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Peña-Valencia K, Riaño W, Herrera-Diaz M, López L, Marín D, Gonzalez S, Agudelo-García O, Rodríguez-Sabogal IA, Vélez L, Rueda ZV, Keynan Y. Markers of Inflammation, Tissue Damage, and Fibrosis in Individuals Diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Pneumonia: A Cohort Study. Pathogens 2024; 13:84. [PMID: 38251391 PMCID: PMC10820350 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have noted that persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) experience persistent lung dysfunction after an episode of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that inflammation during pneumonia triggers increased tissue damage and accelerated pulmonary fibrosis, resulting in a gradual loss of lung function. We carried out a prospective cohort study of people diagnosed with CAP and/or HIV between 2016 and 2018 in three clinical institutions in Medellín, Colombia. Clinical data, blood samples, and pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were collected at baseline. Forty-one patients were included, divided into two groups: HIV and CAP (n = 17) and HIV alone (n = 24). We compared the concentrations of 17 molecules and PFT values between the groups. Patients with HIV and pneumonia presented elevated levels of cytokines and chemokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, IL-1RA, IL-10, IP-10, MCP-1, and MIP-1β) compared to those with only HIV. A marked pulmonary dysfunction was evidenced by significant reductions in FEF25, FEF25-75, and FEV1. The correlation between these immune mediators and lung function parameters supports the connection between pneumonia-associated inflammation and end organ lung dysfunction. A low CD4 cell count (<200 cells/μL) predicted inflammation and lung dysfunction. These results underscore the need for targeted clinical approaches to mitigate the adverse impacts of CAP on lung function in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Peña-Valencia
- Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (W.R.); (L.L.); (D.M.); (Z.V.R.)
- Grupo Bacterias & Cáncer, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
| | - Will Riaño
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (W.R.); (L.L.); (D.M.); (Z.V.R.)
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
| | - Mariana Herrera-Diaz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (M.H.-D.); (S.G.)
| | - Lucelly López
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (W.R.); (L.L.); (D.M.); (Z.V.R.)
- School of Medicine, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Diana Marín
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (W.R.); (L.L.); (D.M.); (Z.V.R.)
- School of Medicine, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Sandra Gonzalez
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (M.H.-D.); (S.G.)
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Center, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3L5, Canada
| | - Olga Agudelo-García
- Grupo Bacterias & Cáncer, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
| | - Iván Arturo Rodríguez-Sabogal
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
- Infectious Diseases Section, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
| | - Lázaro Vélez
- Infectious Diseases Section, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
| | - Zulma Vanessa Rueda
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (W.R.); (L.L.); (D.M.); (Z.V.R.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (M.H.-D.); (S.G.)
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (M.H.-D.); (S.G.)
- Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas-GRIPE, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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Viasus D, Nonell L, Restrepo C, Figueroa F, Donado-Mazarrón C, Carratalà J. A Systematic Review of Gene Expression Studies in Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis and Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2755. [PMID: 37893128 PMCID: PMC10604146 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Sepsis is present in nearly 90% of critically ill patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). This systematic review updates the information on studies that have assessed gene expression profiles in critically ill septic patients with CAP. (2) Methods: We searched for studies that satisfied the following criteria: (a) expression profile in critically ill patients with sepsis due to CAP, (b) presence of a control group, and (c) adult patients. Over-representation analysis was performed with clusterProfiler using the Hallmark and Reactome collections. (3) Results: A total of 4312 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and sRNAs were included in the enrichment analysis. In the Hallmark collection, genes regulated by nuclear factor kappa B in response to tumor necrosis factor, genes upregulated by signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 in response to interleukin 2 stimulation, genes upregulated in response to interferon-gamma, genes defining the inflammatory response, a subgroup of genes regulated by MYC-version 1 (v1), and genes upregulated during transplant rejection were significantly enriched in critically ill septic patients with CAP. Moreover, 88 pathways were identified in the Reactome database. (4) Conclusions: This study summarizes the reported DEGs in critically ill septic patients with CAP and investigates their functional implications. The results highlight the complexity of immune responses during CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Viasus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Universidad del Norte and Hospital Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia
| | - Lara Nonell
- Departament de Biociències, Universitat de Vic—Universitat Central de Catalunya, 08500 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Carlos Restrepo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Universidad del Norte and Hospital Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia
| | - Fabian Figueroa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Universidad del Norte and Hospital Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia
| | - Carla Donado-Mazarrón
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Jordi Carratalà
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Kostinov MP, Gainitdinova VV, Kazharova SV, Vlasenko AE, Polishchuk VB, Mashilov KV. Use of immunomodulatory therapy as part of comprehensive treatment of non-severe community-acquired pneumonia and its long-term results. Drugs Context 2023; 12:2022-10-5. [PMID: 37602358 PMCID: PMC10435266 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2022-10-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigates the efficiency of two different types of immunomodulators for the treatment of non-severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and assesses their long-term effects. Methods The study included 55 patients with non-severe CAP. Group 1 (control) received only standard CAP therapy; the other two groups received immunomodulators simultaneously with the standard therapy: bacterial lysate for group 2 and azoximer bromide (AzB) for group 3. TNF and IL-6 concentrations were determined on the day of hospitalization as well as on days 13 and 60 of follow-up. For 2 years, we monitored the incidence of low respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in the same patients with CAP (n=55). Results The overall duration of all symptoms was lower in the immunomodulator groups compared with the control group. During treatment, TNF and IL-6 concentrations decreased on days 13 and 60 in all patients; in patients who received immunomodulators, TNF and IL-6 were reliably lower than in control patients. IL-6 concentration decreased on day 60 in the bacterial lysate and AzB treatment groups and did not differ (p=0.72). The odds ratio for the development of LRTIs in the AzB group was 0.15 (0.02-0.93) (p=0.04), suggesting its protective effect. Conclusion Inclusion of immunomodulators in the basic treatment of non-severe CAP reduces the duration of symptoms and is associated with improvement of the pro-inflammatory cytokine profile. In 2 years of follow-up, the long-term effects of the immunomodulatory therapy showed a statistically significant lower incidence of LRTIs in the AzB group only. However, given the small sample size of this study, further clinical studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail P Kostinov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) of the MoH of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vilia V Gainitdinova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) of the MoH of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Kazharova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna E Vlasenko
- Novokuznetsk State Institute of Advanced Medical Training - Branch of Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Additional Education 'Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education' of the MoH of the Russian Federation, Novokuznetsk, Russia
| | - Vflentina B Polishchuk
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill V Mashilov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
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Chen CH, Fu YC, Lee YT, Hsieh KS, Shen CF, Cheng CM. Efficacy of a paper-based interleukin-6 test strip combined with a spectrum-based optical reader for sequential monitoring and early recognition of respiratory failure in elderly pneumonia-a pilot study. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1166923. [PMID: 37214473 PMCID: PMC10196015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1166923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is lethal in elderly individuals who are more vulnerable to respiratory failure and require more emergency ventilation support than younger individuals. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a crucial role and has predictive value in CAP; high serum IL-6 concentrations in adults are associated with high respiratory failure and mortality rates. Early detection of IL-6 concentrations can facilitate the timely stratification of patients at risk of acute respiratory failure. However, conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) IL-6 measurement is laborious and time-consuming. Methods: The IL-6 rapid diagnostic system combined with a lateral flow immunoassay-based (LFA-based) IL-6 test strip and a spectrum-based optical reader is a novel tool developed for rapid and sequential bedside measurements of serum IL-6 concentrations. Here, we evaluated the correlation between the IL-6 rapid diagnostic system and the ELISA and the efficacy of the system in stratifying high-risk elderly patients with CAP. Thirty-six elderly patients (median age: 86.5 years; range: 65-97 years) with CAP were enrolled. CAP diagnosis was established based on the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) criteria. The severity of pneumonia was assessed using the CURB-65 score and Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI). IL-6 concentration was measured twice within 24 h of admission. Results: The primary endpoint variable was respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical or non-invasive ventilation support after admission. IL-6 rapid diagnostic readouts correlated with ELISA results (p < 0.0001) for 30 samples. Patients were predominantly male and bedridden (69.4%). Ten patients (27.7%) experienced respiratory failure during admission, and five (13.9%) died of pneumonia. Respiratory failure was associated with a higher mortality rate (p = 0.015). Decreased serum IL-6 concentration within 24 h after admission indicated a lower risk of developing respiratory failure in the later admission course (Receiver Operating Characteristic [ROC] curve = 0.696). Conclusion: Sequential IL-6 measurements with the IL-6 rapid diagnostic system might be useful in early clinical risk assessment and severity stratification of elderly patients with pneumonia. This system is a potential point-of-care diagnostic device for sequential serum IL-6 measurements that can be applied in variable healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Fu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tzu Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Sheng Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics and Structural, Congenital Heart and Echocardiography Center, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fen Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Ibáñez-Prada ED, Fish M, Fuentes YV, Bustos IG, Serrano-Mayorga CC, Lozada J, Rynne J, Jennings A, Crispin AM, Santos AM, Londoño J, Shankar-Hari M, Reyes LF. Comparison of systemic inflammatory profiles in COVID-19 and community-acquired pneumonia patients: a prospective cohort study. Respir Res 2023; 24:60. [PMID: 36814234 PMCID: PMC9944840 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory responses contribute to tissue damage in COVID-19 and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Although predictive values of different inflammatory biomarkers have been reported in both, similarities and differences of inflammatory profiles between these conditions remain uncertain. Therefore, we aimed to determine the similarities and differences of the inflammatory profiles between COVID-19 and CAP, and their association with clinical outcomes. METHODS We report a prospective observational cohort study; conducted in a reference hospital in Latin America. Patients with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia and CAP were included. Multiplex (Luminex) cytokine assays were used to measure the plasma concentration of 14 cytokines at hospital admission. After comparing similarities and differences in the inflammatory profile between COVID-19 and CAP patients, an unsupervised classification method (i.e., hierarchical clustering) was used to identify subpopulations within COVID-19 and CAP patients. RESULTS A total of 160 patients were included, 62.5% were diagnosed with COVID-19 (100/160), and 37.5% with CAP (60/160). Using the hierarchical clustering, COVID-19 and CAP patients were divided based on its inflammatory profile: pauci, moderate, and hyper-inflammatory immune response. COVID-19 hyper-inflammatory subpopulation had the highest mortality. COVID-19 hyper-inflammatory subpopulation, compared to pauci-inflammatory, had higher levels of IL-10 (median [IQR] 61.4 [42.0-109.4] vs 13.0 [5.0-24.9], P: < 0.001), IL-6 (48.1 [22.3-82.6] vs 9.1 [0.1-30.4], P: < 0.001), among others. Hyper-inflammatory vs pauci-inflammatory CAP patients were characterized by elevation of IFN2 (48.8 [29.7-110.5] vs 3.0 [1.7-10.3], P: < 0.001), TNFα (36.3 [24.8-53.4] vs 13.1 [11.3-16.9], P: < 0.001), among others. Hyper-inflammatory subpopulations in COVID-19 and CAP compared to the corresponding pauci-inflammatory subpopulations had higher MCP-1. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlights three distinct subpopulations in COVID-19 and CAP, with differences in inflammatory marker profiles and risks of adverse clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION This is a prospective study, therefore no health care intervention were applied to participants and trial registration is not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa D. Ibáñez-Prada
- grid.412166.60000 0001 2111 4451Universidad de La Sabana, Campus Puente del Común, KM 7.5 Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chia, Colombia
| | - Matthew Fish
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Yuli V. Fuentes
- grid.412166.60000 0001 2111 4451Universidad de La Sabana, Campus Puente del Común, KM 7.5 Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chia, Colombia ,grid.412166.60000 0001 2111 4451Clínica Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - Ingrid G. Bustos
- grid.412166.60000 0001 2111 4451Universidad de La Sabana, Campus Puente del Común, KM 7.5 Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chia, Colombia
| | - Cristian C. Serrano-Mayorga
- grid.412166.60000 0001 2111 4451Universidad de La Sabana, Campus Puente del Común, KM 7.5 Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chia, Colombia ,grid.412166.60000 0001 2111 4451Clínica Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - Julian Lozada
- grid.412166.60000 0001 2111 4451Universidad de La Sabana, Campus Puente del Común, KM 7.5 Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chia, Colombia
| | - Jennifer Rynne
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Aislinn Jennings
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Ana M. Crispin
- grid.412166.60000 0001 2111 4451Clínica Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - Ana Maria Santos
- grid.412166.60000 0001 2111 4451Universidad de La Sabana, Campus Puente del Común, KM 7.5 Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chia, Colombia
| | - John Londoño
- grid.412166.60000 0001 2111 4451Universidad de La Sabana, Campus Puente del Común, KM 7.5 Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chia, Colombia
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Luis Felipe Reyes
- Universidad de La Sabana, Campus Puente del Común, KM 7.5 Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chia, Colombia. .,Clínica Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia. .,Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Zhu W, Chen P, Hu L, Deng L. Serum levels of SIRT3 and other inflammatory factors are associated with clinical outcomes and prognosis in severe community-acquired pneumonia in adults: A prospective study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26721. [PMID: 34397875 PMCID: PMC8360436 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate clinical significance of SIRT3 in severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients.This prospective observational research enrolled a total of 114 severe CAP patients who went to our hospital during January 2018 to December 2019. Serum SIRT3 and IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Demographic data, including age, sex, and body mass index (BMI), as well as clinical symptoms, SOFA and SMART-COP scores were collected. The routine blood test was conducted for all patients and white blood cell (WBC) amount, as well as serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), D-Dimer, and procalcitonin (PCT).Among all patients, 55 cases died during the study period. The serum levels of CRP, PCT, IL-1β, and IL-6, as well as SOFA and SMART-COP scores were markedly higher in deceased patients than in the survival patients. The expression of SIRT3 was significantly decreased in severe CAP patients compared with the healthy, especially in the deceased patients. SIRT3 levels were negatively correlated with levels of CRP, PCT, IL-1β, and IL-6. Patients with SIRT3 low expression showed remarkably higher expression of CRP, PCT, IL-1β, and IL-6, as well as high SMART-COP scores, higher 1-month mortality rate, and shorter survival. Only SIRT3 and IL-1β were independent risk factors for 1-month mortality in severe CAP patients.Lower serum SIRT3 level predicts poor clinical outcomes and prognosis in severe CAP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Critical Care, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Critical Care, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangzi Hu
- Department of General practice, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Xu H, Huang L, Luo Q, Tu Q, Liu J, Yu R, Huang J, Chen T, Yin Y, Cao J. Absence of Toll-like receptor 7 protects mice against Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107739. [PMID: 33984723 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is a sensor of microbial ssRNA that participates in the immune response process in many diseases. We herein sought to establish the role of TLR7 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Pneumonia model was created by intratracheally injecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the effects of TLR7 on survival, bacterial burden, lung pathology, cytokine and chemokine production, and pulmonary leukocyte recruitment were measured after Pseudomonas aeruginosa challenge. TLR7 expression was significantly elevated in WT mice after Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. TLR7-/- mice demonstrated enhanced survival, bacterial clearance, leukocyte infiltration, and macrophages phagocytic activity, and decreased pathology and capillary leakage. Besides, improved survival and bacterial clearance were observed in WT mice treated with TLR7 antagonist IRS661. More importantly, lack of TLR7 suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production and induced anti-inflammatory cytokine production in mice lungs. Finally, neutralized IL-10 damaged the bacterial clearance ability of TLR7 deficient mice, leading to decreased survival. Collectively, absence of TLR7 provided protective effects during Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia and suggested that TLR7 could act as a novel immune target to treat clinical cases with Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofeng Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qin Luo
- Department of Clinical Molecular Medical Testing Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qianqian Tu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Renlin Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Te Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yibing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ju Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Kawasaki H, Murakami T, Badr Y, Kamiya S, Shimizu K, Okada A, Inoshima Y. In vitro and ex vivo expression of serum amyloid A3 in mouse lung epithelia. Exp Lung Res 2020; 46:352-361. [PMID: 32842790 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2020.1809750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Serum amyloid A (SAA), an acute-phase protein whose level tracks infection and inflammation, is the precursor protein of amyloid A (AA) fibrils that is thought to cause AA amyloidosis in human and animals. SAA protein has several isoforms based on the difference of amino acid sequence, such as SAA1 to SAA4 in mice. AA fibrils are associated with chronic inflammation and are mainly originated from SAA1 produced in the liver. SAA3 reportedly contributes to the innate immune response in epithelia; however, little is known about its role at the lung epithelia. Therefore, we investigated SAA3 expression in the lung epithelium activated by bacterial antigens. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expressions of SAA3 and SAA1 mRNA were investigated using quantitative real-time PCR, in vitro using mouse Clara (Club) cells and ex vivo using surgically removed mouse lungs, after their stimulation by using either lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major outer membranous antigen of gram-negative bacteria, or lipoteichoic acid (LTA), the major outer membranous antigen of gram-positive bacteria. In addition, SAA3 and SAA1/2 proteins in treated lung samples were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS SAA3 mRNA expression increased in cells and lungs treated with either LPS or LTA. SAA3 mRNA was more sensitively expressed in LPS than LTA treatment. In contrast, SAA1 mRNA expression did not increase by either LPS or LTA treatment. Furthermore, SAA3 mRNA expression increased in a dose-dependent manner in cells treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha. By IHC, SAA3 protein was highly expressed in the luminal side of the bronchial epithelium, while SAA1/2 was not expressed. CONCLUSION These results obtained from in vitro and ex vivo experiments suggest that SAA3 plays an important role in the innate immune response to bacterial infection in the lung epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Murakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yassien Badr
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Damanhour University, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Sato Kamiya
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kaori Shimizu
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ayaka Okada
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuo Inoshima
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu, Japan.,Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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9
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The Clinical Presentation and Immunology of Viral Pneumonia and Implications for Management of Coronavirus Disease 2019. Crit Care Explor 2020; 2:e0109. [PMID: 32426751 PMCID: PMC7188425 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review will briefly examine the clinical presentation and important immunology of viral pneumonia with a focus on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (coronavirus disease 2019).
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10
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Inflammatory mediators and lung abnormalities in HIV: A systematic review. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226347. [PMID: 31830103 PMCID: PMC6907827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV and pneumonia infections have both been shown to negatively impact lung function. However, evidence of the role of inflammation on lung dysfunction in HIV and pneumonia co-infected individuals remains limited. We aimed to systematically review the association of inflammatory markers and lung abnormalities in HIV and pneumonia co-infected individuals. This systematic review was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews on August 15, 2017 (registration number CRD42017069254) and used 4 databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed Central, Clinical Trials.gov and Google Scholar). All clinical trial, observational, and comparative studies targeting adult (> 18 years old) populations with HIV, pneumonia, or both, that report on immune response (cytokine, chemokine, or biomarker), and lung abnormality as an outcome were eligible. Data selection, risk of bias and extraction were performed independently by 2 blinded reviewers. Due to heterogeneity among the articles, a qualitative synthesis was performed. Our search strategy identified 4454 articles of which, 7 met our inclusion criteria. All of the studies investigated the ability of circulating biomarkers to predict lung damage in HIV. None of the articles included patients with both HIV and pneumonia, nor pneumonia alone. Markers of inflammation (IL-6, TNF-α, CRP), innate defense (cathelicidin), monocyte and macrophage activation (sCD14, sCD163 and, IL-2sRα), endothelial dysfunction (ET-1) and general immune health (CD4/CD8 ratio) were associated with lung abnormalities in HIV. This review highlights the lack of available information regarding the impact of inflammatory mediators on lung function in HIV and pneumonia populations, therefore opportunities to prevent lung damage with available anti-inflammatory treatment or to investigate new ones still remain.
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11
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Chen L, Liu Z. Downregulation of FSTL‑1 attenuates the inflammation injury during Streptococcus pneumoniae infection by inhibiting the NLRP3 and TLR4/NF‑κB signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:5345-5352. [PMID: 31638229 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae‑induced pneumonia is a common disease and major cause of community‑acquired pneumonia. Previous studies have shown that Follistatin‑like protein 1 (FSTL‑1) serves important roles in regulating the inflammatory response. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of FSTL‑1 on the inflammatory response during S. pneumoniae infection using in vitro and in vivo models. ELISAs were used to detect the production of interleukin (IL)‑1β, tumor necrosis factor‑α and IL‑6. Western blotting and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR were performed to determine the protein and mRNA expression of these factors. The results of the present study indicated that S. pneumoniae infection triggered a strong proinflammatory response and a high level of FSTL‑1 expression in mouse bone marrow‑derived macrophages. Moreover, FSTL‑1 may be required for the production of inflammatory factors during S. pneumoniae infection by regulating nucleotide oligomerization domain‑like receptor protein 3 in vitro and in vivo. In addition, it was found that the Toll‑like receptor 4/nuclear factor‑κB signaling pathway was involved in the inflammatory response regulated by FSTL‑1. The findings of the present study suggested that FSTL‑1 plays an important role in the inflammatory response during S. pneumoniae infection, providing a potential therapeutic target for reducing morbidity and mortality in patients with pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, 4th Medical College of Peking University, Beijing 100096, P.R. China
| | - Zhenshe Liu
- Department of Laboratory, Xian Yang Central Hospital, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712000, P.R. China
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12
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Karhu J, Ala-Kokko TI, Vuorinen T, Ohtonen P, Julkunen I, Syrjälä HT. Interleukin-5, interleukin-6, interferon induced protein-10, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein among mechanically ventilated severe community-acquired viral and bacterial pneumonia patients. Cytokine 2019; 113:272-276. [PMID: 30055898 PMCID: PMC7129555 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serum cytokine levels among 45 mechanically ventilated, intensive care unit (ICU)-treated severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) patients with known microbial etiology in three different etiology groups were assessed. METHODS Blood samples for C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6, IL-10, human interferon gamma induced protein (IP)-10, and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha) were collected at time points 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after study inclusion. RESULTS There were 21 (43%) pure bacterial infections (bacterial group, BG), 5 (10%) pure viral infections (viral group, VG), and 19 (39%) mixed bacterial-viral infections (mixed group, MG) among 45 mechanically ventilated SCAP patients. CRP and PCT levels were significantly higher in the MG and values decreased with time in all groups. PCT differed also in time and group analysis (P = 0.001), the highest being in the MG. IL-5 levels were significantly higher in the VG compared to others (Ptime = 0.001, Pgroup = 0.051 and Ptimexgroup = 0.016). IL-6 and IP-10 levels decreased over time (Ptime = 0.003 and Ptime = 0.021), but there were no differences between groups. CONCLUSION SCAP patients with viral etiology have higher IL-5 levels. Patients with mixed viral and bacterial group have higher PCT compared to other etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Karhu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Division of Intensive Care, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, FI-90029 OUH, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu Research Group of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Finland.
| | - Tero Ilmari Ala-Kokko
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Division of Intensive Care, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, FI-90029 OUH, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu Research Group of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Tytti Vuorinen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10 C 7, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Pasi Ohtonen
- Departments of Anaesthesiology and Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, FI-90029 OUH, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu Research Group of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10 C 7, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Hannu Tapani Syrjälä
- Department of Infection Control, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, FI-90029 OUH, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu Research Group of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Finland
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13
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Domon H, Nagai K, Maekawa T, Oda M, Yonezawa D, Takeda W, Hiyoshi T, Tamura H, Yamaguchi M, Kawabata S, Terao Y. Neutrophil Elastase Subverts the Immune Response by Cleaving Toll-Like Receptors and Cytokines in Pneumococcal Pneumonia. Front Immunol 2018; 9:732. [PMID: 29922273 PMCID: PMC5996908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive activation of neutrophils results in the release of neutrophil elastase (NE), which leads to lung injury in severe pneumonia. Previously, we demonstrated a novel immune subversion mechanism involving microbial exploitation of this NE ability, which eventually promotes disruption of the pulmonary epithelial barrier. In the present study, we investigated the effect of NE on host innate immune response. THP-1-derived macrophages were stimulated with heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae or lipopolysaccharide in the presence or absence of NE followed by analysis of toll-like receptor (TLR) and cytokine expression. Additionally, the biological significance of NE was confirmed in an in vivo mouse intratracheal infection model. NE downregulated the gene transcription of multiple cytokines in THP-1-derived macrophages through the cleavage of TLRs and myeloid differentiation factor 2. Additionally, NE cleaved inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In a mouse model of intratracheal pneumococcal challenge, administration of an NE inhibitor significantly increased proinflammatory cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, enhanced bacterial clearance, and improved survival rates. Our work indicates that NE subverts the innate immune response and that inhibition of this enzyme may constitute a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Domon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nagai
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoki Maekawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masataka Oda
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yonezawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Wataru Takeda
- Faculty of Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takumi Hiyoshi
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hikaru Tamura
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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14
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Rijkers GT, Yousif LI, Spoorenberg SM, van Overveld FJ. Triptych of the Hermit Saints: pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines for the elderly. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2018; 11:55-65. [PMID: 29636634 PMCID: PMC5881283 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s130405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal pneumonia is a serious disease with considerable morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Despite adequate antibiotic treatment, the long-term mortality of pneumococcal pneumonia remains high. Preventive measures in the form of vaccination, therefore, are warranted. Twenty-three-valent polysaccharide vaccines have a broad coverage but limited efficacy. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines have been shown in children to be able to prevent invasive and mucosal pneumococcal diseases. It should be realized that the serotype composition of current pneumococcal conjugate vaccines is not tailored for the elderly, and that replacement disease can occur. Yet, the current 13-valent conjugate vaccine has been shown to protect against infections with vaccine serotypes. Long-term mortality of pneumococcal pneumonia should be included in policy making about the introduction of these vaccines for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ger T Rijkers
- Department of Science, University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Ie Yousif
- Department of Science, University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, the Netherlands
| | | | - Frans J van Overveld
- Department of Science, University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, the Netherlands
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15
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Fuchs A, Gotta V, Decker ML, Szinnai G, Baumann P, Bonhoeffer J, Ritz N. Cytokine kinetic profiles in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection: a post hoc descriptive analysis from a randomized control trial. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 24:1341.e1-1341.e7. [PMID: 29555393 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Standard inflammatory markers and chest radiography lack the ability to discriminate bacterial from non-bacterial lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). Cytokine profiles may serve as biomarkers for LRTI, but their applicability to identify aetiology, severity of disease and need for antibiotic prescription in children remains poorly defined. Objectives were to determine the cytokine kinetic profiles over 5 days in paediatric patients with LRTI, to investigate the relationship between cytokine patterns, and clinical and laboratory variables. METHODS We included patients aged 1 month to 18 years, with febrile LRTI and three consecutive cytokines measurements on days 1, 3 and 5 of a randomized controlled trial (ProPAED study). We evaluated differences in cytokine concentrations between days and associations with clinical and laboratory variables. RESULTS A total of 181 patients (median age 4.1 years) were included; 72/181 (40%) received antibiotics. Serum concentrations of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1ra, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ-inducible protein (IP)-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α were elevated on day 1 and decreased subsequently, with the greatest decline between day 1 and 3 (by -8 to >-94%). Procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) values showed a protracted decrease with the most prominent reduction in concentrations between days 3 and 5. Significantly elevated IL-6 concentrations were associated with hospital admission, antibiotic treatment, and prolonged antibiotic treatment. Bacteraemic LRTI patients had higher concentrations of IL-1ra (p <0.0055) and IL-6 (p <0.0055) on day 1. CONCLUSIONS We observed an earlier decrease of elevated cytokines compared to PCT or CRP. Both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines may serve as markers for severity of LRTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fuchs
- Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - V Gotta
- Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M-L Decker
- Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - G Szinnai
- Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - P Baumann
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Bonhoeffer
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - N Ritz
- Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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16
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Siljan WW, Holter JC, Nymo SH, Husebye E, Ueland T, Aukrust P, Mollnes TE, Heggelund L. Cytokine responses, microbial aetiology and short-term outcome in community-acquired pneumonia. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48:e12865. [PMID: 29171871 PMCID: PMC5767742 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inflammatory response to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is orchestrated through activation of cytokine networks and the complement system. We examined the association of multiple cytokines and the terminal complement complex (TCC) with microbial aetiology, disease severity and short-term outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma levels of 27 cytokines and TCC were analysed in blood samples obtained at hospital admission, clinical stabilization and 6-week follow-up from 247 hospitalized adults with CAP. Fourteen mediators were included in final analyses. Adverse short-term outcome was defined as intensive care unit (ICU) admission and 30-day mortality. RESULTS Cytokine and TCC levels were dynamic in the clinical course of CAP, with highest levels seen at admission for most mediators. Admission levels of cytokines and TCC did not differ between groups of microbial aetiology. High admission levels of IL-6 (odds ratio [OR] 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-1.84, P = .001), IL-8 (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.26-2.55, P = .001) and MIP-1β (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.36-3.81, P = .002) were associated with a CURB-65 severity score of ≥3, while IL-6 (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.07-1.74, P = .011) and MIP-1β (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.03-3.36, P = .040) were associated with a high risk of an adverse short-term outcome. CONCLUSIONS In this CAP cohort, admission levels of IL-6, IL-8 and MIP-1β were associated with disease severity and/or adverse short-term outcome. Still, for most mediators, only nonsignificant variations in inflammatory responses were observed for groups of microbial aetiology, disease severity and short-term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Siljan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan C Holter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ståle H Nymo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar Husebye
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom E Mollnes
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway.,Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Heggelund
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Cytokine profiling in healthy children shows association of age with cytokine concentrations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17842. [PMID: 29259216 PMCID: PMC5736560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-based diagnostic assays are increasingly used in research and clinical practice. Assays developed for adults such as the interferon-gamma release assay for tuberculosis show inferior performance in children. Limited evidence suggests that release of cytokines is influenced by age but normal ranges of cytokines in children are lacking. Whole blood of healthy children (0-12 years) undergoing elective/diagnostic procedures was stimulated with SEB, PHA, Candida albicans for 24 hours or left unstimulated. Concentrations of eight cytokines were measured by multiplex bead-based immunoassays and associations with age and other factors quantified by regression analysis. 271 children (median age 5.2 years) were included. In unstimulated samples IL-1ra, IP-10 and TNF-α concentrations decreased by up to -60% with age. Following antigen stimulation, an age-associated increase (ranging from +90% to +500%) was observed for all cytokines except IL-1ra (significant for IL-4, IFN-γ and TNF-α). Inter-individual variability in cytokine concentrations was large with a coefficient of variation ranging from 42% to 1412%. Despite inter-individual variation age was identified as a strong influencing factor of cytokine concentrations. Age-specific normal values need to be considered for cytokine-based diagnostic purposes. These results are relevant for development of novel cytokine-based diagnostic assays and for optimal dosing of therapeutic agents targeting cytokines.
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18
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Zou S, Luo Q, Song Z, Zhang L, Xia Y, Xu H, Xiang Y, Yin Y, Cao J. Contribution of Progranulin to Protective Lung Immunity During Bacterial Pneumonia. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1764-1773. [PMID: 28595330 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Progranulin (PGRN) is an important immunomodulatory factor in a variety of inflammatory diseases. However, its role in pulmonary immunity against bacterial infection remains unknown. Methods Pneumonia was induced in PGRN-deficient and normal wild-type mice using Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus, and we assessed the effects of PGRN on survival, bacterial burden, cytokine and chemokine production, and pulmonary leukocyte recruitment after bacterial pneumonia. Results Patients with community-acquired pneumonia displayed elevated PGRN levels. Likewise, mice with Gram-negative and Gram-positive pneumonia had increased PGRN production in the lung and circulation. Progranulin deficiency led to increased bacterial growth and dissemination accompanied by enhanced lung injury and mortality in bacterial pneumonia, which was associated with impaired recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils in the lung. The reduced number of pulmonary macrophages and neutrophils observed in PGRN-deficient mice was related to a reduction of CCL2 and CXCL1 in the lungs after bacterial pneumonia. Importantly, therapeutic administration of PGRN improved mortality in severe bacterial pneumonia. Conclusions This study supports a novel role for PGRN in pulmonary immunity and suggests that treatment with PGRN may be a viable therapy for bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.,Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Qin Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.,Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Zhixin Song
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
| | - Yun Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
| | - Huajian Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
| | - Yibing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Ju Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
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19
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Cillóniz C, Ceccato A, de la Calle C, Gabarrús A, Garcia-Vidal C, Almela M, Soriano A, Martinez JA, Marco F, Vila J, Torres A. Time to blood culture positivity as a predictor of clinical outcomes and severity in adults with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182436. [PMID: 28787020 PMCID: PMC5546626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the association between the time to positivity of blood culture (TTP) with clinical outcome and severity of pneumococcal bacteremic pneumonia. METHODS Prospective observational study carried out in 278 hospitalized adult CAP patients with positive blood culture for Streptococcus pneumonia (2003-2015). RESULTS A total of 278 cases of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia were analyzed, median age 62 (46; 79) years. Fifty-one percent of the cases had PSI IV-V. Twenty-one (8%) died within 30-days after admission. The analysis of the TTP showed that the first quartile of the TTP (9.2h) was the best cut-off for differentiating 2 groups of patients at risk, early (TTP <9.2 h) and late (TTP ≥9.2 h) detection groups (AUC 0.66 [95% CI 0.53 to 0.79]). Early TTP was associated with a statistically significant risk of invasive mechanical ventilation (18% vs. 6%, p = 0.007), longer length of hospital stay (12 days vs. 8 days, p<0.001), higher in-hospital mortality (15% vs. 4%, p = 0.010), and 30-day mortality (15% vs. 5%, p = 0.018). After adjustment for potential confounders, regression analyses revealed early TTP as independently associated with high risk of invasive mechanical ventilation (OR 4.60, 95% CI 1.63 to 13.03), longer length of hospital stay (β 5.20, 95% CI 1.81 to 8.52), higher in-hospital mortality (OR 5.35, 95% CI 1.55 to 18.53), and a trend to higher 30-day mortality (OR 2.47, 95% CI 0.85 to 7.21) to be a contributing factor. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that TTP is an easy to obtain surrogate marker of the severity of pneumococcal pneumonia and a good predictor of its outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Cillóniz
- Department of Pneumology, Institut Clinic del Tórax, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona—Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Ceccato
- Department of Pneumology, National Hospital Alejandro Posadas, Palomar, Argentina
| | - Cristina de la Calle
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Gabarrús
- Department of Pneumology, Institut Clinic del Tórax, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona—Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Manel Almela
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Soriano
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Francesc Marco
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Vila
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Torres
- Department of Pneumology, Institut Clinic del Tórax, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona—Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Pechous RD. With Friends Like These: The Complex Role of Neutrophils in the Progression of Severe Pneumonia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:160. [PMID: 28507954 PMCID: PMC5410563 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is a leading cause of death from infection in the United States and across the globe. During pulmonary infection, clear resolution of host inflammatory responses occurs in the absence of appreciable lung damage. Neutrophils are the first wave of leukocytes to arrive in the lung upon infection. After activation, neutrophils traffic from the vasculature via transendothelial migration through the lung interstitium and into the alveolar space. Successful pulmonary immunity requires neutrophil-mediated killing of invading pathogens by phagocytosis and release of a myriad of antimicrobial molecules, followed by resolution of inflammation, neutrophil apoptosis, and clearing of dead or dying neutrophils by macrophages. In addition to their antimicrobial role, it is becoming clear that neutrophils are also important modulators of innate and adaptive immune responses, primarily through the release of cytokines and recruitment of additional waves of neutrophils into the airways. Though typically essential to combating severe pneumonia, neutrophil influx into the airways is a double-edged sword: Overzealous neutrophil activation can cause severe tissue damage as a result of the release of toxic agents including proteases, cationic polypeptides, cytokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) aimed at killing invading microbes. In extreme cases, the damage caused by neutrophils and other innate immune mediators become the primary source of morbidity and mortality. Here, we review the complex role of neutrophils during severe pneumonia by highlighting specific molecules and processes that contribute to pulmonary immunity, but can also drive progression of severe disease. Depending on the identity of the infectious agent, enhancing or suppressing neutrophil-mediated responses may be key to effectively treating severe and typically lethal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger D Pechous
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle Rock, AR, USA
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Porto BN, Stein RT. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Pulmonary Diseases: Too Much of a Good Thing? Front Immunol 2016; 7:311. [PMID: 27574522 PMCID: PMC4983612 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) arise from the release of granular and nuclear contents of neutrophils in the extracellular space in response to different classes of microorganisms, soluble factors, and host molecules. NETs are composed by decondensed chromatin fibers coated with antimicrobial granular and cytoplasmic proteins, such as myeloperoxidase, neutrophil elastase (NE), and α-defensins. Besides being expressed on NET fibers, NE and MPO also regulate NET formation. Furthermore, histone deimination by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is a central step to NET formation. NET formation has been widely demonstrated to be an effective mechanism to fight against invading microorganisms, as deficiency in NET release or dismantling NET backbone by bacterial DNases renders the host susceptible to infections. Therefore, the primary role of NETs is to prevent microbial dissemination, avoiding overwhelming infections. However, an excess of NET formation has a dark side. The pathogenic role of NETs has been described for many human diseases, infectious and non-infectious. The detrimental effect of excessive NET release is particularly important to lung diseases, because NETs can expand more easily in the pulmonary alveoli, causing lung injury. Moreover, NETs and its associated molecules are able to directly induce epithelial and endothelial cell death. In this regard, massive NET formation has been reported in several pulmonary diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, influenza, bacterial pneumonia, and tuberculosis, among others. Thus, NET formation must be tightly regulated in order to avoid NET-mediated tissue damage. Recent development of therapies targeting NETs in pulmonary diseases includes DNA disintegration with recombinant human DNase, neutralization of NET proteins, with anti-histone antibodies and protease inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the recent knowledge on the pathophysiological role of NETs in pulmonary diseases as well as some experimental and clinical approaches to modulate their detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Nery Porto
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renato Tetelbom Stein
- Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Infant Center, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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