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Cao L, Yin M, Shi TQ, Lin L, Ledesma-Amaro R, Ji XJ. Engineering Yarrowia lipolytica to produce nutritional fatty acids: Current status and future perspectives. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:1024-1033. [PMID: 35801090 PMCID: PMC9249680 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their vital physiological functions, nutritional fatty acids have great potential as nutraceutical food supplements for preventing an array of diseases such as inflammation, depression, arthritis, osteoporosis, diabetes and cancer. Microbial biosynthesis of fatty acids follows the trend of sustainable development, as it enables green, environmentally friendly and efficient production. As a natural oleaginous yeast, Yarrowia lipolytica is especially well-suited for the production of fatty acids. Moreover, it has a variety of genetic engineering tools and novel metabolic engineering strategies that make it a robust workhorse for the production of an array of value-added products. In this review, we summarize recent advances in metabolic engineering strategies for accumulating nutritional fatty acids in Y. lipolytica, including conjugated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In addition, the future prospects of nutritional fatty acid production using the Y. lipolytica platform are discussed in light of the current progress, challenges, and trends in this field. Finally, guidelines for future studies are also emphasized.
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Horká P, Vrkoslav V, Kindl J, Schwarzová-Pecková K, Cvačka J. Structural Characterization of Unusual Fatty Acid Methyl Esters with Double and Triple Bonds Using HPLC/APCI-MS 2 with Acetonitrile In-Source Derivatization. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216468. [PMID: 34770878 PMCID: PMC8588306 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Double and triple bonds have significant effects on the biological activities of lipids. Determining multiple bond positions in their molecules by mass spectrometry usually requires chemical derivatization. This work presents an HPLC/MS method for pinpointing the double and triple bonds in fatty acids. Fatty acid methyl esters were separated by reversed-phase HPLC with an acetonitrile mobile phase. In the APCI source, acetonitrile formed reactive species, which added to double and triple bonds to form [M + C3H5N]+• ions. Their collisional activation in an ion trap provided fragments helpful in localizing the multiple bond positions. This approach was applied to fatty acids with isolated, cumulated, and conjugated double bonds and triple bonds. The fatty acids were isolated from the fat body of early-nesting bumblebee Bombus pratorum and seeds or seed oils of Punicum granatum, Marrubium vulgare, and Santalum album. Using the method, the presence of the known fatty acids was confirmed, and new ones were discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Horká
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (V.V.); (J.K.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Vladimír Vrkoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (V.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Jiří Kindl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (V.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Karolina Schwarzová-Pecková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (V.V.); (J.K.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-220-183-303
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Wang J, Han L, Wang D, Li P, Shahidi F. Conjugated Fatty Acids in Muscle Food Products and Their Potential Health Benefits: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13530-13540. [PMID: 33175544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated fatty acids (CFAs) are a group of positional and geometric isomers of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with conjugated double bonds. There are several subgroups of CFAs including conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs), conjugated linolenic acids (CLNAs), conjugated eicosapentaenoic acids (CEPAs), and conjugated docosahexaenoic acids (CDHAs). CFAs, especially CLAs, have been studied in recent years both for their health benefits and factors that affect their level in muscle food products. CFAs have been reported in numerous studies as having antitumor, antiobesity, antidiabetes, anticardiovascular disease, and modulating immune system effects. These biological activies are involved in changes of lipid peroxidation and energy expenditure, as well as inhibitory effects on the hormone receptor, lipid metabolism, lipoprotein lipase activity, and adiponectin production. A large body of studies has revealed that the diet, processing, storage conditions, slaughter season, and age are common factors that affect CFA content in muscle food products, as detailed in this review. Recommendations are made regarding animal farming and meat product processing to obtain high CFA content meat products and to optimize the benefits of CFA for health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, and Natural Food Macromolecule Research Center, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Linxiao Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, and Natural Food Macromolecule Research Center, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Daoying Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P. R. China
| | - Pengpeng Li
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P. R. China
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Departments of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
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Cicognini FM, Rossi F, Sigolo S, Gallo A, Prandini A. Contents of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomerscis9,trans11andtrans10,cis12in Ruminant and Non-Ruminant Meats Available in the Italian Market. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2014.3125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Alves SP, Raundrup K, Cabo Â, Bessa RJB, Almeida AM. Fatty Acid Composition of Muscle, Adipose Tissue and Liver from Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) Living in West Greenland. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145241. [PMID: 26678792 PMCID: PMC4683068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Information about lipid content and fatty acid (FA) composition of muskoxen (Ovibos moschatos) edible tissues is very limited in comparison to other meat sources. Thus, this work aims to present the first in-depth characterization of the FA profile of meat, subcutaneous adipose tissue and liver of muskoxen living in West Greenland. Furthermore, we aim to evaluate the effect of sex in the FA composition of these edible tissues. Samples from muscle (Longissimus dorsi), subcutaneous adipose tissue and liver were collected from female and male muskoxen, which were delivered at the butchery in Kangerlussuaq (West Greenland) during the winter hunting season. The lipid content of muscle, adipose tissue and liver averaged 284, 846 and 173 mg/g of dry tissue, respectively. This large lipid contents confirms that in late winter, when forage availability is scarce, muskoxen from West Greenland still have high fat reserves, demonstrating that they are well adapted to seasonal feed restriction. A detailed characterization of FA and dimethylacetal composition of muskoxen muscle, subcutaneous adipose tissue and liver showed that there are little differences on FA composition between sexes. Nevertheless, the 18:1cis-9 was the most abundant FA in muscle and adipose tissue, reaching 43% of total FA in muscle. The high content of 18:1cis-9 suggests that it can be selectively stored in muskoxen tissues. Regarding the nutritional composition of muskoxen edible tissues, they are not a good source of polyunsaturated FA; however, they may contribute to a higher fat intake. Information about the FA composition of muskoxen meat and liver is scarce, so this work can contribute to the characterization of the nutritional fat properties of muskoxen edible tissues and can be also useful to update food composition databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P. Alves
- CIISA/FMV–Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Ângelo Cabo
- CIISA/FMV–Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui J. B. Bessa
- CIISA/FMV–Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - André M. Almeida
- CIISA/FMV–Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- IBET–Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
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Wright AM, Andrae JG, Rosso CF, Miller MC, Pavan E, Bridges W, Duckett SK. Effect of forage type with or without corn supplementation on animal performance, beef fatty acid composition, and palatability12. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:5047-58. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-8939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Sbihi HM, Nehdi IA, Al-Resayes SI. Characterization of White Mahlab (Prunus mahalebL.) Seed Oil: A Rich Source of α-Eleostearic Acid. J Food Sci 2014; 79:C795-801. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassen Mohamed Sbihi
- King Saud Univ.; College of Science; Chemistry Dept.; P.O. BOX 2454 Riyadh 1145 Saudi Arabia
| | - Imededdine Arbi Nehdi
- King Saud Univ.; College of Science; Chemistry Dept.; P.O. BOX 2454 Riyadh 1145 Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Ibrahim Al-Resayes
- King Saud Univ.; College of Science; Chemistry Dept.; P.O. BOX 2454 Riyadh 1145 Saudi Arabia
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Aldai N, de Renobales M, Barron LJR, Kramer JKG. What are thetransfatty acids issues in foods after discontinuation of industrially producedtransfats? Ruminant products, vegetable oils, and synthetic supplements. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Aldai
- Lactiker Research Group; Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU); Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
| | - Mertxe de Renobales
- Lactiker Research Group; Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU); Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
| | - Luis Javier R. Barron
- Lactiker Research Group; Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU); Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
| | - John K. G. Kramer
- Guelph Food Research Centre; Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada; Guelph ON Canada
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Prema D, Pilfold JL, Krauchi J, Church JS, Donkor KK, Cinel B. Rapid determination of total conjugated linoleic acid content in select Canadian cheeses by (1)h NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9915-9921. [PMID: 24099031 DOI: 10.1021/jf402627q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The application of (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to the measurement of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in the lipid fraction of dairy products is both a novel and inviting alternative to traditional methods such as gas chromatography (GC), which can require time-consuming sample derivatization. In this work, a newly developed, rapid, and reliable lipid extraction protocol was combined with simple, nondestructive (1)H NMR spectroscopic analysis to measure the total CLA content in CLA standards and in various Canadian cheeses from conventional, organic, and grass-fed dairy sources. The total CLA concentrations (mg/g cheese) obtained using these new extraction and analysis methods were consistent with amounts found using the modified Folch extraction and GC analysis (correlation coefficient of 0.948). Results showed that cheeses from exclusively grass-fed dairy cows were significantly higher in total CLA content than either conventional or organic cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Prema
- Department of Physical Sciences and ‡Department of Natural Resource Science, Thompson Rivers University , Kamloops, British Columbia V2C 0C8, Canada
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Sun C, Black BA, Zhao YY, Gänzle MG, Curtis JM. Identification of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers by silver ion-liquid chromatography/in-line ozonolysis/mass spectrometry (Ag+-LC/O3-MS). Anal Chem 2013; 85:7345-52. [PMID: 23789881 DOI: 10.1021/ac401242z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for the identification of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers has been developed in which silver ion liquid chromatography is coupled to in-line ozonolysis/mass spectrometry (Ag(+)-LC/O3-MS). The mobile phase containing CLA isomers eluting from the Ag(+)-LC column flows through a length of gas-permeable tubing within an ozone rich environment. Ozone penetrating the tubing wall reacts with the conjugated double bonds forming ozonolysis product aldehydes. These, and their corresponding methanol loss fragment ions formed within the atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) source, were detected by in-line MS and used for the direct assignment of double bond positions. Assignment of positional isomers is based entirely on the two pairs of diagnostic ions seen in the in-line O3-MS mass spectra. In this way, de novo identification of CLA positional isomers, i.e. without requiring comparison to CLA standards, was achieved. The Ag(+)-LC/O3-MS method was applied to the analysis of CLA isomers in a commercial CLA supplement, milk fat, and the lipid extract from a Lactobacillus plantarum TMW1460 culture. The results demonstrate how Ag(+)-LC/O3-MS can be used for the direct and fast determination of CLA isomers at low concentrations and in complex lipid mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Sun
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Determination of trans fat in edible oils: current official methods and overview of recent developments. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5759-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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PANDIT ASHISH, ANAND SANJEEV, KALSCHEUR KENNETH, HASSAN ASHRAF. Production of conjugated linoleic acid by lactic acid bacteria in milk without any additional substrate. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2012.00870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Delmonte P, Fardin-Kia AR, Kramer JK, Mossoba MM, Sidisky L, Tyburczy C, Rader JI. Evaluation of highly polar ionic liquid gas chromatographic column for the determination of the fatty acids in milk fat. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1233:137-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Production system and slaughter age effects on intramuscular fatty acids from young Tudanca bulls. Meat Sci 2012; 90:678-85. [PMID: 22104254 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Diels–Alder derivatization for sensitive detection and characterization of conjugated linoleic acids using LC/ESI-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:495-502. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5819-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Herman-Lara E, Santos-Blanco V, Vivar-Vera M, García H, Ochoa-Martínez L, Martínez-Sánchez C. Conjugated linoleic acid content in selected Mexican beef and dairy products. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2011.560966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Turner T, Rolland D, Aldai N, Dugan MER. Short Communication: Rapid separation of cis9, trans11- and trans7,cis9-18:2 (CLA) isomers from ruminant tissue using a 30 m SLB-IL111 ionic column. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2011-071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Turner, T., Rolland, D. C., Aldai, N. and Dugan, M. E. R. 2011. Short Communication: Rapid separation of cis 9, trans 11- and trans 7,c is 9-18:2 (CLA) isomers from ruminant tissue using a 30 m SLB-IL111 ionic column. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 711–713. Rumenic acid (cis9,trans11-18:2) is the main natural isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Rumenic acid has many purported health benefits, but effects of most other CLA isomers are unknown. Typically trans7,cis9-18:2 is the second most abundant CLA isomer, but it co-elutes with rumenic acid on conventional polar gas chromatography (GC) columns, requiring complimentary analysis with silver-ion high performance liquid chromatography (Ag+-HPLC). Herein we report a rapid method for analyzing rumenic acid and trans7,cis9-18:2 using a 30 m ionic-liquid GC column. Optimal resolution of the two CLA isomers was at 145°C and analysis of backfat from barley-fed cattle compared well with GC/Ag+-HPLC (y=0.978x – 0.031, r=0.985, P<0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Turner
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - D.C Rolland
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - N. Aldai
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de León), Finca Marzanas, E-24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - M. E. R. Dugan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
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Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on cleavage of amyloid precursor protein via PPARγ. Neurol Sci 2011; 32:1095-101. [PMID: 21800078 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) plays important roles in physiological conditions. The aim of present study was to explore the effects of CLA on the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the potential mechanism involved. The effects of CLA on intracellular APP, BACE1 (β-site APP Cleaving Enzyme1, BACE1), a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM10) and extracellular sAPPα (soluble) were analyzed by RT-PCR, Western blot and ELISA in SH-SY5Y cells. Our study indicated that CLA significantly decreased the expression of BACE1 and increased the extracellular secretion of sAPPα, but not affected the levels of APP and ADAM10. The study also revealed that the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferators activated receptor γ (PPARγ) played an important role in the CLA-induced intracellular BACE1 decrease, as well as the extracellular sAPPα increase through knockdown of PPARγ transcription using siRNA. We hypothesize that CLA acts as an agonist or ligand, which binds with PPARγ and leads to the increase in APP cleavage via α-secretase-mediated pathway and the decrease in the deposition of Aβ.
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Delmonte P, Fardin Kia AR, Kramer JK, Mossoba MM, Sidisky L, Rader JI. Separation characteristics of fatty acid methyl esters using SLB-IL111, a new ionic liquid coated capillary gas chromatographic column. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:545-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Christy AA. Isomerization of 9c11t/10t12c CLA in Triacylglycerols. Lipids 2010; 45:733-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Renna M, Collomb M, Münger A, Wyss U. Influence of low-level supplementation of grazing dairy cows with cereals or sugar beet pulp on the concentrations of CLA isomers in milk. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:1256-1267. [PMID: 20394009 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A wide range of isomer-specific health benefits have been attributed to conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs). Little information is currently available on the influence of different feed components on the concentration of CLA isomers in ruminant-derived products. The aims of this study were to compare the effect of cereal mix or dried sugar beet pulp supplementations fed to grazing dairy cows on milk CLA isomeric distribution and to examine the monthly variation of CLA isomers during the grazing season. RESULTS The concentrations of the isomers t7c9, t10c12 and t10t12 were higher in milk from cows supplemented with cereals (P < or = 0.001). The milk of beet pulp-supplemented cows showed higher levels of the isomers t11c13 (P < or = 0.05), t9t11 (P < or = 0.001) and t7t9 (P < or = 0.01). Total CLA as well as seven other minor isomers were not significantly affected by the concentrate type. Monthly variations occurred extensively for almost all detected isomers. Total CLAs showed the highest values at the beginning of the grazing season and in autumn in coincidence with plant regrowth. CONCLUSION These results show that even at low levels, supplement types can significantly influence the concentration of some CLA isomers in milk fat; an indication is given of the possibility to manipulate the animals' diet to change the CLA isomeric profile in ruminant-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Renna
- Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux Research Station ALP, CH-1725 Posieux, Switzerland
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Christy AA. Evidence in the formation of conjugated linoleic acids from thermally induced 9t12t linoleic acid: a study by gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lipids 2009; 161:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ruiz-Rodriguez A, Reglero G, Ibañez E. Recent trends in the advanced analysis of bioactive fatty acids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 51:305-26. [PMID: 19525080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of dietary fats have been long associated to chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, arthritis, asthma, and cardiovascular disease; although some controversy still exists in the role of dietary fats in human health, certain fats have demonstrated their positive effect in the modulation of abnormal fatty acid and eicosanoid metabolism, both of them associated to chronic diseases. Among the different fats, some fatty acids can be used as functional ingredients such as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), stearidonic acid (STA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), among others. The present review is focused on recent developments in FAs analysis, covering sample preparation methods such as extraction, fractionation and derivatization as well as new advances in chromatographic methods such as GC and HPLC. Special attention is paid to trans fatty acids due its increasing interest for the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ruiz-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Caracterización de Alimentos, Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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Trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid reduces the hepatic triacylglycerol content and the leptin mRNA level in adipose tissue in obese Zucker fa/fa rats. Br J Nutr 2009; 102:803-15. [PMID: 19298684 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509297200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have been reported to reduce body weight and beneficially affect glucose metabolism in animals, but the results are inconsistent and seem to depend on animal model and type of CLA isomer. In the present study, feeding male Zucker fa/fa rats diets supplemented with 1% trans-10, cis-12-CLA for 10 d reduced the liver TAG content without improving the overall adiposity, and enhanced hepatic mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta-oxidation. The increased carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-I activity and mRNA level as well as the increased n-3:n-6 PUFA ratio in liver suggest that trans-10, cis-12-CLA increased the hepatic beta-oxidation by stimulation of PPARalpha. The reduced hepatic TAG content may be partly due to lower activity of stearoyl-CoA desaturase, as the ratios of 18 : 1n-9:18 : 0 and 16 : 1n-7:16 : 0 were reduced in liver. Trans-10, cis-12-CLA increased the CPT-I mRNA in retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (WAT), and increased uncoupling protein-2 mRNA in epididymal and inguinal WAT depots. Leptin mRNA level was decreased in all examined WAT depots, implying reduced insulin sensitivity. The resistin mRNA level was increased in all WAT depots, whereas adiponectin mRNA was reduced in inguinal and retroperitoneal WAT. The present results suggest that dietary supplementation with trans-10, cis-12-CLA may increase the catabolism of lipids in liver and adipose tissue. Moreover, we provide new data suggesting that trans-10, cis-12-CLA modulates the expression of resistin and adiponectin inversely in adipose tissue. Hence, the present results suggest that trans-10, cis-12-CLA may have some beneficial effects on lipid metabolism and adiposity but possibly reduces insulin sensitivity.
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Aldai N, Dugan MER, Kramer JKG, Mir PS, McAllister TA. Nonionophore antibiotics do not affect the trans-18:1 and conjugated linoleic acid composition in beef adipose tissue1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:3522-32. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-0946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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27
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Mossoba M, McDonald R. Methods for trans Fatty Acid Analysis. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420046649.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Kramer JKG, Hernandez M, Cruz-Hernandez C, Kraft J, Dugan MER. Combining Results of Two GC Separations Partly Achieves Determination of All cis and trans 16:1, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3 Except CLA Isomers of Milk Fat as Demonstrated Using Ag-Ion SPE Fractionation. Lipids 2008; 43:259-73. [PMID: 18214567 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John K G Kramer
- Guelph Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Luna P, Bach A, Juárez M, de la Fuente M. Effect of a Diet Enriched in Whole Linseed and Sunflower Oil on Goat Milk Fatty Acid Composition and Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomer Profile. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:20-8. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Luna P, Juárez M, de la Fuente MA. Fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid isomer profiles in human milk fat. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200700139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Martins SV, Lopes PA, Alfaia CM, Ribeiro VS, Guerreiro TV, Fontes CMGA, Castro MF, Soveral G, Prates JAM. Contents of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in ruminant-derived foods and estimation of their contribution to daily intake in Portugal. Br J Nutr 2007; 98:1206-13. [PMID: 17640417 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507781448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study provides a detailed overview of the contents of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in the most consumed Portuguese CLA-rich foods (milk, butter, yoghurt, cheese, beef and lamb meat), by using silver ion-HPLC. In addition, the contribution of these ruminant-derived foods to the daily intake of CLA isomers was estimated based on Portuguese consumption habits. The total CLA concentration in milk and dairy products ranged from 4·00 mg/g fat in yoghurt to 7·22 mg/g fat in butter, and, regarding meats, from 4·45 mg/g fat in intensively produced beef to 11·29 mg/g fat in lamb meat. The predominant CLA isomers identified in these products were cis-9, trans-11 (59·89–79·21 %) and trans-7, cis-9 (8·04–20·20 %). The average estimated total CLA intake for the Portuguese population was 73·70 mg/d. Milk and cheese are probably the two products with the highest contribution to the final CLA intake, as a result of their high fat content and consumption values. The results also suggested that cis-9, trans-11 and trans-7, cis-9 are the isomers most represented, with, respectively, 76·10 and 12·56 % of the total CLA intake. Being the first detailed report on the contents of total and individual CLA isomers in Portuguese commercial ruminant-derived foods, we further discuss the implication of the results for diet characteristics and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana V Martins
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - CIISA, Av. da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal.
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32
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Cruz-Hernandez C, Kramer JKG, Kennelly JJ, Glimm DR, Sorensen BM, Okine EK, Goonewardene LA, Weselake RJ. Evaluating the conjugated linoleic acid and trans 18:1 isomers in milk fat of dairy cows fed increasing amounts of sunflower oil and a constant level of fish oil. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:3786-801. [PMID: 17638990 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate different levels of sun-flower oil (SFO) in dairy rations to increase vaccenic (trans-11-18:1) and rumenic acids (cis-9,trans-11-18:2) in milk fat, and assess the content and composition of other trans-octadecenoic (trans-18:1) and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) isomers. Eighty lactating Holstein cows were fed control diets for 4 wk and then placed on 4 diets for 38 d; milk fat was analyzed after 10 and 38 d. The treatments were: control, 1.5% SFO plus 0.5% fish oil (FO), 3% SFO plus 0.5% FO, and 4.5% SFO plus 0.5% FO. The forage-to-concentrate ratio was 50:50 and consisted of barley/alfalfa/hay silage and corn/barley grain concentrate. There were no differences in milk production. Supplementation of SFO/FO reduced milk fat compared with respective pretreatment periods, but milk protein and lactose levels were not affected. There was a linear decrease in all short- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) in milk fat after 10 d (25.5, 24.1, 20.2, and 16.7%) and a corresponding linear increase in total trans-18:1 (5.2, 9.1, 14.1, and 21.3%) and total CLA (0.7, 1.9, 2.4, and 3.9%). The other FA in milk fat were not affected. Separation of trans-18:1 isomers was achieved by combination of gas chromatography (GC; 100-m highly polar capillary column) and prior separation of trans FA by silver ion-thin layer chromatography followed by GC. The CLA isomers were resolved by a combination of GC and silver ion-HPLC. The trans-11- and trans-10-18:1 isomers accounted for approximately 50% of the total trans-18:1 increase when SFO/FO diets were fed. On continued feeding to 38 d, trans-11-18:1 increased with 1.5% SFO/FO, stayed the same with 3%, and declined with 4.5% SFO/FO. Rumenic acid showed a similar pattern on continued feeding as trans-11-18:2; levels increased to 0.43, 1.5, 1.9, and 3.4% at 10 d and to 0.42, 2.15, 2.09, and 2.78% at 38 d. Rumenic acid was the major CLA isomer in all 4 diets: 66, 77, 78 and 85%. The CLA isomers trans-7,cis-9-, trans-9,cis-11-, trans-10,cis-12-, trans-11,trans-13-, and trans-9,trans-11-/trans-10,trans-12-18:2 also increased from 0.18 (control) to 0.52% (4.5% SFO/FO). Milk fat produced from 3% SFO/FO appeared most promising: trans-11-18:1 and cis-9,trans-11-18:2 increased 4.5-fold, total SFA reduced 18%, and moderate levels of trans-10-18:1 (3.2%), other trans-18:1 (6.6%) and CLA isomers (0.5%) were observed, and that composition remained unchanged to 38 d. The 4.5% SFO/FO diet produced higher levels of trans-11-18:1 and cis-9,trans-11-18:2, a 28% reduction in SFA, and similar levels of other trans-18:1 (9.2%) and CLA isomers (0.52%), but the higher levels of trans-11-18:1 and cis-9,trans-11-18:2 were not sustained. A stable milk fat quality was achieved by feeding moderate amounts of SFO (3% of DM) in the presence of 0.5% FO that had 4% vaccenic and 2% rumenic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cruz-Hernandez
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Alberta, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G-2P5
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Ledoux M, Juanéda P, Sébédio JL. Trans fatty acids: Definition and occurrence in foods. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200600276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Christie WW, Dobson G, Adlof RO. A Practical Guide to the Isolation, Analysis and Identification of Conjugated Linoleic Acid. Lipids 2007; 42:1073-84. [PMID: 17710464 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are reputed to have therapeutic properties that are specific to particular geometrical and positional isomers. Analysis of these has presented unique problems that have brought forward distinctive solutions, especially the use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography. In the analysis of CLA present at low levels in tissue samples, it is sometimes necessary to use concentration methods. In this review, the most useful and practical methods for the isolation and analysis of CLA isomers in tissues and in commercial CLA preparations are described.
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Shingfield KJ, Ahvenjärvi S, Toivonen V, Vanhatalo A, Huhtanen P. Transfer of absorbed cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid into milk is biologically more efficient than endogenous synthesis from absorbed vaccenic acid in lactating cows. J Nutr 2007; 137:1154-60. [PMID: 17449574 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.5.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cis-9, trans-11, the major isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in bovine milk fat, is derived from ruminal biohydrogenation of 18:2 (n-6) and endogenous conversion of trans-11 18:1 (vaccenic acid; VA) in the mammary gland. Most evidence to date suggests that endogenous synthesis is the major source of cis-9, trans-11 CLA, but the extent of VA desaturation is less well defined. Four lactating cows were used in consecutive 4 x 4 Latin squares to examine changes in milk fatty acid composition and secretion in response to abomasal infusions of lipid supplements enriched with cis-9, trans-11 CLA (88.8%) or VA (29.4%). Treatments were infused over 4-d, followed by a 3-d washout, during 7 d experimental periods and administered to deliver 0, 3, 6, and 12 g cis-9, trans-11 CLA/d (Expt. 1) or 0, 7.5, 15 and 30 g VA/d (Expt. 2). Infusions of cis-9, trans-11 CLA increased linearly milk cis-9, trans-11 CLA concentrations from 0.68 to 1.46 g/100 g fatty acids. Abomasal infusions of VA increased linearly milk VA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA content from 1.22 to 2.72 and 0.61 to 1.24 g/100 g fatty acids, respectively. Changes in milk fatty acid secretion indicated that 28.9% of VA was converted to cis-9, trans-11 CLA. Results provide evidence that conversion by Delta9-desaturase to cis-9, trans-11 CLA in the lactating cow is independent of postruminal VA supply. In conclusion, endogenous synthesis via VA was equivalent to approximately 21% of the response to increases in cis-9, trans-11 CLA available for absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Shingfield
- Animal Production Research, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen, FIN 31600, Finland.
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Influence of slaughter season and muscle type on fatty acid composition, conjugated linoleic acid isomeric distribution and nutritional quality of intramuscular fat in Arouquesa-PDO veal. Meat Sci 2007; 76:787-95. [PMID: 22061259 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the slaughter season and muscle type on lipid and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) contents, fatty acid composition and isomeric profile of CLA in Arouquesa veal, from calves reared according to the specifications of the protected designation of origin (PDO), were assessed. Arouquesa purebred calves (n=31) were raised in a traditional production system, slaughtered in early autumn (October) or late spring (June), and the longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus muscles were sampled for analysis. Arouquesa-PDO veal only showed seasonal differences in the levels of some minor fatty acids (16:1c9, 17:1c9, 18:1t, 18:3n-3, 20:0 and 22:4n-6) and CLA isomers (t12,t14, t9,t11 and c11,t13). Furthermore, significant interactions between the slaughter season and muscle type were obtained for several fatty acids and CLA isomers, total lipids and CLA, and the PUFA/SFA ratio. In both seasons, veal-PDO depicts values of pasture-fed cattle. From a human nutritional perspective, veal-PDO in both slaughter seasons has relatively high CLA contents and percentages of the c9,t11 CLA isomer, which is favourable, while the n-6/n-3 ratios are within the recommended values for the human diet. In conclusion, the results suggest that intramuscular fat in Arouquesa-PDO veal has high nutritional value throughout the year.
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Santercole V, Mazzette R, De Santis EPL, Banni S, Goonewardene L, Kramer JKG. Total Lipids of Sarda Sheep Meat that Include the Fatty Acid and Alkenyl Composition and the CLA and Trans-18:1 Isomers. Lipids 2007; 42:361-82. [PMID: 17406931 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-3003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The total lipids of the longissimus dorsi muscle were analyzed from commercial adult Sarda sheep in Sardina taken from local abattoirs, and in the subsequent year from three local farms in the Sassari region that provided some information on the amount and type of supplements fed to the pasture-fed sheep. The complete lipid analysis of sheep meat included the fatty acids from O-acyl and N-acyl lipids, including the trans- and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers and the alk-1-enyl ethers from the plasmalogenic lipids. This analysis required the use of a combination of acid- and base-catalyzed methylation procedures, the former to quantitate the O-acyl, N-acyl and alkenyl ethers, and the latter to determine the content of CLA isomers and their metabolites. A combination of gas chromatographic and silver-ion separation techniques was necessary to quantitate all of the meat lipid constituents, which included a prior separation of the trans-octadecenoic acids (18:1) and a separation of fatty acid methyl esters and the dimethylacetals (DMAs) from the acyl and alk-1-enyl ethers, respectively. The alk-1-enyl moieties of the DMAs were analyzed as their stable cyclic acetals. In general, about half of the meat lipids were triacylglycerols, even though excess fat was trimmed from the meat. The higher fat content in the meat appears to be related to the older age of these animals. The variation in the trans-18:1 and CLA isomer profiles of the Sarda sheep obtained from the abattoirs was much greater than in the profiles from the sheep from the three selected farms. Higher levels of 10t-18:1, 7t9c-18:2, 9t11c-18:2 and 10t12c-18:2 were observed in the commercial sheep meat, which reflected the poorer quality diets of these sheep compared to those from the three farms, which consistently showed higher levels of 11t-18:1, 9c11t-18:2 and 11t13c-18:2. In the second study, sheep were provided with supplements during the spring and summer grazing season, which contributed to higher levels of 11t-18:1 and 9c11t-18:2. The farm that provided a small amount of supplements during the spring had the better lipid profile at both time periods. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content was higher in the meat from Sarda sheep from the three farms than in the meat from those sheep obtained from commercial slaughter operations. The plasmalogenic lipid content ranged from 2 to 3% of total lipids, the alk-1-enyl ethers consisted mainly of saturated and monounsaturated moieties, and the trans-18:1 profile was similar to that of the FA. The n-6 (6-8%) and n-3 PUFA (2-3%) contents, the n-6/n-3 ratio (3:1), as well as the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content (42-45%) and the SFA to PUFA ratio (4:1 to 5:1) of the Sarda sheep from the three farms were comparable to sheep meat lipids found in similar commercial operations in Europe. Inclusion of small amounts of supplements for the grazing Sarda sheep resulted in improved quality of sheep meat lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Santercole
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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39
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Alfaia CM, Castro ML, Martins SI, Portugal AP, Alves SP, Fontes CM, Bessa RJ, Prates JA. Effect of slaughter season on fatty acid composition, conjugated linoleic acid isomers and nutritional value of intramuscular fat in Barrosã-PDO veal. Meat Sci 2007; 75:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Conjugated linoleic acid modulates phorbol ester–induced PPAR-δ and K-FABP mRNA expression in mouse skin. Nutr Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2006.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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41
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42
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Sheu JN, Lin TH, Lii CK, Chen CC, Chen HW, Liu KL. Contribution of conjugated linoleic acid to the suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and transcription factor activation in stimulated mouse mesangial cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:409-16. [PMID: 16188363 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
That both infiltrating macrophages and resident mesangial cells express inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and produce nitric oxide (NO) excessively is crucial to the progress of glomerulonephritis. Although several reports have mentioned the protective impacts of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in stimulated macrophages, the role of CLA in glomerular mesangial cells is unknown. The aim of the present study was to explore the ability of CLA to regulate iNOS expression and NO production in stimulated glomerular mesangial cells. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of CLA on activation of transcription factors which mediate iNOS expression. Exogenous CLA dose-dependently diminished iNOS mRNA and protein expression as well as NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-stimulated SV-40-transformed mouse mesangial cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments demonstrated that CLA (100 microM) dramatically reduced activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), activator protein-1 (AP-1) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) induced by LPS/IFN-gamma. Moreover, addition of 100 microM CLA significantly diminished LPS-IFN-gamma-induced protein degradation of inhibitor kappaB-alpha (IkappaB-alpha) and the protein expression of phosphorylated IkappaB-alpha in the cytosolic fraction as well as nuclear p65 expression (P < 0.05). In summary, inhibition of NF-kappaB, AP-1 and CREB activation by CLA may be associated with the molecular basis for which CLA suppresses iNOS expression and NO production in stimulated mesangial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Nan Sheu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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43
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Alfaia C, Ribeiro V, Lourenço M, Quaresma M, Martins S, Portugal A, Fontes C, Bessa R, Castro M, Prates J. Fatty acid composition, conjugated linoleic acid isomers and cholesterol in beef from crossbred bullocks intensively produced and from Alentejana purebred bullocks reared according to Carnalentejana-PDO specifications. Meat Sci 2006; 72:425-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2005.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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44
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Dhiman TR, Nam SH, Ure AL. Factors affecting conjugated linoleic acid content in milk and meat. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2006; 45:463-82. [PMID: 16183568 DOI: 10.1080/10408390591034463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been recently studied mainly because of its potential in protecting against cancer, atherogenesis, and diabetes. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for a series of conjugated dienoic positional and geometrical isomers of linoleic acid, which are found in relative abundance in milk and tissue fat of ruminants compared with other foods. The cis-9, trans-11 isomer is the principle dietary form of CLA found in ruminant products and is produced by partial ruminal biohydrogenation of linoleic acid or by endogenous synthesis in the tissues themselves. The CLA content in milk and meat is affected by several factors, such as animal's breed, age, diet, and management factors related to feed supplements affecting the diet. Conjugated linoleic acid in milk or meat has been shown to be a stable compound under normal cooking and storage conditions. Total CLA content in milk or dairy products ranges from 0.34 to 1.07% of total fat. Total CLA content in raw or processed beef ranges from 0.12 to 0.68% of total fat. It is currently estimated that the average adult consumes only one third to one half of the amount of CLA that has been shown to reduce cancer in animal studies. For this reason, increasing the CLA contents of milk and meat has the potential to raise the nutritive and therapeutic values of dairy products and meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilak R Dhiman
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4815, USA.
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45
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Delmonte P, Kataok A, Corl BA, Bauman DE, Yurawecz MP. Relative retention order of all isomers of cis/trans conjugated linoleic acid FAME from the 6,8- to 13,15-positions using silver ion HPLC with two elution systems. Lipids 2005; 40:509-14. [PMID: 16094861 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CLA, defined as one or more octadecadienoic acids (18:2) with conjugated double bonds, has been reported to be active in a number of biological systems. GC and silver ion HPLC (Ag(+)-HPLC) have been the primary techniques for identifying specific CLA isomers in both foods and biological extracts. Recently, GC relative retention times were reported for all c,c, c/t (c,t and tc), and t,t CLA FAME from the 6,8- to the 13,15-positions in octadecadienoic acid (18:2). Presented here is the relative retention order of the same CLA FAME using Ag(+)-HPLC with two different elution systems. The first elution system, consisting of 0.1% acetonitrile/0.5% diethyl ether (DE)/hexane, has been used previously to monitor CLA composition in foods. Also presented here is the retention order of CLA FAME using 2% acetic acid/hexane elution solvent, which has advantages of more stable retention volumes and a complementary elution order of CLA FAME isomers. The data are reported using retention volumes (RV) adjusted for toluene, an estimator for dead volume, and relative to c9,t11-18:2. Measurement of relative RV in the analysis of 88 samples of cow plasma, milk, and rumen fluids using Ag(+)-HPLC is also presented here. The % CV ranged from 1.04 to 1.62 for t,t isomers and from 0 to 0.48 for c/t isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Delmonte
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
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46
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TANAKA K. Occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid in ruminant products and its physiological functions. Anim Sci J 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2005.00268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dannenberger D, Nuernberg K, Nuernberg G, Scollan N, Steinhart H, Ender K. Effect of pasture vs. concentrate diet on CLA isomer distribution in different tissue lipids of beef cattle. Lipids 2005; 40:589-98. [PMID: 16149738 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1420-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of feeding pasture vs. concentrate on the distribution of CLA isomers in the lipids of longissimus and semitendinosus muscle, liver and heart muscle, and subcutaneous fat in beef bulls. Sixty-four German Holstein and German Simmental bulls were randomly allocated to either an indoor concentrate system or periods of pasture feeding followed by a finishing period on a concentrate containing linseed to enhance their beef content of n-3 PUFA and CLA. The concentrations of CLA isomers in the different tissues were determined by GC and silver ion HPLC. The diet affected the distribution of individual CLA isomers in the lipids of the different tissues. The concentration (mg/100 g fresh tissue) of the most prominent isomer, cis-9,trans-11 18:2, was increased up to 1.5 times in liver and heart tissue of bulls fed on pasture as compared with concentrate. However, no diet effect was observed for cis-9,trans-11 18:2 in the lipids of longissimus muscle and subcutaneous fat. In all tissues, the second-most abundant CLA isomer in concentrate-fed bulls was trans-7,cis-9 18:2. In contrast, trans-11,cis-13 18:2 was the second-most abundant CLA isomer in all investigated tissue lipids of pasture-fed bulls. The concentration of the trans-11,cis-13 18:2 isomer was up to 15 times higher in tissues of pasture-fed bulls as compared with concentrate-fed animals. Furthermore, diet affected the concentrations of the CLA trans,trans 18:2 isomers. Pasture feeding significantly increased the concentrations of some trans,trans 18:2 isomers as compared with concentrate, predominantly trans-12,trans-14 18:2 and trans-11,trans-13 18:2. Overall, pasture feeding resulted in significantly increased concentrations of the sum of CLA isomers in the lipids of longissimus muscle, subcutaneous fat, heart and liver muscle of German Holstein and German Simmental bulls, but not in semitendinosus muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Dannenberger
- Department of Muscle Biology and Growth, Research Institute for Biology of Farm Animals, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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48
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Bertschi I, Collomb M, Rist L, Eberhard P, Sieber R, Bütikofer U, Wechsler D, Folkers G, von Mandach U. Maternal dietary alpine butter intake affects human milk: Fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Lipids 2005; 40:581-7. [PMID: 16149737 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of CLA by lactating women affects the composition of their milk, but the pattern of the different CLA isomers is still unknown. We determined the effects of short maternal supplementation with CLA-rich Alpine butter on the occurrence of FA and CLA isomers in human milk. In an open randomized controlled study with a two-period cross-over design, milk FA and CLA isomer concentrations were measured on postpartum days > or = 20 in two parallel groups of lactating women before, during, and after consumption of defined quantities of Alpine butter or margarine with comparable fat content (10 d of butter followed by 10 d of margarine for one group, and vice versa in the other). In the 16 women who completed the study (8/group), Alpine butter supplementation increased the C16 and C18 FA, the sum of saturated FA, the 18:1 trans FA, and the trans FA with CLA. The CLA isomer 18:2 c9,t11 increased by 49.7%. Significant increases were also found for the isomers t9,t11, t7,c9, t11,c13, and t8,c10 18:2. The remaining nine of the total 14 detectable isomers showed no changes, and concentrations were <5 mg/100 g fat. A breastfeeding mother can therefore modulate the FA/CLA supply of her child by consuming Alpine butter. Further studies will show whether human milk containing this FA and CLA isomer pattern acts as a functional food for newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bertschi
- Department of Obstetrics, Zurich University Hospital, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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49
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Effect of microwave cooking or broiling on selected nutrient contents, fatty acid patterns and true retention values in separable lean from lamb rib-loins, with emphasis on conjugated linoleic acid. Food Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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50
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Delmonte P, Roach JAG, Mossoba MM, Losi G, Yurawecz MP. Synthesis, isolation, and GC analysis of all the 6,8- to 13,15-cis/trans conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Lipids 2005; 39:185-91. [PMID: 15134147 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-004-1218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Octadecadienoic acids with conjugated double bonds are often referred to as conjugated linoleic acid, or CLA. CLA is of considerable interest because of potentially beneficial effects reported from animal studies. Analysis of CLA is usually carried out by GC elution of FAME. If the presence of low-level isomers is of interest, a complementary technique such as silverion HPLC is also used. These analyses have been hindered by a lack of well-characterized commercially available reference materials. Described here are the synthesis and isolation of selected 6,8- through 13,15-positional CLA isomers, followed by isomerization of these CLA isomers with iodine to produce all the possible cis,cis, cis,trans, trans,cis, and trans,trans combinations. Also present are the GC retention times of the CLA FAME relative to gamma-linolenic acid (6c,9c,12c-octadecatrienoic acid) FAME using a 100-m CP Sil-88 capillary column (Varian Inc., Lake Forest, CA). These data include all the CLA isomers that have been identified thus far in foods and dietary supplements and should greatly aid in the future analysis of CLA in these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Delmonte
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
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