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Ali MS, Lee EB, Hsu WH, Suk K, Sayem SAJ, Ullah HMA, Lee SJ, Park SC. Probiotics and Postbiotics as an Alternative to Antibiotics: An Emphasis on Pigs. Pathogens 2023; 12:874. [PMID: 37513721 PMCID: PMC10383198 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are being used as feed/food supplements as an alternative to antibiotics. It has been demonstrated that probiotics provide several health benefits, including preventing diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and immunomodulation. Alongside probiotic bacteria-fermented foods, the different structural components, such as lipoteichoic acids, teichoic acids, peptidoglycans, and surface-layer proteins, offer several advantages. Probiotics can produce different antimicrobial components, enzymes, peptides, vitamins, and exopolysaccharides. Besides live probiotics, there has been growing interest in consuming inactivated probiotics in farm animals, including pigs. Several reports have shown that live and killed probiotics can boost immunity, modulate intestinal microbiota, improve feed efficiency and growth performance, and decrease the incidence of diarrhea, positioning them as an interesting strategy as a potential feed supplement for pigs. Therefore, effective selection and approach to the use of probiotics might provide essential features of using probiotics as an important functional feed for pigs. This review aimed to systematically investigate the potential effects of lactic acid bacteria in their live and inactivated forms on pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sekendar Ali
- Department of Biomedical Science and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Eon-Bee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50014, USA
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Biomedical Science and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Syed Al Jawad Sayem
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - H M Arif Ullah
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Seung-Jin Lee
- Development and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Wang J, Zhou X, Elazab ST, Park SC, Hsu WH. Should Airway Interstitial Fluid Be Used to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of Macrolide Antibiotics for Dose Regimen Determination in Respiratory Infection? Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040700. [PMID: 37107062 PMCID: PMC10135031 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrolide antibiotics are important drugs to combat infections. The pharmacokinetics (PK) of these drugs are essential for the determination of their optimal dose regimens, which affect antimicrobial pharmacodynamics and treatment success. For most drugs, the measurement of their concentrations in plasma/serum is the surrogate for drug concentrations in target tissues for therapy. However, for macrolides, simple reliance on total or free drug concentrations in serum/plasma might be misleading. The macrolide antibiotic concentrations of serum/plasma, interstitial fluid (ISF), and target tissue itself usually yield very different PK results. In fact, the PK of a macrolide antibiotic based on serum/plasma concentrations alone is not an ideal predictor for the in vivo efficacy against respiratory pathogens. Instead, the PK based on drug concentrations at the site of infection or ISF provide much more clinically relevant information than serum/plasma concentrations. This review aims to summarize and compare/discuss the use of drug concentrations of serum/plasma, airway ISF, and tissues for computing the PK of macrolides. A better understanding of the PK of macrolide antibiotics based on airway ISF concentrations will help optimize the antibacterial dose regimen as well as minimizing toxicity and the emergence of drug resistance in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030810, China
| | - Xueying Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100107, China
| | - Sara T. Elazab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Walter H. Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-2042, USA
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Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an ecological pollutant which causes hazardous effects in animals and humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of α-bisabolol (BISA) in antagonizing the Cd-induced hepatotoxicity in ducks. Two-week old ducks were allocated into 8 groups (10 ducks/group): Group I received basal diet and was gavaged with sunflower oil (BISA vehicle, 1.1 mL/kg/day); group II was administered BISA orally (50 mg/kg/day; diluted with sunflower oil); groups III, IV, and V were fed the basal diet mixed with CdCl2 at 37.5, 75, and 150 mg/kg diet, respectively, and were gavaged with sunflower oil; group VI, VII, and VIII were given basal diet containing CdCl2 at the aforementioned consecutive doses plus BISA. All treatments were provided daily for 4 weeks. Exposure to CdCl2 induced mortality in ducks, increased hepatic Cd content and serum levels of hepatopathic biomarkers, and caused oxidative stress and morphological alterations in ducks' liver. Furthermore, exposure to Cd caused upregulation of the mRNA of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α and apoptotic gene Bax, and that of cyclooxygenase-2 protein in the liver. All effects of Cd were dose-dependent. BISA antagonized all of the aforementioned CdCl2-induced changes. These findings suggested that BISA exert the hepatoprotective effect against Cd toxicity through reducing the hepatic content of Cd as well as antagonizing oxidative insults, inflammation, and apoptosis. Thus, BISA has a great potential to be used as an antidote in the control of Cd poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara T. Elazab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Walter H. Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Crowe TP, Hsu WH. Evaluation of Recent Intranasal Drug Delivery Systems to the Central Nervous System. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:629. [PMID: 35336004 PMCID: PMC8950509 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases continue to increase in prevalence worldwide. Combined with the lack of modifiable risk factors or strongly efficacious therapies, these disorders pose a significant and growing burden on healthcare systems and societies. The development of neuroprotective or curative therapies is limited by a variety of factors, but none more than the highly selective blood-brain barrier. Intranasal administration can bypass this barrier completely and allow direct access to brain tissues, enabling a large number of potential new therapies ranging from bioactive peptides to stem cells. Current research indicates that merely administering simple solutions is inefficient and may limit therapeutic success. While many therapies can be delivered to some degree without carrier molecules or significant modification, a growing body of research has indicated several methods of improving the safety and efficacy of this administration route, such as nasal permeability enhancers, gelling agents, or nanocarrier formulations. This review shall discuss promising delivery systems and their role in expanding the clinical efficacy of this novel administration route. Optimization of intranasal administration will be crucial as novel therapies continue to be studied in clinical trials and approved to meet the growing demand for the treatment of patients with neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler P. Crowe
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Walter H. Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Elazab ST, Elshater NS, Hashem YH, Al-Atfeehy NM, Lee EB, Park SC, Hsu WH. Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Spiramycin against Mycoplasma synoviae in Chickens. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101238. [PMID: 34684187 PMCID: PMC8538818 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to assess the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) and tissue residues of spiramycin in chickens. The PK of spiramycin were determined in 12 chickens using a parallel study design in which each group of chickens (n = 6) received a single dose of spiramycin at 17 mg/kg intravenously (IV) or orally. Plasma samples were collected at assigned times for up to 48 h to measure spiramycin concentrations. Additionally, a tissue depletion study was performed in 42 chickens receiving spiramycin at 17 mg/kg/day orally for 7 days. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve values were 29.94 ± 4.74 and 23.11 ± 1.83 µg*h/mL after IV and oral administrations, respectively. The oral bioavailability was 77.18%. The computed withdrawal periods of spiramycin were 11, 10, and 7 days for liver, muscle, and skin and fat, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration for spiramycin against Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae) strain 1853 was 0.0625 µg/mL. Using the PK/PD integration, the appropriate oral dose of spiramycin against M. synoviae was estimated to be 15.6 mg/kg. Thus, we recommend an oral dose of 15.6 mg spiramycin/kg against M. synoviae in chickens and a withdrawal period of 11 days following oral treatment with 17 mg spiramycin/kg/day for 7 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara T. Elazab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; or
| | - Nahla S. Elshater
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (N.S.E.); (N.M.A.-A.)
| | - Yousreya H. Hashem
- Mycoplasma Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt;
| | - Nayera M. Al-Atfeehy
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (N.S.E.); (N.M.A.-A.)
| | - Eon-Bee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (E.-B.L.); (S.-C.P.)
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (E.-B.L.); (S.-C.P.)
| | - Walter H. Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IN 50011, USA
- Correspondence:
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Yan Z, Xu Q, Hsu WH, Esser SS, Ayala J, Hou R, Yao Y, Jiang D, Yuan S, Wang H. Consuming Different Structural Parts of Bamboo Induce Gut Microbiome Changes in Captive Giant Pandas. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:2998-3009. [PMID: 34109451 PMCID: PMC8289812 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Giant pandas consume different structural parts of bamboo (shoots, leaves and culms) during different seasons. Previous research showed different bamboo parts have varying nutritional content and that a long-term diet consisting of a single part of bamboo resulted in remarkable metabolic changes within captive giant pandas. However, the effects on the gut microbiome of giant pandas, as a result of a single bamboo part diet, have not been investigated. Here, we evaluated the changes in gut microbial communities based on single bamboo part diets and their potential implications by using 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing and metagenome shotgun sequencing. We found that the composition and function of the gut microbiome from captive giant pandas fed exclusively culms were significantly different from that of individuals fed shoots or leaves. During the culm feeding period, the gut microbiome showed strongest digestive capabilities for cellulose, hemicellulose and starch, and had the highest potential abilities for the biosynthesis of bile acids, fatty acids and amino acids. This suggests the microbiome aids in breaking down culm, which is more difficult for giant pandas to digest, as a means to compensate for the nutrient poor content of the culm. Genes related to fatty acid metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes were more abundant during the leaf stage diet than that in the shoot and culm stages. Thus, the microbiome may help giant pandas, which typically have low lipase levels, with fat digestion. These results illustrate that adaptive changes in the gut microbiome community and function may be an important mechanism to aid giant panda digestion when consuming different structural parts of bamboo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yan
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, 610081, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, 610081, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, Nanchong, 637009, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, 610081, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | | | - James Ayala
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, 610081, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Rong Hou
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, 610081, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Ying Yao
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, 610081, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Dandan Jiang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, 610081, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Shibin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, Nanchong, 637009, China.
| | - Hairui Wang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, 610081, China.
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China.
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, 610081, China.
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Nagy AM, Sathe SR, Atta AH, Hammam AMM, Hsu WH. Characterization of Nuclear Progesterone Receptor Isoforms in the Term Equine Placenta. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:660177. [PMID: 33869328 PMCID: PMC8047131 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.660177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In equine parturition, the role of progestins along with the nuclear progesterone receptor (nPR) signaling pathway in the placenta is not completely clarified. The progestins play an integral role in maintaining myometrial quiescence during the late stage of pregnancy via acting on nPR isoforms (PRA and PRB; PRB is more active than PRA). The current study aimed to determine the PRA and PRB expressions in the term equine placenta at the gene and protein levels. Six term equine placentas were used in this study. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to quantify the mRNA expression for PRA and PRB. The protein expression was detected using the Western Blot technique. The results revealed that the mRNA and protein expressions for PRA were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in the term equine placental tissue compared to the mRNA and protein expressions of PRB. These results demonstrated that nPRs are detectable in the term placenta of mares and PRA is the dominant isoform expressed. The present findings raised the possibility that the PRA plays an important role in the parturition process and expulsion of the placenta in mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Nagy
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Swanand R Sathe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Attia H Atta
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdel Mohsen M Hammam
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Zhou X, Hohman AE, Hsu WH. Current review of isoxazoline ectoparasiticides used in veterinary medicine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 45:1-15. [PMID: 33733534 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The isoxazolines are a novel class of ectoparasiticides with potent inhibitory activity on glutamate- and gamma-aminobutyric acid-gated chloride channel located in nervous system of invertebrates. In recent years, studies have been performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of isoxazolines against various types of ectoparasites, including fleas, ticks, and mites. As more single and combined isoxazoline products have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency, a more comprehensive understanding of isoxazolines becomes essential for veterinary clinical practitioners. This article provides a complete review of isoxazolines with respect to pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, ectoparasiticidal efficacy, and safety, which will provide veterinarians information to allow them to make the best choice of ectoparasiticide for their clients' specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Alexandra E Hohman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Boby N, Abbas MA, Lee EB, Im ZE, Hsu WH, Park SC. Protective Effect of Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. Extract against Ethanol-Induced Gastritis in Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030439. [PMID: 33809380 PMCID: PMC8002011 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim (Korean pear) has been used for hundreds of years as a traditional herbal medicine for asthma, cough, and atopic dermatitis in Korea and China. Although it was originally shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiatopic properties, its gastroprotective effects have not been investigated. In the present study, we evaluated the protective effects of Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim extract (PUE) against ethanol-induced gastritis in rats. The bioactive compound profile of PUE was determined by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The gastroprotection of PUE at different doses (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) prior to ethanol ingestion was evaluated using an in vivo gastritis rat model. Several endpoints were evaluated, including gastric mucosal lesions, cellular degeneration, intracellular damage, and immunohistochemical localization of leucocyte common antigen. The gastric mucosal injury and ulcer score were determined by evaluating the inflamed gastric mucosa and by histological examination. To identify the mechanisms of gastroprotection by PUE, antisecretory action and plasma prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), gastric mucosal cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and histamine levels were measured. PUE exhibited significant antioxidant effects with IC50 values of 56.18 and 22.49 µg/mL for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′- azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) inhibition (%), respectively. In addition, GC/MS and HPLC analyses revealed several bioactive compounds of PUE. Pretreatment with PUE significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the ulcer index by preventing gastric mucosal lesions, erosion, and cellular degeneration. An immunohistochemical analysis revealed that PUE markedly attenuated leucocyte infiltration in a dose-dependent manner. The enhancement of PGE2 levels and attenuation of cAMP levels along with the inhibition of histamine release following PUE pretreatment was associated with the cytoprotective and healing effects of PUE. In contrast, the downregulation of the H+/K+ ATPase pathway as well as muscarinic receptor (M3R) and histamine receptor (H2R) inhibition was also involved in the gastroprotective effects of PUE; however, the expression of cholecystokinin-2 receptors (CCK2R) was unchanged. Finally, no signs of toxicity were observed following PUE treatment. Based on our results, we conclude that PUE represents an effective therapeutic option to reduce the risk of gastritis and warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Boby
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (N.B.); (M.A.A.); (E.-B.L.)
| | - Muhammad Aleem Abbas
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (N.B.); (M.A.A.); (E.-B.L.)
| | - Eon-Bee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (N.B.); (M.A.A.); (E.-B.L.)
| | - Zi-Eum Im
- Institute of Forest Resources Development, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Andong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 36605, Korea;
| | - Walter H. Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (N.B.); (M.A.A.); (E.-B.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-5964
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Abstract
Amitraz is presently the only FDA-approved treatment for demodicosis in dogs in the United States. Amitraz treatment involves a protracted course of administration and risks of severe adverse effects such as sedation, bradycardia, and respiratory depression, which are caused by activation of α2-adrenergic receptors. Other treatment options include macrocyclic lactones and lime sulfur, but these products have varied efficacy and high risks of adverse effects. Several recent studies have indicated that isoxazolines are capable of reducing Demodex mite counts in canine and feline patients with demodicosis by ≥ 99% in as little as 1 month with few adverse effects. This article reviews the status of isoxazolines in regard to labeled uses in dogs and cats in the United States, extralabel clinical use for treatment of demodicosis in these species, and safety of orally administered formulations of these drugs.
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Elazab ST, Elshater NS, Hashem YH, Park SC, Hsu WH. Tissue Residues and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Tiamulin Against Mycoplasma anatis in Ducks. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:603950. [PMID: 33330724 PMCID: PMC7728665 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.603950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of tiamulin were studied in 2 groups of ducks (n = 6) after its oral administration at 2 different doses (30 and 60 mg/kg, respectively). Plasma concentrations of tiamulin were measured by high performance liquid chromatography at different time points up to 24 h post-administration. The maximum plasma concentrations were 0.77 and 2.32 μg/mL attained at 2 h (Tmax) for 30 and 60 mg/kg, respectively. The elimination half-lives for these 2 doses were 3.54 and 6.34 h, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration for tiamulin against Mycoplasma anatis (M. anatis) strain 1340 was determined to be 0.06 μg/mL. The proper oral dose of tiamulin against M. anatis in ducks was calculated to be 35 mg/kg/day using the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling. Tiamulin was administered orally (40 mg/kg/day) to 30 ducks for 3 successive days to determine its residues in edible tissues and its preslaughter withdrawal time. The highest tiamulin residues were detected in the liver, followed by the muscle, whereas lower concentrations were detected in the skin and fat. The estimated withdrawal periods of tiamulin were 6, 5, 3, and 3 days for liver, muscle, skin, and fat, respectively. Therefore, an oral dosage regimen of 35 mg/kg/day should be adequate for tiamulin against M. anatis. We recommend a preslaughter withdrawal period of 6 days when ducks are treated with 40 mg tiamulin/kg/day, orally, for 3 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara T Elazab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nahla S Elshater
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yousreya H Hashem
- Mycoplasma Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Elazab ST, Hsu WH. Effects of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in rabbits. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:397-405. [PMID: 33070345 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the influence of verapamil-mediated inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin (IVM) given orally and subcutaneously (SC) to rabbits. Twenty New Zealand rabbits were allotted to 4 groups (n = 5) and received IVM either orally or SC (0.4 mg/kg) alone or co-administered with verapamil (2 mg/kg SC, 3 times at a 12-hr interval). Plasma, fecal, and urine samples were collected over 30 days after medication to assess IVM concentrations in these samples. No significant differences were observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters of IVM between oral and SC administrations. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve was higher (p < .05) after IVM (oral)/verapamil treatment, compared with oral IVM alone. Moreover, the time to the Cmax of IVM was shorter (p < .05), whereas the elimination half-life and the mean residence time were longer (p < .05) in the presence of verapamil. The IVM/verapamil combination administered orally or SC reduced fecal IVM concentrations, compared with IVM alone. In conclusion, the significant changes by verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of IVM, likely due to the inhibition of a P-gp-mediated intestinal secretion, may change IVM's antinematodal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara T Elazab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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13
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He X, Hsu WH, Hou R, Yao Y, Xu Q, Jiang D, Wang L, Wang H. Comparative genomics reveals bamboo feeding adaptability in the giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Zookeys 2020; 923:141-156. [PMID: 32292275 PMCID: PMC7142162 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.923.39665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is one of the world's most endangered mammals and remains threatened as a result of intense environmental and anthropogenic pressure. The transformation and specialization of the giant panda's diet into a herbivorous diet have resulted in unique adaptabilities in many aspects of their biology, physiology and behavior. However, little is known about their adaptability at the molecular level. Through comparative analysis of the giant panda's genome with those of nine other mammalian species, we found some genetic characteristics of the giant panda that can be associated with adaptive changes for effective digestion of plant material. We also found that giant pandas have similar genetic characteristics to carnivores in terms of olfactory perception but have similar genetic characteristics to herbivores in terms of immunity and hydrolytic enzyme activity. Through the analysis of gene family expansion, 3752 gene families were found, which were enriched in functions such as digestion. A total of 93 genes under positive selection were screened out and gene enrichment identified these genes for the following processes: negative regulation of cellular metabolic process, negative regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process, negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process and negative regulation of metabolic process. Combined with the KEGG pathway, it was found that genes such as CREB3L1, CYP450 2S1, HSD11B2, LRPAP1 play a key role in digestion. These genes may have played a key role in the pandas' adaptation to its bamboo diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, 610081, China.,Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China.,Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Rong Hou
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, 610081, China.,Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China.,Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Ying Yao
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, 610081, China.,Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China.,Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, 610081, China.,Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China.,Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Dandan Jiang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, 610081, China.,Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China.,Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Longqiong Wang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, 610081, China.,Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China.,Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Hairui Wang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, 610081, China.,Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China.,Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, 610081, China
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14
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Elazab ST, Elshater NS, Hashem YH, Park SC, Hsu WH. Pharmacokinetics, tissue residues, and ex vivo pharmacodynamics of tylosin against Mycoplasma anatis in ducks. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 43:57-66. [PMID: 31667880 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of tylosin were investigated in 3 groups of ducks (n = 6). They received a single dose of tylosin (50 mg/kg) by intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and oral administrations, respectively. Plasma samples were collected at various time points to 24 hr post-administration to evaluate tylosin concentration over time. Additionally, tylosin residues in tissues and its withdrawal time were assessed using 30 ducks which received tylosin orally (50 mg/kg) once daily for 5 consecutive days. After IV administration, the volume of distribution, elimination half-life, area under the plasma concentration-time curve, and the total body clearance were 7.07 ± 1.98 L/kg, 2.04 hr, 19.47 µg hr/ml, and 2.82 L hr-1 kg-1 , respectively. After IM and oral administrations, the maximum plasma concentrations were 3.70 and 2.75 µg/ml achieved at 1 and 2 hr, and the bioavailability was 93.95% and 75.77%, respectively. The calculated withdrawal periods of tylosin were 13, 8, and 5 days for kidney, liver, and muscle, respectively. For the pharmacodynamic profile, the minimum inhibitory concentration for tylosin against M. anatis strain 1,340 was 1 µg/ml. The calculated optimal oral dose of tylosin against M. anatis in ducks based on the ex vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling was 61 mg kg-1 day-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara T Elazab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nahla S Elshater
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yousreya H Hashem
- Mycoplasma Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans have 4 million exocrine sweat glands, which can be classified into two types: eccrine and apocrine glands. Sweat secretion, a constitutive feature, is directly involved in thermoregulation and metabolism, and is regulated by both the central nervous system (CNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS). OBJECTIVES To explore how sweat secretion is controlled by both the CNS and the ANS and the mechanisms behind the neural control of sweat secretion. METHODS We conducted a literature search on PubMed for reports in English from 1 January 1950 to 31 December 2016. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Acetylcholine acts as a potent stimulator for sweat secretion, which is released by sympathetic nerves. β-adrenoceptors are found in adipocytes as well as apocrine glands, and these receptors may mediate lipid secretion from apocrine glands for sweat secretion. The activation of β-adrenoceptors could increase sweat secretion through opening of Ca2+ channels to elevate intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Ca2+ and cyclic adenosine monophosphate play a part in the secretion of lipids and proteins from apocrine glands for sweat secretion. The translocation of aquaporin 5 plays an important role in sweat secretion from eccrine glands. Dysfunction of the ANS, especially the sympathetic nervous system, may cause sweating disorders, such as hypohidrosis and hyperhidrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, 1800 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011-1250, U.S.A
| | - C Converse
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, 1800 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011-1250, U.S.A
| | - M C Lyons
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, 1800 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011-1250, U.S.A
| | - W H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, 1800 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011-1250, U.S.A
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16
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Emilien CH, Zhu Y, Hsu WH, Williamson P, Hollis JH. The effect of soluble fiber dextrin on postprandial appetite and subsequent food intake in healthy adults. Nutrition 2018; 47:6-12. [PMID: 29429537 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This crossover study investigated the effect of consuming a beverage that contains soluble fiber dextrin (SFD) on appetite and food intake in adults to test the hypothesis that beverages that contain 10 or 20 g of fiber from SFD would be more satiating than the control beverage. METHODS Forty-one participants consumed lunch with a beverage that contained 0 g, 10 g, or 20 g of fiber from SFD. Appetite questionnaires were completed and blood samples collected immediately before lunch and at regular intervals over the following 150 min. Then, participants were provided with an afternoon snack and the amount eaten was recorded. Participants then left the laboratory but were asked to complete hourly appetite questionnaires and record food intake for the remainder of the day. RESULTS Consuming SFD had no effect on appetite over the 150 min after consumption of the lunch meal (P > 0.05). Hunger and desire to eat were lower and fullness higher after consumption of the beverage that contained 20 g of fiber from SFD (P < 0.05) after participants left the laboratory. There was no effect of consuming SFD on food intake at the snack meal or for the rest of the day (P > 0.05). Plasma glucose-dependent insulintropic polypeptide was lower during the 150 min after consumption of 20 g fiber from the SFD beverage (P < 0.05). There was no treatment effect on the plasma concentration of other biomarkers of glycemic response or appetite (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the study results did not show an effect of SFD on appetite, food intake, and plasma markers of appetite for the first 150 min postconsumption. Further research is required to quantify how SFD influences appetite several hours after consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Emilien
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - James H Hollis
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
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17
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Elazab ST, Schrunk DE, Griffith RW, Ensley SM, Dell'Anna G, Mullin K, Elsayed MG, Amer MS, El-Nabtity SM, Hsu WH. Pharmacokinetics of cefquinome in healthy and Pasteurella multocida-infected rabbits. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:374-377. [PMID: 29383736 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of cefquinome were studied in healthy and Pasteurella multocida-infected rabbits after a single intramuscular (IM) injection at 2 mg/kg of its sulfate salt. Twelve female New Zealand white rabbits (2.0-2.5 kg) were used; six of them served as controls, and the other six had been infected with P. multocida; the experiments were conducted 1-2 days after nasal inoculation of P. multocida when rabbits showed the signs of respiratory infection. Plasma concentrations of cefquinome were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The values of elimination half-life, area under the curve, area under the first moment curve, and mean residence time were significantly lower in infected rabbits (0.48 hr, 4.54 hr*μg/ml, 3.63 hr* hr*μg/ml and 0.8 hr, respectively) than healthy rabbits (0.72 hr, 9.11 hr*μg/ml, 9.85 hr* hr*μg/ml and 1.1 hr, respectively), whereas total body clearance was significantly higher in infected than healthy rabbits. Therefore, P. multocida infection caused significant changes in some of the pharmacokinetic parameters of cefquinome in rabbits. These pharmacokinetic changes may affect dose regimen when used in P. multocida-infected rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Elazab
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura, Egypt
| | - D E Schrunk
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - R W Griffith
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - S M Ensley
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - G Dell'Anna
- Laboratory Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - K Mullin
- Laboratory Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - M G Elsayed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura, Egypt
| | - M S Amer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura, Egypt
| | - S M El-Nabtity
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - W H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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18
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Nayak SG, Shrestha S, Kinney PL, Ross Z, Sheridan SC, Pantea CI, Hsu WH, Muscatiello N, Hwang SA. Development of a heat vulnerability index for New York State. Public Health 2017; 161:127-137. [PMID: 29195682 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The frequency and intensity of extreme heat events are increasing in New York State (NYS) and have been linked with increased heat-related morbidity and mortality. But these effects are not uniform across the state and can vary across large regions due to regional sociodemographic and environmental factors which impact an individual's response or adaptive capacity to heat and in turn contribute to vulnerability among certain populations. We developed a heat vulnerability index (HVI) to identify heat-vulnerable populations and regions in NYS. STUDY DESIGN Census tract level environmental and sociodemographic heat-vulnerability variables were used to develop the HVI to identify heat-vulnerable populations and areas. METHODS Variables were identified from a comprehensive literature review and climate-health research in NYS. We obtained data from 2010 US Census Bureau and 2011 National Land Cover Database. We used principal component analysis to reduce correlated variables to fewer uncorrelated components, and then calculated the cumulative HVI for each census tract by summing up the scores across the components. The HVI was then mapped across NYS (excluding New York City) to display spatial vulnerability. The prevalence rates of heat stress were compared across HVI score categories. RESULTS Thirteen variables were reduced to four meaningful components representing 1) social/language vulnerability; 2) socioeconomic vulnerability; 3) environmental/urban vulnerability; and 4) elderly/ social isolation. Vulnerability to heat varied spatially in NYS with the HVI showing that metropolitan areas were most vulnerable, with language barriers and socioeconomic disadvantage contributing to the most vulnerability. Reliability of the HVI was supported by preliminary results where higher rates of heat stress were collocated in the regions with the highest HVI. CONCLUSIONS The NYS HVI showed spatial variability in heat vulnerability across the state. Mapping the HVI allows quick identification of regions in NYS that could benefit from targeted interventions. The HVI will be used as a planning tool to help allocate appropriate adaptation measures like cooling centers and issue heat alerts to mitigate effects of heat in vulnerable areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Nayak
- New York State Department of Health, Center for Environmental Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, USA.
| | - S Shrestha
- New York State Department of Health, Center for Environmental Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, USA; University at Albany, SUNY, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - P L Kinney
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, 715 Albany St, Talbot 4W, Boston MA 02118-02526, USA
| | - Z Ross
- ZevRoss Spatial Analysis, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - S C Sheridan
- Kent State University, Department of Geography, McGilvrey Hall 443, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - C I Pantea
- New York State Department of Health, Center for Environmental Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, USA
| | - W H Hsu
- New York State Department of Health, Center for Environmental Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, USA
| | - N Muscatiello
- New York State Department of Health, Center for Environmental Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, USA; University at Albany, SUNY, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - S A Hwang
- New York State Department of Health, Center for Environmental Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, USA; University at Albany, SUNY, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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19
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Abstract
Insulin resistance is a prevalent syndrome in developed as well as developing countries. It is the predisposing factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus, the most common end stage development of metabolic syndrome in the United States. Previously, studies investigating type 2 diabetes have focused on beta cell dysfunction in the pancreas and insulin resistance, and developing ways to correct these dysfunctions. However, in recent years, there has been a profound interest in the role that oxidative stress in the peripheral tissues plays to induce insulin resistance. The objective of this review is to focus on the mechanism of oxidative species generation and its direct correlation to insulin resistance, to discuss the role of obesity in the pathophysiology of this phenomenon, and to explore the potential of antioxidants as treatments for metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hurrle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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20
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Stock ML, Elazab ST, Hsu WH. Review of triazine antiprotozoal drugs used in veterinary medicine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:184-194. [PMID: 28833212 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Triazines are relatively new antiprotozoal drugs that have successfully controlled coccidiosis and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. These drugs have favorably treated other protozoal diseases such as neosporosis and toxoplasmosis. In this article, we discuss the pharmacological characteristics of five triazines, toltrazuril, ponazuril, clazuril, diclazuril, and nitromezuril which are used in veterinary medicine to control protozoal diseases which include coccidiosis, equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, neosporosis, and toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Stock
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - S T Elazab
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura, Egypt
| | - W H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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21
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Stock ML, Barth LA, Van Engen NK, Millman ST, Gehring R, Wang C, Voris EA, Wulf LW, Labeur L, Hsu WH, Coetzee JF. Impact of carprofen administration on stress and nociception responses of calves to cautery dehorning. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:542-55. [PMID: 27065124 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of carprofen administered immediately before cautery dehorning on nociception and stress. Forty Holstein calves aged approximately 6 to 8 wk old were either placebo treated and sham dehorned ( = 10) or cautery dehorned following administration of carprofen (1.4 mg/kg) subcutaneously ( = 10) or orally ( = 10) or a subcutaneous and oral placebo ( = 10) in a randomized, controlled trial. All animals were given a cornual nerve block using lidocaine before dehorning. Response variables including mechanical nociception threshold, ocular temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were measured before and following cautery dehorning for 96 h. Blood samples were also collected over 96 h following dehorning and analyzed for plasma cortisol and substance P concentrations by RIA. Plasma carprofen concentration and ex vivo PGE concentrations were also determined for this time period. Average daily gain was calculated for 7 d after dehorning. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with repeated measures, controlling for baseline values by their inclusion as a covariate in addition to planned contrasts. Dehorning was associated with decreased nociception thresholds throughout the study and a stress response immediately after dehorning, following the loss of local anesthesia, and 48 h after dehorning compared with sham-dehorned calves. Carprofen was well absorbed after administration and reached concentrations that inhibited ex vivo PGE concentrations for 72 h (subcutaneous) and 96 h (oral) compared with placebo-treated calves ( < 0.05). Carprofen-treated calves tended to be less sensitive ( = 0.097) to nociceptive threshold tests. Overall, at the dosing regimen studied, the effect of carprofen on sensitivity and stress following cautery dehorning was minimal. Consideration of route of administration and dose determination studies may be warranted.
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22
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Reza MA, Hossain MA, Damte D, Jo WS, Hsu WH, Park SC. Hypolipidemic and Hepatic Steatosis Preventing Activities of the Wood Ear Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Higher Basidiomycetes) Ethanol Extract In Vivo and In Vitro. Int J Med Mushrooms 2016; 17:723-34. [PMID: 26559859 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.v17.i8.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, a rapidly growing threat to human health worldwide, is responsible for a large proportion of the total burden of disease. Therefore, obesity control could be a vital scheme to prevent many diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the activities and mechanism of Auricularia auricula-judae 70% ethanol extract (AAE) in preventing hypolipidemic and hepatic steatosis. A normal diet (ND) and a high-fat diet (HFD) with or without 0.1% (w/w), 0.3% (w/w), and 1% (w/w) AAE were given to male C57BL/6 mice. Plasma lipids and liver enzymes were measured and tissue sections of liver were examined. Further mechanistic studies of mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes were performed in vitro by verifying triglyceride, glycerol, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and messenger RNA expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction amplification. Body weight and adipose tissue mass were significantly reduced in mice fed an ND and a HFD plus AAE compared with mice fed an HFD. In AAE-supplemented groups, plasma lipids and liver enzymes decreased dose-dependently. AAE suppressed the expression of adipogenic/lipogenic genes (PPARγ, C/EBPα, FAS) in 3T3-L1 cells without cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that AAE may reduce the risk of hepatic steatosis by modulating plasma lipids via the regulation of adipogenic/lipogenic transcriptional factors. AAE may have interesting applications to improve plasma lipids and liver enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ahsanur Reza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University (Barisal Campus), Babugonj, Barisal, Bangladesh
| | - Md Akil Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dereje Damte
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Woo-Sik Jo
- Department of Agricultural Environment, Gyeongbuk Agricultural Technology Administration, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702701, Republic of Korea
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23
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Ameri M, Zhou EM, Hsu WH. Western Blot Immunoassay as a Confirmatory Test for the Presence of Anti-Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae Antibodies in Swine Serum. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 18:198-201. [PMID: 16617702 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Western blot immunoassay (WBI) was developed as a confirmatory test for 2 commercial Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) ELISAs. The WBI detected at least 5 antigen bands (150, 130, 74, 70, and 30 kDa) from Mhyo whole membrane proteins that were not present in the antigens prepared from M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae. Among discrepant sera from vaccinated pigs ( n = 17) and field samples ( n = 91) assayed by WBI: 1) 2 of the ELISA-positive samples reacted with all 5 antigens bands; 2) all blocking ELISA-positive samples ( n = 53) bound 150-, 130-, 74-, and 70-kD antigen bands; and 3) all indirect ELISA-positive samples ( n = 55) bound 150-, 130-, and 30-kD antigens. We conclude that the WBI targeting the top 4 antigen bands is a useful confirmatory test for samples initially screened using the commercial Mhyo ELISAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Ameri
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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24
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Allen PS, Brown AW, Brown MMB, Hsu WH, Beitz DC. Taurine and vitamin E supplementations have minimal effects on body composition, hepatic lipids, and blood hormone and metabolite concentrations in healthy Sprague Dawley rats. Nutr Diet Suppl 2015; 7:77-85. [PMID: 26752960 DOI: 10.2147/nds.s88888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As prescriptions for off-label pharmaceutical use and autonomous administration of over-the-counter nutraceuticals become mainstream, thorough assessments of these compounds are warranted. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of gemfibrozil, rosiglitazone, metformin, taurine, and vitamin E on body composition, hepatic lipids, and metabolic hormone and blood metabolite concentrations in a healthy, outbred rat cohort. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed a purified 10 kcal% from fat diet for 56 days and assigned to diet alone (control) or diet plus oral administration of gemfibrozil (34 mg/kg), metformin (500 mg/kg), rosiglitazone (3 mg/kg), taurine (520 mg/kg), or vitamin E (200 mg/kg). RESULTS Rosiglitazone administration resulted in a 56% increase in carcass adiposity, cautioning potential prescriptive off-label use. Taurine supplementation had no adverse effects on evaluated parameters. A modest but significant increase in liver triacylglycerol content was observed with vitamin E supplementation compared with control (Δ 17.2 g triacylglycerol/100 g liver lipid). CONCLUSIONS The evaluated pharmaceuticals had effects in a healthy population similar to the reported effects in their target population and the nutraceuticals had minimal effects on the measured physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Portia S Allen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Andrew W Brown
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center and Office of Energetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Michelle M Bohan Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Donald C Beitz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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25
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Hu Y, Sieck DE, Hsu WH. Why are second-generation H1-antihistamines minimally sedating? Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765:100-6. [PMID: 26291661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
H1-antihistamines are widely used in treating allergic disorders, e.g., conjunctivitis, urticaria, dermatitis and asthma. The first-generation H1-antihistamines have a much greater sedative effect than the second-generation H1-antihistamines. Researchers could not offer a satisfactory explanations until late 1990s when studies showed that second-generation H1-antihistamines were substrates of P-glycoprotein. P-glycoprotein, expressed in the blood-brain barrier, acts as an efflux pump to decrease the concentration of H1-antihistamines in the brain, which minimizes drug effects on the central nervous system and results in less sedation. P-glycoprotein is found in the apical side of the epithelium. It consists of transmembrane domains that bind substrates/drugs and nucleotide-binding domains that bind and hydrolyze ATP to generate energy for the drug efflux. This review mainly discusses interactions between P-glycoprotein and commonly used second-generation H1-antihistamines. In addition, it describes other possible determining factors of minimal sedating properties of second-generation H1-antihistamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Hu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Deidra E Sieck
- Department of Biomedical Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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26
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Li Q, Wang X, Wang C, Yu Y, Wang G, Gao J, Liu H, Xie H, Huang B, Li Z, Kong N, Zhang G, Hsu WH, Zhou EM. Intracellular expression of an anti-idiotypic antibody single-chain variable fragment reduces porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in MARC-145 cells. Antivir Ther 2015. [PMID: 26214224 DOI: 10.3851/imp2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the causative agent of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome; it is one of the most economically important viral diseases affecting the swine industry worldwide. At present, neither live-attenuated nor inactivated PRRSV vaccines can provide sustainable disease control. Our previous studies have demonstrated that PRRSV infection can produce the auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies (aAb2s) specific to the idiotypic antibodies against PRRSV GP5, which plays an important role in the host immune responses to PRRSV infection. In the present study, a single-chain variable antibody fragment (scFv) from the monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody specific for the idiotypic antibody against GP5 was expressed in MARC-145 cells and its effect on virus infection in vitro was evaluated. METHODS An scFv was constructed from the anti-idiotypic antibody (Mab2-5G2) and was named 5G2scFv. The lentiviral vector system was used as a vehicle to deliver 5G2scFv into MARC-145 cells. The effect of 5G2scFv expression in MARC-145 was analysed by determining the PRRSV N protein level and the virus titre in the supernatant. Virus attachment and the level of type I interferon (IFN) were determined to elucidate the mechanism of the scFv effect. RESULTS 5G2scFv was delivered in MARC-145 cells using the lentiviral vector system as confirmed by the western blot and indirect immunofluorescence assays. The PRRSV challenge experiments demonstrated that expressed 5G2scFv in MARC-145 strongly reduced PRRSV infection and replication by inhibiting protein synthesis and progeny virus production. This effect was not due to the change of viability or virus binding, but increased IFN-α at messenger RNA and protein levels. CONCLUSIONS The expression of the anti-idiotypic antibody 5G2scFv in MARC-145 cells has the interferential effect on PRRSV infection in the cells by induction of IFN-α, which provides a novel therapeutic approach for PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyi Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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27
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Stock ML, Millman ST, Barth LA, Van Engen NK, Hsu WH, Wang C, Gehring R, Parsons RL, Coetzee JF. The effects of firocoxib on cautery disbudding pain and stress responses in preweaned dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:6058-69. [PMID: 26142860 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Perioperative analgesic effects of oral firocoxib following cautery disbudding were investigated in preweaned calves. Twenty Holstein calves approximately 4 to 6wk old received a single oral dose of firocoxib, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory, at 0.5mg/kg (n=10) or placebo (n=10) in a randomized controlled clinical trial. Responses, including ocular temperature determined by infrared thermography, pressure algometry measuring mechanical nociception threshold, and heart rate, were evaluated at 2, 4, 7, 8, and 24h after cornual nerve block and cautery disbudding. Blood samples were collected over 96h and analyzed for plasma cortisol and substance P concentrations by RIA. Additionally, ex vivo prostaglandin E2 concentrations were determined over a 72-h study period using an enzyme immunoassay. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with repeated measures. An inhibition of ex vivo prostaglandin E2 synthesis was observed from 12 to 48h following disbudding in calves treated with firocoxib. Cautery disbudding was associated with an increased nociception for the duration of sampling (24h). During the initial 24-h period following disbudding, no difference in response between treatment groups was noted. Following 24h, mean cortisol concentrations diverged between the 2 study groups with placebo-treated calves having increased cortisol concentrations at approximately 48h after disbudding. Furthermore, the overall integrated cortisol response as calculated as area under the effect curve tended to be reduced in firocoxib-treated calves. The prolonged effects of cautery dehorning require further investigation. Moreover, the effect of firocoxib on cortisol reduction observed in this study requires additional exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Stock
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - S T Millman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames 50010; Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - L A Barth
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - N K Van Engen
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - W H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - C Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - R Gehring
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - R L Parsons
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - J F Coetzee
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50010.
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28
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Tran TDN, Yao S, Hsu WH, Gimble JM, Bunnell BA, Cheng H. Arginine vasopressin inhibits adipogenesis in human adipose-derived stem cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 406:1-9. [PMID: 25697345 PMCID: PMC4752440 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular Ca(2+) signaling is important for stem cell differentiation and there is evidence it may coordinate the process. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a neuropeptide hormone secreted mostly from the posterior pituitary gland and increases Ca(2+) signals mainly via V1 receptors. However, the role of AVP in adipogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) is unknown. In this study, we identified the V1a receptor gene in hASCs and demonstrated that AVP stimulation increased intracellular Ca(2+) concentration during adipogenesis. This effect was mediated via V1a receptors, Gq-proteins and the PLC-IP3 pathway. These Ca(2+) signals were due to endoplasmic reticulum release and influx from the extracellular space. Furthermore, AVP supplementation to the adipogenic medium decreased the number of adipocytes and adipocyte marker genes during differentiation. The effect of AVP on adipocyte formation was reversed by the V1a receptor blocker V2255. These findings suggested that AVP may function to inhibit adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran D N Tran
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Shaomian Yao
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Gimble
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine and Division of Regenerative Medicine of Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Henrique Cheng
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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29
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Yu Y, Wang G, Li Q, Du Y, Du T, Mu Y, Xiao S, Zhao Q, Wang C, Sun Y, Xu X, Zhang G, Hsu WH, Cai X, Zhou EM. Single-chain anti-idiotypic antibody retains its specificity to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus GP5. Immunol Lett 2015; 163:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Wang L, Sun Y, Du T, Wang C, Xiao S, Mu Y, Zhang G, Liu L, Widén F, Hsu WH, Zhao Q, Zhou EM. Identification of an antigenic domain in the N-terminal region of avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein that is not common to swine and human HEVs. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2710-2715. [PMID: 25209807 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.069021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The antigenic domains located in the C-terminal 268 amino acid residues of avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein have been characterized. This region shares common epitopes with swine and human HEVs. However, epitopes in the N-terminal 338 amino acid residues have never been reported. In this study, an antigenic domain located between amino acids 23 and 85 was identified by indirect ELISA using the truncated recombinant capsid proteins as coating antigens and anti-avian HEV chicken sera as primary antibodies. In addition, this domain did not react with anti-swine and human HEV sera. These results indicated that the N-terminal 338 amino acid residues of avian HEV capsid protein do not share common epitopes with swine and human HEVs. This finding is important for our understanding of the antigenicity of the avian HEV capsid protein. Furthermore, it has important implications in the selection of viral antigens for serological diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Wang
- Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yani Sun
- Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Taofeng Du
- Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Chengbao Wang
- Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yang Mu
- Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frederik Widén
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Qin Zhao
- Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
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31
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Liu B, Zhao Q, Sun Y, Wang X, Zhao J, Du T, Wang C, Xiao S, Mu Y, Zhang G, Luo J, Hsu WH, Zhou EM. Development of a blocking ELISA for detection of antibodies against avian hepatitis E virus. J Virol Methods 2014; 204:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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32
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Zhu Y, Hsu WH, Hollis JH. Modified sham feeding of foods with different macronutrient compositions differentially influences cephalic change of insulin, ghrelin, and NMR-based metabolomic profiles. Physiol Behav 2014; 135:135-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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33
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Xiao S, Zhang A, Zhang C, Ni H, Gao J, Wang C, Zhao Q, Wang X, Wang X, Ma C, Liu H, Li N, Mu Y, Sun Y, Zhang G, Hiscox JA, Hsu WH, Zhou EM. Heme oxygenase-1 acts as an antiviral factor for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection and over-expression inhibits virus replication in vitro. Antiviral Res 2014; 110:60-9. [PMID: 25086213 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Virus replication depends upon host-cell processes in infected cells, and this is true for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), the causative agent of PRRS that is a worldwide threat to the swine industry. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a ubiquitously expressed inducible isoform of the first and rate-limiting enzyme for heme degradation. Our previous research suggested that HO-1 may play an important role in PRRSV infection. However, the function of HO-1 in PRRSV infection is unclear. In the present study, Marc-145, PK-15(CD163) cell lines and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) were used to evaluate the effects of HO-1 induction and over-expression on the replication of two different PRRSV strains. Induction of HO-1 markedly decreased the replication of PRRSV strains in the different cells. Similarly, adenoviral-mediated over-expression of HO-1 also greatly decreased the replication of PRRSV. In contrast, ablation of HO-1 using small interfering RNA concomitantly increased PRRSV replication. Therefore, the data were consistent with HO-1 acting as an antiviral factor and these findings suggested that over-expression or induction of HO-1 may provide a potential therapeutic strategy against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Angke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huaibo Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiming Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chengbao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiangpeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chao Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yang Mu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yani Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - En-Min Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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34
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Wang XJ, Zhao Q, Jiang FL, Liu BY, Zhao JN, Dang L, Sun YN, Mu Y, Xiao SQ, Wang CB, Hsu WH, Liu L, Widén F, Zhou EM. Genetic characterization and serological prevalence of swine hepatitis E virus in Shandong province, China. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:415-24. [PMID: 24975641 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), the causative agent of hepatitis E, is classified into four major genotypes (1 to 4) and swine is the main natural reservoir for genotypes 3 and 4. In this study, a total of 106 bile samples from a slaughterhouse in the Shandong province of China were tested for the partial ORF2 gene of HEV by RT-nPCR to determine the virus genotypes, and two indirect ELISA were developed for the detection of swine HEV specific IgM and IgG antibodies in 980 serum samples from 24 farms, in order to investigate the seroprevalence. Thirty-two out of 106 (30.2%) bile samples were positive for HEV and a high degree of partial ORF2 sequence similarity (86.8-100%) was observed among 20 samples. The viral sequences belonged to genotype 4, subtypes 4a and 4d. One complete genome sequence of a subtype 4d HEV was further determined and characterized. The seroprevalence of HEV IgG and IgM antibodies was 100% (24/24) and 41.7% (10/24) for herds, and 66.4% (651/980) and 1.6% (16/980) for the individual pigs, respectively. These results suggested a high prevalence of genotype 4 of swine HEV infection both in swine farms and at the slaughterhouse in Shandong province, which further raise public-health concerns for zoonosis and pork safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-jie Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feng-lin Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bao-yuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ji-nan Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Dang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ya-ni Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Mu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shu-qi Xiao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cheng-bao Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frederik Widén
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Zhu Y, Hsu WH, Hollis JH. Increased number of chews during a fixed-amount meal suppresses postprandial appetite and modulates glycemic response in older males. Physiol Behav 2014; 133:136-40. [PMID: 24857719 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a reduction in appetite. Older adults require a higher number of chews to form a bolus before swallowing. However, whether this ingestive behavior contributes to the reduced appetite in this population is unknown. Fifteen males aged 65 years or older participated in this randomized cross-over trial and attended two test sessions. After an overnight fast, they consumed a fixed-amount meal (2050 kJ) by chewing each portion of food 15 or 40 times before swallowing. Subjective appetite was measured using visual analogue scales at regular intervals for 3 h after completion of the meal. Blood samples were collected at the same time for measurement of glucose, insulin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). Participants were provided an ad libitum meal 3 h later. Compared with 15 chews, chewing food 40 times before swallowing resulted in significantly lower postprandial hunger (P=0.003), preoccupation with food (P<0.001), and desire to eat (P<0.001). Plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and GIP were significantly higher at meal completion when 40 chews were made (all P<0.01), and became significantly lower during the late postprandial period (all P<0.05). Food intake at the subsequent ad libitum meal did not differ significantly between test sessions. Our findings suggested that increased number of chews reduced postprandial hunger and desire to eat, and modulated glucose metabolism in older males. The number of chews made during a fixed-amount meal may influence short-term appetite; how this ingestive behavior contributes to energy balance in the long term warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, United States
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, United States
| | - James H Hollis
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, United States.
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Wong DM, Sponseller BA, Alcott CJ, Agbedanu PN, Wang C, Hsu WH. Effects of intravenous administration of polymyxin B in neonatal foals with experimental endotoxemia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:874-81. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.6.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Soliman AM, Abu-Basha EA, Youssef SAH, Amer AM, Murphy PA, Hauck CC, Gehring R, Hsu WH. Effect of chronic lead intoxication on the distribution and elimination of amoxicillin in goats. J Vet Sci 2013; 14:395-403. [PMID: 23820209 PMCID: PMC3885732 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2013.14.4.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A study of amoxicillin pharmacokinetics was conducted in healthy goats and goats with chronic lead intoxication. The intoxicated goats had increased serum concentrations of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase and γ-glutamyl transferase), blood urea nitrogen, and reactivated δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase compared to the controls. Following intravenous amoxicillin (10 mg/kg bw) in control and lead-intoxicated goats, elimination half-lives were 4.14 and 1.26 h, respectively. The volumes of distribution based on the terminal phase were 1.19 and 0.38 L/kg, respectively, and those at steady-state were 0.54 and 0.18 L/kg, respectively. After intramuscular (IM) amoxicillin (10 mg/kg bw) in lead-intoxicated goats and control animals, the absorption, distribution, and elimination of the drug were more rapid in lead-intoxicated goats than the controls. Peak serum concentrations of 21.89 and 12.19 µg/mL were achieved at 1 h and 2 h, respectively, in lead-intoxicated and control goats. Amoxicillin bioavailability in the lead-intoxicated goats decreased 20% compared to the controls. After amoxicillin, more of the drug was excreted in the urine from lead-intoxicated goats than the controls. Our results suggested that lead intoxication in goats increases the rate of amoxicillin absorption after IM administration and distribution and elimination. Thus, lead intoxication may impair the therapeutic effectiveness of amoxicillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Soliman
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12316, Egypt
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Zhu Y, Hsu WH, Hollis JH. The impact of food viscosity on eating rate, subjective appetite, glycemic response and gastric emptying rate. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67482. [PMID: 23818981 PMCID: PMC3688614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the impact of rheological properties of food on postprandial appetite and glycemic response helps to design novel functional products. It has been shown that solid foods have a stronger satiating effect than their liquid equivalent. However, whether a subtle change in viscosity of a semi-solid food would have a similar effect on appetite is unknown. Fifteen healthy males participated in the randomized cross-over study. Each participant consumed a 1690 kJ portion of a standard viscosity (SV) and a high viscosity (HV) semi-solid meal with 1000 mg acetaminophen in two separate sessions. At regular intervals during the three hours following the meal, subjective appetite ratings were measured and blood samples collected. The plasma samples were assayed for insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), glucose and acetaminophen. After three hours, the participants were provided with an ad libitum pasta meal. Compared with the SV meal, HV was consumed at a slower eating rate (P = 0.020), with postprandial hunger and desire to eat being lower (P = 0.019 and P<0.001 respectively) while fullness was higher (P<0.001). In addition, consuming the HV resulted in lower plasma concentration of GIP (P<0.001), higher plasma concentration of glucose (P<0.001) and delayed gastric emptying as revealed by the acetaminophen absorption test (P<0.001). However, there was no effect of food viscosity on insulin or food intake at the subsequent meal. In conclusion, increasing the viscosity of a semi-solid food modulates glycemic response and suppresses postprandial satiety, although the effect may be short-lived. A slower eating rate and a delayed gastric emptying rate can partly explain for the stronger satiating properties of high viscous semi-solid foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Walter H. Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - James H. Hollis
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yu X, Li X, Jiang G, Wang X, Chang HC, Hsu WH, Li Q. Isradipine prevents rotenone-induced intracellular calcium rise that accelerates senescence in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Neuroscience 2013; 246:243-53. [PMID: 23664925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous research demonstrated that rotenone (RT) induces neuronal injury partially by increasing intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+)]i), and inducing oxidative stress, leading to a neurodegenerative disorder. However, the mechanism of RT-induced injury remains elusive. Recent work revealed that Ca(2+) signaling is important for RT-induced senescence in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. In the present study, we found that in SH-SY5Y cells, RT increased [Ca(2+)]i, senescence associated β-galactosidase activity, aggregation of lipofuscin, production of reactive oxygen species, G1/G0 cell cycle arrest, and activation of p53/p21 signaling proteins. In addition, RT decreased the expression of the signaling proteins for cell proliferation and survival, Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), cyclin D1, and Akt. Pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells with isradipine, an L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker, or EGTA antagonized these effects of RT. These results suggested that application of isradipine might be a novel approach to prevent RT-induced neurodegenerative disorder such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of R&D of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
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Abstract
To understand the influence of food form on satiety, 19 male participants attended two separate test sessions to consume either a liquid-solid meal (LS), which consisted of whole pieces of vegetable in a broth, or a liquid version of the same ingredients [liquid meal (LM)]. Following this meal, appetite questionnaires and blood samples were collected at regular intervals over 3 h. An ad libitum meal was then served and the amount eaten recorded. Fullness and preoccupation with food were higher following the LM compared with the LS (p = 0.001 and p = 0.031, respectively). Postprandial plasma concentration of cholecystokinin (p < 0.001) and insulin (p < 0.001) was higher and plasma glucose concentration was lower (p = 0.003) following the LM compared with the LS. However, there was no difference in the food intake at the subsequent meal. These results suggest that food form has a limited effect on satiety; however, the influence of the postprandial insulin response warrants further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Xiao YH, Wang TT, Zhao Q, Wang CB, Lv JH, Nie L, Gao JM, Ma XC, Hsu WH, Zhou EM. Development of indirect ELISAs for differential serodiagnosis of classical and highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 61:341-9. [PMID: 23217174 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop two indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (iELISAs) for detection of serum antibodies against classical vaccine strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV). To detect the common antibodies against classical and HP-PRRSV, the coating antigen used in the iELISA (designated iELISA-180) was the antigen of Nsp2-180, the 180aa at amino terminal of Nsp2. To detect the different antibodies against classical and HP-PRRSV, the coating antigen in the second iELISA (designated iELISA-D29) was Nsp2-D29, the deleted 29aa in Nsp2 of HP-PRRSV. The antigen concentration and serum dilutions were optimized using a draughtboard titration. The cut-off values of 0.361 at OD(450nm) for the iELISA-180 and 0.27 at OD(450nm) for the iELISA-D29 were determined by testing a panel of 120 classical PRRSV positive and 198 PRRSV negative pig serum samples, which generated the specificity of 97.1% and 96.7%, the sensitivity of 96.9% and 96.3% for iELISA-180 and iELISA-D29, respectively. The agreements between the Western blot and iELISA-180 and iELISA-D29 were 98%, 96.7%, respectively. The developed iELISAs can be used to differentiate serologically HP-PRRSV from the vaccinated or classical PRRSV in clinical serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Xiao
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
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Cheng H, Zhang YC, Wolfe S, Valencia V, Qian K, Shen L, Tang YL, Hsu WH, Atkinson MA, Phillips MI. Combinatorial treatment of bone marrow stem cells and stromal cell-derived factor 1 improves glycemia and insulin production in diabetic mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 345:88-96. [PMID: 21801807 PMCID: PMC3171644 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Transdifferentiation of stem cells into insulin-producing cells for the treatment of diabetes have shown promising but inconsistent results. We examined the potential for attracting bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) to the pancreas using a chemokine, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1). SDF-1 treatment markedly increased the number of GFP labeled BMSCs in the pancreas, but surprisingly, the majority was observed in liver. The liver cells had typical pancreatic endocrine cell gene expression including insulin I, insulin II, PDX-1, somatostatin, and glucagon. Combined treatment with SDF-1 and BMSC transplant reduced hyperglycemia and prolonged the long-term survival of diabetic mice, and a sub group had complete normoglycemia (<150 mg/dl), restored blood insulin levels, and normal glucose tolerance. Our results suggest that SDF-1 could potentially be used to improve the homing of stem cells and β-cell regeneration. The mechanism appears to involve an increase in insulin producing cells mainly in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cheng
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, USA.
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Abstract
p-Methoxycinnamic acid (p-MCA) is a cinnamic acid derivative that shows various pharmacologic actions such as hepatoprotective and antihyperglycemic activities. The present study was to elucidate the mechanisms by which p-MCA increases [Ca²⁺]i and insulin secretion in INS-1 cells. p-MCA (100 μM) increased [Ca²⁺]i in INS-1 cells. The p-MCA-induced insulin secretion and rise in [Ca²⁺]i were markedly inhibited in the absence of extracellular Ca²⁺ or in the presence of an L-type Ca²⁺ channel blocker nimodipine. These results suggested that p-MCA increased Ca²⁺ influx via the L-type Ca²⁺ channels. Diazoxide, an ATP-sensitive K⁺ channel opener, did not alter p-MCA-induced insulin secretion, nor [Ca²⁺]i response. In addition, p-MCA enhanced glucose-, glibenclamide-induced insulin secretion whereas it also potentiated the increase in insulin secretion induced by arginine, and Bay K 8644, an L-type Ca²⁺ channel agonist. Taken together, our results suggest that p-MCA stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells by increasing Ca²⁺ influx via the L-type Ca²⁺ channels, but not through the closure of ATP-sensitive K⁺ channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Adisakwattana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Glidden AR, King DS, Hsu WH, Sullivan Z. The Blunted Insulin Release After Exercise and the Relationship with Incretins. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000401858.17095.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Fleas are significant ectoparasites of small animals. They can be a severe irritant to animals and serve as a vector for a number of infectious diseases. In this article, we discuss the pharmacological characteristics of four insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists used as flea adulticides in dogs and cats, which include three neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, nitenpyram, and dinotefuran) and a macrocyclic lactone (spinosad). Insect nAChR agonists are one of the most important classes of insecticides, which are used to control sucking insects on both plants and animals. These novel compounds provide a new approach for practitioners to safely and effectively eliminate adult fleas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Vo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Nelson PL, Zolochevska O, Figueiredo ML, Soliman A, Hsu WH, Feng JM, Zhang H, Cheng H. Regulation of Ca(2+)-entry in pancreatic α-cell line by transient receptor potential melastatin 4 plays a vital role in glucagon release. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 335:126-34. [PMID: 21238535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Elevation in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration stimulates glucagon secretion from pancreatic α-cells. The Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 4 channel (TRPM4) is critical for Ca(2+) signaling. However, its role in glucagon secreting α-cells has not been investigated. We identified TRPM4 gene expression and protein in the αTC1-6 cell line using RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, we performed a detailed biophysical characterization of the channel using the patch-clamp technique to confirm that currents typical for TRPM4 were present in αTC1-6 cells. To investigate TRPM4 function, we generated a stable knockdown clone using shRNA and a lentiviral vector. Inhibition of TRPM4 significantly reduced the responses to different agonists during Ca(2+) imaging analysis with Fura-2AM. The reduction in the magnitude of Ca(2+) signals resulted in decreased glucagon secretion. These results suggested that depolarization by TRPM4 may play an important role in controlling glucagon secretion from α-cells and perhaps glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Nelson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Chen JY, Chen HL, Wu SH, Tsai TC, Lin MF, Yen CC, Hsu WH, Chen W, Chen CM. Application of high-frequency ultrasound for the detection of surgical anatomy in the rodent abdomen. Vet J 2011; 191:246-52. [PMID: 21295505 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Rats are used extensively in abdominal disease research. To monitor disease progress in vivo, high-frequency ultrasound (HFU) can be a powerful tool for obtaining high-resolution images of biological tissues. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the correlation between rat anatomy and corresponding HFU images. Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats underwent abdominal scans using HFU (40 MHz) surgical procedures to identify abdominal organs and major vessels as well as in situ scanning to confirm the imaging results. The results were compared with those of human abdominal organs in ultrasonographic scans. The rat liver, paired kidneys, stomach, intestines, and major blood vessels were identified by HFU and the ultrasonic morphologies of the liver and kidneys showed clear differences between rats and humans. Clinically relevant anatomical structures were identified using HFU imaging of the rat abdomen, and these structures were compared with the corresponding structures in humans. Increased knowledge with regard to identifying the anatomy of rat abdominal organs by ultrasound will allow scientists to conduct more detailed intra-abdominal research in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Hsu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Marigo V, Courville K, Hsu WH, Feng JM, Cheng H. TRPM4 impacts on Ca2+ signals during agonist-induced insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 299:194-203. [PMID: 19063936 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
TRPM4 is a Ca(2+)-activated non-selective cation (CAN) channel that functions in cell depolarization, which is important for Ca(2+) influx and insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells. We investigated TRPM4 expression and function in the beta-cell lines HIT-T15 (hamster), RINm5F (rat), beta-TC3 (mouse), MIN-6 (mouse) and the alpha-cell line INR1G9 (hamster). By RT-PCR, we identified TRPM4 transcripts in alpha- and beta-cells. Patch-clamp recordings with increasing Ca(2+) concentrations resulted in a dose-dependent activation of TRPM4 with the greatest depolarizing currents recorded from hamster-derived cells. Further, Ca(2+) imaging experiments revealed that inhibition of TRPM4 by a dominant-negative effect significantly decreased the magnitude of the Ca(2+) signals generated by agonist stimulation compared to control cells. The decrease in the [Ca(2+)](i) resulted in reduced insulin secretion. Our data suggest that depolarizing currents generated by TRPM4 are an important component in the control of intracellular Ca(2+) signals necessary for insulin secretion and perhaps glucagon from alpha-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Marigo
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Wong DM, Vo DT, Alcott CJ, Peterson AD, Sponseller BA, Hsu WH. Baseline plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations and response to low-dose ACTH stimulation testing in ill foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 234:126-32. [PMID: 19119977 DOI: 10.2460/javma.234.1.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate baseline plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations and responses to low-dose ACTH stimulation testing in ill foals. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 58 ill foals. PROCEDURES Baseline cortisol and ACTH concentrations and cortisol concentrations after administration of a low dose of cosyntropin were determined within 6 hours after admission. Foals were assigned to 4 groups on the basis of age (<or=24 hours vs 1 to 56 days) and presence of septicemia (yes vs no). Values were compared among groups and with values previously reported for healthy foals. RESULTS Plasma cortisol concentrations 30 and 60 minutes after cosyntropin administration in foals<or=24 hours old were significantly higher than corresponding cortisol concentrations in older foals. In all 4 groups, plasma cortisol concentration 30 minutes after cosyntropin administration was significantly higher than baseline cortisol concentration or concentration 60 minutes after cosyntropin administration. No differences in baseline cortisol or ACTH concentration or in the ACTH-to-cortisol ratio were detected between groups or when ill foals were compared with healthy foals. A small number of ill foals had low baseline cortisol and ACTH concentrations or low responses to cosyntropin administration, compared with healthy foals. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that most ill foals in the present study population had adequate responses to cosyntropin administration. However, a small subset of ill foals appeared to have dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Wong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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