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Villaécija J, Luque B, Castillo-Mayén R, Farhane-Medina NZ, Tabernero C. Influence of Family Social Support and Diabetes Self-Efficacy on the Emotional Wellbeing of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Longitudinal Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1196. [PMID: 37508693 PMCID: PMC10377974 DOI: 10.3390/children10071196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease that is usually diagnosed in childhood, underscoring the importance of early disease control for overall wellbeing. Our aim was to design an explanatory model of subjective emotional wellbeing in children and adolescents with T1D. A longitudinal study was conducted at the Reina Sofia University Hospital in Cordoba (Spain). A total of 151 patients (mean age = 14.50, SD = 2.67; 41.1% girls) participated at T1, while 97 participated at T2 (mean age = 14.93, SD = 2.56; 39.2% girls). Participants completed a self-report questionnaire. Descriptive, reliability, correlation, path, and mediation analyses were performed. The explanatory model showed excellent fit indices [χ2 (10) = 8.62, p = 0.57, RMSEA = 0.00, 95% [0.00, 0.10], CFI = 1.00, GFI = 0.98, AGFI = 0.93, and TLI = 1.01]. The results showed significant and positive relationships between family social support and subjective emotional wellbeing and improved self-care skills. Self-efficacy presented a mediating role between family social support and subjective emotional wellbeing. Given that self-efficacy is a self-regulatory mechanism and a determinant of health, it is argued that future psychoeducational interventions could aim to improve self-efficacy to manage chronic diseases, to achieve greater emotional wellbeing in children and adolescents with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Villaécija
- Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Bárbara Luque
- Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rosario Castillo-Mayén
- Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Naima Z Farhane-Medina
- Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Tabernero
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Social Psychology and Anthropology, University of Salamanca, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
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Commissariat PV, Volkening LK, Weinzimer SA, Dassau E, Laffel LM. Assessing Incorporation of Type 1 Diabetes Into Identity: Validation of the Accepting Diabetes and Personal Treatment (ADAPT) Survey in Teens and Young Adults. Can J Diabetes 2023; 47:66-72. [PMID: 36184368 PMCID: PMC10096441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Teens and young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) often demonstrate difficulty with diabetes management, as they struggle to navigate the impact of T1D on their identities---their self-concepts, bodies, social networks, life experiences and desired futures. Positively incorporating T1D into identity may benefit biomedical and psychosocial outcomes. We aimed to validate and assess psychometric properties of the Accepting Diabetes and Personal Treatment (ADAPT) survey, a new measure of incorporation of T1D into one's identity. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 165 teens and young adults (13 to 25 years of age) with T1D (46% male, 87% Caucasian, 72% pump users, 67% on continuous glucose monitoring [CGM], age 18.5±3.2 years, diabetes duration 10.2±5.0 years, glycated hemoglobin [A1C] 8.5±1.3% [69±14 mmol/mol]). A1C was collected from medical records; participants completed the ADAPT survey and validated measures of fear of hypoglycemia, diabetes distress and quality of life. Internal consistency, reliability, validity and underlying factor structure were assessed. RESULTS The 18-item ADAPT survey demonstrated excellent internal consistency (alpha=0.90) as well as criterion and construct validity. Greater incorporation of diabetes was associated with male sex, pump use, CGM use, lower A1C, less fear of hypoglycemia, less diabetes distress and improved quality of life (p<0.01 for all). Factor analysis identified 3 main contributors to incorporation: Stigma Management, Adjustment to Perceived Interference and Benefit-finding. CONCLUSIONS The ADAPT survey is a valid and reliable measure of incorporation in teens and young adults with T1D that highlights the importance of identity in health outcomes. Diabetes device use and factors of incorporation (Stigma Management, Adjustment to Perceived Interference and Benefit-finding) offer targets for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stuart A Weinzimer
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Eyal Dassau
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Lori M Laffel
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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3
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de Wit M, Gajewska KA, Goethals ER, McDarby V, Zhao X, Hapunda G, Delamater AM, DiMeglio LA. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Psychological care of children, adolescents and young adults with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2022; 23:1373-1389. [PMID: 36464988 PMCID: PMC10107478 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maartje de Wit
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna A Gajewska
- Diabetes Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | - Xiaolei Zhao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Given Hapunda
- Department of Psychology, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Alan M Delamater
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Linda A DiMeglio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Taraban L, Wasserman R, Cao VT, Eshtehardi SS, Anderson BJ, Thompson D, Marrero DG, Hilliard ME. Diabetes-Related Worries and Coping Among Youth and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol 2022; 47:1145-1155. [PMID: 35773974 PMCID: PMC9582784 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although mood and anxiety symptoms are common in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D), little research has described their worries across developmental stages or the strategies they use to cope with these worries. This secondary data analysis aimed to describe and characterize common T1D-related worries and coping strategies from middle childhood through young adulthood. METHODS Twenty-three youth (9 children, 7 adolescents, and 7 young adults) completed semistructured qualitative interviews about health-related quality of life. We coded interview transcripts using thematic analysis to generate common themes of diabetes-related worries and coping strategies. RESULTS Participants' worries fell into four major themes: Managing Blood Glucose, Self-Efficacy for Diabetes Management, Interpersonal Relationships, and Lifestyle Impact, and eight youth denied having diabetes-related worries. Coping strategies fell into the three major themes: Attempts to Change Source of Worry, Attempts to Change Reactions to Worry, and Attempts to Orient Away from the Worry. CONCLUSIONS Youths' worries about various aspects of living with and feeling able to self-manage diabetes are important to consider across pediatric development as they can impact youths' participation in daily activities and future plans. By adolescence, youth report longer-term worries about the health and lifestyle implications of diabetes. Youths' reported coping strategies are generally consistent with existing coping frameworks, though our data suggest some possible refinements. Social support emerged as an important coping strategy for all age groups. Thus, interventions supporting youth in building and strengthening their social networks may be particularly beneficial in helping youth cope with their diabetes-related worries across development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Taraban
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, USA
| | - Rachel Wasserman
- Nemours Children’s Health and University of Central Florida College of Medicine, USA
| | - Viena T Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, USA
| | - Sahar S Eshtehardi
- Department of Psychological Health and Learning Sciences, University of Houston, USA
| | - Barbara J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, USA
| | - Debbe Thompson
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Marisa E Hilliard
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, USA
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Nørlev J, Sondrup K, Derosche C, Hejlesen O, Hangaard S. Game Mechanisms in Serious Games That Teach Children with Type 1 Diabetes How to Self-Manage: A Systematic Scoping Review. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2022; 16:1253-1269. [PMID: 34024156 PMCID: PMC9445355 DOI: 10.1177/19322968211018236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of serious games is a popular approach to help children with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) learn how to self-manage. Many different game mechanisms exist. However, it is unclear which game mechanisms a serious game should include to teach self-management to children with T1D. Therefore, the aim of this scoping review is to map and describe the game mechanisms used in serious games that teach children with T1D how to self-manage and explain how they contribute to teaching self-management. METHODS A systematic scoping review was conducted to map and describe the important game mechanisms published before 23 September 2020. A comprehensive search was performed in the PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Education Database. Relevant literature was selected, synthesized, and reported. RESULTS Of the 800 articles identified, 18 were included in this systematic scoping review. The game mechanisms used in serious games that teach self-management included narrative contexts, feedback, avatars, simulations, goals, levels, and social interactions. DISCUSSION This review identified 7 game mechanisms used in serious games that teach children how to self-manage. A serious game is most effective in teaching self-management when it is T1D-oriented and when multiple game mechanisms are combined. However, the most effective combination of game mechanisms has yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannie Nørlev
- The Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Jannie Nørlev, Msc, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7E, 9220 Aalborg Øst, Aalborg, North Denmark Region 9100, Denmark.
| | - Katrine Sondrup
- The Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Christina Derosche
- The Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ole Hejlesen
- The Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Stine Hangaard
- The Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center North Jutland, Aalborg, Denmark
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Toschi E, Leblanc J, Hafida S, Mehta S, Ritholz M, Gabbay R, Laffel L. Caring for Young Adults With Diabetes in the Adult Care Setting: Summary of a Multidisciplinary Roundtable. FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2022; 3:830183. [PMID: 36992759 PMCID: PMC10012109 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2022.830183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aims A multidisciplinary team of clinicians and researchers, patients and family members, and representative from national advocacy groups and research organization met to review the literature, highlight gaps, and identify best practices to improve adult care delivery for young adults (YA) with diabetes. Methods The participants prepared presentations in advance, rotated through sessions, and contributed to group discussions in three areas: physical health, mental health, and quality of life (QoL). Session moderators and scribes used thematic analysis to summarize discussions for each topic. Results Thematic analysis revealed four foci for addressing physical health, mental health and QoL: 1) best practices to facilitate the process of transfer; 2) age-specific curricula and guidelines for prevention and management of comorbidities and complications; 3) collaboration with behavioral health clinicians to address diabetes distress and mental health disorders; and 4) research on the impact of diabetes on QoL in YA. Conclusion There was substantial interest and need among adult clinicians to work in concert with pediatric and mental health professionals to identify best practices and future directions to improve healthcare process and diabetes-related outcome measures in YA with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Toschi
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Section on Clinical, Behavioral, and Outcomes Research, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer Leblanc
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Samar Hafida
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sanjeev Mehta
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marilyn Ritholz
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert Gabbay
- American Diabetes Association, Alexandria, VA, United States
| | - Lori Laffel
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Section on Clinical, Behavioral, and Outcomes Research, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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7
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Palmer T, Waliaula C, Shannon G, Salustri F, Grewal G, Chelagat W, Jennings HM, Skordis J. Understanding the Lived Experience of Children With Type 1 Diabetes in Kenya: Daily Routines and Adaptation Over Time. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:145-158. [PMID: 34841984 PMCID: PMC8721679 DOI: 10.1177/10497323211049775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Focusing only on biomedical targets neglects the important role that psychosocial factors play in effective diabetes self-management. This study aims to understand the lived experiences of children with Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM) in Kenya. Children (n = 15) participated in focus group discussions and photo diary data collection. Focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews were also conducted with caregivers (n = 14). We describe an adaptation to diabetes over time, identifying four overarching themes: knowledge and awareness, economic exclusion, the importance of social support, and striving for normality. Photo diaries are then categorized to explore daily realities of diabetes management. Children with T1DM in Kenya face varied barriers to care but can lead a "normal" and fulfilling life, provided adequate support is in place. To improve the lives of children with diabetes in this context and others like it, stakeholders must take note of children's experiences and recognize their multidimensional needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Palmer
- Institute for Global Health, 4919University College London, London, UK
| | - Cynthia Waliaula
- Institute for Global Health, 4919University College London, London, UK
| | - Geordan Shannon
- Institute for Global Health, 4919University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Jolene Skordis
- Institute for Global Health, 4919University College London, London, UK
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8
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Souris KJ, Caballero Gonzales MDC, Barrington C, Klatman EL, Anderson BJ, Duarte E, Middlehurst AC, Nostas MC, Ogle GD. 'La Vida Normal': Young people adapting to Type 1 diabetes in Bolivia. Chronic Illn 2021; 17:189-204. [PMID: 31064208 DOI: 10.1177/1742395319843172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify challenges and coping strategies of young people with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and their families in Bolivia through qualitative analysis of interviews with beneficiaries of Centro Vivir con Diabetes (CVCD), a diabetes health center supported by the International Diabetes Federation Life for a Child (LFAC) program. METHODS Eighteen young people aged 14-33 and at least one caregiver participated in semi-structured interviews in five cities in Bolivia from May to June 2016. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS Participants described needing guidance at diagnosis and facing stigma in communities. Young people expressed that life with T1D was 'la vida normal' (a normal life), although interpretations of normalcy varied. For some, 'la vida normal' meant resistance to T1D; for others it indicated acceptance. DISCUSSION Access to interdependent spheres of support allowed young people to form a new normal around T1D. Receiving supplies through the CVCD/LFAC partnership maintained family connection to clinical care, CVCD education helped families share in T1D management, and peer support mitigated stigma for young people. Programs like CVCD that combine supply-based aid with clinical education for whole families, create effective support for young people with T1D in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Souris
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Clare Barrington
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emma L Klatman
- International Diabetes Federation Life for a Child Program, Diabetes NSW & ACT, Glebe, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Angela C Middlehurst
- International Diabetes Federation Life for a Child Program, Diabetes NSW & ACT, Glebe, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Graham D Ogle
- International Diabetes Federation Life for a Child Program, Diabetes NSW & ACT, Glebe, Sydney, Australia
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Main A, Kho C, Miramontes M, Wiebe DJ, Çakan N, Raymond JK. Parents' Empathic Accuracy: Associations With Type 1 Diabetes Management and Familism. J Pediatr Psychol 2021; 47:59-68. [PMID: 34333656 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsab073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To (1) test associations between parents' empathic accuracy for their adolescents' positive and negative emotions and adolescents' physical and mental health (HbA1c, diabetes self-care, and depressive symptoms) in a predominantly Latinx sample of adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their parents, and (2) explore how familism values were associated with parent empathic accuracy and adolescent physical and mental health in this population. METHODS Parents and adolescents engaged in a discussion about a topic of frequent conflict related to the adolescents' diabetes management. Parents and adolescents subsequently completed a video recall task in which they rated their own and their partner's emotions once per minute; parents' empathic accuracy was calculated from an average discrepancy between parent and adolescent ratings of the adolescent's emotions. Adolescents reported on their depressive symptoms and both parents and adolescents reported on adolescents' diabetes self-care and their own familism values; HbA1c was obtained from medical records. RESULTS Results from structural equation modeling revealed that parents' empathic accuracy for adolescents' negative (but not positive) emotions was uniquely associated with adolescents' HbA1c, self-care, and depressive symptoms. There was limited evidence that familism was related to parent empathic accuracy or adolescent physical and mental health. CONCLUSIONS Promoting parents' empathic accuracy for adolescents' negative emotions in the context of type 1 diabetes management may have important implications for adolescents' mental and physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer K Raymond
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USA.,University of Southern California, USA
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10
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Garrett CJ, Ismail K, Fonagy P. Understanding developmental psychopathology in Type 1 diabetes through attachment, mentalisation and diabetes distress. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 26:682-694. [PMID: 33624515 DOI: 10.1177/1359104521994640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This article examines the combined roles of attachment mentalisation and diabetes distress in the psychological development of young people with Type 1 diabetes (T1D). We use these ideas to unify the evidence for psychological variables affecting young people and their families and suggest how diabetes distress and mentalisation might be part of the pathways for development of psychiatric diagnoses.Attachment theory's central hypothesis is that a secure relationship with a care-giver in the early life of a child is essential to normal emotional and relational development, whilst diabetes distress is a well recognised phenomena of burden experienced by both child and parent in relation to the condition.We extend the ideas of attachment, into the psychological adaptation processes for young people at the time of diagnosis of T1D with emphasis on the function of the parent/caregiver in mentalising the experience of the child. We also connect our current understanding of diabetes distress to the associated increased risk for disorders of eating and personality in T1D.Using principles learnt in other areas of psychotherapeutic practice we end by suggesting interventions that could impact mental health and diabetes outcomes using the mentalisation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Garrett
- Bart's Health and East London Foundation Trust.,Diabetes, Psychiatry and Psychology Research Group, King's College London, UK
| | - Khalida Ismail
- Diabetes, Psychiatry and Psychology Research Group, King's College London, UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, UK
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Lawton J, Hart RI, Kimbell B, Allen JM, Besser REJ, Boughton C, Elleri D, Fuchs J, Ghatak A, Randell T, Thankamony A, Trevelyan N, Hovorka R, Rankin D. Data Sharing While Using a Closed-Loop System: Qualitative Study of Adolescents' and Parents' Experiences and Views. Diabetes Technol Ther 2021; 23:500-507. [PMID: 33605790 PMCID: PMC8252900 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2020.0637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To understand and explore data sharing practices among adolescents and their parents using a closed-loop system. Methods: Eighteen adolescents (aged 11-18 years) and 19 parents were interviewed after adolescents had ∼6 months experience of using a closed-loop system, which permitted them to share glucose and insulin data with parents/caregivers. Data were analyzed thematically. Results: There was considerable variability in how parent-child dyads perceived, valued, and undertook data sharing. Parents of early adolescents (11-13 years) reported making extensive use of "real time" data to remotely manage their child's diabetes and early adolescents described needing and wanting this input. Parents of middle adolescents (14-16 years) described making greater use of retrospective data. To avoid conflict and encourage and support their son/daughter's autonomy, these individuals reported practicing watchful waiting and only intervening after concerns about a pattern of problematic behavior or their child's safety arose. Middle adolescents indicated that data sharing had been done primarily for the benefit of their parents, although they also noted quality of life benefits for themselves. Among late adolescents (17+ years), parents were simply remote because their son/daughter had not permitted access to their data. Participants recommended clear ground rules be put in place about when, and how, data sharing should be used. Conclusions: To help parent-child dyads use data sharing in ways which minimize conflict and optimize constructive parental support, we recommend tailored input and support, which takes account of family dynamics, the young person's developmental maturity, and the different ways in which data are used across the adolescent age range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lawton
- Usher Institute, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to: Julia Lawton, BA, PhD, Usher Institute, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth I. Hart
- Usher Institute, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Kimbell
- Usher Institute, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M. Allen
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Elizabeth Jane Besser
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Boughton
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Elleri
- Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Fuchs
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Atrayee Ghatak
- Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ajay Thankamony
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Children's Services, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Trevelyan
- Department of Child Health, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Hovorka
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Rankin
- Usher Institute, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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12
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Leung JMWS, Tang TS, Lim CE, Laffel LM, Amed S. The four I's of adolescent transition in type 1 diabetes care: A qualitative study. Diabet Med 2021; 38:e14443. [PMID: 33107064 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To explore adolescent perspectives on programme design in the transition to adult care. METHODS We conducted five focus groups on adolescents with type 1 diabetes nearing the age of transition to adult care. Study participants also completed an embedded survey where they rated a wide range of potential transition interventions. Focus group transcripts were analysed with three iterations of line-by-line coding to triangulate themes and subthemes. RESULTS Four themes were identified: Individualization-how to personalize the transition experience (having choices in the transition experience, meeting adult provider before transition and specific transition preparation); Identity-how the world relates to my diabetes (stigma of type 1 diabetes, confusion with type 2 diabetes, diagnosis disclosure and resilience); Interconnection-how my support system can help me with my diabetes (peer support, near peer support, parental support, loss of bond with paediatric team and fear of not having a bond with adult team); and Impediment-how my diabetes limits me (self-care takes work and time, unpredictability and restrictiveness, and emotional burden). Highly rated interventions from the survey included: good communication between the paediatric and adult teams, medical summary of past diabetes care, and having paediatric and adult teams in the same building. CONCLUSIONS The design of future transition interventions for adolescents with type 1 diabetes should address the issues of Individualization, Identity, Interconnection and Impediment. Collaborative processes between paediatric and adult providers were also rated as important strategies to facilitate the transition to adult care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M W S Leung
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tricia S Tang
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Catherine E Lim
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Shazhan Amed
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Reidy C, Foster C, Rogers A. A Facilitated Web-Based Self-Management Tool for People With Type 1 Diabetes Using an Insulin Pump: Intervention Development Using the Behavior Change Wheel and Theoretical Domains Framework. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e13980. [PMID: 32356776 PMCID: PMC7229530 DOI: 10.2196/13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) requires intensive self-management (SM). An insulin pump is designed to better support personal T1D management, but at the same time, it exacerbates the complexity and requirements of SM. Research shows that people with diabetes are likely to benefit from navigating and connecting to local means of social support and resources through web-based interventions that offer flexible, innovative, and accessible SM. However, questions remain as to which behavior change mechanisms within such resources benefit patients most and how to foster engagement with and endorsement of SM interventions. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the perspectives and experiences of people with T1D using an insulin pump and specialist health care professionals (HCPs) and determine what behavior change characteristics and strategies are required to inform the optimization of an existing web-based social network (SN) intervention to support SM. METHODS Focus groups with insulin pump users (n=19) and specialist HCPs (n=20) in 6 National Health Service (NHS) trusts across the south of England examined the barriers and enablers to incorporating and self-managing an insulin pump. An analysis was undertaken using the Behavior Change Wheel and Theoretical Domains Framework, followed by a taxonomy of behavior change techniques (BCTs) to identify the contents of and strategies for the implementation of a complex health intervention. RESULTS A total of 4 themes represent the SM perspectives and experiences of stakeholders: (1) a desire for access to tailored and appropriate resources and information-the support and information required for successful SM are situational and contextual, and these vary according to time and life circumstances, and therefore, these need to be tailored and appropriate; (2) specific social support preferences-taking away isolation as well as providing shared learnings and practical tips, but limitations included the fear of judgment from others and self-pity from peers; (3) the environmental context, that is, capacity and knowledge of pump clinic HCPs-HCPs acknowledge the patient's need for holistic support but lack confidence in providing it; and (4) professional responsibility and associated risks and dangers, whereas HCPs are fearful of the consequences of promoting non-NHSSM support, and they question whether SM support fits into their role. BCTs were identified to address these issues. CONCLUSIONS The use of behavioral theory and a validated implementation framework provided a comprehensive approach for systematically identifying barriers and enablers of self-managing T1D with an insulin pump. A web-based SN intervention appears to offer additional forms of SM support while complementing NHS services. However, for intervention implementation, HCPs' apprehensions about responsibility when signposting to non-NHS SM support would need to be addressed, and opportunistic features would need to be added, through which pump users could actively engage with other people living with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Reidy
- National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,School of Primary Care, Population Health & Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Foster
- Macmillan Survivorship Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Rogers
- National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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"They Think It's Helpful, but It's Not": a Qualitative Analysis of the Experience of Social Support Provided by Peers in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Behav Med 2020; 27:444-454. [PMID: 32291619 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-020-09878-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adherence in type 1 diabetes has previously been found to be improved with effective social support. However, research has so far been unable to elucidate the effect of social support from peers in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, with studies concluding they may be both positively and negatively related to self-care and glycaemic control. The present study explores the experience of social support from peers in adolescents with type 1 diabetes using a qualitative methodology to address this lack of consensus in the literature, using the research question: "what is the meaning and experience of social support from peers in adolescents with type 1 diabetes?" METHODS Semi-structured interviews using the Diabetes Social Support Interview schedule were employed. Twelve participants aged 15-18 were recruited from paediatric outpatient services. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Two overarching themes were noted within transcripts; A Sense of Normality and "They Think It's Helpful, But It's Not". Overall, participants reported a desire for global support from peers and explored how and why diabetes-specific support behaviours were more likely to be interpreted as harassing. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that diabetes-specific support may not always be advantageous in aiding adolescents to reach and maintain optimal self-care. In addition, participants emphasise the acceptability of advice provided by peers with type 1 diabetes, making peer support and mentoring programmes an excellent candidate for future research.
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15
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Commissariat PV, Laffel LM, Gonzalez JS. Identity and treatment adherence in predominantly ethnic minority teens and young adults with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2020; 21:53-60. [PMID: 31603620 PMCID: PMC7144802 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The demands of diabetes care can place substantial burden on youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D), who must manage their treatment in conjunction with the developmentally typical tasks of adolescence. How diabetes affects the normative task of identity development deserves further exploration. METHODS A sample of 83 participants (ages 13-21) completed a qualitative interview about life with diabetes and a battery of validated psychosocial measures. Individual interviews were analyzed using content analysis to create criteria for whether a teen had incorporated their T1D in relation to their identity. Convergent validity was assessed by comparing identity groups on various validated measures of psychosocial characteristics and health-related outcomes. Analysis of covariances (ANCOVAs) were used to determine whether identity status had a significant relationship to health outcomes. RESULTS Results indicated that youth who were categorized as incorporating their T1D into their identities demonstrated significantly greater perceived social competency (P = .014), greater diabetes-specific self-esteem (P < .001), better self-care (P = .002), and more life satisfaction (P = .001) than those who had not incorporated T1D. Incorporation was also associated with better glycemic control (P = .003). Identity remained significantly associated with the above psychosocial and health-related outcomes even when controlling for covariates of gender and method of insulin delivery (Ps < .01). CONCLUSIONS Successful incorporation of diabetes is associated with better biomedical and psychosocial outcomes in teens with T1D. Further research is warranted to assess influences on identity as well as how to encourage and support incorporation in this at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Persis V. Commissariat
- Section on Clinical, Behavioral, and Outcomes Research, Pediatric, Adolescent, and Young Adult Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lori M. Laffel
- Section on Clinical, Behavioral, and Outcomes Research, Pediatric, Adolescent, and Young Adult Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Gonzalez
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA,Departments of Medicine (Endocrinology) and Epidemiology & Population Health, New York Regional Center for Diabetes Translation Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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16
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AlHaidar AM, AlShehri NA, AlHussaini MA. Family Support and Its Association with Glycemic Control in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:5151604. [PMID: 32280715 PMCID: PMC7125464 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5151604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) among children in Saudi Arabia is increasing with unfavorable outcomes. Therefore, in addition to pharmacotherapy, other measures should be studied regarding psychological aspects mainly among adolescents. The family, which acts as the primary caregiver at this age, may play a major role in disease management. Thus, this study is aimed at assessing the perception of adolescents about the behaviors of their families initially and at investigating the correlation between these behaviors and glycemic control. Up to our knowledge, there was no study in Saudi Arabia that addressed this issue previously. This cross-sectional observational study assessed adolescents aged 10-19 years diagnosed with T1DM on insulin and receiving follow-up care at the King Saud University Medical City in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected via telephone interview and the verified "Modified Diabetes Social Support Questionnaire-Family version". Glycemic control was then assessed using the most recent hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level recorded in their electronic files. Fifty-six adolescents participated in this study with an equal sex distribution (each n = 28). Almost all participants were Saudis, and the majority were living in Riyadh (n = 41). The mean age was 16.1 ± 2.41 years with a mean of 6.1 ± 4.14 years history of diabetes. The mean HbA1c level was 9.6 ± 2.12%. Participants perceived all behaviors as supportive with "support in critical situations" being the highest (77.3%) and the only factor significantly related to HbA1c (p = 0.017). Age was significantly related to all factors (p > 0.05). Family plays a major role in the management of diabetes. Their supportive behaviors are perceived by their family members diagnosed with T1DM, but there has been no optimal association with disease control. However, the involvement of the family can aid in decreasing possible complications of the disease by intervening in critical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adwa M. AlHaidar
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah A. AlShehri
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Iturralde E, Hood KK, Weissberg-Benchell J, Anderson BJ, Hilliard ME. Assessing strengths of children with type 1 diabetes: Validation of the Diabetes Strengths and Resilience (DSTAR) measure for ages 9 to 13. Pediatr Diabetes 2019; 20:1007-1015. [PMID: 31336011 PMCID: PMC7337991 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive diabetes-specific attitudes and behaviors, known as diabetes strengths, relate to positive self-management and quality of life outcomes in type 1 diabetes (T1D), but have not been studied in preadolescence. To facilitate strengths-based care and research on this topic, we developed and evaluated the psychometric properties of a measure of diabetes strengths for children age 9 to 13. METHODS Participants were 187 children receiving care for T1D at a tertiary care children's hospital. They completed the 12-item self-report Diabetes Strengths and Resilience scale for children (DSTAR-Child), which we adapted from a measure validated for adolescents. Youth completed the DSTAR-Child twice, and measures of relevant constructs at baseline: general and diabetes-related quality of life, depressive symptoms, and diabetes distress. Parents rated children's engagement in self-management behaviors and general resilience. We extracted HbA1c from the medical record. RESULTS The DSTAR-Child total score demonstrated reliability, including internal consistency and stability across two time points. The total score was significantly associated in expected directions with psychosocial measures and glycemic control but not self-management behaviors. In confirmatory factor analyses, the best-fitting structure contained two latent factors tapping intrapersonal and interpersonal strengths. Resulting subscale scores also appeared reliable and valid. CONCLUSIONS This brief, practical measure of diabetes strengths demonstrated sound psychometric properties. Diabetes strengths appeared unrelated to self-management behaviors, perhaps because of the primary role of adult caregivers in T1D management for preadolescents. As a research and clinical tool, the DSTAR-Child can facilitate greater understanding of diabetes strengths and inform strengths-based strategies to foster resilient T1D outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esti Iturralde
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Korey K. Hood
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jill Weissberg-Benchell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barbara J. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Marisa E. Hilliard
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
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18
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Taha N, Mesbah N, Rahme Z, Omar D, Sukkar F. Piloting a Culturally Adapted Arabic Structured Small-Group Education Program for Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. Med Princ Pract 2019; 29:142-149. [PMID: 31480055 PMCID: PMC7098269 DOI: 10.1159/000503084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kuwait has a high prevalence and incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D). At present there is a need for structured educational programs (SEP) specifically tailored for Arabian youth with T1D. This SEP was locally and culturally adapted from the Kids In Control of Food (KICk-OFF) course delivered at the Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait. AIMS To explore the psychological and social impact of a pilot SEP for Arabian youth with T1D and their mothers through exploring their respective perspectives. METHODS All 20 participants were interviewed using semistructured interviews individually, with a duration of approximately 30-45 min. The interviews were recorded and then transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using an inductive thematic approach. RESULTS The adolescents gained more self-confidence in managing their diabetes and their mothers were more confident in allowing their children take the lead in their diabetes self-management. Participants were empowered with adequate knowledge about the underlying pathophysiology of glucose metabolism and the nutritional and pharmacological management which made them feel in control and helped them to better cope with diabetes. It reduced diabetes-related family stress and gave them more social freedom, supporting behavioral change for a better lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS Attending the adapted SEP had a positive impact on adolescents with T1D and their mothers through enhancement of their knowledge and confidence, thus giving them a sense of disease control. This pilot study has proven effective in terms of enhancement of confidence in diabetes management and psychosocial factors. Therefore, there is a need for a wider implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehad Taha
- Department of Education and Training, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Naglaa Mesbah
- Department of Education and Training, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait,
| | - Zahra Rahme
- Department of Education and Training, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Dina Omar
- Department of Education and Training, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Faten Sukkar
- Department of Education and Training, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
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19
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Bekker CI, Deacon E, Segal D. Meaning in life experienced by parents of children living with diabetes. Health Psychol Open 2019; 6:2055102919832221. [PMID: 30858981 PMCID: PMC6402055 DOI: 10.1177/2055102919832221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, nine parents of children living with well-controlled diabetes participated in semi-structured interviews to explore how they make meaning of living with a child with diabetes. Creating a state of normalcy that incorporates the diabetes care plan, empowering their children to successful transition to independent care, positive relationships with their medical team as well as acquiring and sharing diabetes-related knowledge and skills add to the meaning in life of these parents. Health practitioners should facilitate conversations with parents to help them realise their motivation for adhering to the diabetes care plan.
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20
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Dempster KW, Liu A, Nansel TR. Depression and parenting in youth with type 1 diabetes: Are general and diabetes-specific parenting behaviors associated with depressive symptoms over a 2-year period? J Behav Med 2019; 42:842-850. [PMID: 30694403 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-019-00011-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of general parenting style and diabetes-specific parenting behaviors with depression in youth with type 1 diabetes. Participants (n = 390) completed self-report measures of depression at baseline and 2-year follow-up, general parenting style at baseline, and diabetes-specific parenting (conflict, task involvement, and collaborative involvement) at baseline and every 6 months. Logistic regression examined associations of parenting with depression at baseline and 2-year follow-up. A less authoritative parenting style, lower parent collaborative involvement, and greater diabetes-related conflict were associated with baseline depression in the model simultaneously including all parenting variables and covariates. Lower parent collaborative involvement and higher diabetes-related conflict were associated with depression at 2-year follow-up, adjusting for baseline depression and covariates. Parent task involvement was not associated with depression at either time. Findings suggest a protective role of parenting in reducing the risk of depression in youth with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine W Dempster
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch (KWD, TRN), Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch (AL), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aiyi Liu
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch (KWD, TRN), Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch (AL), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tonja R Nansel
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch (KWD, TRN), Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch (AL), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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21
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Delamater AM, de Wit M, McDarby V, Malik JA, Hilliard ME, Northam E, Acerini CL. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Psychological care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19 Suppl 27:237-249. [PMID: 30058247 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Psychological/physiology
- Adolescent
- Burnout, Psychological/psychology
- Burnout, Psychological/therapy
- Child
- Consensus
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/psychology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Endocrinology/organization & administration
- Endocrinology/standards
- Humans
- International Cooperation
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders/therapy
- Pediatrics/organization & administration
- Pediatrics/standards
- Practice Patterns, Physicians'/standards
- Psychotherapy/methods
- Psychotherapy/standards
- Quality of Life/psychology
- Resilience, Psychological
- Societies, Medical/organization & administration
- Societies, Medical/standards
- Stress, Psychological/etiology
- Stress, Psychological/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Delamater
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Maartje de Wit
- Department of Medical Psychology, EMGO Institute for Health & Care Research, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent McDarby
- National Children's Research Centre and Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jamil A Malik
- Center of Excellence, National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Marisa E Hilliard
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Carlo L Acerini
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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22
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Holtz BE, Murray K, Park T. Serious Games for Children with Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review. Games Health J 2018; 7:291-301. [PMID: 29957082 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2018.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature to assess if serious games impact health outcomes for children less than 18 years of age with chronic diseases. Additionally, the impact of self-efficacy, adherence, knowledge, use of theory, parent involvement, and study quality was also examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Searches were conducted in databases EBSCO, PubMed, and Web of Science between June and August 2016. Randomized controlled trials using a serious game as an intervention, for participants under 18 years of age, to improve their chronic disease were included. RESULTS Data were extracted by two independent researchers, including: Title, author, and publication year; chronic disease; game description; number and age of participants; intervention duration; significant findings; parent involvement; theory; and study quality. Any disagreements were tackled and consensus was achieved. Eighteen studies were included in the review. The areas of health addressed included cerebral palsy, asthma, diabetes, developmental coordination disorders, and vision disorders. In these articles, eight health outcome variables were measured, including: lung function, glycemic control, hospital visits, motor proficiency, and visual acuity. Psychosocial variables that were assessed included self-efficacy and knowledge. Two articles included parents in the intervention, and three articles used theory. Six studies had significant health outcome finding, and four studies found a significant change in one psychosocial variable. CONCLUSION This review demonstrates the potential for games to improve health outcomes of young individuals. However, the mixed results suggest that more serious game interventions need to be better designed and rigorously tested to support their impact on improving health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bree E Holtz
- 1 Department of Advertising and Public Relations, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Katharine Murray
- 1 Department of Advertising and Public Relations, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Taiwoo Park
- 2 Department of Media and Information, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
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23
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Saylor J, Lee S, Ness M, Ambrosino JM, Ike E, Ziegler M, Roth CL, Calamaro C. Positive Health Benefits of Peer Support and Connections for College Students With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. DIABETES EDUCATOR 2018; 44:340-347. [PMID: 29949457 DOI: 10.1177/0145721718765947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics and health outcomes of college students with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) as it relates to membership in a local university-based diabetes student organization. Methods This descriptive, correlational research design is a secondary analysis of data. The sample consisted of nationally representative young adults in college (n = 317) between 18 and 30 years of age who were diagnosed with T1DM. Data were collected during April 2017 using a secure electronic diabetes management survey to inquire about self-reported barriers to diabetes management, hypoglycemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis of members of a diabetes organization. Results Students were evenly distributed from freshman to senior year of college with a slight decrease at the graduate level. Students who were affiliated members of a student-led diabetes student organization were less likely to report increased levels of isolation, depressive symptoms, and anxiety related to their diabetes than were general members. Conclusion Participation in a university-based diabetes student organization on campus and connecting with other college students with diabetes may have health benefits. In conclusion, the current study underscores the potential importance of peer-led, diabetes-specific support for adolescents emerging into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Michelle Ness
- School of Nursing, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Jodie M Ambrosino
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Emily Ike
- The College Diabetes Network, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melissa Ziegler
- University of Delaware, College of Health Sciences, Biostatistics Core, Newark, Delaware
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Hilliard ME, Iturralde E, Weissberg-Benchell J, Hood KK. The Diabetes Strengths and Resilience Measure for Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes (DSTAR-Teen): Validation of a New, Brief Self-Report Measure. J Pediatr Psychol 2018; 42:995-1005. [PMID: 28549160 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsx086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Despite the challenges of managing type 1 diabetes, many adolescents achieve optimal outcomes. A validated measure of diabetes-specific strengths is needed to measure adaptive behaviors and attitudes associated with overcoming challenges and achieving "resilient" outcomes. Methods Baseline data from 260 adolescents (age 14-18 years, M = 15.7 ± 1.1, 60% female, 33% Non-Caucasian, M A1c = 9.1 ± 1.9%) and caregivers in a behavioral intervention trial were analyzed to evaluate psychometric properties of the 12-item self-report Diabetes Strengths and Resilience measure for adolescents (DSTAR-Teen). Reliability and validity were examined in relation to measures of related constructs, regimen adherence, and glycemic outcomes, and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted. Results Reliability was good (internal consistency: α = .89; item-total correlations: r range = .55-.78). Significant correlations demonstrated construct and criterion validity. A two-factor structure reflecting intrapersonal and interpersonal processes fit the data better than a one-factor solution. Conclusions The DSTAR-Teen has strong psychometric properties, captures adaptive aspects of adolescents' diabetes management (i.e., "strengths"), and is related to clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa E Hilliard
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital
| | - Esti Iturralde
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Jill Weissberg-Benchell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Korey K Hood
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine
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25
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Radcliff Z, Weaver P, Chen R, Streisand R, Holmes C. The Role of Authoritative Parenting in Adolescent Type 1 Diabetes Management. J Pediatr Psychol 2018; 43:185-194. [PMID: 29048478 PMCID: PMC5896594 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsx107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Adolescents with Type 1 diabetes are at risk for poorer adherence, lower quality of life (QOL), and poorer glycemic control (HbA1c). Authoritative parenting (AP) along with youth adherence and QOL was hypothesized to relate to better HbA1c. Methods Parent-youth dyads (N = 257) completed baseline measures of adherence and QOL. Youth completed an AP questionnaire, and HbA1c samples were evaluated. Structural equation modeling determined relations among AP, adherence, QOL, and glycemic control. Results AP indirectly linked to better HbA1c (β = -.15, p = .021) through both better adherence and higher QOL. AP also was associated directly with better adherence (β = .26, p = .001), which in turn was linked to better HbA1c (β = -.35, p = .021). In addition, adherence was associated directly with QOL (β = -.56, p = .001). Conclusions Together, better youth adherence and higher QOL are two mechanisms by which more AP indirectly relates to better glycemic control during the early adolescent years.
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26
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Raymaekers K, Oris L, Prikken S, Moons P, Goossens E, Weets I, Luyckx K. The Role of Peers for Diabetes Management in Adolescents and Emerging Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Longitudinal Study. Diabetes Care 2017; 40:1678-1684. [PMID: 29138272 DOI: 10.2337/dc17-0643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The increasing importance of peers in adolescence and emerging adulthood has been widely acknowledged. However, longitudinal research linking the peer context to diabetes management and outcomes is scarce. The present longitudinal study in a large sample of youths with type 1 diabetes related both positive and negative peer variables to diabetes outcomes over a time interval of 1 year. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Our sample consisted of 467 adolescents (14-17 years of age) and emerging adults (18-25 years of age) with type 1 diabetes who participated in a two-wave longitudinal study. Questionnaires tapped into peer support, extreme peer orientation, parental responsiveness, diabetes-related distress, and treatment adherence. HbA1c values were obtained from the treating physicians of patients. Cross-lagged analysis from a structural equation modeling approach was performed to assess the directionality of effects. RESULTS Peer support negatively predicted diabetes-related distress over time. Extreme peer orientation positively predicted treatment distress over time. Parental responsiveness negatively predicted food distress over time. Treatment adherence negatively predicted extreme peer orientation, treatment distress, and HbA1c values over time. For emerging adults specifically, there was a reciprocal relationship between HbA1c values and extreme peer orientation because they positively predicted each other. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of peers in predicting the functioning of youths with type 1 diabetes. Additionally, treatment adherence at baseline was found to negatively predict extreme peer orientation, treatment distress, and worse glycemic control over time. In sum, the current study underscores the importance of the peer context for adolescents and emerging adults with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leen Oris
- University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Research Foundation Flanders, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Philip Moons
- University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Goossens
- University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Research Foundation Flanders, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Weets
- Free University Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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Bendixen BE, Kirkevold M, Graue M, Haltbakk J. Experiences of being a family member to an older person with diabetes receiving home care services. Scand J Caring Sci 2017; 32:805-814. [PMID: 28833315 DOI: 10.1111/scs.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe family members' experiences of attending to an old person with diabetes receiving home care services, including their interaction with the formal caregivers. METHODS AND RESULTS The study has a qualitative descriptive design. From May to August 2015, eight family members were interviewed. Interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis. To describe family members' experiences, the following four themes were identified: Security through patients' self-management skills and diabetes knowledge; Perceived burden due to the old persons' deteriorated health; Security through competent home care services; and Doubt due to personnel's inadequate approach and interaction. CONCLUSION It is important for personnel in home care services to consider patients' self-management skills and the family members' diabetes knowledge as key aspects in order to limit experiences of burden when the older person with diabetes has deteriorating health. The findings underscore that interaction with home care personnel skilled in managing diabetes helps family members feel secure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente E Bendixen
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health- and Social Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marit Kirkevold
- Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Faculty of Health- and Social Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Graue
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health- and Social Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Faculty of Health- and Social Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Johannes Haltbakk
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health- and Social Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
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28
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Pierce JS, Kozikowski C, Lee JM, Wysocki T. Type 1 diabetes in very young children: a model of parent and child influences on management and outcomes. Pediatr Diabetes 2017; 18:17-25. [PMID: 26712357 PMCID: PMC7418073 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in very young children (YC-T1D) is increasing globally. Managing YC-T1D is challenging from both a medical and psychosocial perspective during this vulnerable developmental period when complete dependence upon parental caretaking is normative and child behavior is unpredictable. The consequences of suboptimal glycemic control during this age range are substantial since these children will have T1D for many years and they are prone to adverse neuropsychological sequelae. Poor adaptation to T1D during these early years may engender a persistent trajectory of negative outcomes that can be very resistant to change. The empirical research on the YC-T1D population (age <6 yr) has indicated multiple mechanisms through which parent characteristics, parent coping skills, and child characteristics interact to yield a pattern of T1D management behaviors that affect T1D outcomes. However, this research has not yet led to a well-conceived conceptual model for identifying and understanding these mechanisms or for specifying research gaps and future research directions. The aim of this review is to propose such a conceptual model linking parent characteristics, parent coping, and child characteristics to T1D management behaviors and outcomes. This article reviews the literature focusing on research pertinent to YC-T1D and elements of our proposed model, identifies and discusses gaps in the literature, offers directions for future research, and considers a range of possible interventions targeting the unique needs of this special population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Pierce
- Nemours Research Institute, Center for Health Care Delivery Science, Nemours Children’s Health System, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Chelsea Kozikowski
- Department of Biomedical Research, Center for Health Care Delivery Science, Nemours Children’s Health System, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Joyce M Lee
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Child Health Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tim Wysocki
- Department of Biomedical Research, Center for Health Care Delivery Science, Nemours Children’s Health System, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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29
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Bregnballe V, Boisen KA, Schiøtz PO, Pressler T, Lomborg K. Flying the nest: a challenge for young adults with cystic fibrosis and their parents. Patient Prefer Adherence 2017; 11:229-236. [PMID: 28243066 PMCID: PMC5317342 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s124814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As young patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) grow up, they are expected to take increasing responsibility for the treatment and care of their disease. The aim of this study was to explore the disease-related challenges faced by young adults with CF and their parents, when they leave home. MATERIALS AND METHODS A questionnaire survey of Danish patients with CF aged 18-25 years and their parents was conducted. The questionnaires were based on focus-group interviews with young adults with CF and their parents, and addressed challenges faced in the transition phase between childhood and adulthood, including different areas of disease management in everyday life. RESULTS Among all of the patients invited, 62% (n=58/94) of young adults and 53% (n=99/188) of their parents participated in the study. In total, 40% of the 18- to 25-year-olds were living with their parents, and the parents continued to play an active role in the daily care of their offspring's disease. Among the young adults who had left home, both the patients and their parents reported many difficulties regarding disease management; the young adults reported difficulties in contacting social services and in affording and preparing sufficient CF-focused meals, and their parents reported difficulties in answering questions concerning social rights and CF in general, and in knowing how to give their offspring the best help, how much to interfere, and how to relinquish control of managing their offspring's disease. CONCLUSION Young adults with CF who have left home have difficulties in handling the disease and their parents have difficulties in knowing how to give them the best help. There is an urgent need for holistic CF transitional care, including ensuring that young adults master the essential skills for self-management as they leave their parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Bregnballe
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus
- Correspondence: Vibeke Bregnballe, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, 12A, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, Tel +45 6169 9001, Email
| | - Kirsten A Boisen
- Center of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen
| | | | - Tacjana Pressler
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen
| | - Kirsten Lomborg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Iturralde E, Weissberg-Benchell J, Hood KK. Avoidant coping and diabetes-related distress: Pathways to adolescents' Type 1 diabetes outcomes. Health Psychol 2016; 36:236-244. [PMID: 27808528 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adolescents with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) are vulnerable to diabetes-related distress and often struggle to complete self-management tasks needed to maintain blood glucose values in target range. One way that youth with T1D handle problems is through avoidant coping. The current study examined cross-time associations between avoidant coping style and diabetes outcomes and tested the possible mediating role of diabetes-related distress. METHOD Adolescents with T1D (N = 264) were assessed 4 times over 1 year to measure avoidant coping style, diabetes-related distress, adherence (on the basis of glucometer data and self-report), and glycemic control (hemoglobin A1c). Mediation and direct effects were tested across time using time-lagged autoregressive path models, making use of the repeated measurement of all constructs. RESULTS The hypothesized mediation effect was found for all 3 diabetes outcomes. Higher levels of avoidant coping style were associated with greater diabetes-related distress at the subsequent time point, which was related in turn to fewer blood glucose checks, less frequent self-care behaviors, and poorer glycemic control (higher A1c) at the next assessment. CONCLUSIONS In the context of diabetes, an avoidant coping style may contribute to greater diabetes-specific distress followed by deterioration in self-management and glycemic control over time. Maladaptive coping styles are modifiable factors that offer an entry point into intervention before further difficulties can take hold. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Esti Iturralde
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Jill Weissberg-Benchell
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine/Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago
| | - Korey K Hood
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine
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Abstract
With the growing prevalence of diabetes in teens and frequent concomitant problems with adherence, adolescents are a frequent target for diabetes self-management support and education. Due to widespread use of technology among teens in general, the use of serious games, games used for purposes beyond entertainment with the intention to educate and support health behavior for teens with diabetes self-management, is an emerging and promising practice. This report explores games intended for teens with diabetes, how the use of games may enhance clinical practice, and provides suggestions for future research and better utilization of these technologies. Current research on the use of gaming for promoting diabetes management in teens is fairly limited, with some initial support for improvements in both behavioral and clinical outcomes among teens. More research is clearly needed in order to further determine how gaming can best be utilized to impact health outcomes in these teens, as well as potential mechanisms of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Swartwout
- O'Neil Center/GetWellNetwork, 7700 Old Georgetown Road, 4th Floor, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Ashley El-Zein
- O'Neil Center/GetWellNetwork, 7700 Old Georgetown Road, 4th Floor, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Patricia Deyo
- O'Neil Center/GetWellNetwork, 7700 Old Georgetown Road, 4th Floor, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Rachel Sweenie
- Center for Translational Science, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Ave., NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Randi Streisand
- Center for Translational Science, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Ave., NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
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32
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Satisfaction with the Health Care Provider and Regimen Adherence in Minority Youth with Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2016; 23:257-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s10880-016-9460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Commissariat PV, Kenowitz JR, Trast J, Heptulla RA, Gonzalez JS. Developing a Personal and Social Identity With Type 1 Diabetes During Adolescence: A Hypothesis Generative Study. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2016; 26:672-84. [PMID: 26893304 PMCID: PMC9639364 DOI: 10.1177/1049732316628835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the incorporation of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) into self-identity among adolescents. Guided interviews explored 40 adolescents' views of T1DM in relation to their sense of self and relationships with others. Responses were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results revealed that the entire sample described T1DM as a significant burden; many described how T1DM made them feel less "normal." Adolescents described both positive and negative aspects of self-management in social relationships, though most reported benefits in sharing T1DM with friends. Females were more likely to share information about T1DM and to describe positive changes in self-perception as a result of T1DM. The psychosocial processes related to integration of T1DM into self-identity described in these qualitative data provide hypothesis-generating findings that can guide future quantitative research examining incorporation of T1DM into adolescent self-identity in relation to measures of self-esteem, peer orientation, self-management, and glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rubina A Heptulla
- Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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34
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Is social support universally adaptive in diabetes? A correlational study in an Arabic-speaking population with type 2 diabetes. Holist Nurs Pract 2015; 29:37-47. [PMID: 25470479 DOI: 10.1097/hnp.0000000000000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between diabetes self-care, diabetes-specific emotional distress, and social support and glycemic control (hemoglobin A1C levels: HbA1c) among a sample of Lebanese adults with type 2 diabetes. A descriptive correlational design was adapted with descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regressions for analyses. A convenience sample of 140 adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes was recruited from 2 diabetes clinics in Greater Beirut. Participants were asked to complete 4 questionnaires in Arabic. Significant associations (P < .05) were found between following a general diet for more than 3.5 days per week and higher social support and HbA1c levels of 7% or more. Social support was positively associated with HbA1c levels such that participants with uncontrolled glycemic levels, as evidenced by higher values for HbA1c, received more support from their social network.
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35
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Lu Y, Pyatak EA, Peters AL, Wood JR, Kipke M, Cohen M, Sequeira PA. Patient perspectives on peer mentoring: type 1 diabetes management in adolescents and young adults. DIABETES EDUCATOR 2014; 41:59-68. [PMID: 25394732 DOI: 10.1177/0145721714559133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to identify attitudes and topics relevant to peer mentoring as an adherence-promoting intervention for adolescents and young adults (YAs) with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS Self-administered survey data were collected in 2 diabetes clinics from a convenience sample of adolescents as prospective mentees (ages 13-18) and YAs as prospective mentors (ages 19-25) with T1D. Survey topics included demographics, disease history, glycemic control, adherence, depression, barriers to disease management, social support, and interest in peer mentoring. Descriptive statistical analyses, thematic coding, and stepwise multivariate logistic regression were performed. RESULTS A majority of the 54 adolescents and 46 YAs expressed interest in a peer mentoring program. Having supportive friends and living in a large household positively predicted adolescent interest in having a peer mentor. Approximately one-third of all participants experienced social barriers to diabetes management. For adolescents, barriers included inflexible schedules, unfamiliar foods, and the embarrassment of checking blood glucose in front of others. Young adults reported barriers in tracking food consumption and remembering to check blood glucose. Various diabetes management skills were in high demand by adolescents, who especially desired to learn about managing T1D on their own and in college. Participants were open to multiple communication modes, including in-person meetings, phone, text messaging, and social media. CONCLUSIONS Many adolescents and young adults with T1D are interested in peer mentoring as a way to facilitate learning and sharing essential diabetes management skills and experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, and the Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California (Dr Lu)
| | - Elizabeth A Pyatak
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (Dr Pyatak, Dr Peters, Dr Wood, Dr Kipke, Dr Sequeira)
| | - Anne L Peters
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (Dr Pyatak, Dr Peters, Dr Wood, Dr Kipke, Dr Sequeira)
| | - Jamie R Wood
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (Dr Pyatak, Dr Peters, Dr Wood, Dr Kipke, Dr Sequeira),Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Dr Wood, Dr Kipke, Dr Cohen)
| | - Michele Kipke
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (Dr Pyatak, Dr Peters, Dr Wood, Dr Kipke, Dr Sequeira),Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Dr Wood, Dr Kipke, Dr Cohen)
| | - Marisa Cohen
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Dr Wood, Dr Kipke, Dr Cohen)
| | - Paola A Sequeira
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (Dr Pyatak, Dr Peters, Dr Wood, Dr Kipke, Dr Sequeira)
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36
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Rasbach L, Jenkins C, Laffel L. An integrative review of self-efficacy measurement instruments in youth with type 1 diabetes. DIABETES EDUCATOR 2014; 41:43-58. [PMID: 25216655 DOI: 10.1177/0145721714550254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to assess the extant literature on instruments used to measure self-efficacy in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and their caregivers and to critically evaluate these measurements. METHODS An integrative review (2003-2013) was conducted searching PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and US National Library of Medicine PubMed service (PubMed) databases using key words diabetes, type 1 diabetes, and self-efficacy. The authors reviewed the resulting 294 references for inclusion criteria of (a) sample of youth with T1DM or sample of caregivers of youth with T1DM, (b) description of the self-efficacy instrument as primary research, and (c) the instrument measured self-efficacy specifically related to diabetes management. Forty-five articles out of the initial 294 met criteria. RESULTS Of the 45 articles, 10 different self-efficacy instruments were identified. The primary theoretical framework used was Bandura's social cognitive theory and model of self-efficacy. Most participants were white middle-class T1DM youth. Evaluations to assess validity often were not reported; however, a majority of studies reported high internal consistency of the instruments. CONCLUSIONS Sample homogeneity could limit the applicability of results to certain patient populations. Further psychometric analysis, including validity assessments, should be conducted in more diverse samples. Development of valid and reliable instruments for measuring self-efficacy that are sensitive to change across a wider caregiver base over time is necessary. While this review examined reliable and valid instruments used in research, future opportunities include evaluation of measuring self-efficacy in T1DM youth exposed to recent advances in diabetes management technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rasbach
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (Mrs Rasbach, Dr Jenkins),Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts (Mrs Rasbach, Dr Laffel)
| | - Carolyn Jenkins
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (Mrs Rasbach, Dr Jenkins)
| | - Lori Laffel
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts (Mrs Rasbach, Dr Laffel)
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37
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Helgeson VS, Mascatelli K, Reynolds KA, Becker D, Escobar O, Siminerio L. Friendship and romantic relationships among emerging adults with and without type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol 2014; 40:359-72. [PMID: 25157071 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsu069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether friendship and romantic relationships of emerging adults with type 1 diabetes differed from those of a comparison group, and to determine whether these relationships were associated with psychological and diabetes health outcomes. METHODS High school seniors with (n = 122) and without (n = 118) type 1 diabetes were assessed annually for 3 years. Friend and romantic relationship variables, psychological distress, life satisfaction, eating disturbances, and, for those with diabetes, diabetes outcomes were assessed. RESULTS Those with diabetes reported less friend support but similar friend conflict compared with controls. Aspects of romantic relationships and friend relationships were associated with health outcomes, but there were more effects involving romantic relationships. On some indices, romantic support was more beneficial for controls and romantic conflict was more troublesome for those with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Both friendship and romantic relationships were associated with psychological and diabetes outcomes among emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki S Helgeson
- Carnegie Mellon University, The Rand Corporation, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Katilyn Mascatelli
- Carnegie Mellon University, The Rand Corporation, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Kerry A Reynolds
- Carnegie Mellon University, The Rand Corporation, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Dorothy Becker
- Carnegie Mellon University, The Rand Corporation, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Oscar Escobar
- Carnegie Mellon University, The Rand Corporation, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Linda Siminerio
- Carnegie Mellon University, The Rand Corporation, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
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38
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Noyes JP, Lowes L, Whitaker R, Allen D, Carter C, Edwards RT, Rycroft-Malone J, Sharp J, Edwards D, Spencer LH, Sylvestre Y, Yeo ST, Gregory JW. Developing and evaluating a child-centred intervention for diabetes medicine management using mixed methods and a multicentre randomised controlled trial. HEALTH SERVICES AND DELIVERY RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.3310/hsdr02080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AimTo develop and evaluate an individually tailored age-appropriate diabetes diary and information pack for children and young people aged 6–18 years with type 1 diabetes to support decision-making and self-care with a specific focus on insulin management and blood glucose monitoring, compared with available resources in routine clinical practice.DesignFour-stage study following the Medical Research Council framework for designing and evaluating complex interventions. Stage 1: context – brief review of reviews and mixed-method systematic review; updating of database of children’s diabetes information; children’s diabetes information quality assessment and diabetes guideline analysis; and critical discourse analysis. Stage 2: intervention development – working with expert clinical advisory group; contextual qualitative interviews and focus groups with children and young people to ascertain their information preferences and self-care practices; ongoing consultation with children; development of intervention programme theory. Stage 3: randomised controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the diabetes diaries and information packs in routine practice. Stage 4: process evaluation.FindingsThe RCT achieved 100% recruitment, was adequately powered and showed that the Evidence into Practice Information Counts (EPIC) packs and diabetes diaries were no more effective than receiving diabetes information in an ad hoc way. The cost per unit of producing the EPIC packs and diabetes diaries was low. Compared with treatment as usual information, the EPIC packs fulfilled all NHS policy imperatives that children and young people should receive high-quality, accurate and age-appropriate information about their condition, self-management and wider lifestyle and well-being issues. Diabetes guidelines recommend the use of a daily diabetes diary and EPIC diaries fill a gap in current provision. Irrespective of allocation, children and young people had a range of recorded glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, which showed that as a group their diabetes self-management would generally need to improve to achieve the HbA1clevels recommended in National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance. The process evaluation showed that promotion of the EPIC packs and diaries by diabetes professionals at randomisation did not happen as intended; the dominant ‘normalisation’ theory underpinning children’s diabetes information may be counterproductive; risk and long-term complications did not feature highly in children’s diabetes information; and children and young people engaged in risky behaviour and appeared not to care, and most did not use a diabetes diary or did not use the information to titrate their insulin as intended.LimitationsRecruitment of ‘hard to reach’ children and young people living away from their families was not successful. The findings are therefore more relevant to diabetes management within a family context.ConclusionsThe findings indicate a need to rethink context and the hierarchical relationships between children, young people, parents and diabetes professionals with regard to ‘partnership and participation’ in diabetes decision-making, self-care and self-management. Additional research, implementation strategies and service redesign are needed to translate available information into optimal self-management knowledge and subsequent optimal diabetes self-management action, including to better understand the disconnection between children’s diabetes texts and context; develop age-appropriate Apps/e-records for recording blood glucose measurements and insulin management; develop interventions to reduce risk-taking behaviour by children and young people in relation to their diabetes management; reconsider what could work to optimise children’s self-management of diabetes; understand how best to reorganise current diabetes services for children to optimise child-centred delivery of children’s diabetes information.Study registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN17551624.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane P Noyes
- Centre for Health-Related Research, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Lesley Lowes
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rhiannon Whitaker
- North Wales Organisation for Randomised Trials in Health (NWORTH), Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Davina Allen
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Cynthia Carter
- Cardiff School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rhiannon T Edwards
- Centre for Health Economics and Medicines Evaluation, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | | | - Janice Sharp
- Media Resources Centre, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Deborah Edwards
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Yvonne Sylvestre
- North Wales Organisation for Randomised Trials in Health (NWORTH), Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Seow Tien Yeo
- Centre for Health Economics and Medicines Evaluation, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - John W Gregory
- Department of Child Health, Wales School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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39
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Peters LWH, Nawijn L, van Kesteren NMC. How adolescents with diabetes experience social support from friends: two qualitative studies. SCIENTIFICA 2014; 2014:415849. [PMID: 24511414 PMCID: PMC3910350 DOI: 10.1155/2014/415849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-management of diabetes is challenging, especially for adolescents who face multiple changes, including closer peer relationships. Few studies have explored how friends can provide constructive support in this effort. The present research investigated, in two qualitative studies, the perceptions of adolescents with diabetes and their friends with respect to the positive social support that friends can offer. In study 1, 28 adolescents aged 12-15 with type 1 diabetes participated in online focus groups. In study 2, 11 of these adolescents were interviewed in person together with their best friends. The data were analysed by means of content analysis. In study 1, the adolescents with diabetes identified various supportive behaviours of friends, particularly concerning emotional support: treating them normally, showing interest, having fun, providing a distraction, and taking their diabetes into account. They differed in their attitude towards support, and this influenced which behaviours they perceived as supportive. Study 2 showed that the adolescents with diabetes and their friends often had similar opinions on the desired degree of support. Fear of stigmatization and sense of autonomy withheld some adolescents with diabetes from soliciting more support. These insights can be useful in patient education aiming to promote social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louk W. H. Peters
- Department of Life Style, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), P.O. Box 2215, 2301 CE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Nawijn
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole M. C. van Kesteren
- Department of Life Style, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), P.O. Box 2215, 2301 CE Leiden, The Netherlands
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Palladino DK, Helgeson VS. Adolescents, parents and physicians: a comparison of perspectives on type 1 diabetes self-care. Can J Diabetes 2013; 37:175-81. [PMID: 24070840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE No research to date has compared the beliefs of adolescents, parents and physicians with respect to type 1 diabetes mellitus self-care perceptions and barriers. This study examined how adolescents with type 1 diabetes, their parents and physicians perceive 4 key diabetes self-care behaviours (testing blood glucose, taking insulin, exercise and diet) and what influences those behaviours. METHOD Forty-eight adolescent/parent dyads and 21 pediatric endocrinologists rated importance, difficulty and proficiency for 4 self-care behaviours, and provided up to 5 perceived influences on these behaviours. We compared adolescents to parents and families to physicians. RESULTS Groups rated all self-care behaviours as important, with taking insulin as most important. Families rated behaviours as relatively easy compared to physicians. All groups agreed that diet was both the most difficult self-care behaviour and the behaviour at which adolescents were least proficient. Although families rated teens as proficient overall, physicians disagreed. Adolescent and parent perception of diet difficulty was related to poorer glycemic control, and blood glucose testing and insulin administration proficiency were linked to better glycemic control. Compared to other groups, teens were especially likely to mention internal and hindering influences, and more likely to mention other people as negative influences. CONCLUSIONS Although all groups agreed that all self-care behaviours are important, there are key areas of discrepancy in perceptions, particularly between families and physicians. Further research should connect the beliefs examined in this study to actual self-care behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne K Palladino
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Joensen LE, Almdal TP, Willaing I. Type 1 diabetes and living without a partner: psychological and social aspects, self-management behaviour, and glycaemic control. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013; 101:278-85. [PMID: 23891305 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS (1) To investigate the association between cohabitation status and psychological aspects of living with diabetes (diabetes distress, diabetes empowerment, quality of life), self-management behaviours, and glycaemic control and (2) to explore whether potential associations are mediated by social support. METHODS Cross-sectional survey of 2419 adult outpatients with type 1 diabetes from a specialized diabetes clinic in Denmark. Stepwise multiple regression gender-stratified analyses assessed the association between cohabitation status and the variables of interest and the influence of social support. RESULTS Significant associations existed between living without a partner and low quality of life, low diabetes empowerment and HbA1c for both men and women. For women, living without a partner was significantly associated with higher diabetes distress and poor self-management behaviours. All associations were mediated by social support to varying degrees. CONCLUSIONS Social network and social support are related to important diabetes outcomes in type 1 diabetes. Living without a partner indicates a need for support to prevent poorer diabetes outcomes. Women appear more susceptible to living without a partner in terms of psychosocial diabetes outcomes and glycaemic control. Generally, social support is a mediator in the association between cohabitation status and diabetes outcomes, but social support, as well as cohabitation status, are also independently associated with poorer diabetes outcomes. Assessment of cohabitation status as an indicator of psychosocial capabilities and glycaemic control may be useful in diabetes care and support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene E Joensen
- Steno Health Promotion Center, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark.
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Pyatak EA, Florindez D, Weigensberg MJ. Adherence decision making in the everyday lives of emerging adults with type 1 diabetes. Patient Prefer Adherence 2013; 7:709-18. [PMID: 23935361 PMCID: PMC3735338 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s47577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore motivations underlying nonadherent treatment decisions made by young adults with type 1 diabetes. METHODS Eight emerging adults each completed a series of semi-structured interviews concerning their approaches to diabetes care, relationships with clinicians, and everyday activities and routines. A narrative thematic analysis was used to develop initial themes and refine them through continued data collection and review of the research literature. RESULTS FIVE THEMES WERE IDENTIFIED AS MOTIVATING NONADHERENCE: (1) efforts to mislead health care providers, (2) adherence to alternative standards, (3) treatment fatigue and burnout, (4) social support problems, and (5) emotional and self-efficacy problems. CONCLUSION Instances of nonadherence generally involved a combination of the five identified themes. Participants reporting nonadherence also described difficulties communicating with care providers regarding their treatment. Nonjudgmental communication between providers and emerging adults may be particularly important in promoting positive health outcomes in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Pyatak
- Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, USA
- Correspondence: Elizabeth A Pyatak, University of Southern California Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, 1540 Alcazar St, CHP-133, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9003, USA, Tel +1 323 442 2615, Fax +1 323 442 1540, Email
| | - Daniella Florindez
- Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Marc J Weigensberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Scholes C, Mandleco B, Roper S, Dearing K, Dyches T, Freeborn D. A qualitative study of young people's perspectives of living with type 1 diabetes: do perceptions vary by levels of metabolic control? J Adv Nurs 2012; 69:1235-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2012.06111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Malik JA, Koot HM. Assessing diabetes support in adolescents: factor structure of the modified Diabetes Social Support Questionnaire (DSSQ-Friends). Diabet Med 2012; 29:e232-40. [PMID: 22486356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the underlying factor structure of friends' enacted support behaviours for adolescents with Type 1 diabetes, confirm it in a second sample, delineate distinctive aspects of friends' support and test the reliability of resulting scale. METHODS The study included a total of 434 adolescents (54.8% girls), mean age 14.7 years, mean duration of diabetes 6.1 years. RESULTS Results from the exploratory factor analysis, including data from a random half of the participants revealed a five-factor solution explaining approximately 48.4% of the item variance. The five factors emerged Guidance and Encouragement (13 items; α=0.91), Help in Critical Situations (7 items; α=0.92), Nourishment (11 items; α=0.88), Empathy (6 items; α=0.83) and Help in Exercise (5 items; α=0.76). Confirmatory factor analysis on the remainder of the sample showed good indices of model fit. Comparison of the factor structure across gender and age also presented an excellent fit. In a second-order factor analysis all five factors loaded on one overall factor, Diabetes Social Support-Friends. Construct validity of the resulting scales was supported by predicted associations of Modified Diabetes Specific Support Questionnaire-Friends scale scores with HbA(1c) , treatment adherence and responsibility, and well-being. CONCLUSION The 42-item Modified Diabetes Specific Support Questionnaire-Friends emerged as a reliable and valid scale for Dutch adolescents with Type 1 diabetes and measures five factors of diabetes-specific support from close friends.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Malik
- Department of Developmental Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Carcone AI, Ellis DA, Naar-King S. Linking caregiver strain to diabetes illness management and health outcomes in a sample of adolescents in chronically poor metabolic control. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2012; 33:343-51. [PMID: 22566030 PMCID: PMC4444779 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0b013e31824eaac8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined a multivariate model of the relationship between caregiver strain and adolescent diabetes illness outcomes in a sample of caregivers of adolescents in chronically poor metabolic control (hemoglobin A1c ≥8.0% at enrollment and for previous 12 mo). Caregiver mental health symptoms were hypothesized to mediate the relationship between caregiver strain and adolescent illness management behavior and metabolic control. Caregivers' perceptions of social support and their level of responsibility for diabetes care tasks were hypothesized to be directly related to caregiver strain and indirectly to caregiver mental health symptoms. METHODS One hundred forty-six caregiver-adolescent dyads completed baseline measures of caregiver strain, responsibility for diabetes care, social support, mental health symptoms, and illness management behavior. Adolescent metabolic control was also assessed. RESULTS Findings from structural equation modeling suggested that caregiver strain was directly and positively associated with caregiver mental health symptoms which mediated the relationship to adolescent diabetes management behavior and metabolic control. Caregivers' responsibility for diabetes care tasks was directly related to caregiver strain and indirectly to caregiver mental health, but caregivers' perception of social support was not. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that caregiver strain is an important dimension of the caregiving context of diabetes. Clinicians and researchers should consider how caregiving strain, responsibility for illness management, and mental health symptoms might be impacting children's diabetes care behavior and diabetes health when working with and designing interventions for adolescents with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Idalski Carcone
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Prevention Research Center, Wayne State University, 4707 St. Antoine Street, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Deborah A. Ellis
- Pediatric Prevention Research Center, Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sylvie Naar-King
- Pediatric Prevention Research Center, Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Palladino DK, Helgeson VS. Friends or foes? A review of peer influence on self-care and glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol 2012; 37:591-603. [PMID: 22460759 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jss009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We reviewed studies published from 1990 to 2010 examining the relation of peer influence to diabetes outcomes for adolescents with type 1 diabetes. METHODS We searched PsychInfo and MedLine databases and personal archives for studies meeting our criteria. 24 articles were included in the final review. RESULTS Qualitative studies revealed that teens believe peers have an impact on diabetes behaviors, but quantitative findings are inconclusive. We found more evidence that social conflict was harmful than social support was helpful. Associations were more likely in studies that measured specific support and specific self-care variables. Studies addressing how individual differences interact with social context had promising findings. CONCLUSIONS The literature linking peer relations to diabetes outcomes is mixed. Future research should consider moderator variables, expand the conceptualization of peer relationships, and consider interactions between person and social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne K Palladino
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Helgeson VS, Palladino DK. Implications of Psychosocial Factors for Diabetes Outcomes among Children with Type 1 Diabetes: A Review. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Müller R, Peter C, Cieza A, Geyh S. The role of social support and social skills in people with spinal cord injury—a systematic review of the literature. Spinal Cord 2011; 50:94-106. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2011.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this research study was to examine the relationship between 4 sources of social support (support for the adolescent from family, support for the adolescent from friends, support for the caregiver from another adult, and support to the family from the health care provider) and adolescents' diabetes outcomes (illness management behavior and health status) using a diverse sample of urban adolescents. METHOD One hundred forty-one adolescents with insulin-managed diabetes and their primary caregivers completed questionnaires assessing social support and illness management behavior. Glucose meters were downloaded and hemoglobin A1c assays were obtained. Structural equation modeling was used to test a model social support informed by social ecological theory. RESULTS The results of the structural equation modeling indicated that support for the caregiver from another adult was directly and positively related to support for the adolescent from family and indirectly related to better illness management. Support for the adolescent from family was directly related to better diabetes management and, through better management, to better diabetes health. Support to the family from the health care provider was not related to support for the adolescent and support to the adolescent from friends was not related to illness management, as hypothesized. CONCLUSION This study identifies a novel target for social support intervention to improve adolescents' illness management behavior-the caregivers of adolescents with diabetes. By enhancing the social support caregivers receive from other adults in their lives, caregivers' ability to support their adolescent children with diabetes might also be improved which, in turn, improves adolescents' illness outcomes.
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Mulvaney SA, Hood KK, Schlundt DG, Osborn CY, Johnson KB, Rothman RL, Wallston KA. Development and initial validation of the barriers to diabetes adherence measure for adolescents. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 94:77-83. [PMID: 21737172 PMCID: PMC3200487 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to develop a measure of psychosocial barriers to adherence in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and examine relationships to patient characteristics, adherence, and hemoglobin A1C (A1C). METHODS Barriers to diabetes adherence (BDA) items were generated by researchers, clinicians, and patients. Adolescents aged 12-17 with T1D completed the BDA and an adherence measure. Hemoglobin A1C was obtained through medical chart review. RESULTS Factor analysis from 123 adolescents resulted in a 21-item, five-component solution that accounted for 64.5% of the variance. The components were stress and burnout, time pressure and planning, social support, parental autonomy support, and stigma. The BDA total and subscales were internally consistent. The BDA total and some components were associated with adherence and A1C. The BDA was the only predictor of A1C compared to demographic, clinical, and adherence variables (F 6.17, p<.05). Subjects with higher A1C (>8.5) showed a higher level of barriers (F 15.20, p<.001) and a differential profile of barriers (F 5.75, p<.05). CONCLUSIONS The BDA may be useful in research and clinical settings as a compliment to adherence measures and to tailor educational programs. Additional research is necessary to establish test-retest reliability and discriminant validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelagh A Mulvaney
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, School of Nursing, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
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