A Review of the Application and Pharmacological Properties of α-Bisabolol and α-Bisabolol-Rich Oils

A thorough review of phytogenic feed additives in non-ruminant nutrition: production, gut health, and environmental concerns

The increasing demand for sustainable livestock production has intensified interest in phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) as viable alternatives to conventional growth promoters and antibiotics. Derived from plant-based sources such as herbs, spices, and essential oils, PFAs have demonstrated significant potential to enhance production performance, improve gut health, and mitigate environmental impact in non-ruminant systems. Bioactive compounds such as thymol, carvacrol, menthol, and anethole play a crucial role in modulating gut microbiota, strengthening immune responses, and reducing gastrointestinal disorders. Their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties further support animal health while reducing antibiotic dependence, addressing growing concerns over antimicrobial resistance. Additionally, they contribute to improved nutrient digestibility and feed efficiency, leading to enhanced growth performance. From an environmental perspective, their use is associated with lower greenhouse gas emissions and reduced waste contamination, aligning with sustainability goals in modern livestock systems. PFAs improve feed efficiency, leading to reduced feed waste and lower resource input, which in turn decreases the environmental burden of livestock production. Additionally, their antimicrobial properties may reduce the need for synthetic chemicals in animal health management, further minimizing the release of harmful substances into the environment. Despite these promising benefits, inconsistencies in research findings highlight the need for further studies to determine optimal inclusion levels and clarify their mechanisms of action. Future research should focus on developing standardized formulations, improving bioavailability, and assessing long-term effects on animal health and performance. Additionally, advancements in delivery technologies and synergistic combinations with other feed additives could enhance their efficacy. By synthesizing the latest developments, this review underscores the potential of PFAs as a strategic tool for optimizing non-ruminant productivity, ensuring animal welfare, and promoting environmentally sustainable livestock production.

Alpha-bisabolol inhibits yeast to hyphal form transition and biofilm development in Candida albicans: in vitro and in silico studies

In recent years, there has been growing concern about infections caused by Candida albicans, which pose a significant threat to human health. This intensifies the concern that can be largely attributed to the increasing number of people with compromised immune systems and the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Natural molecules are considered to be good alternatives to synthetic antifungal agents. The present study explored the effectiveness of alpha-bisabolol as an antifungal agent and its mechanism of action against C. albicans ATCC90028. α-bisabolol effectively inhibited various pathogenic traits of C. albicans like, adhesion, yeast to hyphal switching, and development of biofilm at 1 mg/ml, 0.25 mg/ml, and 0.125 mg/ml concentration, respectively. In addition, α-bisabolol demonstrated inhibition of cell cycle propagation at the G1 phase. Ergosterol production in the C. albicans was suppressed by α-bisabolol treatment in a dose-dependent manner. The molecular docking study revealed α-bisabolol has a good binding energy of - 7.11 kcal/mol with 14-α-demethylase enzyme, which is crucial for ergosterol synthesis. Therefore, the cell membrane integrity may be affected by treatment with α-bisabolol. qRT-PCR studies proved that α-bisabolol treatment affects gene expression in C. albicans. In silico binding affinity was also analyzed for RAS1, TUP1 and CST20 in the signal transduction pathway and exhibited binding affinities for at - 7.7 kcal/mol, - 8.21 kcal/mol, and for - 5.79 kcal/mol respectively. In conclusion, α-bisabolol caused reduced biofilm, ergosterol synthesis along with altered gene expressions in C. albicans with no hemolysis. This study proposed α-bisabolol as an alternative antifungal agent.

Oral toxicity assessment and the mitigation of lung carcinogenesis by phytol and α-bisabolol combination treatment in swiss albino mice: insights into redox enzyme modulation and caspase-dependent cell death mechanisms

This study examined the safety and potential anti-lung cancer effects of combinations of phytol and α-bisabolol in Swiss albino mice. Both acute and subacute toxicity assessments showed that the combination of phytol and α-bisabolol is safe, with no adverse effects observed at higher concentrations. Hematological, biochemical, and histopathological tests showed no signs of toxicity in the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys. The LD50 was greater than 2000 mg/kg, indicating a large safety margin. Histopathological analysis confirmed cancer induction in the B(a)P-induced group, which had significantly altered relative lung weights. Lung weight increased slightly pre and post-treatment, but histopathology showed normal alveolar epithelium. GSH and SOD levels increased significantly in B(a)P-exposed groups, indicating an adaptive antioxidant response. CAT levels increased significantly in the post-treatment group, demonstrating the role of combination of phytol and α-bisabolol in protecting against B(a)P-induced oxidative damage. Upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 caused a pro-apoptotic environment, suggesting a way to inhibit malignant cell survival. Modulation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 showed the complexity of carcinogen-induced apoptotic signaling. In conclusion, phytol and α-bisabolol were found to be safe and organ-protective, and demonstrated no acute or subacute toxicity. They modulate antioxidant defenses and apoptotic pathways, which may help prevent and treat lung cancer.

Reprogramming Komagataella phaffii for a Robust Chassis toward Efficient De Novo Biosynthesis of (-)-α-Bisabolol

(-)-α-Bisabolol, a monocyclic susquiterpene alcohol, has been widely used in the fields of food, medicine, and biofuel. Recently, the rapid development of synthetic biology has offered a sustainable route for the production of (-)-α-bisabolol by microbial cell factories. Even though efficient biosynthesis of (-)-α-bisabolol has been achieved in Escherichia coli with the highest titer of 23.4 g/L, the possible infection risk by the bacteriophage makes E. coli unsuitable to act as the most robust chassis. Herein, we optimized the MVA pathway of Komagataella phaffii and fused farnesyl diphosphate synthase (ERG20), with bisabolol synthase for efficient production of (-)-α-bisabolol. Through the engineering of cofactor NADPH, molecular chaperone, and transcription factors, we obtained the robust (-)-α-bisabolol-producing strain, KB-30. Finally, the highly efficient production of (-)-α-bisabolol was achieved in a 5 L fed-batch fermenter, giving a titer of 32.8 g/L and a space-time yield of 283 mg/L/h. This work represents the highest production of (-)-α-bisabolol to date and provides new insights for efficient terpenoid biosynthesis.

Targeting the NLRP3 by Natural Compounds: Therapeutic Strategies to Mitigate Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity

Doxorubicin (DOX), a widely utilized anthracycline chemotherapy agent, is known for its potent anticancer efficacy across various malignancies. However, its clinical use is considerably restricted due to the risk of dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, which can lead to long-term heart dysfunction. The underlying mechanism of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity has been associated with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disrupting cellular signaling pathways. This is particularly relevant to the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which triggers inflammation and pyroptosis in cardiac cells. In recent years, there has been growing interest in natural compounds that exhibit potential cardioprotective effects against the adverse cardiac effects of DOX. The present study showed that specific natural compounds, such as honokiol, resveratrol, cynaroside, and curcumin, can confer significant protection against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity through the modulation of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways. In summary, incorporating natural compounds into treatment plans could be a practical approach to improve the safety profile of DOX, thereby protecting cardiac health through the regulation of the NLRP3 pathway.

A critical review on phytochemicals as antiviral medications for SARS-CoV-2 virus infection

A pandemic of acute respiratory infection, which was specified as coronavirus disease 2019, was instigated by a different strain of the virulent coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that first appeared in late 2019. Since viral infections spread fast and there is presently no effective treatment, the use of plants with a long history of use in treating these infections has been explored regularly. The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has brought to light the dearth of medications with approval to treat acute viral illnesses. Because of this, the illness had a high fatality rate. The mortality rate was initially quite high and varied according to the patient's geographic location. For instance, among Chinese patients, the rate was 3·6%, whereas 1·5% of COVID-19-related deaths were documented outside of China. As of 2020, India has a 1.4% case fatality rate (CFR) of COVID-19 mortality, compared to 2.8% in Brazil and 1.8% in the USA. Many studies are being conducted to create pharmaceutical compounds specifically targeting important SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Several drug discovery initiatives are being undertaken to find powerful inhibitors by combining biochemical assay and computer-aided drug design techniques. Although plant-derived compounds have not had much success in the dominion of antivirals, plants are, however, believed to be a limitless supply of medications for a variety of diseases and clinical conditions. The scientific foundation required for developing novel natural source medications is provided by the chemical characterization and analysis of plant components. Most viral infections treated by ethnobotanical applications and historical literature on ayurveda, and traditional medicine are generally attributed to phytochemicals, which are compounds derived from medicinal plants. In this review, we have described the application of vascular plant-derived chemicals, such as tannins, polyphenols, alkaloids, and flavonoids, as antivirals, especially for managing COVID-19. This article discusses novel bioactive compounds and their molecular structures that target the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as prospective candidates for anti-coronavirus disease drugs. Moreover, to confirm the effectiveness of the phytochemicals that have demonstrated antiviral activity, clinical trials would need to be conducted in addition to the preclinical research that has already been done. To ensure spectacular findings, more applications of the compound would need to be studied to fully understand the effects of those phytochemicals whose clinical usefulness has already been established.

Urtica dioica Aqueous Leaf Extract: Chemical Composition and In Vitro Evaluation of Biological Activities

Urtica dioica L. has been used as a natural remedy due to its healing properties for over 2000 years. The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumor properties in vitro of the aqueous extract of Urtica dioica leaves (AEUD). The chemical composition was assessed by an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography system coupled to a benchtop QExactive high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry operating in a data-dependent acquisition mode as a non-target approach. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disc diffusion were used to assess the antibacterial efficacy against nine bacterial strains. The antioxidant impact was assessed using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and ferrous ion-chelating ability assays. By using the MTT method, the cytotoxicity effect of AEUD on colon cancer cell HCT-116 was evaluated. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle. Finally, the anti-migration and anti-invasion properties of AEUD on HCT-116 cells were estimated using the wound healing test and Transwell assays. AEUD is a rich source of phenolic compounds. The results of disc diffusion and MIC showed that the AEUD is more active against Gram-positive bacteria than against Gram-negative bacteria. MTT assay confirmed that the AEUD inhibited HCT-116 colon cancer cell proliferation. Findings of flow cytometry confirmed that cell cycle arrest occurred at the G2 phase. Additionally, AEUD had anti-migration and anti-invasion effects. This study shows that Urtica dioica aqueous leaf extract exhibits potential antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumoral activities on HCT-116 colon cancer cells.

Metabolomics analysis of bioactive compositions of Michelia macclurei Dany and its antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities

BACKGROUND

Michelia macclurei Dandy is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, but little is understood about the bioactive compositions and biological potential of its different parts, limiting their applications. This study aims to identify the bioactive compositions and analyze differences in accumulation patterns from different parts of Michelia macclurei (heartwood, sapwood, bark, root, leaf, and fruit) using metabolomics. It also seeks to explore their biological potential and analyze the relationship between the bioactive compositions and biological potential.

RESULTS

A total of 63 volatile metabolites (VMs) were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in six parts, and the VMs in each part were dominated by sesquiterpenes and their derivatives (71.40-88.32%). Six parts of Michelia macclurei contained structurally diverse non-volatile metabolites (NVMs) with a total of 207 bioactive compounds, including 92 alkaloids, 30 flavonoids, 19 lignans, and 18 organic acids, utilizing ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) analysis. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the accumulation patterns of bioactive compositions differed significantly among the different parts, and the 25 VMs and 72 NVMs could be considered potential markers for distinguishing the different parts of Michelia macclurei. The excellent antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory capacity of extracts of all six parts was indicated by in vitro bioactivity assays. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that the bioactive compositions in the six parts were significantly correlated with antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities.

CONCLUSION

This study offers helpful information on the distribution of bioactive compositions in different parts of Michelia macclurei and confirms the excellent antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory potential of its extracts, which could provide scientific evidence for its potential applications in the pharmaceutical industry, cosmetics, and functional foods. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Spectroscopic Characterization and Biological Effects of 1-Oxo-bisabolone-rich Pulicaria burchardii Hutch. subsp. burchardii Essential Oil Against Viruses, Bacteria, and Spore Germination

Pulicaria species are used as herbal medicine and in the preparation of decoctions in several Asian and African regions. Among them, the plant Pulicaria burchardii is known for its medicinal properties, but comprehensive studies on its biological activity are still limited. This study examined the properties of the essential oil (EO) extracted by P. burchiardii and collected in Morocco during the flowering period. The focus was on its antimicrobial, anti-germinative, antioxidant, and antiviral activities, with the aim of evaluating its potential use in food preservation and beyond. The EO was subjected to various analyses to determine its chemical composition and biological efficacy. Specifically, GCMS and NMR analyses revealed that the EO is rich in oxygenated sesquiterpenes (72.59%), with 1-oxo-bisabolone being the predominant component (65.09%). The antimicrobial activity was tested against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, demonstrating a significant inhibition of bacterial growth, particularly against Bacillus subtilis (MIC value of 0.6 mg/mL). The anti-germinative property was evaluated on spores of B. subtilis and other bacilli, such as Bacillus cereus, revealing a notable ability to prevent germination. For antiviral activity, the EO was tested against several pathogenic viruses including SARS-CoV-2 and HSV-1, showing an effective broad-spectrum reduction in viral replication in vitro. This study demonstrated that P. burchardii essential oil had excellent antibacterial and antiviral capabilities. The future challenge will focus mainly on the principal compound, 1-oxo-bisabolone, to demonstrate its real effectiveness as an antibacterial and/or antiviral.

Direct Identification of α-Bisabolol Enantiomers in an Essential Oil Using a Combined Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry/Quantum Chemistry Approach

Enantiomer-specific identification of chiral molecules in natural extracts is a challenging task, as many routine analytical techniques fail to provide selectivity in multicomponent mixtures. Here we describe an alternative approach, based on the combination of ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and quantum chemistry (QM), for the direct enantiomers differentiation in crude essential oils. The identification of α-bisabolol enantiomers contained in the raw essential oil (EO) from the Corsican Xanthium italicum fruits is reported as a proof-of-concept. Accordingly, IM-MS experiments performed in Ag+-doped methanol revealed the presence of both (+)- and (-)-α-bisabolol in the EO, while molecular simulations provided the structures of the two α-bisabolol enantiomer silver(I) adducts.

Comprehensive review of opportunities and challenges of ethnomedicinal plants for managing type 2 diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent metabolic disorder worldwide. A variety of antidiabetic medications have been developed to help manage blood glucose levels in diabetic patients, but adverse reactions and efficacy loss over time have spurred research into new therapeutic agents. In view of this, investigations into the antidiabetic effect of herbal products have been encouraged due to their potential availability, inexpensiveness, and relatively minimal side effects. This review explores the antidiabetic potentials of the eight most promising medicinal plants in terms of molecular mechanisms, phytochemistry, toxicology, and efficacy. These plant extracts have gone through clinical trials and demonstrated good control of blood glucose levels by increasing serum insulin levels, enhancing tissue glucose uptake, and/or decreasing intestinal glucose uptake. Yet, medicinal plants are far from being able to replace conventional antidiabetic drugs for patient management but they have the potential for further development if rigorous clinical trials on their mechanisms, delivery, and dose regimen are performed. To date, no study has been performed to isolate and characterize active compounds in these plant extracts, suggesting that further investigations in this area would be the next step to advance this field.

Metabolites Obtained from Boraginaceae Plants as Potential Cosmetic Ingredients-A Review

One of the challenges of the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries is to deliver biochemical compounds that can be advantageous for the skin. Research on Boraginaceae taxa has confirmed their use in traditional medicine and proved the potential biological importance of various molecules in cosmetology. The main classes of valuable compounds associated with Boraginaceae taxa are fatty acids, including γ-linolenic acid, essential oils, phenolic acids (e.g., rosmarinic acid), flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, and saponins. Highly specific are naphthoquinone pigments (including shikonin) and allantoin. Another distinguishing feature is the accumulation of silica (silicon dioxide) in trichomes. Some taxa produce mucilages. However, pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) with toxic properties are also found (mainly in Symphytum spp.); therefore, their applications should be avoided. Extracts or individual compounds of Boraginaceae plants are characterized by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, anti-irritant, antiaging, and photoprotective activities. Boraginaceae products are widespread in the cosmetic industry as ingredients of creams, balms, lotions, gels, shampoos, lipsticks, perfumes, and deodorants. The most valuable for the cosmetic industry are raw materials obtained from the genera Alcanna Anchusa, Arnebia, Borago, Buglossoides, Cerinthe, Cordia, Echium, Ehretia, Eriodictyon, Glendora, Lappula, Lithospermum, Lycopsis, Macrotomia, Maharanga, Mertensia, Messerschmidia, Myosotis, Omphalodes, Onosma, Pulmonaria, Rindera, Symphytum, Trachystemon, and Trigonotis. Further research should focus on the search for active substances in other plants of the family.

Organic manures enhance biomass and improve content, chemical compounds of essential oil and antioxidant capacity of medicinal plants: A review

The current farming systems strongly depend on chemical fertilizers (CF), which are widely applied to increase crop yield worldwide. However, although CF enhance crop yield in the short term, their excessive and long-term application can have adverse effects on environmental and human health. One of the most important goals of sustainable agriculture is substituting CF with organic manures. Organic manures can be used as a low-cost and safe alternative for CF. They contain essential nutrients for crop growth, improve soil conditions and nutrient availability, increase plant growth, and ultimately enhance yield. The application of organic manures to medicinal plants (MP) is more critical than to other plants, because organic manures not only enhance the growth and productivity of MP but also modify quality of their products. In this review, the effect of different types of organic manures on the biomass, content and chemical compositions of essential oil and antioxidant activity of various MP has been investigated. The included information was gathered from scientific databases such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. Many of the collected studies showed that organic manures increase biomass and improve the quality of these plants. The findings of this review indicate that broiler litter (BL) and compost (C) are highly recommended as organic manures to promote biomass. Moreover, C, sheep manure, and vermicompost (VC) are suggested as the optimal organic manures for enhancing the essential oil content. Organic manures significantly changed the aroma profile of the essential oils and in many cases, they enhanced major chemical compositions. The usage of VC raised the content of the linalool of studied MP. Most of the organic manures, especially BL, VC, farmyard manure, and poultry manure increased the antioxidant activity of these plants. Hence, the utilization of organic manures can be recommended for productivity enhancement and quality improvement of MP.

α-Bisabolol: A Dietary Sesquiterpene that Attenuates Apoptotic and Nonapoptotic Cell Death Pathways by Regulating the Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Hippo Signaling Axis in Doxorubicin-Induced Acute Cardiotoxicity in Rats

The potential for multiorgan toxicities is a significant barrier to the therapeutic use of doxorubicin (DOX) in cancer treatment. With regard to DOX-induced acute cardiotoxicity in rats, the current investigation sought to assess the cardioprotective function of α-bisabolol (BSB) as well as the underlying pharmacological and molecular processes. Acute cardiotoxicity was induced in the rats by the intraperitoneal injection of DOX (12.5 mg/kg, single dosage). Over the course of 5 days, the rats were administered 25 mg/kg of BSB orally twice a day. The DOX administration induced cardiac damage, as evidenced by altered cardiospecific diagnostic markers and macroscopic enzyme mapping assay. The occurrence of mitochondrial oxidative stress was observed by a significant decline in antioxidant defense along with an increase in lipid peroxidation. DOX also perturbed DNA damage, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial fission and dysfunction, ER stress, Hippo signaling, and caspase-dependent and independent apoptosis including necroptosis and ferroptosis in the myocardium of rats. Conversely, it has been noted that the administration of BSB preserves the myocardium and reverses all cellular, molecular, and structural disruptions in the cardiac tissues of rats exposed to DOX-induced toxicity. The results that are currently available unequivocally show the cardioprotective role of BSB in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. This effect is attributed to BSB's strong antioxidant, antilipid peroxidative, and antiapoptotic properties, which are mediated by advantageous changes in multiple signaling pathways.

Recent advances in essential oils and their nanoformulations for poultry feed

Antibiotics in poultry feed to boost growth performance are becoming increasingly contentious due to concerns over antimicrobial resistance development. Essential oils (EOs), as natural, plant-derived compounds, have demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. EOs may potentially improve poultry health and growth performance when included in poultry feed. Nevertheless, the incorporation of EOs as nutritional additives is hindered by their high volatility, low water solubility, poor intestinal absorption, and sensitivity to environmental conditions. Recently, nanoencapsulation strategies using nanoformulations have emerged as a potential solution to these challenges, improving the stability and bioavailability of EOs, and enabling targeted delivery in poultry feed. This review provides an overview of the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of EOs, the current limitations of their applications in poultry feed, and the recent advancements in nano-engineering to overcome these limitations. Furthermore, we outline the potential future research direction on EO nanoformulations, emphasizing their promising role in advancing sustainable poultry nutrition.Highlights• Essential oils (EOs) are known as powerful antioxidants and antibacterial agents.• EOs have a high potential to replace antibiotics as feed additives.• Nanoformulations of EOs have shown improved bioactivity and storage stability of EOs.• Nanoformulation promotes the bioavailability and gut adsorption of EOs as feed additives.

Preparation of Cellulose Fiber Loaded with CuO Nanoparticles for Enhanced Shelf Life and Quality of Tomato Fruit

The present study reports on the preparation of a cellulose fiber (CF) composite from D. lutescens, combined with copper oxide nanoparticles (DL@CF/CuO), to prolong the shelf life of tomatoes after harvest. The isolated cellulose fiber material was comprehensively characterized using XRD, FTIR, and FE-SEM analyses. The DLCF and DL@CF/CuO nanoparticles exhibited crystalline cellulose, as indicated by the XRD investigation. Both DLCF and DL@CF/CuO showed O-H and C-H FTIR spectra with identifiable vibrational peaks. The FE-SEM images depicted the dispersion of DL@CF/CuO-based fibers in a cellulose fiber matrix containing CuO nanoparticles. A 0.3% (wt/wt), a solution of DL@CF/CuO was coated onto the surface of early ripening tomato fruits. After a 25-day storage period at 25-29 °C and 85% RH, the results showed a significant extension in the shelf life of the tomato fruits, in line with changes in physiological properties and fruit quality. The extension of shelf life in tomato fruit epidermis treated with DL@CF/CuO was confirmed through FE-SEM analysis. L929 fibroblast cells were treated with the developed DL@CF/CuO nanocomposite, and no signs of toxicity were detected up to 75 µg/mL. Additionally, the DL@CF/CuO nanocomposite exhibited significant antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights for sustainable food security and waste control in the agricultural and food industries.

Formulation and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activity of a peel-off facial masks moisturizer containing curcumin and Rosa Damascena extract

BACKGROUND

Acne is a common skin issue that typically occurs during adolescence. It causes long-lasting redness and swelling in the skin. An alternative approach to treating acne could involve using a cosmetic facial mask containing herbal ingredients such as Curcumin and Rosa Damascena extract for its antibacterial properties.

AIMS

This study aims to create and try out a peel-off mask gel made from Curcumin and R. Damascena extract. This gel is intended to have the ability to kill bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Propionibacterium acnes and remove dead cells from the skin surface.

METHODS

The peel-off mask was made using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in 8% and 10% as solidifier. The evaluation of peel-off masks comprises the examination of physiochemical and mechanical aspects. Furthermore, their longevity, effectiveness, and antibacterial properties are also considered.

RESULTS

The white color, pleasant smell, and soft texture were the defining features of the peel-off gel mask. The changes in PVA affect the pH level, thickness, and how quickly the peel-off mask dries. The stability test found that the peel-off mask had no significant physical changes when exposed to freezing and thawing. However, there were some differences in color and separation when using the real-time method. A prepared peel-off mask containing 10% PVA and curcumin works best against P. acne. The amount of PVA in the formula affected the physical and chemical qualities, but it did not impact on the antibacterial abilities of the peel-off mask gel. The best formula that gives the best results uses 10% PVA + curcumin.

CONCLUSIONS

Using the Curcumin and R. Damascena extract in the creation of the peel-off mask gel ensures its efficacy and safety for skin application.

Biosynthesis of fungal terpenoids

Covering: up to August 2023Terpenoids, which are widely distributed in animals, plants, and microorganisms, are a large group of natural products with diverse structures and various biological activities. They have made great contributions to human health as therapeutic agents, such as the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel and anti-malarial agent artemisinin. Accordingly, the biosynthesis of this important class of natural products has been extensively studied, which generally involves two major steps: hydrocarbon skeleton construction by terpenoid cyclases and skeleton modification by tailoring enzymes. Additionally, fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) serve as an important source for the discovery of terpenoids. With the rapid development of sequencing technology and bioinformatics approaches, genome mining has emerged as one of the most effective strategies to discover novel terpenoids from fungi. To date, numerous terpenoid cyclases, including typical class I and class II terpenoid cyclases as well as emerging UbiA-type terpenoid cyclases, have been identified, together with a variety of tailoring enzymes, including cytochrome P450 enzymes, flavin-dependent monooxygenases, and acyltransferases. In this review, our aim is to comprehensively present all fungal terpenoid cyclases identified up to August 2023, with a focus on newly discovered terpenoid cyclases, especially the emerging UbiA-type terpenoid cyclases, and their related tailoring enzymes from 2015 to August 2023.

Bioactivity and molecular docking studies of selected plant compounds

BACKGROUND

The shortcomings of synthetic pesticides are becoming increasingly evident. In the pursuit of looking for alternative, environmentally friendly pesticides, the potential use of two naturally occurring sesquiterpenes, α-bisabolol and bisabolol oxide A, as bactericides or acaricides, was investigated against three gram-positive and three gram-negative bacteria, and the eggs and larvae of the cattle tick Hyalomma scupense, respectively. The primary targeted site of synthetic insecticides is acetylcholinesterase (AChE), so the inhibitory activity of both sesquiterpenes was evaluated. Then, molecular docking and molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) studies were performed to gain insight into their binding mode in the AChE active site.

RESULTS

Bisabolol oxide A showed good activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enteritidis with inhibition zones ranging from 16 to 34 mm and minimal inhibitory concentration (CIM) of 3.125  mg mL-1. Ovicidal and larvicidal assays revealed promising activity of α-bisabolol and bisabolol oxide A against H. scupense, with bisabolol oxide A being more effective against larval ticks with lethal concentration (LC50) value of 0.78%. Both compounds also displayed potent anti-AChE activity with inhibition concentration (IC50) values of 37.09 and 28.14 μg mL-1, respectively. Furthermore, α-bisabolol and bisabolol oxide A exhibited good and comparable docking scores (-7.289 and -7.139 Kcal mol-1, respectively) and were found to accommodate in the active-site gorge of AChE via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions.

CONCLUSION

Bisabolol oxide A and, to a lesser degree, α-bisabolol are active against bacteria and ectoparasites and may represent an economical and sustainable alternative to toxic synthetic pesticides to control pathogens. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Biodiversity of endosymbiont fungi associated with a marine sponge Lamellodysidea herbacea and their potential as antioxidant producers

This study aims to isolate endosymbiontic fungi from the marine sponge Lamellodysidea herbacea and to explore their antioxidant potential. Marine-derived fungi, with their vast biodiversity, are considered a promising source of novel antioxidants which can replace synthetic ones. Marine sponges have previously reported bioactive properties that could ameliorate oxidative stress, particularly their associated fungi, producing high-frequency bioactive molecules (adaptogenic molecules) in response to stressors. 19 endosymbiont fungi associated with marine sponges were isolated, and their extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant capacities. Extract of an endosymbiont fungus, isolate SPG6, identified as Alternaria destruens, through surface electron microscopy (SEM) and ITS gene sequencing, showed broad range antioxidant activities (EC50 values) (free radical scavenging 32.54 mg L-1, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity < 0.078 g L-1, total reducing power 0.114 g L-1, Chelating power 0.262 g L-1, H2O2 scavenging activity < 0.078 g L-1, and Superoxide radical scavenging activity > 5.0 g L-1). The extract of isolate SPG6 was fractioned and analyzed through GC-MS. Marine sponge-associated endosymbiont fungi are a rich source of antioxidant molecules.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-03972-1.

New Perspective on the Use of α-Bisabolol for Weed Control

The indiscriminate use of synthetic herbicides reduces its effectiveness. Bioherbicides produced with metabolites emerge as an alternative to managing weeds. We aimed to analyze the phytotoxic potential of the essential oil of Vanillosmopsis arborea (EOVA) and the α-bisabolol molecule, its main component. We evaluated the effects of EOVA and α-bisabolol at different concentrations on the germination, growth, antioxidant metabolism, and photosynthesis of different species. EOVA and α-bisabolol showed promising phytotoxic effects on the germination and initial growth of the weed Senna occidentalis, inhibiting the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and increasing lipid peroxidation. α-Bisabolol reduced the weed seedling growth by inducing oxidative stress, which suggests a greater role in postemergence. Moreover, in the weed postemergence, both EOVA and α-bisabolol caused damage in the shoots, reduced the chlorophyll content, and increased lipid peroxidation besides reducing photosynthesis in S. occidentalis. Overall, we suggest the promising action of α-bisabolol and EOVA as bioherbicides for weed control.

Structure-Based Engineering of a Sesquiterpene Cyclase to Generate an Alcohol Product: Conversion of epi-Isozizaene Synthase into α-Bisabolol Synthase

The sesquiterpene cyclase epi-isozizaene synthase (EIZS) from Streptomyces coelicolor catalyzes the metal-dependent conversion of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) into the complex tricyclic product epi-isozizaene. This remarkable transformation is governed by an active site contour that serves as a template for catalysis, directing the conformations of multiple carbocation intermediates leading to the final product. Mutagenesis of residues defining the active site contour remolds its three-dimensional shape and reprograms the cyclization cascade to generate alternative cyclization products. In some cases, mutagenesis enables alternative chemistry to quench carbocation intermediates, e.g., through hydroxylation. Here, we combine structural and biochemical data from previously characterized EIZS mutants to design and prepare F95S-F198S EIZS, which converts EIZS into an α-bisabolol synthase with moderate fidelity (65% at 18 °C, 74% at 4 °C). We report the complete biochemical characterization of this double mutant as well as the 1.47 Å resolution X-ray crystal structure of its complex with three Mg2+ ions, inorganic pyrophosphate, and the benzyltriethylammonium cation, which partially mimics a carbocation intermediate. Most notably, the two mutations together create an active site contour that stabilizes the bisabolyl carbocation intermediate and positions a water molecule for the hydroxylation reaction. Structural comparison with a naturally occurring α-bisabolol synthase reveals common active site features that direct α-bisabolol generation. In showing that EIZS can be redesigned to generate a sesquiterpene alcohol product instead of a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon product, we have expanded the potential of EIZS as a platform for the development of designer cyclases that could be utilized in synthetic biology applications.

Phytol and α-Bisabolol Synergy Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis in A549 Cells and Additional Molecular Insights through Comprehensive Proteome Analysis via Nano LC-MS/MS

BACKGROUND

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is a malignancy with a significant prevalence and aggressive nature, posing a considerable challenge in terms of therapeutic interventions. Autophagy and apoptosis, two intricate cellular processes, are integral to NSCLC pathophysiology, each affecting the other through shared signaling pathways. Phytol (Phy) and α-bisabolol (Bis) have shown promise as potential anticancer agents individually, but their combined effects in NSCLC have not been extensively investigated.

OBJECTIVE

The present study was to examine the synergistic impact of Phy and Bis on NSCLC cells, particularly in the context of autophagy modulation, and to elucidate the resulting differential protein expression using LCMS/ MS analysis.

METHODS

The A549 cell lines were subjected to the patented effective concentration of Phy and Bis, and subsequently, the viability of the cells was evaluated utilizing the MTT assay. The present study utilized real-time PCR analysis to assess the expression levels of crucial apoptotic genes, specifically Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-9, as well as autophagy-related genes, including Beclin-1, SQSTM1, Ulk1, and LC3B. The confirmation of autophagy marker expression (Beclin-1, LC3B) and the autophagy-regulating protein SQSTM1 was achieved through the utilization of Western blot analysis. Differentially expressed proteins were found using LC-MS/MS analysis.

RESULTS

The combination of Phy and Bis demonstrated significant inhibition of NSCLC cell growth, indicating their synergistic effect. Real-time PCR analysis revealed a shift towards apoptosis, with downregulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax and Caspase-9, suggesting a shift towards apoptosis. Genes associated with autophagy regulation, including Beclin-1, SQSTM1 (p62), Ulk1, and LC3B, showed significant upregulation, indicating potential induction of autophagy. Western blot analysis confirmed increased expression of autophagy markers, such as Beclin-1 and LC3B, while the autophagy-regulating protein SQSTM1 exhibited a significant decrease. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed differential expression of 861 proteins, reflecting the modulation of cellular processes. Protein-protein interaction network analysis highlighted key proteins involved in apoptotic and autophagic pathways, including STOML2, YWHAB, POX2, B2M, CDA, CAPN2, TXN, ECHS1, PEBP1, PFN1, CDC42, TUBB1, HSPB1, PXN, FGF2, and BAG3, emphasizing their crucial roles. Additionally, PANTHER pathway analysis uncovered enriched pathways associated with the differentially expressed proteins, revealing their involvement in a diverse range of biological processes, encompassing cell signaling, metabolism, and cellular stress responses.

CONCLUSION

The combined treatment of Phy and Bis exerts a synergistic inhibitory effect on NSCLC cell growth, mediated through the interplay of apoptosis and autophagy. The differential protein expression observed, along with the identified proteins and enriched pathways, provides valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms. These findings offer a foundation for further exploration of the therapeutic potential of Phy and Bis in the management of NSCLC.

α-bisabolol β-d-fucopyranoside (ABFP) ameliorates scopolamine-induced memory deficits through cholinesterase inhibition and attenuation of oxidative stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major devastating neurodegenerative disorders associated with the gradual decline of an individual's memory, cognition, and ability to carry out day-to-day activities. In the present study, the neuroprotective ability of α-bisabolol β-d-fucopyranoside (ABFP) was assessed via measurement of antioxidant parameters like lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidation, glutathione, protein carbonyl content assays, and caspase-3 activity estimation. Moreover, the acute toxicity of ABFP was estimated in the zebrafish larval model. The results showed that ABFP exhibits little to no toxicity at lower concentrations in the acute toxicity test. ABFP-pretreated and scopolamine-exposed fish exhibited more exploratory behavior in the behavior assay than scopolamine-only induced groups. Additionally, the results of antioxidant enzyme assays revealed reduced oxidative stress and damage in ABFP-treated fish, while enzyme activity experiments carried out with brain homogenate from ABFP-treated fish showed decreased acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity. Overall, it can be concluded that ABFP has the potential to be a promising agent for the treatment of AD in the future.

Antioxidants with proven efficacy and elastin-conserving vitamin C-A new approach to free radical defense

BACKGROUND

This paper describes the background research and validation related to the formulation of a novel antioxidant product. Two defined outcomes were sought. Firstly, a combined efficacy of antioxidant ingredients in quenching free oxygen radicals. Secondly, the investigation into whether a vitamin C derivative sodium salt was elastin conserving in contrast to current vitamin C/l-ascorbic acid variations that have been reported to negatively affect elastin constitution and regeneration.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A leading l-ascorbic acid antioxidant available on the market was compared with the experimental new product in two studies. In the first experiment, the products were compared to assess their antioxidant properties. The evaluated products TOPICAL ANTIOXIDANT 1 and TOPICAL ANTIOXIDANT 2 were applied to human skin cultures (25-30 mg/cm2 ) for a total of 72 h of treatment and exposed to oxidative stress. The generation of free radicals was semi-quantitatively assessed by measuring the fluorescence intensity of the deacetylation and oxidation of the probe dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). In the second experiment, an ex vivo skin model (derived from patients undergoing facelift procedures) was used to assess elastin preservation. Three skin explants were topically subjected to the two formulations daily for 7 days. The skin was then prepared and fixed for immunofluorescent assessment after staining with CD44 and tropoelastin antibodies. Images were then analyzed using ImageJ.

RESULTS

A full description of the different components selected for the new formulation is presented. In the first study, the experimental formulation performed with absolute equivalence to the comparator in its radical quenching capacity; both showed extremely effective antioxidant function. In the second study, the comparator negatively affected the existing elastin with areas of breakdown and diminished staining. In contrast, the new formulation showed good conservation of healthy elastin in all sections demonstrating elastin preservation.

CONCLUSION

A new antioxidant formulation was carefully designed with multiple actives that show an equivalent antioxidant capacity to a leading product on the market. More importantly, the vitamin C component shows direct elastin conservation and improvement as opposed to the comparator, which had negative effects on elastin preservation. This is in keeping with little-known literature reports on vitamin C and its negative effects on elastin and validates the use of a sodium salt derivative, which appears to have protective effects on elastin. These findings support the overall regenerative extracellular matrix changes seen with TriHex® technology in other products.

Cannabinoid type-2 receptors modulate terpene induced anxiety-reduction in zebrafish

Terpenes are the most extensive and varied group of naturally occurring compounds mostly found in plants, including cannabis, and have an array of potential therapeutic benefits for pathological conditions. The endocannabinoid system can potently modulate anxiety in humans, rodents, and zebrafish. The 'entourage effect' suggests terpenes may target cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, among others, but this requires further investigation. In this study we first tested for anxiety-altering effects of the predominant 'Super-Class' terpenes, bisabolol (0.001%, 0.0015%, and 0.002%) and terpinolene (TPL; 0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1%), in zebrafish with the open field test. Bisabolol did not have an effect on zebrafish behaviour or locomotion. However, TPL caused a significant increase in time spent in the inner zone and decrease in time spent in the outer zone of the arena indicating an anxiolytic (anxiety decreasing) effect. Next, we assessed whether CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonists, rimonabant and AM630 (6-Iodopravadoline) respectively, could eliminate or reduce the anxiolytic effects of TPL (0.1%) and β-caryophyllene (BCP; 4%), another super-class terpene previously shown to be anxiolytic in zebrafish. Rimonabant and AM630 were administered prior to terpene exposure and compared to controls and fish exposed to only the terpenes. AM630, but not rimonabant, eliminated the anxiolytic effects of both BCP and TPL. AM630 modulated locomotion on its own, which was potentiated by terpenes. These findings suggest the behavioural effects of TPL and BCP on zebrafish anxiety-like behaviour are mediated by a selective preference for CB2 receptor sites. Furthermore, the CB2 pathways mediating the anxiolytic response are likely different from those altering locomotion.

(-)-α-bisabolol exerts neuroprotective effects against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rats by targeting inflammation and oxidative stress

Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder which is accompanied with behavioral and psychiatric alternations. Current evidences have shown that (-)-α-bisabolol (BSB) possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects in several animal studies. Here, we conducted present study to evaluate its neuroprotective effects against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in rats. We used fifty male rats and they were randomly assigned into 5 groups control, BSB100, PTZ, BSB50 + PTZ, BSB100 + PTZ. The animals intraperitoneally received PTZ (45 mg/kg) for ten consecutive days to induce epilepsy model. BSB in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg was administrated orally one hour before PTZ administration for ten days. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test was carried out to assess anxiety-like behavior. The seizure intensity was evaluated according to modifies Racine's convulsion scale (RCS). Y-maze and passive avoidance were utilized to assess working memory and aversive memory. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress factors were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The neuronal cell loss in the hilar region was assessed using Nissl staining. Results showed that PTZ-treated rats had more seizure intensity, anxiety-like behavior, memory deficits, higher levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and oxidative markers. Pre-treatment with BSB 100 significantly inhibited seizure intensity, anxiety-like behavior, and memory deficits; reduced levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MDA oxidative markers. Collectively, outcome of this work shows that BSB at the dose of 100 mg/kg may exert neuroprotective effects by mitigating seizures, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, and ameliorates memory and anxiety disorders in the PTZ-induced seizure rats.

Chemical Characterization and Chemotaxonomic Significance of Essential Oil Constituents of Matricaria aurea Grown in Two Different Agro-Climatic Conditions

A comprehensive study on chemical characterization of essential oil (EO) constituents of a rarely explored plant species (Matricaria aurea) of the Asteraceae family grown in Saudi Arabia and Jordan was carried out. Analyses were conducted employing gas chromatographic approaches such as GC-MS, GC-FID, and Co-GC, as well as RT, LRI determination, and database and literature comparisons, on two diverse stationary phase columns, which led to the identification of a total of 135 constituents from both EOs. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes were found to be the most predominant chemical class of Saudi M. aurea EOs, in which α-bisabolol (27.8%), γ-gurjunenepoxide (21.7%), (E, E)-α-farnesene (16.3%), and cis-spiroether (7.5%) were present as major components. In contrast, the most dominant chemical class of Jordanian M. aurea oil was found to be sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, where (E, E)-α-farnesene (50.2%), γ-gurjunenepoxide (8.5%), (E)-β-farnesene (8.1%), and (Z, E)-α-farnesene (4.4%) were detected as chief constituents. It is interesting to mention here that Saudi and Jordanian M. aurea EOs showed quite interesting chemical compositions and were found to have different chemotypes when compared to previously reported M. aurea EO compositions.

α-Bisabolol, a Dietary Sesquiterpene, Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Acute Cardiotoxicity in Rats by Inhibiting Cellular Signaling Pathways, Nrf2/Keap-1/HO-1, Akt/mTOR/GSK-3β, NF-κB/p38/MAPK, and NLRP3 Inflammasomes Regulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Cascades

Cancer chemotherapy with doxorubicin (DOX) may have multiorgan toxicities including cardiotoxicity, and this is one of the major limitations of its clinical use. The present study aimed to evaluate the cardioprotective role of α-Bisabolol (BSB) in DOX-induced acute cardiotoxicity in rats and the underlying pharmacological and molecular mechanisms. DOX (12.5 mg/kg, single dose) was injected intraperitoneally into the rats for induction of acute cardiotoxicity. BSB was given orally to rats (25 mg/kg, p.o. twice daily) for a duration of five days. DOX administration induced cardiac dysfunction as evidenced by altered body weight, hemodynamics, and release of cardio-specific diagnostic markers. The occurrence of oxidative stress was evidenced by a significant decline in antioxidant defense along with a rise in lipid peroxidation and hyperlipidemia. Additionally, DOX also increased the levels and expression of proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators, as well as activated NF-κB/MAPK signaling in the heart, following alterations in the Nrf2/Keap-1/HO-1 and Akt/mTOR/GSK-3β signaling. DOX also perturbed NLRP3 inflammasome activation-mediated pyroptosis in the myocardium of rats. Furthermore, histopathological studies revealed cellular alterations in the myocardium. On the contrary, treatment with BSB has been observed to preserve the myocardium and restore all the cellular, molecular, and structural perturbations in the heart tissues of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Results of the present study clearly demonstrate the protective role of BSB against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, which is attributed to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperlipidemic effects resulting from favorable modulation of numerous cellular signaling regulatory pathways, viz., Nrf2/Keap-1/HO-1, Akt/mTOR/GSK-3β, NF-κB/p38/MAPK, and NLRP3 inflammasomes, in countering the cascades of oxidative stress and inflammation. The observations suggest that BSB can be a promising agent or an adjuvant to limit the cardiac injury caused by DOX. Further studies including the role in tumor-bearing animals as well as regulatory toxicology are suggested.

Mesosphaerum suaveolens Essential Oil Attenuates Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages by Regulating NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze (Syn. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.) is a wild essential-oil-bearing plant having multiple uses in traditional medicine, perfumery, food, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries. The present paper is the first report on the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of the leaf essential oil of M. suaveolens (MSLEO) and unravels its molecular mechanism in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. GC-MS analysis of the essential oil (EO) isolated from the leaves by hydro-distillation led to the identification of 48 constituents, accounting for 90.55% of the total oil, and β-caryophyllene (16.17%), phyllocladene (11.85%), abietatriene (11.46%), and spathulenol (7.89%) were found to be the major components. MSLEO treatment had no effect on the viability of RAW 264.7 cells up to a concentration of 100 μg/mL, and the EO was responsible for a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines like IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, a decrease in intracellular ROS production, and the restoration of oxidative damage by elevating the levels of endogenous antioxidative enzymes like CAT, SOD, GPx, and GSH. RT-qPCR analysis indicated that MSLEO reduced the mRNA expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 as compared to the LPS-induced group. In addition, a confocal microscopy analysis showed that MSLEO inhibited the translocation of NF-κB from the cytosol to the nucleus. The results of this experiment demonstrate that MSLEO possesses significant anti-inflammatory potential by preventing the activation of NF-κB, which, in turn, inhibits the downstream expression of other inflammatory mediators associated with the activation of the NF-κB pathway in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Thus, the leaf essential oil of M. suaveolens may prove to be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammation, and targeting the NF-κB signaling pathway may be considered as an attractive approach for anti-inflammatory therapies.

Secondary Metabolites Generated from Saussurea lappa and Ligusticum sinensis Essential Oils by Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation: in Silico Molecular Docking and in Vitro Antibacterial Efficacy

In the current study, both the essential oil composition and biological activity of Saussurea lappa and Ligusticum sinensis were investigated by means of microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) and characterized by Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), whereas the antimicrobial efficiency of MAHD essential oils was examined against four pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans responsible for microbial infections. The goal was to spot synergy and a favorable method that gives essential oils to possibly use as alternatives to common antimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial infections using a microdilution assay. S. lappa's 21 compounds were characterized by MAHD extraction. Sesquiterpene lactones (39.7 % MAHD) represented the major components, followed by sesquiterpene dialdehyde (25.50 % MAHD), while L. sinensis's 14 compounds were identified by MAHD extraction. Tetrahydroisobenzofurans (72.94 % MAHD) was the predominant compound class. S. lappa essential oil collection showed the strongest antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 16 μg/ml against all pathogens tested, while L. sinensis showed strong antibacterial activity and moderate antifungal activity with MIC values of 32 μg/ml and 500 μg/ml, respectively. The principal components of both oils, (velleral, eremanthin and neocnidilide), were docked into the bacterial histidine kinase (HK) and the fungal heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90).

Bioactivity of select essential oil constituents against life stages of Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae)

Malaria is transmitted by infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, and An. arabiensis is a main malaria vector in arid African countries. Like other anophelines, its life cycle comprises of three aquatic stages; egg, larva, and pupa, followed by a free flying adult stage. Current vector control interventions using synthetic insecticides target these stages using adulticides or less commonly, larvicides. With escalating insecticide resistance against almost all conventional insecticides, identification of agents that simultaneously act at multiple stages of Anopheles life cycle presents a cost-effective opportunity. A further cost-effective approach would be the discovery of such insecticides from natural origin. Interestingly, essential oils present as potential sources of cost-effective and eco-friendly bioinsecticides. This study aimed to identify essential oil constituents (EOCs) with potential toxic effects against multiple stages of An. arabiensis life cycle. Five EOCs were assessed for inhibition of Anopheles egg hatching and ability to kill larvae, pupae and adult mosquitoes of An. arabiensis species. One of these EOCs, namely methyleugenol, exhibited potent Anopheles egg hatchability inhibition with an IC₅₀ value of 0.51 ± 0.03 μM compared to propoxur (IC₅₀: 5.13 ± 0.62 μM). Structure-activity relationship study revealed that methyleugenol and propoxur share a 1,2-dimethoxybenze moiety that may be responsible for the observed egg-hatchability inhibition. On the other hand, all five EOCs exhibited potent larvicidal activity with LC₅₀ values less than 5 μM, with four of them; cis-nerolidol, trans-nerolidol, (-)-α-bisabolol, and farnesol, also possessing potent pupicidal effects (LC₅₀ < 5 μM). Finally, all EOCs showed only moderate lethality against adult mosquitoes. This study reports for the first time, methyleugenol, (-)-α-bisabolol and farnesol as potent bioinsecticides against early life stages of An. arabiensis. This synchronized activity against Anopheles aquatic stages shows a prospect to integrate EOCs into existing adulticide-based vector control interventions.

Actinomycetes as Producers of Biologically Active Terpenoids: Current Trends and Patents

Terpenes and their derivatives (terpenoids and meroterpenoids, in particular) constitute the largest class of natural compounds, which have valuable biological activities and are promising therapeutic agents. The present review assesses the biosynthetic capabilities of actinomycetes to produce various terpene derivatives; reports the main methodological approaches to searching for new terpenes and their derivatives; identifies the most active terpene producers among actinomycetes; and describes the chemical diversity and biological properties of the obtained compounds. Among terpene derivatives isolated from actinomycetes, compounds with pronounced antifungal, antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and other effects were determined. Actinomycete-produced terpenoids and meroterpenoids with high antimicrobial activity are of interest as a source of novel antibiotics effective against drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria. Most of the discovered terpene derivatives are produced by the genus Streptomyces; however, recent publications have reported terpene biosynthesis by members of the genera Actinomadura, Allokutzneria, Amycolatopsis, Kitasatosporia, Micromonospora, Nocardiopsis, Salinispora, Verrucosispora, etc. It should be noted that the use of genetically modified actinomycetes is an effective tool for studying and regulating terpenes, as well as increasing productivity of terpene biosynthesis in comparison with native producers. The review includes research articles on terpene biosynthesis by Actinomycetes between 2000 and 2022, and a patent analysis in this area shows current trends and actual research directions in this field.

Genome mining of cryptic bisabolenes that were biosynthesized by intramembrane terpene synthases from Antrodia cinnamomea

Terpenoids represent the largest structural family of natural products (NPs) and have various applications in the pharmaceutical, food and fragrance industries. Their diverse scaffolds are generated via a multi-step cyclization cascade of linear isoprene substrates catalysed by terpene synthases (TPSs). Bisabolene NPs, which are sesquiterpenes (C15), have wide applications in medicines and biofuels and serve as bioactive substances in ecology. Despite the discovery of some canonical class I TPSs that synthesize bisabolenes from plants, bacteria and insects, it remained unknown whether any bisabolene synthases from fungi could produce bisabolenes as a main product. Antrodia cinnamomea, a Basidiomycota fungus, is a medicinal mushroom indigenous to Taiwan and a known prolific producer of bioactive terpenoids, but little is known regarding the enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathways. Here, we applied a genome mining approach against A. cinnamomea and discovered two non-canonical UbiA-type TPSs that both synthesize (+)-(S,Z)-α-bisabolene (1). It was determined that two tailoring enzymes, a P450 monooxygenase and a methyltransferase, install a C14-methyl ester on the bisabolene scaffold. In addition, four new bisabolene derivatives, 2 and 4-6, were characterized from heterologous reconstitution in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our study uncovered enzymatic tools to generate structurally diverse bisabolene NPs. This article is part of the theme issue 'Reactivity and mechanism in chemical and synthetic biology'.

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Potential of a Plant-Based Substance for the Treatment of Seborrheic Dermatitis

Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is the most prevalent dermatological disease, occurring in up to 50% of newborns, children, and adults around the world. The antibacterial and antifungal resistance contributed to the search for new natural substances and the development of a novel substance based on Melaleuca alternifolia (M. alternifolia) leaf oil (TTO), 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol), and α-(-)-bisabolol. Thus, this work aimed to determine the chemical composition of the novel plant-based substance and to evaluate its antimicrobial activity against standard microorganisms involved in the pathogenesis of SD. Moreover, the chemical composition of the substance was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Micrococcus luteus (M. luteus), and Candida albicans (C. albicans) were used for antimicrobial and antifungal assays by means of the broth microdilution method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Finally, the substance’s ability to inhibit Malassezia furfur (M. furfur) was evaluated. Eighteen compounds from different chemical groups were identified by GC/MS. The major biologically active compounds of the substance were terpinen-4-ol (20.88%), 1,8-cineole (22.28%), (-)-α-bisabolol (25.73%), and o-cymene (8.16%). The results showed that the substance has a synergistic antimicrobial and antifungal activity, while S. epidermidis and C. albicans strains were the most susceptible. Furthermore, the substance inhibited M. furfur, which is a main pathogen involved in the pathogenesis of SD and clinical manifestations. It can be concluded that the novel plant-based substance has a promising potential against M. furfur and scalp commensal bacteria and may be helpful for the development of new drugs for treatment of dandruff and SD.

Biological Activities of the Fruit Essential Oil, Fruit, and Root Extracts of Ferula drudeana Korovin, the Putative Anatolian Ecotype of the Silphion Plant

In the present study, preliminary phytochemical investigations were performed on the fruit essential oil and antioxidant-rich methanolic extracts of the fruits and roots of Ferula drudeana, the putative Anatolian ecotype of the Silphion plant, to corroborate its medicinal plant potential and identify its unique characteristics amongst other Ferula species. The essential oil from the fruits of the endemic species Ferula drudeana collected from Aksaray was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main components of the oil were determined as shyobunone (44.2%) and 6-epishyobunone (12.6%). The essential oil of the fruits and various solvent extracts of the fruits and roots of F. drudeana were evaluated for their antibacterial and anticandidal activity using microbroth dilution methods. The essential oil of the fruits, methanol, and methylene chloride extracts of the fruits and roots showed weak to moderate inhibitory activity against all tested microorganisms with MIC values of 78-2000 µg/mL. However, the petroleum ether extract of the roots showed remarkable inhibitory activity against Candida krusei and Candida utilis with MIC values of 19.5 and 9.75 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, all the samples were tested for their antioxidant activities using DPPH• TLC spot testing, online HPLC-ABTS screening, and DPPH/ABTS radical scavenging activity assessment assays. Methanolic extracts of the fruits and roots showed strong antioxidant activity in both systems.

Phytochemical constitutes and biological activities of essential oil extracted from irradiated caraway seeds (Carum carvi L.)

PURPOSE

Essential oils (EOs) obtained from spices, herbs, and medicinal plants are well known in traditional medicine and are an area of interest due to their various biological activities. Therefore, the present study investigates the chemical composition, phytochemical properties, as well as the biological activity of EOs, recovered from un-irradiated and irradiated (2.5, 5, and 10 kGy) caraway seeds.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Carum carvi L. seeds were irradiated with gamma irradiation at dose levels 2.5, 5, and 10 kGy, then EOs were recovered from all the samples. The chemical composition, phenols, and flavonoids content were evaluated. As well, antimicrobial and antitumor activities against the two cell lines [colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) and liver cancer (HepG-2)] were investigated.

RESULTS

The results indicated the percentage of oil increased by radiation, especially a dose of 10 kGy, which gave the highest percentage (3.50%) compared to the control. Also, the Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of 26 compounds in the essential oil extracts. The main constituent of caraway seeds EOs was Carvone followed by Limonene. According to the results, there was an increase in the content of phenols and flavonoids by using gamma rays compared with control, the maximum increase was observed at dose level 10 kGy (13.70 and 7.38 mg/g oil, respectively) followed by 5 kGy (11.20 and 5.86 mg/g oil, respectively). The antioxidant properties of the caraway essential oils were increased by increasing the irradiation dose level (2.5-10 kGy) analyzed by DPPH radical and metal chelating activity. Caraway essential oils have an antimicrobial action against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi. The antimicrobial activity was increased as the irradiation dose was raised and the10 kGy dose was more effective in suppressing the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, the caraway essential oils have anticancer activity against the two cell lines studied; colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) and liver cancer cell line (HepG-2) as reduced the cell viability and density.

CONCLUSION

The 10 kGy dose was more effective for oil yield, phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity as well as antibacterial and antifungal activities. Furthermore, the caraway essential oils indicated anticancer activity against the two cell lines studied; colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) and liver cancer cell line (HepG-2) as reduced the cell viability and density. So caraway could be considered an important herb with multiple therapeutic uses.

Psidium guajava L.: From byproduct and use in traditional Mexican medicine to antimicrobial agent

Mexico is one of the largest guava producers in the world, so it has access to a huge amount of waste and byproducts obtained after the industrial processing of the fruit. This review discusses the potential recovery of this residue for its application as an antimicrobial agent, considering the phytochemical composition, the bioactivity reported in-vivo and in-vitro, and the toxicology of the plant. Nowadays there is a growing demand for more natural and safer products, so the use of guava extracts is an interesting initiative, especially due to its availability in the country, its wide variety of traditional uses, and its phytochemical profile. This review highlights the importance and potential antimicrobial use of this plant in today's world.

Biosynthesis of α-Bisabolol by Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase and α-Bisabolol Synthase and Their Related Transcription Factors in Matricaria recutita L

The essential oil of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) is widely used in food, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical industry. α-Bisabolol is the main active substance in German chamomile. Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) and α-bisabolol synthase (BBS) are key enzymes related to the α-bisabolol biosynthesis pathway. However, little is known about the α-bisabolol biosynthesis pathway in German chamomile, especially the transcription factors (TFs) related to the regulation of α-bisabolol synthesis. In this study, we identified MrFPS and MrBBS and investigated their functions by prokaryotic expression and expression in hairy root cells of German chamomile. The results suggest that MrFPS is the key enzyme in the production of sesquiterpenoids, and MrBBS catalyzes the reaction that produces α-bisabolol. Subcellular localization analysis showed that both MrFPS and MrBBS proteins were located in the cytosol. The expression levels of both MrFPS and MrBBS were highest in the extension period of ray florets. Furthermore, we cloned and analyzed the promoters of MrFPS and MrBBS. A large number of cis-acting elements related to light responsiveness, hormone response elements, and cis-regulatory elements that serve as putative binding sites for specific TFs in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses were identified. We identified and studied TFs related to MrFPS and MrBBS, including WRKY, AP2, and MYB. Our findings reveal the biosynthesis and regulation of α-bisabolol in German chamomile and provide novel insights for the production of α-bisabolol using synthetic biology methods.

Volatile Oils Discrepancy between Male and Female Ochradenus arabicus and Their Allelopathic Activity on Dactyloctenium aegyptium

Volatile oils (VOs) composition of plants is affected by several exogenous and endogenous factors. Male and female plants of the dioecious species exhibit variation in the bioactive constituents' allocation. The chemical variation in the VOs between male and female plants is not well studied. In the present study, the chemical characterization of the VOs extracted from aerial parts of male and female ecospecies of Ochradenus arabicus was documented. Additionally, the extracted VOs were tested for their allelopathic activity against the weed Dactyloctenium aegyptium. Via GC-MS analysis, a total of 53 compounds were identified in both male and female plants. Among them, 49 compounds were identified from male plants, and 47 compounds were characterized in female plants. Isothiocyanates (47.50% in male and 84.32% in female) and terpenes (48.05% in male and 13.22% in female) were the main components of VOs, in addition to traces of carotenoid-derived compounds and hydrocarbons. The major identified compounds of male and female plants are m-tolyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate, butyl isothiocyanate, isobutyl isothiocyanate, carvone, and α-bisabolol, where they showed variation in the concentration between male and female plants. The O. arabicus VOs of the male plants attained IC₅₀ values of 51.1, 58.1, and 41.9 μL L^-1 for the seed germination, seedling shoot growth, and seedling root growth of the weed (D. aegyptium), respectively, while the females showed IC₅₀ values of 56.7, 63.9, and 40.7 μL L^-1, respectively. The present data revealed that VOs composition and bioactivity varied significantly with respect to the plant gender, either qualitatively or quantitatively.

Overview on Adjunct Ingredients Used in Hydroxyapatite-Based Oral Care Products

Hydroxyapatite, Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH), is a biomimetic active ingredient, which is used in commercial oral care products such as toothpastes and mouthwashes worldwide. Clinical studies (in vivo) as well as in situ and in vitro studies have shown the preventive effects of hydroxyapatite in various field of oral care. In some products, hydroxyapatite is combined with other active ingredients, to achieve an additional antibacterial effect or to promote gum health. This review analyzes the efficacy of six selected natural and nature-inspired ingredients that are commonly used together with hydroxyapatite. These additional actives are either antibacterial (lactoferrin, xylitol, and zinc) or promote gum health (allantoin, bisabolol, and hyaluronic acid). A systematic literature search was performed, and all studies found on each ingredient were analyzed. In summary, all analyzed ingredients mentioned in this review are well described in scientific studies on their beneficial effect for oral health and can be used to expand the preventive effect of hydroxyapatite in oral care products.

Disease resistance conferred by components of essential chrysanthemum oil and the epigenetic regulation of OsTPS1

The sesquiterpene alpha-bisabolol is the predominant active ingredient in essential oils that are highly valued in the cosmetics industry due to its wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and skin-soothing properties. Alpha-bisabolol was thought to be restricted to Compositae plants. Here we reveal that alpha-bisabolol is also synthesized in rice, a non-Compositae plant, where it acts as a novel sesquiterpene phytoalexin. Overexpressing the gene responsible for the biosynthesis of alpha-bisabolol, OsTPS1, conferred bacterial blight resistance in rice. Phylogenomic analyses revealed that alpha-bisabolol-synthesizing enzymes in rice and Compositae evolved independently. Further experiments demonstrated that the natural variation in the disease resistance level was associated with differential transcription of OsTPS1 due to polymorphisms in its promoter. We demonstrated that OsTPS1 was regulated at the epigenetic level by JMJ705 through the methyl jasmonate pathway. These data reveal the cross-family accumulation and regulatory mechanisms of alpha-bisabolol production.

Soothing Effect of a Cosmetic Product on Skin Discomforts Induced by a Chemical Irritant (Capsaicin) and UV-Radiation, and after Mosquito Bites and Sunburn in a Real-World Setting

Irritated and itchy skin is a common skin condition. Consumers tend to opt for natural ingredients for irritated skin (e.g., after insect bites or sun exposure). We tested a cosmetic product with 94% of its ingredients being of natural origin, each with its beneficial properties, e.g., nourishing shea butter, cooling menthol, and soothing bisabolol. Skin discomfort was induced either by a chemical irritant (capsaicin) or UV radiation by a solar simulator. In this clinical, prospective, and controlled experimental study, we investigated the soothing effect of the tested product. We observed a soothing effect on the capsaicin-induced itching and stinging sensation with a statistically significant decrease in the discomfort sensations one minute after a single application. The tested product also showed a significant reduction in the UV-induced skin erythema (UVA+B exposure). In a real-world study, these results can be correlated with a decrease of itching and irritation after sunburn or after insect bites.

Evaluating Cannabis sativa L.'s neuroprotection potential: From bench to bedside

BACKGROUND

Neurodegenerative diseases and dementia pose a global health challenge in an aging population, exemplified by the increasing incidence and prevalence of its most common form, Alzheimer's disease. Although several approved treatments exist for Alzheimer's disease, they only afford transient symptomatic improvements and are not considered disease-modifying. The psychoactive properties of Cannabis sativa L. have been recognized for thousands of years and now with burgeoning access to medicinal formulations globally, research has turned to re-evaluate cannabis and its myriad phytochemicals as a potential treatment and adjunctive agent for neurodegenerative diseases.

PURPOSE

This review evaluated the neuroprotective potential of C. sativa's active constituents for potential therapeutic use in dementia and Alzheimer's disease, based on published studies demonstrating efficacy in experimental preclinical settings associated with neurodegeneration.

STUDY DESIGN

Relevant information on the neuroprotective potential of the C. sativa's phytoconstituents in preclinical studies (in vitro, in vivo) were included. The collated information on C. sativa's component bioactivity was organized for therapeutic applications against neurodegenerative diseases.

METHODS

The therapeutic use of C. sativa related to Alzheimer's disease relative to known phytocannabinoids and other phytochemical constituents were derived from online databases, including PubMed, Elsevier, The Plant List (TPL, www.theplantlist.org), Science Direct, as well as relevant information on the known pharmacological actions of the listed phytochemicals.

RESULTS

Numerous C. sativa -prevalent phytochemicals were evidenced in the body of literature as having efficacy in the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions exemplified by Alzheimer's disease. Several phytocannabinoids, terpenes and select flavonoids demonstrated neuroprotection through a myriad of cellular and molecular pathways, including cannabinoid receptor-mediated, antioxidant and direct anti-aggregatory actions against the pathological toxic hallmark protein in Alzheimer's disease, amyloid β.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings provide strong evidence for a role of cannabis constituents, individually or in combination, as potential neuroprotectants timely to the emergent use of medicinal cannabis as a novel treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Future randomized and controlled clinical studies are required to substantiate the bioactivities of phytocannabinoids and terpenes and their likely synergies.

Antagonism of cadmium-induced liver injury in ducks by α-bisabolol

Cadmium (Cd) is an ecological pollutant which causes hazardous effects in animals and humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of α-bisabolol (BISA) in antagonizing the Cd-induced hepatotoxicity in ducks. Two-week old ducks were allocated into 8 groups (10 ducks/group): Group I received basal diet and was gavaged with sunflower oil (BISA vehicle, 1.1 mL/kg/day); group II was administered BISA orally (50 mg/kg/day; diluted with sunflower oil); groups III, IV, and V were fed the basal diet mixed with CdCl2 at 37.5, 75, and 150 mg/kg diet, respectively, and were gavaged with sunflower oil; group VI, VII, and VIII were given basal diet containing CdCl2 at the aforementioned consecutive doses plus BISA. All treatments were provided daily for 4 weeks. Exposure to CdCl2 induced mortality in ducks, increased hepatic Cd content and serum levels of hepatopathic biomarkers, and caused oxidative stress and morphological alterations in ducks' liver. Furthermore, exposure to Cd caused upregulation of the mRNA of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α and apoptotic gene Bax, and that of cyclooxygenase-2 protein in the liver. All effects of Cd were dose-dependent. BISA antagonized all of the aforementioned CdCl2-induced changes. These findings suggested that BISA exert the hepatoprotective effect against Cd toxicity through reducing the hepatic content of Cd as well as antagonizing oxidative insults, inflammation, and apoptosis. Thus, BISA has a great potential to be used as an antidote in the control of Cd poisoning.

Beyond the Bark: An Overview of the Chemistry and Biological Activities of Selected Bark Essential Oils

Essential oils have been used by indigenous peoples for medicinal purposes since ancient times. Their easy availability played an important role. Even today, essential oils are used in various fields—be it as aromatic substances in the food industry, as an aid in antibiotic therapy, in aromatherapy, in various household products or in cosmetics. The benefits they bring to the body and health are proven by many sources. Due to their complex composition, they offer properties that will be used more and more in the future. Synergistic effects of various components in an essential oil are also part of the reason for their effectiveness. Infectious diseases will always recur, so it is important to find active ingredients for different therapies or new research approaches. Essential oils extracted from the bark of trees have not been researched as extensively as from other plant components. Therefore, this review will focus on bringing together previous research on selected bark oils to provide an overview of barks that are economically, medicinally, and ethnopharmaceutically relevant. The bark oils described are Cinnamomum verum, Cedrelopsis grevei, Drypetes gossweileri, Cryptocarya massoy, Vanillosmopsis arborea and Cedrus deodara. Literature from various databases, such as Scifinder, Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed, among others, were used.

Multi-Target Mechanisms of Phytochemicals in Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects on Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation and Protein Aggregation

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a tangle-shaped accumulation of beta-amyloid peptide fragments and Tau protein in brain neurons. The pathophysiological mechanism involves the presence of Aβ-amyloid peptide, Tau protein, oxidative stress, and an exacerbated neuro-inflammatory response. This review aims to offer an updated compendium of the most recent and promising advances in AD treatment through the administration of phytochemicals. The literature survey was carried out by electronic search in the following specialized databases PubMed/Medline, Embase, TRIP database, Google Scholar, Wiley, and Web of Science regarding published works that included molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways targeted by phytochemicals in various experimental models of Alzheimer’s disease in vitro and in vivo. The results of the studies showed that the use of phytochemicals against AD has gained relevance due to their antioxidant, anti-neuroinflammatory, anti-amyloid, and anti-hyperphosphorylation properties of Tau protein. Some bioactive compounds from plants have been shown to have the ability to prevent and stop the progression of Alzheimer’s.

BChE inhibitors from marine organisms - A review

Acetylcholine is a key neurotransmitter for brain and muscle function, that has its levels decreased in the brain of people with Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Cholinesterase inhibitors are medicines that decrease the breakdown of acetylcholine, through the inhibition of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes. Despite the fact that butyrylcholinesterase activity rises with the disease, while acetylcholinesterase activity declines, the cholinesterase inhibitors that are currently commercialized inhibit either acetylcholinesterase or both enzymes. The development of selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors is a promising strategy in the search for new drugs acting against AD. The marine environment is a rich source of molecules with therapeutic potential, which can provide compounds more easily than traditional methods, with reduced toxicity risks compared to synthetic molecules. This review comprises articles from 2003 to 2020, that assessed the butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities from marine organisms, considering their crude extracts and isolated compounds. Part of the articles reported a multi-target activity, inhibiting also other AD-related enzymes. Some of the marine compounds reported here have shown an excellent potential for butyrylcholinesterase inhibition compared to standard inhibitors. Further studies of some compounds reported here may lead to the development of a new treatment for AD.

A Review of Moisturizing Additives for Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis, the most common form of eczema, is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin condition that occurs with dry skin, persistent itching, and scaly lesions. This debilitating condition significantly compromises the patient’s quality of life due to the intractable itching and other associated factors such as disfigurement, sleeping disturbances, and social stigmatization from the visible lesions. The treatment mainstay of atopic dermatitis involves applying topical glucocorticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, combined with regular use of moisturizers. However, conventional treatments possess a certain degree of adverse effects, which raised concerns among the patients resulting in non-adherence to treatment. Hence, the modern use of moisturizers to improve barrier repair and function is of great value. One of the approaches includes incorporating bioactive ingredients with clinically proven therapeutic benefits into dermocosmetics emollient. The current evidence suggests that these dermocosmetics emollients aid in the improvement of the skin barrier and alleviate inflammation, pruritus and xerosis. We carried out a critical and comprehensive narrative review of the literature. Studies and trials focusing on moisturizers that include phytochemicals, natural moisturizing factors, essential fatty acids, endocannabinoids, and antioxidants were identified by searching electronic databases (PubMed and MEDLINE). We introduce the current knowledge on the roles of moisturizers in alleviating symptoms of atopic dermatitis. We then further summarize the science and rationale of the active ingredients in dermocosmetics and medical device emollients for treating atopic dermatitis. Finally, we highlight the limitations of the current evidence and future perspectives of cosmeceutical research on atopic dermatitis.