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Dias IHK, Shokr H. Oxysterols as Biomarkers of Aging and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:307-336. [PMID: 38036887 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols derive from either enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol. Even though they are produced as intermediates of bile acid synthesis pathway, they are recognised as bioactive compounds in cellular processes. Therefore, their absence or accumulation have been shown to be associated with disease phenotypes. This chapter discusses the contribution of oxysterol to ageing, age-related diseases such as neurodegeneration and various disorders such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic and ocular disorders. It is clear that oxysterols play a significant role in development and progression of these diseases. As a result, oxysterols are being investigated as suitable markers for disease diagnosis purposes and some drug targets are in development targeting oxysterol pathways. However, further research will be needed to confirm the suitability of these potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irundika H K Dias
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Hala Shokr
- Manchester Pharmacy School, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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2
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Puppala S, Chan J, Zimmerman KD, Hamid Z, Ampong I, Huber HF, Li G, Jadhav AYL, Li C, Nathanielsz PW, Olivier M, Cox LA. Multi-omics Analysis of Aging Liver Reveals Changes in Endoplasmic Stress and Degradation Pathways in Female Nonhuman Primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.21.554149. [PMID: 37662261 PMCID: PMC10473634 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.21.554149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The liver is critical for functions that support metabolism, immunity, digestion, detoxification, and vitamin storage. Aging is associated with severity and poor prognosis of various liver diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Previous studies have used multi-omic approaches to study liver diseases or to examine the effects of aging on the liver. However, to date, no studies have used an integrated omics approach to investigate aging-associated molecular changes in the livers of healthy female nonhuman primates. The goal of this study was to identify molecular changes associated with healthy aging in the livers of female baboons ( Papio sp., n=35) by integrating multiple omics data types (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics) from samples across the adult age span. To integrate omics data, we performed unbiased weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and the results revealed 3 modules containing 3,149 genes and 33 proteins were positively correlated with age, and 2 modules containing 37 genes and 216 proteins were negatively correlated with age. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were positively associated with age, whereas xenobiotic metabolism and melatonin and serotonin degradation pathways were negatively associated with age. The findings of our study suggest that UPR and a reduction in reactive oxygen species generated from serotonin degradation could protect the liver from oxidative stress during the aging process in healthy female baboons.
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3
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Gao YH, Li X. Cholesterol metabolism: Towards a therapeutic approach for multiple sclerosis. Neurochem Int 2023; 164:105501. [PMID: 36803679 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence points to the importance of cholesterol in preserving brain homeostasis. Cholesterol makes up the main component of myelin in the brain, and myelin integrity is vital in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Because of the connection between myelin and cholesterol, the interest in cholesterol in the central nervous system increased during the last decade. In this review, we provide a detailed overview on brain cholesterol metabolism in multiple sclerosis and its role in promoting oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, China
| | - Xing Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, China.
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4
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He Y, Su Y, Duan C, Wang S, He W, Zhang Y, An X, He M. Emerging role of aging in the progression of NAFLD to HCC. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 84:101833. [PMID: 36565959 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With the aging of global population, the incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has surged in recent decades. NAFLD is a multifactorial disease that follows a progressive course, ranging from simple fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is well established that aging induces pathological changes in liver and potentiates the occurrence and progression of NAFLD, HCC and other age-related liver diseases. Studies of senescent cells also indicate a pivotal engagement in the development of NAFLD via diverse mechanisms. Moreover, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), silence information regulator protein family (sirtuins), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) are three vital and broadly studied targets involved in aging process and NAFLD. Nevertheless, the crucial role of these aging-associated factors in aging-related NAFLD remains underestimated. Here, we reviewed the current research on the roles of aging, cellular senescence and three aging-related factors in the evolution of NAFLD to HCC, aiming at inspiring promising therapeutic targets for aging-related NAFLD and its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyuan He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghong Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengcheng Duan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, China
| | - Yingting Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei An
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ming He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China.
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5
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Bile acids and neurological disease. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108311. [PMID: 36400238 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review will focus on how bile acids are being used in clinical trials to treat neurological diseases due to their central involvement with the gut-liver-brain axis and their physiological and pathophysiological roles in both normal brain function and multiple neurological diseases. The synthesis of primary and secondary bile acids species and how the regulation of the bile acid pool may differ between the gut and brain is discussed. The expression of several bile acid receptors in brain and their currently known functions along with the tools available to manipulate them pharmacologically are examined, together with discussion of the interaction of bile acids with the gut microbiome and their lesser-known effects upon brain glucose and lipid metabolism. How dysregulation of the gut microbiome, aging and sex differences may lead to disruption of bile acid signalling and possible causal roles in a number of neurological disorders are also considered. Finally, we discuss how pharmacological treatments targeting bile acid receptors are currently being tested in an array of clinical trials for several different neurodegenerative diseases.
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Jie F, Yang X, Yang B, Liu Y, Wu L, Lu B. Stigmasterol attenuates inflammatory response of microglia via NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling by AMPK activation. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Kacher R, Mounier C, Caboche J, Betuing S. Altered Cholesterol Homeostasis in Huntington’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:797220. [PMID: 35517051 PMCID: PMC9063567 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.797220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by an expansion of the CAG repeat in the first exon of Huntingtin’s gene. The associated neurodegeneration mainly affects the striatum and the cortex at early stages and progressively spreads to other brain structures. Targeting HD at its earlier stages is under intense investigation. Numerous drugs were tested, with a rate of success of only 3.5% approved molecules used as symptomatic treatment. The restoration of cholesterol metabolism, which is central to the brain homeostasis and strongly altered in HD, could be an interesting disease-modifying strategy. Cholesterol is an essential membrane component in the central nervous system (CNS); alterations of its homeostasis have deleterious consequences on neuronal functions. The levels of several sterols, upstream of cholesterol, are markedly decreased within the striatum of HD mouse model. Transcription of cholesterol biosynthetic genes is reduced in HD cell and mouse models as well as post-mortem striatal and cortical tissues from HD patients. Since the dynamic of brain cholesterol metabolism is complex, it is essential to establish the best method to target it in HD. Cholesterol, which does not cross the blood-brain-barrier, is locally synthesized and renewed within the brain. All cell types in the CNS synthesize cholesterol during development but as they progress through adulthood, neurons down-regulate their cholesterol synthesis and turn to astrocytes for their full supply. Cellular levels of cholesterol reflect the dynamic balance between synthesis, uptake and export, all integrated into the context of the cross talk between neurons and glial cells. In this review, we describe the latest advances regarding the role of cholesterol deregulation in neuronal functions and how this could be a determinant factor in neuronal degeneration and HD progression. The pathways and major mechanisms by which cholesterol and sterols are regulated in the CNS will be described. From this overview, we discuss the main clinical strategies for manipulating cholesterol metabolism in the CNS, and how to reinstate a proper balance in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhia Kacher
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute (ICM), AP-HP, INSERM, CNRS, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Coline Mounier
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Jocelyne Caboche
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Betuing
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Sandrine Betuing,
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Zhao Y, Yang Y, Li Q, Li J. Understanding the Unique Microenvironment in the Aging Liver. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:842024. [PMID: 35280864 PMCID: PMC8907916 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.842024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, many studies have focused on aging because of our pursuit of longevity. With lifespans extended, the regenerative capacity of the liver gradually declines due to the existence of aging. This is partially due to the unique microenvironment in the aged liver, which affects a series of physiological processes. In this review, we summarize the related researches in the last decade and try to highlight the aging-related alterations in the aged liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhou Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- *Correspondence: Jianzhou Li
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9
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Nunes VS, da Silva Ferreira G, Quintão ECR. Cholesterol metabolism in aging simultaneously altered in liver and nervous system. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:1549-1561. [PMID: 35130181 PMCID: PMC8876915 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In humans, aging, triggers increased plasma concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins and lower capacity of high-density lipoproteins to remove cellular cholesterol. Studies in rodents showed that aging led to cholesterol accumulation in the liver and decrease in the brain with reduced cholesterol synthesis and increased levels of cholesterol 24-hydroxylase, an enzyme responsible for removing cholesterol from the brain. Liver diseases are also related to brain aging, inducing changes in cholesterol metabolism in the brain and liver of rats. It has been suggested that late onset Alzheimer's disease is associated with metabolic syndrome. Non-alcoholic fatty liver is associated with lower total brain volume in the Framingham Heart Study offspring cohort study. Furthermore, disorders of cholesterol homeostasis in the adult brain are associated with neurological diseases such as Niemann-Pick, Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington and epilepsy. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is important in transporting cholesterol from astrocytes to neurons in the etiology of sporadic Alzheimer's disease, an aging-related dementia. Desmosterol and 24S-hydroxycholesterol are reduced in ApoE KO hypercholesterolemic mice. ApoE KO mice have synaptic loss, cognitive dysfunction, and elevated plasma lipid levels that can affect brain function. In contrast to cholesterol itself, there is a continuous uptake of 27- hydroxycholesterol in the brain as it crosses the blood-brain barrier and this flow can be an important link between intra- and extracerebral cholesterol homeostasis. Not surprisingly, changes in cholesterol metabolism occur simultaneously in the liver and nervous tissues and may be considered possible biomarkers of the liver and nervous system aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Sutti Nunes
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Bazil
| | - Guilherme da Silva Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Bazil
| | - Eder Carlos Rocha Quintão
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Bazil
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10
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Age-Related Changes in Lipidome of Rat Frontal Cortex and Cerebellum Are Partially Reversed by Methionine Restriction Applied in Old Age. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212517. [PMID: 34830402 PMCID: PMC8623997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are closely associated with brain structure and function. However, the potential changes in the lipidome induced by aging remain to be elucidated. In this study, we used chromatographic techniques and a mass spectrometry-based approach to evaluate age-associated changes in the lipidome of the frontal cortex and cerebellum obtained from adult male Wistar rats (8 months), aged male Wistar rats (26 months), and aged male Wistar rats submitted to a methionine restriction diet (MetR)—as an anti-aging intervention—for 8 weeks. The outcomes revealed that only small changes (about 10%) were observed in the lipidome profile in the cerebellum and frontal cortex during aging, and these changes differed, in some cases, between regions. Furthermore, a MetR diet partially reversed the effects of the aging process. Remarkably, the most affected lipid classes were ether-triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methylated, plasmalogens, ceramides, and cholesterol esters. When the fatty acid profile was analyzed, we observed that the frontal cortex is highly preserved during aging and maintained under MetR, whereas in the cerebellum minor changes (increased monounsaturated and decreased polyunsaturated contents) were observed and not reversed by MetR. We conclude that the rat cerebellum and frontal cortex have efficient mechanisms to preserve the lipid profile of their cell membranes throughout their adult lifespan in order to maintain brain structure and function. A part of the small changes that take place during aging can be reversed with a MetR diet applied in old age.
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Li T, Yin Y, Zhou Z, Qiu J, Liu W, Zhang X, He K, Cai Y, Zhu ZJ. Ion mobility-based sterolomics reveals spatially and temporally distinctive sterol lipids in the mouse brain. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4343. [PMID: 34267224 PMCID: PMC8282640 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant sterol lipid metabolism is associated with physiological dysfunctions in the aging brain and aging-dependent disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases. There is an unmet demand to comprehensively profile sterol lipids spatially and temporally in different brain regions during aging. Here, we develop an ion mobility-mass spectrometry based four-dimensional sterolomics technology leveraged by a machine learning-empowered high-coverage library (>2000 sterol lipids) for accurate identification. We apply this four-dimensional technology to profile the spatially resolved landscapes of sterol lipids in ten functional regions of the mouse brain, and quantitatively uncover ~200 sterol lipids uniquely distributed in specific regions with concentrations spanning up to 8 orders of magnitude. Further spatial analysis pinpoints age-associated differences in region-specific sterol lipid metabolism, revealing changes in the numbers of altered sterol lipids, concentration variations, and age-dependent coregulation networks. These findings will contribute to our understanding of abnormal sterol lipid metabolism and its role in brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongzhou Li
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yandong Yin
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqian Qiu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueting Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiwen He
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuping Cai
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng-Jiang Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Kopylov AT, Malsagova KA, Stepanov AA, Kaysheva AL. Diversity of Plant Sterols Metabolism: The Impact on Human Health, Sport, and Accumulation of Contaminating Sterols. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051623. [PMID: 34066075 PMCID: PMC8150896 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The way of plant sterols transformation and their benefits for humans is still a question under the massive continuing revision. In fact, there are no receptors for binding with sterols in mammalians. However, possible biotransformation to steroids that can be catalyzed by gastro-intestinal microflora, microbial cells in prebiotics or cytochromes system were repeatedly reported. Some products of sterols metabolization are capable to imitate resident human steroids and compete with them for the binding with corresponding receptors, thus affecting endocrine balance and entire physiology condition. There are also tremendous reports about the natural origination of mammalian steroid hormones in plants and corresponding receptors for their binding. Some investigations and reports warn about anabolic effect of sterols, however, there are many researchers who are reluctant to believe in and have strong opposing arguments. We encounter plant sterols everywhere: in food, in pharmacy, in cosmetics, but still know little about their diverse properties and, hence, their exact impact on our life. Most of our knowledge is limited to their cholesterol-lowering influence and protective effect against cardiovascular disease. However, the world of plant sterols is significantly wider if we consider the thousands of publications released over the past 10 years.
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Jie F, Yang X, Wu L, Wang M, Lu B. Linking phytosterols and oxyphytosterols from food to brain health: origins, effects, and underlying mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:3613-3630. [PMID: 33397124 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1867819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols and their oxidation products, namely oxyphytosterols, are natural compounds present in plant foods. With increased intake of phytosterol-enriched functional food products, the exposure of both phytosterols and oxyphytosterols is rising. Over the past ten years, researches have been focused on their absorption and metabolism in human body, as well as their biological effects. More importantly, recent studies showed that phytosterols and oxyphytosterols can traverse the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in the brain. As brain health problems resulting from ageing being more serious, attenuating central nervous system (CNS) disorders with active compounds in food are becoming a hot topic. Phytosterols and oxyphytosterols have been shown to implicated in cognition altering and the pathologies of several CNS disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. We will overview these findings with a focus on the contents of phytosterols and oxyphytosterols in food and their dietary intake, as well as their origins in the brain, and illustrate molecular pathways through which they affect brain health, in terms of inflammation, cholesterol homeostasis, oxidative stress, and mitochondria function. The existing scientific gaps of phytosterols and oxyphytosterols to brain health in knowledge are also discussed, highlighting research directions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jie
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Lipeng Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Baiyi Lu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
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14
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Dierckx T, Bogie JFJ, Hendriks JJA. The Impact of Phytosterols on the Healthy and Diseased Brain. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:6750-6765. [PMID: 29984647 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180706113844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is the most cholesterol-rich organ in mammals. Cholesterol homeostasis is essential for proper brain functioning and dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism can lead to neurological problems. Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are examples of neurological diseases that are characterized by a disturbed cholesterol metabolism. Phytosterols (PS) are plant-derived components that structurally and functionally resemble cholesterol. PS are known for their cholesterol-lowering properties. Due to their ability to reach the brain, researchers have started to investigate the physiological role of PS in the CNS. In this review, the metabolism and function of PS in the diseased and healthy CNS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Dierckx
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Hassett, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F J Bogie
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Hassett, Belgium
| | - Jerome J A Hendriks
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Hassett, Belgium
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15
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Jones PJH, Shamloo M, MacKay DS, Rideout TC, Myrie SB, Plat J, Roullet JB, Baer DJ, Calkins KL, Davis HR, Barton Duell P, Ginsberg H, Gylling H, Jenkins D, Lütjohann D, Moghadasian M, Moreau RA, Mymin D, Ostlund RE, Ras RT, Ochoa Reparaz J, Trautwein EA, Turley S, Vanmierlo T, Weingärtner O. Progress and perspectives in plant sterol and plant stanol research. Nutr Rev 2019; 76:725-746. [PMID: 30101294 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidence indicates that foods with added plant sterols or stanols can lower serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. This review summarizes the recent findings and deliberations of 31 experts in the field who participated in a scientific meeting in Winnipeg, Canada, on the health effects of plant sterols and stanols. Participants discussed issues including, but not limited to, the health benefits of plant sterols and stanols beyond cholesterol lowering, the role of plant sterols and stanols as adjuncts to diet and drugs, and the challenges involved in measuring plant sterols and stanols in biological samples. Variations in interindividual responses to plant sterols and stanols, as well as the personalization of lipid-lowering therapies, were addressed. Finally, the clinical aspects and treatment of sitosterolemia were reviewed. Although plant sterols and stanols continue to offer an efficacious and convenient dietary approach to cholesterol management, long-term clinical trials investigating the endpoints of cardiovascular disease are still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J H Jones
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Maryam Shamloo
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dylan S MacKay
- George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Todd C Rideout
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Semone B Myrie
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Baptiste Roullet
- Division of Metabolism, Child Development and Rehabilitation Center-Portland, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - David J Baer
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kara L Calkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; and the UCLA Mattel's Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - P Barton Duell
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Henry Ginsberg
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Helena Gylling
- University of Helsinki and the Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Jenkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mohammad Moghadasian
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robert A Moreau
- Eastern Regional Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Mymin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Richard E Ostlund
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University, St Louis, USA
| | - Rouyanne T Ras
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Elke A Trautwein
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Oliver Weingärtner
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany; Abteilung für Kardiologie, Klinikum Oldenburg, European Medical School Oldenburg-Groningen, Oldenburg, Germany
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16
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Fatakia SN, Sarkar P, Chattopadhyay A. A collage of cholesterol interaction motifs in the serotonin 1A receptor: An evolutionary implication for differential cholesterol interaction. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 221:184-192. [PMID: 30822391 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin1A receptor is a representative member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily and acts as an important drug target. In our previous work, we comprehensively demonstrated that membrane cholesterol is necessary in the organization, dynamics and function of the serotonin1A receptor. In this context, analysis of high-resolution GPCR crystal structures in general and in silico studies of the serotonin1A receptor in particular, have suggested the presence of cholesterol interaction sites (hotspots) in various regions of the receptor. In this work, we have identified an evolutionarily conserved collage of four categories of cholesterol interaction motifs associated with transmembrane helix V and the adjacent intracellular loop 3 fragment of the vertebrate serotonin1A receptor. This collage of motifs represents a total of twenty diverse context-dependent cholesterol interaction configurations. We envision that the gamut of cholesterol interaction sites, characterized by sequence plasticity in cholesterol interaction, could be relevant in receptor-cholesterol interaction in membranes of varying cholesterol content and organization, as found in diverse cell types. We conclude that an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of GPCR-cholesterol interaction allows the serotonin1A receptor to adapt to diverse membrane cholesterol levels during natural evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarosh N Fatakia
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
| | - Parijat Sarkar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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17
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Lier J, Winter K, Bleher J, Grammig J, Mueller WC, Streit W, Bechmann I. Loss of IBA1-Expression in brains from individuals with obesity and hepatic dysfunction. Brain Res 2019; 1710:220-229. [PMID: 30615888 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, exhibit constitutive expression of the ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1), a cytoplasmic protein with actin and calcium-binding functions involved in membrane ruffling. Microglia are long-lived cells that exhibit a senescent morphology (dystrophy) with aging, which may be indicative of cell dysfunction. It has been reported that dystrophy of IBA1-positive microglia is exacerbated in obese humans. Our own preliminary studies of microglia in the medial temporal lobe of obese subjects have revealed another microglial abnormality, which is the loss of IBA1 immunoreactivity that can create large areas in the brain seemingly devoid of all microglial cells. Here, we systematically compared microglial appearance in human hippocampi derived from obese individuals compared to controls (nobese = 33, nnon-obese = 30). In both groups, we found areas that were negative for IBA1, but contained P2YR12 and glutathione-peroxidase 1 (GPX)-positive microglia. The number and extent of IBA1-negative regions was increased in obese cases. Since some cases of non-obese individuals also exhibited loss of IBA-1 immunoreactivity, we searched for possible confounders and found that hepatic dysfunction strongly impacts the distribution of microglial cells: By computational analysis of scanned IBA1-stained sections, we detected increased Mean Empty Space distances (p = 0.016) and IBA1-negative areas (p = 0.090) which were independent from the cause of liver dysfunction, but also from aging. Thus, we report on a novel type of microglia pathological change, i.e. localized loss of IBA1 that is linked, at least in part, to obesity and hepatic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lier
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | - Johannes Bleher
- University of Tuebingen - Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Germany
| | - Joachim Grammig
- University of Tuebingen - Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Germany
| | - Wolf C Mueller
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Streit
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Germany.
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18
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Limited daily feeding and intermittent feeding have different effects on regional brain energy homeostasis during aging. Biogerontology 2018; 19:121-132. [PMID: 29340834 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-018-9743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Albeit aging is an inevitable process, the rate of aging is susceptible to modifications. Dietary restriction (DR) is a vigorous nongenetic and nonpharmacological intervention that is known to delay aging and increase healthspan in diverse species. This study aimed to compare the impact of different restricting feeding regimes such as limited daily feeding (LDF, 60% AL) and intermittent feeding (IF) on brain energy homeostasis during aging. The analysis was focused on the key molecules in glucose and cholesterol metabolism in the cortex and hippocampus of middle-aged (12-month-old) and aged (24-month-old) male Wistar rats. We measured the impact of different DRs on the expression levels of AMPK, glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT4), and the rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway (HMGCR). Additionally, we assessed the changes in the amounts of cholesterol, its metabolite, and precursors following LDF and IF. IF decreased the levels of AMPK and pAMPK in the cortex while the increased levels were detected in the hippocampus. Glucose metabolism was more affected in the cortex, while cholesterol metabolism was more influenced in the hippocampus. Overall, the hippocampus was more resilient to the DRs, with fewer changes compared to the cortex. We showed that LDF and IF differently affected the brain energy homeostasis during aging and that specific brain regions exhibited distinct vulnerabilities towards DRs. Consequently, special attention should be paid to the DR application among elderly as different phases of aging do not respond equally to altered nutritional regimes.
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19
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Chakraborty H, Jafurulla M, Clayton AHA, Chattopadhyay A. Exploring oligomeric state of the serotonin1A receptor utilizing photobleaching image correlation spectroscopy: implications for receptor function. Faraday Discuss 2018; 207:409-421. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00192d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Photobleaching image correlation spectroscopy (pbICS) reveals that membrane cholesterol modulates the oligomeric state of the serotonin1A receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirak Chakraborty
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology
- Hyderabad 500 007
- India
- School of Chemistry
- Sambalpur University
| | - Md. Jafurulla
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology
- Hyderabad 500 007
- India
| | - Andrew H. A. Clayton
- Centre for Microphotonics
- Faculty of Science
- Engineering and Technology
- Swinburne University of Technology
- Hawthorn
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20
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Šmidák R, Köfeler HC, Hoeger H, Lubec G. Comprehensive identification of age-related lipidome changes in rat amygdala during normal aging. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180675. [PMID: 28672041 PMCID: PMC5495493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain lipids are integral components of brain structure and function. However, only recent advancements of chromatographic techniques together with mass spectrometry allow comprehensive identification of lipid species in complex brain tissue. Lipid composition varies between the individual areas and the majority of previous reports was focusing on individual lipids rather than a lipidome. Herein, a mass spectrometry-based approach was used to evaluate age-related changes in the lipidome of the rat amygdala obtained from young (3 months) and old (20 months) males of the Sprague-Dawley rat strain. A total number of 70 lipid species with significantly changed levels between the two animal groups were identified spanning four main lipid classes, i.e. glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and sterol lipids. These included phospholipids with pleiotropic brain function, such as derivatives of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. The analysis also revealed significant level changes of phosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol, sphingomyelin and ceramide that directly represent lipid signaling and affect amygdala neuronal activity. The amygdala is a crucial brain region for cognitive functions and former studies on rats and humans showed that this region changes its activity during normal aging. As the information on amygdala lipidome is very limited the results obtained in the present study represent a significant novelty and may contribute to further studies on the role of lipid molecules in age-associated changes of amygdala function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Šmidák
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald C. Köfeler
- Center for Medical Research (ZMF), Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Hoeger
- Core Unit of Biomedical Research, Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Himberg, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Neuroproteomics Laboratory, Science Park, Ilkovicova 8, Bratislava, Slovakia
- * E-mail:
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21
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Wu Q, Chu JL, Rubakhin SS, Gillette MU, Sweedler JV. Dopamine-modified TiO 2 monolith-assisted LDI MS imaging for simultaneous localization of small metabolites and lipids in mouse brain tissue with enhanced detection selectivity and sensitivity. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3926-3938. [PMID: 28553535 PMCID: PMC5433501 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00937b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Localization of metabolites using multiplexed mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) provides important chemical information for biological research. In contrast to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), TiO2-assisted laser desorption/ionization (LDI) for MSI improves detection of low molecular mass metabolites (<500 Da) by reducing matrix background. However, the low UV absorption of TiO2 nanoparticles and their ester hydrolysis catalytic activity hinder the detection of phospholipids and many low-abundance molecules. To address these challenges, we evaluated and optimized the material morphology and composition of TiO2. Dopamine (DA) was found to be an efficient ligand for TiO2, resulting in increased UV light absorption, higher surface pH, and formation of monolithic TiO2-DA structures. The sub-micron scale and higher surface pH of the TiO2 particle sizes led to improved detection of phospholipid signals. Compared to unmodified TiO2 sub-micron particles, the DA-modified TiO2 monolith led to 10- to 30-fold increases in the signal-to-noise ratios of a number of compound peaks. The TiO2-DA monolith-assisted LDI MSI approach has higher selectivity and sensitivity for Lewis basic compounds, such as fatty acids, cholesterols, ceramides, diacylglycerols, and phosphatidylethanolamine, when analyzed in positive mode, than traditional MALDI MS. Using this new method, over 100 molecules, including amino acids, alkaloids, free fatty acids, peptides, and lipids, were localized in mouse brain sections. By comparing the presence and localization of those molecules in young and old mouse brains, the approach demonstrated good performance in the determination of aging-related neurochemical changes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S. Mathews Ave, 63-5 , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA .
- Beckman Institute , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 405 N. Mathews Ave, 63-5 , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA
| | - James L Chu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA
| | - Stanislav S Rubakhin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S. Mathews Ave, 63-5 , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA .
- Beckman Institute , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 405 N. Mathews Ave, 63-5 , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA
| | - Martha U Gillette
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA
- Beckman Institute , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 405 N. Mathews Ave, 63-5 , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S. Mathews Ave, 63-5 , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA .
- Beckman Institute , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 405 N. Mathews Ave, 63-5 , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA
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22
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Kougias DG, Hankosky ER, Gulley JM, Juraska JM. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) ameliorates age-related deficits in water maze performance, especially in male rats. Physiol Behav 2016; 170:93-99. [PMID: 28038406 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) is commonly supplemented to maintain muscle in elderly and clinical populations and has potential as a nootropic. Previously, we have shown that in both male and female rats, long-term HMB supplementation prevents age-related dendritic shrinkage within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and improves cognitive flexibility and working memory performance that are both age- and sex-specific. In this study, we further explore the cognitive effects by assessing visuospatial learning and memory with the Morris water maze. Female rats were ovariectomized at 11months of age to model human menopause. At 12months of age, male and female rats received relatively short- or long-term (1- or 7-month) dietary HMB (450mg/kg/dose) supplementation twice a day prior to testing. Spatial reference learning and memory was assessed across four days in the water maze with four trials daily and a probe trial on the last day. Consistent with previous work, there were age-related deficits in water maze performance in both sexes. However, these deficits were ameliorated in HMB-treated males during training and in both sexes during probe trial performance. Thus, HMB supplementation prevented the age-related decrement in water maze performance, especially in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Kougias
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - Emily R Hankosky
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - Joshua M Gulley
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - Janice M Juraska
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.
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23
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Identification of Potential Key lncRNAs and Genes Associated with Aging Based on Microarray Data of Adipocytes from Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9181702. [PMID: 28097151 PMCID: PMC5209599 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9181702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective. This study aimed to screen potential crucial lncRNAs and genes involved in aging. Methods. The data of 9 peripheral white adipocytes, respectively, taken from male C57BL/6J mice (6 months, 14 months, and 18 months of age) in GSE25905 were used in this study. Differentially time series expressed lncRNA genes (DE-lncRNAs) and mRNA genes (DEGs) were identified. After cluster analysis of lncRNAs expression pattern, target genes of DE-lncRNAs were predicted from the DEGs, and functional analysis for target genes was conducted. Results. A total of 8301 time series-related DEGs and 43 time series-related DE-lncRNAs were identified. Among them, 41 DE-lncRNAs targeted 1880 DEGs. The DEGs positively regulated by DE-lncRNAs were mainly related to the development of blood vessel and the pathways of cholesterol biosynthesis and elastic fibre formation. Furthermore, the DEGs negatively regulated by DE-lncRNAs were correlated with protein metabolism. Conclusion. These DE-lncRNAs and DEGs are potentially involved in the process of aging.
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24
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Cholesterol-dependent Conformational Plasticity in GPCR Dimers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31858. [PMID: 27535203 PMCID: PMC4989139 DOI: 10.1038/srep31858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization and function of the serotonin1A receptor, an important member of the GPCR family, have been shown to be cholesterol-dependent, although the molecular mechanism is not clear. We performed a comprehensive structural and dynamic analysis of dimerization of the serotonin1A receptor by coarse-grain molecular dynamics simulations totaling 3.6 ms to explore the molecular details of its cholesterol-dependent association. A major finding is that the plasticity and flexibility of the receptor dimers increase with increased cholesterol concentration. In particular, a dimer interface formed by transmembrane helices I-I was found to be sensitive to cholesterol. The modulation of dimer interface appears to arise from a combination of direct cholesterol occupancy and indirect membrane effects. Interestingly, the presence of cholesterol at the dimer interface is correlated with increased dimer plasticity and flexibility. These results represent an important step in characterizing the molecular interactions in GPCR organization with potential relevance to therapeutic interventions.
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25
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Li Y, Zhang J, Xu P, Sun B, Zhong Z, Liu C, Ling Z, Chen Y, Shu N, Zhao K, Liu L, Liu X. Acute liver failure impairs function and expression of breast cancer-resistant protein (BCRP) at rat blood-brain barrier partly via ammonia-ROS-ERK1/2 activation. J Neurochem 2016; 138:282-94. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Ping Xu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Binbin Sun
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Zeyu Zhong
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Can Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Zhaoli Ling
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Yang Chen
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Nan Shu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Kaijing Zhao
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
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26
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Vanmierlo T, Bogie JF, Mailleux J, Vanmol J, Lütjohann D, Mulder M, Hendriks JJ. Plant sterols: Friend or foe in CNS disorders? Prog Lipid Res 2015; 58:26-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Sato Y, Bernier F, Yamanaka Y, Aoshima K, Oda Y, Ingelsson M, Lannfelt L, Miyashita A, Kuwano R, Ikeuchi T. Reduced plasma desmosterol-to-cholesterol ratio and longitudinal cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2015; 1:67-74. [PMID: 27239493 PMCID: PMC4876914 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background We here examined whether plasma desmosterol-to-cholesterol ratio (DES/CHO) is decreased in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and investigated the association between plasma DES/CHO and longitudinal cognitive decline. Methods Plasma DES/CHO of AD patients and age-matched controls in a Japanese cross-sectional cohort was determined. Plasma DES/CHO at baseline and follow-up visits was assessed in relation to cognitive decline in Japanese and Swedish longitudinal cohorts. Results Plasma DES/CHO was significantly reduced in Japanese AD patients and significantly correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. The longitudinal analysis revealed that plasma DES/CHO in AD patients shows a significant decrease at follow-up intervals. The decline in plasma DES/CHO is larger in the AD group with rapid progression than in that with slow progression. The changes in plasma DES/CHO significantly correlated with changes in the MMSE score. Conclusion Plasma DES/CHO is decreased in AD patients and may serve as a longitudinal surrogate marker associated with cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Ingelsson
- Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Akinori Miyashita
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryozo Kuwano
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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28
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Saher G, Stumpf SK. Cholesterol in myelin biogenesis and hypomyelinating disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1083-94. [PMID: 25724171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The largest pool of free cholesterol in mammals resides in myelin membranes. Myelin facilitates rapid saltatory impulse propagation by electrical insulation of axons. This function is achieved by ensheathing axons with a tightly compacted stack of membranes. Cholesterol influences myelination at many steps, from the differentiation of myelinating glial cells, over the process of myelin membrane biogenesis, to the functionality of mature myelin. Cholesterol emerged as the only integral myelin component that is essential and rate-limiting for the development of myelin in the central and peripheral nervous system. Moreover, disorders that interfere with sterol synthesis or intracellular trafficking of cholesterol and other lipids cause hypomyelination and neurodegeneration. This review summarizes recent results on the roles of cholesterol in CNS myelin biogenesis in normal development and under different pathological conditions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Brain Lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Saher
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Sina Kristin Stumpf
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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Zarrouk A, Vejux A, Mackrill J, O’Callaghan Y, Hammami M, O’Brien N, Lizard G. Involvement of oxysterols in age-related diseases and ageing processes. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 18:148-62. [PMID: 25305550 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is accompanied by increasing vulnerability to major pathologies (atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, age-related macular degeneration, cataract, and osteoporosis) which can have similar underlying pathoetiologies. All of these diseases involve oxidative stress, inflammation and/or cell death processes, which are triggered by cholesterol oxide derivatives, also named oxysterols. These oxidized lipids result either from spontaneous and/or enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol on the steroid nucleus or on the side chain. The ability of oxysterols to induce severe dysfunctions in organelles (especially mitochondria) plays key roles in RedOx homeostasis, inflammatory status, lipid metabolism, and in the control of cell death induction, which may at least in part contribute to explain the potential participation of these molecules in ageing processes and in age related diseases. As no efficient treatments are currently available for most of these diseases, which are predicted to become more prevalent due to the increasing life expectancy and average age, a better knowledge of the biological activities of the different oxysterols is of interest, and constitutes an important step toward identification of pharmacological targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Smiljanic K, Vanmierlo T, Mladenovic Djordjevic A, Perovic M, Ivkovic S, Lütjohann D, Kanazir S. Cholesterol metabolism changes under long-term dietary restrictions while the cholesterol homeostasis remains unaffected in the cortex and hippocampus of aging rats. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9654. [PMID: 24756765 PMCID: PMC4082575 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9654-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis in the brain is vital for its proper functioning. While it is well documented that dietary restriction modulates the metabolism of cholesterol peripherally, little is known as to how it can affect cholesterol metabolism in the brain. The present study was designed to elucidate the impact of long-term dietary restriction on brain cholesterol metabolism. Three-month-old male Wistar rats were exposed to long-term dietary restriction until 12 and 24 months of age. The concentrations of cholesterol, its precursors and metabolites, and food-derived phytosterols were measured in the serum, cortex, and hippocampus by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Relative changes in the levels of proteins involved in cholesterol synthesis, transport, and degradation were determined by Western blot analysis. Reduced food intake influenced the expression patterns of proteins implicated in cholesterol metabolism in the brain in a region-specific manner. Dietary restriction decreased the concentrations of cholesterol precursors, lanosterol in the cortex, and lanosterol and lathosterol in the hippocampus at 12 months, while the level of desmosterol was elevated in the hippocampus at 24 months. The concentrations of cholesterol and 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol remained unaffected. Food-derived phytosterols were significantly lower after dietary restriction in both the cortex and hippocampus at 12 and 24 months. These findings provide new insight into the effects of dietary restriction on cholesterol metabolism in the brain, lending further support to its neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosara Smiljanic
- />Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- />Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Mladenovic Djordjevic
- />Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milka Perovic
- />Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Ivkovic
- />Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- />Laboratory for Special Lipid Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Selma Kanazir
- />Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
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