [PMID: 33975056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The morphology, ontogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new ciliate, Gonostomum koreanum n. sp., discovered in a terrestrial moss sample from South Korea, were investigated. Morphologically, it is characterized by a gonostomatid oral apparatus, two macronuclear nodules, six frontoventral rows, the two rightmost of which (frontoventral rows V and VI) extend posteriorly to near pretransverse and transverse cirri, and three dorsal kineties each with a single caudal cirrus posteriorly. The new species is easily confused with members of the genus Metagonostomum because of the long frontoterminal cirral row but differs mainly in the de novo (vs. intrakinetal) origin of anlage VI, a character found only in Gonostomum and Paragonostomum. To solve the discrepancy between the interphasic and ontogenetic patterns, we additionally performed morphological and multigene analyses on three gonostomatid species, namely Gonostomum koreanum n. sp. and its morphologically (M. gonostomoida) and ontogenetically (G. kuehnelti) most similar species. The multigene analyses show that the new species is closely related to G. kuehnelti and the core gonostomatids consists of five groups based on the origin of the frontoventral rows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atef Omar
- Natural Science Research Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea; Department of Zoology, Al Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Ji Hye Moon
- Department of Biology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Jung
- Department of Biology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea.
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Cell-division pattern and phylogenetic analyses of a new ciliate genus Parasincirra n. g. (Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), with a report of a new soil species, P. sinica n. sp. from northwest China. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:21. [PMID: 33568067 PMCID: PMC7877024 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ciliated protists, a huge assemblage of unicellular eukaryotes, are extremely diverse and play important ecological roles in most habitats where there is sufficient moisture for their survivals. Even though there is a growing recognition that these organisms are associated with many ecological or environmental processes, their biodiversity is poorly understood and many biotopes (e.g. soils in desert areas of Asia) remain largely unknown. Here we document an undescribed form found in sludge soil in a halt-desert inland of China. Investigations of its morphology, morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny indicate that it represents a new genus and new species, Parasincirra sinica n. g., n. sp. Results The new, monotypic genus Parasincirra n. g. is defined by having three frontal cirri, an amphisiellid median cirral row about the same length as the adoral zone, one short frontoventral cirral row, cirrus III/2 and transverse cirri present, buccal and caudal cirri absent, one right and one left marginal row and three dorsal kineties. The main morphogenetic features of the new taxon are: (1) frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen II to VI are formed in a primary mode; (2) the amphisiellid median cirral row is formed by anlagen V and VI, while the frontoventral row is generated from anlage IV; (3) cirral streaks IV to VI generate one transverse cirrus each; (4) frontoventral-transverse cirral anlage II generates one or two cirri, although the posterior one (when formed) will be absorbed in late stages, that is, no buccal cirrus is formed; (5) the posterior part of the parental adoral zone of membranelles is renewed; (6) dorsal morphogenesis follows a typical Gonostomum-pattern; and (7) the macronuclear nodules fuse to form a single mass. The investigation of its molecular phylogeny inferred from Bayesian inference and Maximum likelihood analyses based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequence data, failed to reveal its exact systematic position, although species of related genera are generally assigned to the family Amphisiellidae Jankowski, 1979. Morphological and morphogenetic differences between the new taxon and Uroleptoides Wenzel, 1953, Parabistichella Jiang et al., 2013, and other amphisiellids clearly support the validity of Parasincirra as a new genus. The monophyly of the family Amphisiellidae is rejected by the AU test in this study. Conclusions The critical character of the family Amphisiellidae, i.e., the amphisiellid median cirral row, might result from convergent evolution in different taxa. Amphisiellidae are not monophyletic.
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Li F, Han M, Wang J, Li J. Morphology and morphogenesis of a saline soil ciliate, Cladotricha niesseniae sp. nov. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). J NAT HIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1833996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengchao Li
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Miao Han
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jingbao Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
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Lu X, Wang Y, Al-Farraj SA, El-Serehy H, Huang J, Shao C. The insights into the systematic relationship of Gastrostyla-affinitive genera, with report on a new saline soil ciliate genus and new species (Protozoa, Ciliophora). BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:92. [PMID: 32727367 PMCID: PMC7391492 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypotrichia are a group with the most complex morphology and morphogenesis within the ciliated protists. The classification of Gastrostyla-like species, a taxonomically difficult group of hypotrichs with a common ventral cirral pattern but various dorsal and ontogenetic patterns, is poorly understood. Hence, systematic relationships within this group and with other taxa in the subclass Hypotrichia remain unresolved. Results 18S rRNA gene sequence of a new Gastrostyla-like taxon was obtained. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 18S rRNA gene sequences indicate that this ciliate represents a new genus that is closely related to Heterourosomoida and Kleinstyla within the oxytrichid clade of the Hypotrichia. However, the position of this cluster remains unresolved. All three genera deviate from the typical oxytrichids by their incomplete (or lack of) dorsal kinety fragmentation during morphogenesis. Morphology and morphogenesis of this newly discovered form, Heterogastrostyla salina nov. gen., nov. spec., are described. Heterogastrostyla nov. gen., is characterised as follows: more than 18 fronto-ventral-transverse cirri, cirral anlagen V and VI develop pretransverse cirri, and dorsal ciliature in Urosomoida-like pattern. Conclusions Similar to the CEUU-hypothesis about convergent evolution of urostylids and uroleptids, we speculate that the shared ventral cirral patterns of Gastrostyla-like taxa might have resulted from convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoteng Lu
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.,Research Department for Limnology, Mondsee, University of Innsbruck, Mondseestrasse 9, A-5310, Mondsee, Austria.,Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Saleh A Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed El-Serehy
- Zoology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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