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Cavalluzzi MM, Viale M, Rotondo NP, Ferraro V, Lentini G. Drug Repositioning for Ovarian Cancer Treatment: An Update. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:637-647. [PMID: 38367265 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206282904240122063914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies in female reproductive organs, and its 5-year survival is below 45%. Despite the advances in surgical and chemotherapeutic options, OC treatment is still a challenge, and new anticancer agents are urgently needed. Drug repositioning has gained significant attention in drug discovery, representing a smart way to identify new clinical applications for drugs whose human safety and pharmacokinetics have already been established, with great time and cost savings in pharmaceutical development endeavors. This review offers an update on the most promising drugs repurposable for OC treatment and/or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurizio Viale
- U.O.C. Bioterapie, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Ferraro
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lentini
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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2
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Lin Y, Liu Y, Gao Z, Jing D, Bi R, Cui X, Cao Q, Zhao Q, Gao R, Su Y, Liu S, Zhao M, Yang Y, Chen A, Dai B, Gao X. Beta-adrenergic receptor blocker propranolol triggers anti-tumor immunity and enhances irinotecan therapy in mice colorectal cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 949:175718. [PMID: 37054937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide with limited available medicines. While drug repurposing comes as a promising strategy for cancer treatment, we discovered that propranolol (Prop), a non-selective β1 and β2 adrenergic receptor blocker, significantly inhibited the development of subcutaneous CT26 CRC and AOM/DSS-induced CRC models. The RNA-seq analysis highlighted the activated immune pathways after Prop treatment, with GO analysis enriched in T-cell differentiation, leukocyte-mediated immunity, regulation of leukocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, and interferon-gamma production. Routine analyses of blood revealed a decrease in neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, a biomarker of systemic inflammation, and a prognostic indicator in the Prop-treated groups in both CRC models. Analysis of the tumor-infiltrating immune cells exhibited that Prop regressed the exhaustion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the CT26-derived graft models, which was further corroborated in the AOM/DSS-induced models. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis fitted well with the experimental data, showing that β2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) was positively correlated with T-cell exhaustion signature in various tumors. The in vitro experiment showed no direct effect of Prop on CT26 cell viability, while T cells were activated with significantly-upregulated production of IFN-γ and Granzyme B. Consistently, Prop was unable to restrain CT26 tumor growth in nude mice. At last, the combination of Prop and the chemotherapeutic drug Irinotecan acted out the strongest inhibition in CT26 tumor progress. Collectively, we repurpose Prop as a promising and economical therapeutic drug for CRC treatment and highlight T-cell as its target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Lin
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Gao
- Shandong University Cancer Center, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dongquan Jing
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Ran Bi
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Xinmeng Cui
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Qiuhua Cao
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Qixiang Zhao
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Rui Gao
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Yali Su
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Siliang Liu
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Mingrui Zhao
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Yong Yang
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Anqi Chen
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Beiying Dai
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China.
| | - Xinghua Gao
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China.
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Fijałkowski Ł, Skubiszewska M, Grześk G, Koech FK, Nowaczyk A. Acetylsalicylic Acid-Primus Inter Pares in Pharmacology. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238412. [PMID: 36500502 PMCID: PMC9738180 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is one of the first drugs to be obtained by synthesis while being the most used. It has experienced the longest lasting commercial success and is considered the most popular drug of the modern era. ASA, originally used as an anti-inflammatory medication, nowadays is predominantly used as an antiplatelet agent for prophylaxis in cardiac patients. Many studies show that the benefits of using ASA far outweigh the potential risk of side effects. With particular emphasis on the possibility of ASA repositioning for new therapies, extending the indications for use beyond the diseases from the spectrum of atherosclerotic diseases, such as cancer, requires shifting the benefit-risk ratio, although very good, even more towards safety. Interesting activities consisting not only of changing the formulation but also modifying the drug molecule seem to be an important goal of the 21st century. ASA has become a milestone in two important fields: pharmacy and medicine. For a pharmacist, ASA is a long-used drug for which individual indications are practically maintained. For a doctor, acetylsalicylic acid is primarily an antiplatelet drug that saves millions of lives of patients with coronary heart disease or after a stroke. These facts do not exempt us from improving therapeutic methods based on ASA, the main goal of which is to reduce the risk of side effects, as well as to extend effectiveness. Modified acetylsalicylic acid molecules already seem to be a promising therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Fijałkowski
- Department of Pharmacometrics and Molecular Modeling, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 dr. A. Jurasza St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Skubiszewska
- Department of Pharmacometrics and Molecular Modeling, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 dr. A. Jurasza St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Grześk
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 75 Ujejskiego St., 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - Alicja Nowaczyk
- Department of Pharmacometrics and Molecular Modeling, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 dr. A. Jurasza St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-52-585-3904
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4
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Li X, Tai Y, Liu S, Gao Y, Zhang K, Yin J, Zhang H, Wang X, Li X, Zhang D, Zhang DF. The targets of aspirin in bladder cancer: bioinformatics analysis. BMC Urol 2022; 22:168. [PMID: 36316768 PMCID: PMC9620658 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-022-01119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The anti-carcinogenic properties of aspirin have been observed in some solid tumors. However, the molecular mechanism of therapeutic effects of aspirin on bladder cancer is still indistinct. We introduced a bioinformatics analysis approach, to explore the targets of aspirin in bladder cancer (BC). Methods To find out the potential targets of aspirin in BC, we analyzed direct protein targets (DPTs) of aspirin in Drug Bank 5.0. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and signaling pathway of aspirin DPTs were then analyzed subsequently. A detailed analysis of the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway has shown that aspirin is linked to BC. We identified overexpressed genes in BC comparing with normal samples by Oncomine and genes that interlinked with aspirin target genes in BC by STRING. Results Firstly, we explored 16 direct protein targets (DPT) of aspirin. We analyzed the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and signaling pathways of aspirin DPT. We found that aspirin is closely associated with a variety of cancers, including BC. Then, we classified mutations in 3 aspirin DPTs (CCND1, MYC and TP53) in BC using the cBio Portal database. In addition, we extracted the top 50 overexpressed genes in bladder cancer by Oncomine and predicted the genes associated with the 3 aspirin DPTs (CCND1, MYC and TP53) in BC by STRING. Finally, 5 exact genes were identified as potential therapeutic targets of aspirin in bladder cancer. Conclusion The analysis of relevant databases will improve our mechanistic understanding of the role of aspirin in bladder cancer. This will guide the direction of our next drug-disease interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lin Fen Central Hospital, 041000 Lin Fen, China
| | - Yanghao Tai
- grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018Shanxi Medical University, 030000 Taiyuan, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lin Fen Central Hospital, 041000 Lin Fen, China
| | - Yating Gao
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lin Fen Central Hospital, 041000 Lin Fen, China
| | - Kaining Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lin Fen Central Hospital, 041000 Lin Fen, China
| | - Jierong Yin
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lin Fen Central Hospital, 041000 Lin Fen, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lin Fen Central Hospital, 041000 Lin Fen, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lin Fen Central Hospital, 041000 Lin Fen, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lin Fen Central Hospital, 041000 Lin Fen, China
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lin Fen Central Hospital, 041000 Lin Fen, China
| | - Dong-feng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lin Fen Central Hospital, 041000 Lin Fen, China
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5
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Du Y, Wu T. Heart failure and cancer: From active exposure to passive adaption. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:992011. [PMID: 36304546 PMCID: PMC9592839 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.992011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body seems like a "balance integrator." On the one hand, the body constantly actively receives various outside stimuli and signals to induce changes. On the other hand, several internal regulations would be initiated to adapt to these changes. In most cases, the body could keep the balance in vitro and in vivo to reach a healthy body. However, in some cases, the body can only get to a pathological balance. Actively exposed to unhealthy lifestyles and passively adapting to individual primary diseases lead to a similarly inner environment for both heart failure and cancer. To cope with these stimuli, the body must activate the system regulation mechanism and face the mutual interference. This review summarized the association between heart failure and cancer from active exposure to passive adaption. Moreover, we hope to inspire researchers to contemplate these two diseases from the angle of overall body consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Du
- Ningbo Institute of Medical Science, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Tao Wu,
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Guler MN, Tscheiller NM, Sabater-Molina M, Gimeno JR, Nebigil CG. Evidence for reciprocal network interactions between injured hearts and cancer. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:929259. [PMID: 35911555 PMCID: PMC9334681 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.929259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) and cancer are responsible for 50% of all deaths in middle-aged people. These diseases are tightly linked, which is supported by recent epidemiological studies and case control studies, demonstrating that HF patients have a higher risk to develop cancer such as lung and breast cancer. For HF patients, a one-size-fits-all clinical management strategy is not effective and patient management represents a major economical and clinical burden. Anti-cancer treatments-mediated cardiotoxicity, leading to HF have been extensively studied. However, recent studies showed that even before the initiation of cancer therapy, cancer patients presented impairments in the cardiovascular functions and exercise capacity. Thus, the optimal cardioprotective and surveillance strategies should be applied to cancer patients with pre-existing HF. Recently, preclinical studies addressed the hypothesis that there is bilateral interaction between cardiac injury and cancer development. Understanding of molecular mechanisms of HF-cancer interaction can define the profiles of bilateral signaling networks, and identify the disease-specific biomarkers and possibly therapeutic targets. Here we discuss the shared pathological events, and some treatments of cancer- and HF-mediated risk incidence. Finally, we address the evidences on bilateral connection between cardiac injury (HF and early cardiac remodeling) and cancer through secreted factors (secretoms).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa N. Guler
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM, UMR 1260, Nanoregenerative Medicine, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de l’Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie M. Tscheiller
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM, UMR 1260, Nanoregenerative Medicine, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de l’Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maria Sabater-Molina
- Servicio de Cardiología, Laboratorio de Cardiogenética, Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca-IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan R. Gimeno
- Servicio de Cardiología, Laboratorio de Cardiogenética, Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca-IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Canan G. Nebigil
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM, UMR 1260, Nanoregenerative Medicine, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de l’Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- *Correspondence: Canan G. Nebigil,
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7
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Abd-El-Aziz AS, Benaaisha MR, Abdelghani AA, Bissessur R, Abdel-Rahman LH, Fayez AM, El-ezz DA. Aspirin-Based Organoiron Dendrimers as Promising Anti-Inflammatory, Anticancer, and Antimicrobial Drugs. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111568. [PMID: 34827566 PMCID: PMC8615929 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing nanocarriers with actions directed at a specific organ or tissue is a very promising strategy since it can significantly reduce the toxicity of a bioactive drug. In this study, an organometallic dendrimer was used to synthesize a biocompatible drug delivery system by attaching aspirin to the periphery of the dendrimer. Our goal is to enhance the bioavailability and anticancer activity of aspirin and reduce its toxicity through successive generations of organoiron dendrimers. The biological activity of aspirin-based dendrimer complexes was evaluated. The result of antimicrobial activity of the synthesized dendrimers also demonstrated an increase in their antimicrobial activity with increased generation of the dendrimers for most types of microorganisms. This study reveals for the first time that organoiron dendrimers linked with aspirin exhibit an excellent Gram-negative activity comparable to the reference drug Gentamicin. All synthesized dendrimers were tested for their anticancer activity against breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7), hepatocellular cell lines (Hep-G2), and a non-cancer cell line, Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK293), using the MTT cell viability assay and compared against a standard anticancer drug, Doxorubicin. Compounds G3-D9-Asp and G4-D12-Asp exhibited noticeable activity against both cell lines, both of which were more effective than aspirin itself. In addition, the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity and histopathology of swollen paws showed that the designed aspirin-based dendrimers displayed significant anti-inflammatory activity; however, G2-D6-Asp showed the best anti-inflammatory activity, which was more potent than the reference drug aspirin during the same period. Moreover, the coupling of aspirin to the periphery of organoiron dendrimers showed a significant reduction in the toxicity of aspirin on the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa S. Abd-El-Aziz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (M.R.B.); (A.A.A.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maysun R. Benaaisha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (M.R.B.); (A.A.A.); (R.B.)
| | - Amani A. Abdelghani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (M.R.B.); (A.A.A.); (R.B.)
| | - Rabin Bissessur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (M.R.B.); (A.A.A.); (R.B.)
| | | | - Ahmed M. Fayez
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital, Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Doaa Abou El-ezz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA University), Giza 8655, Egypt;
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Biswal J, Jayaprakash P, Rayala SK, Venkatraman G, Rangaswamy R, Jeyaraman J. WaterMap and Molecular Dynamic Simulation-Guided Discovery of Potential PAK1 Inhibitors Using Repurposing Approaches. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:26829-26845. [PMID: 34693105 PMCID: PMC8529594 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
p21-Activated kinase 1 (PAK1) is positioned at the nexus of several oncogenic signaling pathways. Currently, there are no approved inhibitors for disabling the transfer of phosphate in the active site directly, as they are limited by lower affinity, and poor kinase selectivity. In this work, a repurposing study utilizing FDA-approved drugs from the DrugBank database was pursued with an initial selection of 27 molecules out of ∼2162 drug molecules, based on their docking energies and molecular interaction patterns. From the molecules that were considered for WaterMap analysis, seven molecules, namely, Mitoxantrone, Labetalol, Acalabrutinib, Sacubitril, Flubendazole, Trazodone, and Niraparib, ascertained the ability to overlap with high-energy hydration sites. Considering many other displaced unfavorable water molecules, only Acalabrutinib, Flubendazole, and Trazodone molecules highlighted their prominence in terms of binding affinity gains through ΔΔG that ranges between 6.44 and 2.59 kcal/mol. Even if Mitoxantrone exhibited the highest docking score and greater interaction strength, it did not comply with the WaterMap and molecular dynamics simulation results. Moreover, detailed MD simulation trajectory analyses suggested that the drug molecules Flubendazole, Niraparib, and Acalabrutinib were highly stable, observed from their RMSD values and consistent interaction pattern with Glu315, Glu345, Leu347, and Asp407 including the hydrophobic interactions maintained in the three replicates. However, the drug molecule Trazodone displayed a loss of crucial interaction with Leu347, which was essential to inhibit the kinase activity of PAK1. The molecular orbital and electrostatic potential analyses elucidated the reactivity and strong complementarity potentials of the drug molecules in the binding pocket of PAK1. Therefore, the CADD-based reposition efforts, reported in this work, helped in the successful identification of new PAK1 inhibitors that requires further investigation by in vitro analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Biswal
- Structural
Biology and Bio-Computing Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics,
Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prajisha Jayaprakash
- Structural
Biology and Bio-Computing Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics,
Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Rayala
- Department
of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology
Madras, Room No. BT 306, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- Department
of Human Genetics, College of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raghu Rangaswamy
- Structural
Biology and Bio-Computing Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics,
Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeyakanthan Jeyaraman
- Structural
Biology and Bio-Computing Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics,
Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
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9
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Bhattarai A, Kowalczyk W, Tran TN. A literature review on large intestinal hyperelastic constitutive modeling. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2021; 88:105445. [PMID: 34416632 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Impacts, traumas and strokes are spontaneously life-threatening, but chronic symptoms strangle patient every day. Colorectal tissue mechanics in such chronic situations not only regulates the physio-psychological well-being of the patient, but also confirms the level of comfort and post-operative clinical outcomes. Numerous uniaxial and multiaxial tensile experiments on healthy and affected samples have evidenced significant differences in tissue mechanical behavior and strong colorectal anisotropy across each layer in thickness direction and along the length. Furthermore, this study reviewed various forms of passive constitutive models for the highly fibrous colorectal tissue ranging from the simplest linearly elastic and the conventional isotropic hyperelastic to the most sophisticated second harmonic generation image based anisotropic mathematical formulation. Under large deformation, the isotropic description of tissue mechanics is unequivocally ineffective which demands a microstructural based tissue definition. Therefore, the information collected in this review paper would present the current state-of-the-art in colorectal biomechanics and profoundly serve as updated computational resources to develop a sophisticated characterization of colorectal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroj Bhattarai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Saarland, Germany
| | | | - Thanh Ngoc Tran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Saarland, Germany.
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10
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Dong X, He J, Lin L, Zhu Y, Chen C, Su L, Zhao Y, Zhang R, Wei Y, Chen F, Christiani DC. Association between aspirin use and lung cancer incidence depends on high-frequency use, bodyweight, and age in U.S. adults. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:392-401. [PMID: 33569321 PMCID: PMC7867785 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Chemoprevention of cancer with aspirin is controversial as a primary prevention strategy. We sought to investigate the association between aspirin frequency and risk of lung cancer in The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. Methods Using data from 101,722 participants in PLCO, we used a Cox regression model coupling with propensity score to detect the association between aspirin frequency and lung cancer risk. Results High-frequency aspirin use significantly increased risk of lung cancer by 28% compared to no use (HR =1.28; 95% CI, 1.14–1.45; P=3.37×10−5), especially for current smoker (HR =1.30; 95% CI, 1.07–1.57; P=6.82×10−3). However, the increased lung cancer risk due to high-frequency aspirin use significantly decreased with increasing bodyweight (HRinteraction =0.96; 95% CI, 0.94–0.99; P=1.26×10−2). Further, for participants with bodyweight <80 kg, high-frequency aspirin use showed an elevated risk at <76 years of age (HRage<76 =1.47; 95% CI, 1.25–1.73; P=3.81×10−6). Our study used propensity score under various confounding and stratification analyses by cardio-cerebrovascular status, which all presented similar evidences. Conclusions High-frequency aspirin use is associated with the increased risk of lung cancer. Current smoker or people with age <76 years and bodyweight <80 kg should be more cautious to high-frequency aspirin use for lung cancer chemoprevention. This study provides a new insight for lung cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesi Dong
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Big Data of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jieyu He
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Big Data of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijuan Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Big Data of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Big Data of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Big Data of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Su
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Big Data of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruyang Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Big Data of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongyue Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Big Data of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Big Data of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Ferreira M, Freitas-Silva M, Assis J, Pinto R, Nunes JP, Medeiros R. The emergent phenomenon of aspirin resistance: insights from genetic association studies. Pharmacogenomics 2020; 21:125-140. [PMID: 31957546 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2019-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the clinical benefits of aspirin, the interindividual variation in response to this antiplatelet drug is considerable. The manifestation of aspirin resistance (AR) is frequently observed, although this complex process remains poorly understood. While AR etiology is likely to be multifactorial, genetic factors appear to be preponderant. According to several genetic association studies, both genome-wide and candidate gene studies, numerous SNPs in cyclooxygenase, thromboxane and platelet receptors-related genes have been identified as capable of negatively affecting aspirin action. Thus, it is essential to understand the clinical relevance of AR-related SNPs as potential predictive and prognostic biomarkers as they may be essential to defining the AR phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Ferreira
- Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group-Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Edifício Laboratórios, 4º piso, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-4072 Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Freitas-Silva
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, Porto University, & Department of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Assis
- Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group-Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Edifício Laboratórios, 4º piso, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-4072 Porto, Portugal.,FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, Porto University, & Department of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Pinto
- Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group-Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Edifício Laboratórios, 4º piso, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-4072 Porto, Portugal
| | - José P Nunes
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, Porto University, & Department of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group-Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Edifício Laboratórios, 4º piso, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-4072 Porto, Portugal.,FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, Porto University, & Department of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.,Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Praça 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal.,Department of Research, Portuguese League Against Cancer (NRNorte), Estrada Interior da Circunvalação, 6657, 4200-172 Porto, Portugal
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12
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Prostaglandin E 2 Pathway Is Dysregulated in Gastric Adenocarcinoma in a Caucasian Population. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207680. [PMID: 33081378 PMCID: PMC7589882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) represents the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The levels of prostaglandin E2, a key player in the hallmarks of cancer, are mainly regulated by prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 4 (ABCC4), involved in its synthesis and exportation, respectively, and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) and solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 (SLCO2A1), responsible for its inactivation. Even though there are distinct molecular signatures across ethnic populations, most published studies focus on Asian populations. Our main aim was to explore the genetic expression of the aforementioned molecules in a Caucasian population. 94 “Normal” and 89 tumoral formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from GC patients were used to assess the mRNA expression of PTGS2, ABCC4, hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15-(NAD) (HPGD), SLCO2A1 by Real-Time PCR. We found an upregulation for the PTGS2 gene mean factor of 2.51 and a downregulation for the HPGD and SLCO2A1 genes (mean factor of 0.10 and 0.37, respectively) in tumorous mucosa in a gender-independent manner. In females, we observed an ABCC4 downregulation and a PTGS2 mRNA upregulation compared to males in tumoral mucosa (mean factor of 0.61 and 1.64, respectively). We reported dysregulation of the inflammation triggered PGE2 pathway in a Caucasian population with an intermediate risk for GC, which might highlight the applicability of aspirin in the treatment of GC patients.
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13
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Gu KJ, Li G. An Overview of Cancer Prevention: Chemoprevention and Immunoprevention. J Cancer Prev 2020; 25:127-135. [PMID: 33033707 PMCID: PMC7523034 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2020.25.3.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer prevention encompasses a broad spectrum of strategies designed to lower the chance of developing cancer and reduce the morbidity of established cancer. There are three levels of cancer prevention. Eliminating or mitigating cancer risk factors by adopting healthy behaviors and lifestyles, such as avoiding tobacco and alcohol use, exercising, eating a healthy diet, and applying sunscreen to protect against UV exposure, belongs to primary prevention and is the easiest and most effective way of preventing cancer for the general public. Secondary prevention includes screening to identify precancerous lesions and taking intervention measures to prevent disease progression to malignancy. Tertiary prevention refers to reducing or controlling the symptoms and morbidity of established cancer or the morbidity caused by cancer therapy. For high-risk populations, chemopreventive agents, such as selective estrogen receptor modulators (including tamoxifan and raloxifene) in breast cancer prevention and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin) in colorectal cancer prevention, and immunoprevention using human papillomavirus and hepatitis B virus vaccines in infection-related cancers have shown clear clinical benefits of reducing cancer incidences. In this review, we will summarize the current status of cancer prevention, focusing on the major agents that are clinically used for chemoprevention and immunoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Gu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Guojun Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
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14
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Usha T, Middha SK, Kukanur AA, Shravani RV, Anupama MN, Harshitha N, Rahamath A, Kukanuri SA, Goyal AK. Drug Repurposing Approaches: Existing Leads For Novel Threats And Drug Targets. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 22:CPPS-EPUB-110124. [PMID: 32957901 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666200921152853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug Repurposing (DR) is an alternative to the traditional drug discovery process. It is cost and time effective, with high returns and low risk process that can tackle the increasing need for interventions for varied diseases and new outbreaks. Repurposing of old drugs for other diseases has gained a wider attention, as there have been several old drugs approved by FDA for new diseases. In the global emergency of COVID19 pandemic, this is one of the strategies implemented in repurposing of old anti-infective, anti-rheumatic and anti-thrombotic drugs. The goal of the current review is to elaborate the process of DR, its advantages, repurposed drugs for a plethora of disorders, and the evolution of related academic publications. Further, detailed are the computational approaches: literature mining and semantic inference, network-based drug repositioning, signature matching, retrospective clinical analysis, molecular docking and experimental phenotypic screening. We discuss the legal and economical potential barriers in DR, existent collaborative models and recommendations for overcoming these hurdles and leveraging the complete potential of DR in finding new indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talambedu Usha
- Department of Biochemistry, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, Karnataka. India
| | - Sushil K Middha
- DBT-BIF Centre, Department of Biotechnology, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women(mLAC), Bengaluru, Karnataka. India
| | | | | | | | | | - Ameena Rahamath
- Department of Biochemistry, mLAC, Bengaluru, Karnataka. India
| | | | - Arvind K Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar783370, BTAD, Assam. India
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15
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Aspirin Modifies Inflammatory Mediators and Metabolomic Profiles and Contributes to the Suppression of Obesity-Associated Breast Cancer Cell Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134652. [PMID: 32629916 PMCID: PMC7369784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Adiposity generally accompanies immune cell infiltration and cytokine secretion, which is ideal for tumor development. Aspirin is a chemopreventive agent against several types of cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate whether aspirin inhibits the growth of 4T1 breast cancer cells by inhibiting the inflammatory response and regulating the metabolomic profile of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 adipocyte-conditioned medium (Ad-CM) was used to mimic the obese adipose tissue microenvironment in 4T1 cells. The results revealed that aspirin inhibited macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), interleukin (IL-6), IL-1β, and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) production in 3T3-L1 adipocytes stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In the obesity-associated model, Ad-CM significantly promoted 4T1 cell growth and migration, which were attenuated after aspirin treatment. The results of metabolic analyses using Ad-CM showed that amino acid metabolites and oxidative stress were increased in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes compared to those in fibroblasts. Aspirin treatment modified metabolites involved in suppressing lipogenesis, oxidative stress, and neoplastic formation. In the relative fatty acid quantitation analysis of Ad-CM, aspirin diminished fatty acid contents of C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, C20:4, and C24:1. This study is the first to show that aspirin modifies the metabolomics and fatty acid composition of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and inhibits obesity-associated inflammation that contributes to obesity-related breast cancer cell growth and migration.
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16
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Meijers WC, de Boer RA. Common risk factors for heart failure and cancer. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:844-853. [PMID: 30715247 PMCID: PMC6452432 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) disease and cancer are the leading causes of death.1,2 Over the last decades, it has been appreciated that both CV disease and cancer are more common in individuals in whom risk factors for disease development accumulate, and preventative measures have been extremely important in driving down the incidence of disease.3-6 In general, the field of epidemiology, risk reduction, and preventative trials is divided into health care professionals who have an interest in either CV disease or cancer. As a result, the medical literature and medical practice has largely focused on the one disease, or the other. However, human individuals do not behave according to this dogma. Emerging data clearly suggest that identical risk factors may lead to CV disease in the one individual, but may cause cancer in another, or even both diseases in the same individual. This overlap exists between risk factors that are historically classified as 'CV risk factors' as these factors do equally strong predict cancer development. Therefore, we propose that a holistic approach might better estimate actual risks for CV disease and cancer. In this review, we summarize current insights in common behavioural risk factors for heart failure, being the most progressed and lethal form of CV disease, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter C Meijers
- University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Wu Y, Yan B, Xu W, Guo L, Wang Z, Li G, Hou N, Zhang J, Ling R. Compound C enhances the anticancer effect of aspirin in HER-2-positive breast cancer by regulating lipid metabolism in an AMPK-independent pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:583-597. [PMID: 32025207 PMCID: PMC6990926 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.39936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various clinical studies have determined that aspirin shows anticancer effects in many human malignant cancers, including human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2)-positive breast cancer. However, the anti-tumor mechanism of aspirin has not been fully defined. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Compound C in enhancing the anticancer effect of aspirin. HER-2-positive breast cancer cell lines were treated with aspirin with or without Compound C pre-treatment; their phenotypes and mechanisms were then analyzed in vitro and in vivo. Aspirin exhibited anticancer effects in HER-2-positive breast cancer by inhibiting cell growth and inducing apoptosis through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Unexpectedly, pre-treatment with Compound C, a widely used AMPK inhibitor, induced robust anticancer effects in cells compared to aspirin monotherapy. This anticancer effect was not distinct in HER-2 negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and may be due to the inhibition of lipid metabolism mediated by c-myc. Besides, c-myc re-expression or palmitic acid supply could partially restored cell proliferation. Aspirin exhibits anticancer effects in HER-2-positive breast cancer by regulating lipid metabolism mediated by c-myc, and Compound C strengthens these effects in an AMPK-independent manner. Our results potentially provide a novel therapeutic strategy exploiting combined aspirin and Compound C therapy for HER-2-positive breast cancer, which acts by reducing de novo lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bohua Yan
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenqin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lili Guo
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guoyin Li
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Niuniu Hou
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Ling
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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18
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Joharatnam-Hogan N, Cafferty FH, Macnair A, Ring A, Langley RE. The role of aspirin in the prevention of ovarian, endometrial and cervical cancers. WOMEN'S HEALTH (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 16:1745506520961710. [PMID: 33019903 PMCID: PMC7543116 DOI: 10.1177/1745506520961710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is the application of an existing licenced drug for a new indication and potentially provides a faster and cheaper approach to developing new anti-cancer agents. Gynaecological cancers contribute significantly to the global cancer burden, highlighting the need for low cost, widely accessible therapies. A large body of evidence supports the role of aspirin as an anti-cancer agent, and a number of randomized trials are currently underway aiming to assess the potential benefit of aspirin in the treatment of cancer. This review summarizes the evidence underpinning aspirin use for the prevention of the development and recurrence of gynaecological cancers (ovarian, endometrial and cervical) and potential mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalinie Joharatnam-Hogan
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, Institute of Clinical Trials & Methodology, London, UK
| | - Fay H Cafferty
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, Institute of Clinical Trials & Methodology, London, UK
| | - Archie Macnair
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, Institute of Clinical Trials & Methodology, London, UK
| | - Alistair Ring
- Royal Marsden Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ruth E Langley
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, Institute of Clinical Trials & Methodology, London, UK
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19
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Blagosklonny MV. Disease or not, aging is easily treatable. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3067-3078. [PMID: 30448823 PMCID: PMC6286826 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Is aging a disease? It does not matter because aging is already treated using a combination of several clinically-available drugs, including rapamycin. Whether aging is a disease depends on arbitrary definitions of both disease and aging. For treatment purposes, aging is a deadly disease (or more generally, pre-disease), despite being a normal continuation of normal organismal growth. It must and, importantly, can be successfully treated, thereby delaying classic age-related diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and neurodegeneration.
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20
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朱 星, 杨 嘉, 张 恩, 乔 炜, 李 学. [Bioinformatic analysis of direct protein targets of aspirin against human breast cancer proliferation]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:1141-1148. [PMID: 31801720 PMCID: PMC6867953 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.10.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the molecular mechanism underlying the inhibitory effects of aspirin against human breast cancer cell proliferation through bioinformatics analysis. METHODS Drug Bank 5.1.3 was searched to identify direct protein targets (DPTs) of aspirin, and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the DPTs was constructed online using STRING and the signaling pathways involved were identified. The genetic alterations of 6 DPTs associated with human breast cancer was analyzed and visualized by cBio Portal and OncoPrint, respectively. The transcriptomic data of breast cancer and normal tissues were downloaded from TCGA database, and the overexpressed genes were analyzed by DECenter. The intersection between the genes associated with the DPTs obtained by STRING analysis and the differentially over-expressed genes in TCGA was determined to confirm the candidate DPTs as a potential target of aspirin, and GO functional enrichment analysis was performed using Gene Ontology. The potential targets of aspirin against the proliferation of human breast cancer cells were verified by Western blotting. RESULTS Eleven DPTs of aspirin were identified. KEGG pathway enrichment indicated that 6 genes (EDNRA, IKBKB, NFKB2, NFKBIA, PTGS2 and TP53) were associated with the occurrence and development of cancer. A total of 10 220 differentially expressed genes were identified from the TCGA database, and among them 4 genes (CDC25C, TPX2, CDC20, PLK1) were found to be the potential targets for aspirin. These genes were involved mostly in the regulation of cell cycle and cell division. Western blotting showed that aspirin could down-regulate the expression levels of several pivotal proteins that regulated cell cycle and cell division, including CDC25C, TPX2, CDC20 and PLK1. CONCLUSIONS CDC25C, TPX2, CDC20 and PLK1 may be potential targets for aspirin to inhibit the proliferation of human breast cancer cells, by affecting the progress of cell cycle and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- 星枚 朱
- 陕西中医药大学药学院药理学教研室,陕西 咸阳 712046Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
- 陕西省中医药管理局中药药效机制与物质基础重点研究室,陕西 咸阳 712046Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
- 陕西省中药基础与新药研究重点实验室,陕西 咸阳 712046Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Medicine Foundation and New Drug Research, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - 嘉妮 杨
- 陕西中医药大学药学院药理学教研室,陕西 咸阳 712046Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
- 陕西省中医药管理局中药药效机制与物质基础重点研究室,陕西 咸阳 712046Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
- 陕西省中药基础与新药研究重点实验室,陕西 咸阳 712046Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Medicine Foundation and New Drug Research, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - 恩户 张
- 陕西中医药大学药学院药理学教研室,陕西 咸阳 712046Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
- 陕西省中医药管理局中药药效机制与物质基础重点研究室,陕西 咸阳 712046Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - 炜 乔
- 中国兵器工业五二一医院,陕西 西安 710065Department of Gastroenterology, 521 Hospital of Norinco Group, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - 学军 李
- 北京大学医学部药理学系,北京 100191School of Basic Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
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21
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Chen Y, Kang L, Zhu Y, Jing C, Chen Y, Kang L, Zhu Y. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of mortality in lung cancer: A meta-analysis of 5 prospective cohorts studies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16806. [PMID: 31393411 PMCID: PMC6709176 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) especially aspirin has been gained increasing attention due to its potential therapy against to lung cancer. Previous investigations have showed different findings in this issue. We studied the safety profile and efficacy of NSAIDs in treating lung cancer. METHOD Embase, Pubmed, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from January 2011 to February 2019. We identified the studies meeting a priori inclusion criteria and it also conducted a secondary review. This meta-analysis of 5 prospective studies was launched to evaluate the effect of NSAIDs for patients with lung cancer on the hazard risk (HR). We used the Random-Effect Model to assess pooled HR and between-study heterogeneity. Application of subgroup analysis, meta-regression, as well as sensitivity analysis was to pinpoint the exact sources of the observed heterogeneity. RESULTS 5 Prospective Cohorts Studies, including 6017 patients with lung cancer were recruited in the final meta-analysis. In general, using of NSAIDs especially aspirin is not associated with mortality of lung cancer: pooled hazard ratio (HR) of 0.88 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.73-1.05] with low heterogeneity (Q = 6.95; I = 42.4%, P = .139). Egger (P = .665) and Begg (P = 1.000) test also showed little trial error in this meta-analysis. CONCLUSION NSAIDs did not increase the risk of mortality in patients with lung cancer.
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22
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Dual Actions of Ketorolac in Metastatic Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081049. [PMID: 31344967 PMCID: PMC6721416 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy are cornerstones of ovarian cancer treatment, yet disease recurrence remains a significant clinical issue. Surgery can release cancer cells into the circulation, suppress anti-tumor immunity, and induce inflammatory responses that support the growth of residual disease. Intervention within the peri-operative window is an under-explored opportunity to mitigate these consequences of surgery and influence the course of metastatic disease to improve patient outcomes. One drug associated with improved survival in cancer patients is ketorolac. Ketorolac is a chiral molecule administered as a 1:1 racemic mixture of the S- and R-enantiomers. The S-enantiomer is considered the active component for its FDA indication in pain management with selective activity against cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. The R-enantiomer has a previously unrecognized activity as an inhibitor of Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate) and Cdc42 (cell division control protein 42) GTPases. Therefore, ketorolac differs from other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by functioning as two distinct pharmacologic entities due to the independent actions of each enantiomer. In this review, we summarize evidence supporting the benefits of ketorolac administration for ovarian cancer patients. We also discuss how simultaneous inhibition of these two distinct classes of targets, COX enzymes and Rac1/Cdc42, by S-ketorolac and R-ketorolac respectively, could each contribute to anti-cancer activity.
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de Boer RA, Meijers WC, van der Meer P, van Veldhuisen DJ. Cancer and heart disease: associations and relations. Eur J Heart Fail 2019; 21:1515-1525. [PMID: 31321851 PMCID: PMC6988442 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports that cancer incidence is increased in patients with cardiovascular (CV) disease and heart failure (HF), and patients with HF frequently die from cancer. Recently, data have been generated showing that circulating factors in relation to HF promote tumour growth and development in murine models, providing proof that a causal relationship exists between both diseases. Several common pathophysiological mechanisms linking HF to cancer exist, and include inflammation, neuro‐hormonal activation, oxidative stress and a dysfunctional immune system. These shared mechanisms, in combination with risk factors, in concert may explain why patients with HF are prone to develop cancer. Investigating the new insights linking HF with cancer is rapidly becoming an exciting new field of research, and we herein review the most recent data. Besides insights in mechanisms, we call for clinical awareness, that is essential to optimize treatment strategies of patients having developed cancer with a history of HF. Finally, ongoing and future trials should strive for comprehensive phenotyping of both CV and cancer end points, to allow optimal usefulness of data, and to better describe and understand common characteristics of these two lethal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf A de Boer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter C Meijers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Meer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J van Veldhuisen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Olejniczak-Kęder A, Szaryńska M, Wrońska A, Siedlecka-Kroplewska K, Kmieć Z. Effects of 5-FU and anti-EGFR antibody in combination with ASA on the spherical culture system of HCT116 and HT29 colorectal cancer cell lines. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:223-242. [PMID: 31180528 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 5‑fluorouracil (5‑FU), anti‑epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody and aspirin (ASA) on the characteristics of two CRC cell lines, HCT116 and HT29, maintained in a spherical culture system. We observed that the morphology of both the HCT116 and HT29 cell‑derived spheres was significantly impaired and the size of the colonospheres was markedly reduced following treatment with the aforementioned three drugs. In contrast to adherent cultures, the spherical cultures were more resistant to the tested drugs, as was reflected by their capacity to re‑create the colonospheres when sustained in serum‑free medium. Flow cytometric analysis of the drug‑treated HCT116 cell‑derived spheres revealed changes in the fraction of cells expressing markers of cancer stem cells (CSCs), whereas the CSC phenotype of HT29 cell‑derived colonospheres was affected to a lesser extent. All reagents enhanced the percentage of non‑viable cells in the colonospheres despite the diminished fraction of active caspase‑3‑positive cells following treatment of the HT29 cell‑derived spheres with anti‑EGFR antibody. Increased autophagy, assessed by acridine orange staining, was noted following the incubation of the HT29‑colonospheres with ASA and 5‑FU in comparison to the control. Notably, the percentage of cyclooxygenase (COX)‑2‑positive cells was not affected by ASA, although its activity was markedly elevated in the colonospheres incubated with anti‑EGFR antibody. On the whole, the findings of this study indicate that all the tested drugs were involved in different cellular processes, which suggests that they should be considered for the combined therapeutic treatment of CRC, particularly for targeting the population of CSC‑like cells. Thus, cancer cell‑derived spheres may be used as a preferable model for in vitro anticancer drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Szaryńska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Wrońska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Zbigniew Kmieć
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
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Mocellin S, Goodwin A, Pasquali S. Risk-reducing medications for primary breast cancer: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 4:CD012191. [PMID: 31032883 PMCID: PMC6487387 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012191.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most frequently occurring malignancy and the second cause of death for cancer in women. Cancer prevention agents (CPAs) are a promising approach to reduce the burden of breast cancer. Currently, two main types of CPAs are available: selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs, such as tamoxifen and raloxifene) and aromatase inhibitors (AIs, such as exemestane and anastrozole). OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and acceptability of single CPAs for the prevention of primary breast cancer, in unaffected women, at an above-average risk of developing breast cancer.Using a network meta-analysis, to rank single CPAs, based on their efficacy and acceptability (an endpoint that is defined as the inverse of CPA-related toxicity). SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Breast Cancer Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP), and ClinicalTrials.gov on 17 August 2018. We handsearched reference lists to identify additional relevant studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that enrolled women without a personal history of breast cancer but with an above-average risk of developing a tumor. Women had to be treated with a CPA and followed up to record the occurrence of breast cancer and adverse events. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted data and conducted risk of bias assessments of the included studies, and assessed the certainty of the evidence using GRADE. Outcome data included incidence of breast carcinoma (both invasive and in situ carcinoma) and adverse events (both overall and severe toxicity). We performed a conventional meta-analysis (for direct comparisons of a single CPA with placebo or a different CPA) and network meta-analysis (for indirect comparisons). MAIN RESULTS We included six studies enrolling 50,927 women randomized to receive one CPA (SERMs: tamoxifen or raloxifene, or AIs: exemestane or anastrozole) or placebo. Three studies compared tamoxifen and placebo, two studies compared AIs (exemestane or anastrozole) versus placebo, and one study compared tamoxifen versus raloxifene. The risk of bias was low for all RCTs.For the tamoxifen versus placebo comparison, tamoxifen likely resulted in a lower risk of developing breast cancer compared to placebo (risk ratio (RR) 0.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62 to 0.76; 3 studies, 22,832 women; moderate-certainty evidence). In terms of adverse events, tamoxifen likely increased the risk of severe toxicity compared to placebo (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.47; 2 studies, 20,361 women; moderate-certainty evidence). In particular, women randomized to receive tamoxifen experienced a higher incidence of both endometrial carcinoma (RR 2.26, 95% CI 1.52 to 3.38; high-certainty evidence) and thromboembolism (RR 2.10, 95% CI 1.14 to 3.89; high-certainty evidence) compared to women who received placebo.For the AIs versus placebo comparison, AIs (exemestane or anastrozole) reduced the risk of breast cancer by 53% (RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.63; 2 studies, 8424 women; high-certainty evidence). In terms of adverse events, AIs increased the risk of severe toxicity by 18% (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.28; 2 studies, 8352 women; high-certainty evidence). These differences were sustained especially by endocrine (e.g. hot flashes), gastrointestinal (e.g. diarrhea), and musculoskeletal (e.g. arthralgia) adverse events, while there were no differences in endometrial cancer or thromboembolism rates between AIs and placebo.For the tamoxifen versus raloxifene comparison, raloxifene probably performed worse than tamoxifen in terms of breast cancer incidence reduction (RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.43; 1 study, 19,490 women; moderate-certainty evidence), but its use was associated with lower toxicity rates (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.80 to 0.95; 1 study, 19,490 women; moderate-certainty evidence), particularly relating to incidence of endometrial cancer and thromboembolism.An indirect comparison of treatment effects allowed us to compare the SERMs and AIs in this review. In terms of efficacy, AIs (exemestane or anastrozole) may have reduced breast cancer incidence slightly compared to tamoxifen (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.98; 5 RCTs, 31,256 women); however, the certainty of evidence was low. A lack of model convergence did not allow us to analyze toxicity data. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS For women with an above-average risk of developing breast cancer, CPAs can reduce the incidence of this disease. AIs appear to be more effective than SERMs (tamoxifen) in reducing the risk of developing breast cancer. AIs are not associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events. However, long-term data on toxicities from tamoxifen are available while the follow-up toxicity data on unaffected women taking AIs is relatively short. Additional data from direct comparisons are needed to fully address the issues of breast cancer prevention by risk-reducing medications, with special regards to acceptability (i.e. the benefit/harm ratio).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandro Pasquali
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei TumoriSarcoma ServiceVia G. Venezian 1MilanoItaly20133
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Grafetstätter M, Hüsing A, González Maldonado S, Sookthai D, Johnson T, Pletsch-Borba L, Katzke VA, Hoffmeister M, Bugert P, Kaaks R, Kühn T. Plasma Fibrinogen and sP-Selectin are Associated with the Risk of Lung Cancer in a Prospective Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 28:1221-1227. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Xiao Q, Zhu W, Feng W, Lee SS, Leung AW, Shen J, Gao L, Xu C. A Review of Resveratrol as a Potent Chemoprotective and Synergistic Agent in Cancer Chemotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1534. [PMID: 30687096 PMCID: PMC6333683 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer has become a major disease endangering human health around the world. Conventional chemotherapy suffers from many side effects including pain, cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and renal toxicity. This review aims to describe a natural product of resveratrol as a chemoprotective and synergistic agent in the modulation of cancer chemotherapy. Methods: The publications were identified by comprehensive searching of SciFinder, PubMed, Web of Science, and our own reference library. Search terms included combinations of “resveratrol,” “cancer,” “natural products,” “chemotherapy,” and “side effects.” Selection of material focused on resveratrol reducing the side effects on cancer chemotherapy. Results: Thirty one references were referred in this review to outline resveratrol as a potent chemoprotective and synergistic agent in cancer chemotherapy, including 22 papers for describing the chemoprotective effects, and 9 papers for illustrating the synergistic effects. Conclusion: This study provides a systematic summary of resveratrol serving as a potent chemoprotective and synergistic agent to reduce the associated-side effects and enhance the therapeutic outcomes in cancer chemotherapy. Further studies in terms of resveratrol on a large amount of preclinical tests and clinical trials are highly demanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicai Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Wangshu Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Su Seong Lee
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Albert Wingnang Leung
- Division of Chinese Medicine, School of Professional and Continuing Education, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqian Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanshan Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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Gong L, Zhang D, Dong Y, Lei Y, Qian Y, Tan X, Han S, Wang J. Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis for Identificating the Therapeutic Targets of Aspirin in Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Biomed Inform 2018; 88:20-28. [PMID: 30414472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We explored the mechanism of aspirin in SCLC by dissecting many publicly available databases. METHODS AND RESULTS Firstly, 11 direct protein targets (DPTs) of aspirin were identified by DrugBank 5.0. Then protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and signaling pathways of aspirin DPTs were analyzed. We found that aspirin was linked with many kinds of cancer, and the most significant one is SCLC. Next, we classified the mutation of 4 aspirin DPTs in SCLC (IKBKB, NFKBIA, PTGS2 and TP53) using cBio Portal. Further, we identified top 50 overexpressed genes of SCLC by Oncomine, and the interconnected genes with the 4 aspirin DPTs in SCLC (IKBKB, NFKBIA, PTGS2 and TP53) by STRING. Lastly, we figured out 5 consistently genes as potential therapeutic targets of aspirin in SCLC. CONCLUSION The integrated bioinformatical analysis could improve our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism about how aspirin working in SCLC. Integrated bioinformatical analysis may be considered as a new paradigm for guiding future studies about interaction in drugs and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyun Gong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Yiping Dong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Yutiantian Lei
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Yuanjie Qian
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Xinyue Tan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Suxia Han
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Jiquan Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
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Low-dose aspirin use and risk of contralateral breast cancer: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Prev Med 2018; 116:186-193. [PMID: 30261243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Observational studies of aspirin use and breast cancer risk have provided inconsistent results. The occurrence of contralateral breast cancer (CBC) among breast cancer survivors may serve as a useful high-risk model to identify preventive drug effects. Using this model, we examined the association between post-diagnosis use of low-dose aspirin and risk of CBC. We identified all women recorded with a first primary breast cancer in the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group Database between 1996 and 2012. Information on drug use, tumor and patient characteristics, treatment, and CBC was obtained from nationwide registries. In the main analysis, we defined time-varying post-diagnosis low-dose aspirin use as two or more prescriptions filled during follow-up and applied a one-year exposure lag. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between post-diagnosis low-dose aspirin use and CBC risk. Among 52,723 breast cancer patients, 1,444 women developed CBC during a median follow-up of 4.8 years. The adjusted HR for CBC associated with post-diagnosis use of low-dose aspirin was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.75-1.09). We observed no substantial variation in HRs according to pattern of low-dose aspirin use or estrogen receptor status of the first or the contralateral breast cancer. In conclusion, this large nationwide cohort study of breast cancer survivors does not provide strong evidence suggesting an association between post-diagnosis use of low-dose aspirin and risk of CBC.
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Kobayashi Y, Banno K, Kunitomi H, Tominaga E, Aoki D. Current state and outlook for drug repositioning anticipated in the field of ovarian cancer. J Gynecol Oncol 2018; 30:e10. [PMID: 30479094 PMCID: PMC6304407 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2019.30.e10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer and the eighth most common cause of cancer mortality in women. Although standard chemotherapy is the established treatment for ovarian cancer, the prognosis remains poor, and it is highly anticipated that new drugs will be developed. New drugs, such as humanized anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibodies and poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors, are expected to improve clinical outcomes of ovarian cancer. However, long-term, costly research is required to develop such new drugs, and soaring national healthcare costs are becoming a concern worldwide. In this social context, drug repositioning, wherein existing drugs are used to develop drugs with new indications for other diseases, has recently gained attention. Because trials have already confirmed the safety in humans and the pharmacokinetics of such drugs, the development period is shorter than the conventional development of a new drug, thereby reducing costs. This review discusses the available basic experimental and clinical data on drugs used for other types of cancer for which drug repositioning is anticipated to repurpose the drug for the treatment of ovarian cancer. These include statins, which are used to treat dyslipidemia; bisphosphonate, which is used to treat osteoporosis; metformin, which is used to treat diabetes; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; ivermectin, an antiparasitic agent; and itraconazole, an anti-fungal agent. These drugs will play an important role in future drug repositioning strategies for ovarian cancer. Furthermore, drug repositioning is anticipated to extend not only to ovarian cancer treatment but also to ovarian cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kouji Banno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruko Kunitomi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Tominaga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Lu S, Obianom ON, Ai Y. Novel hybrids derived from aspirin and chalcones potently suppress colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1722-1732. [PMID: 30429977 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00284c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths around the world despite the availability of many approved small molecules for treatment. The issues lie in the potency, selectivity and targeting of these compounds. Therefore, new strategies and targets are needed to optimize and develop novel treatments for CRC. Here, a group of novel hybrids derived from aspirin and chalcones were designed and synthesized based on recent reports of their individual benefits to CRC targeting and selectivity. The most active compound 7h inhibited proliferation of CRC cell lines with better potency compared to 5-fluorouracil, a currently used therapeutic agent for CRC. Importantly, 7h had 8-fold less inhibitory activity against non-cancer CCD841 cells. In addition, 7h inhibited CRC growth via the inhibition of the cell cycle in the G1 phase. Furthermore, 7h induced apoptosis by activating caspase 3 and PARP cleavage, as well as increasing ROS in CRC cells. Finally, 7h significantly retarded the CRC cell growth in a mouse xenograft model. These findings suggest that 7h may have potential to treat CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lu
- College of Pharmacy , Hubei University of Chinese Medicine , Hubei 430065 , PR China .
| | - Obinna N Obianom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , MD 21201 , USA .
| | - Yong Ai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , MD 21201 , USA .
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Nasry WHS, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Martin CK. Role of COX-2/PGE2 Mediated Inflammation in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10100348. [PMID: 30248985 PMCID: PMC6211032 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant amount of research indicates that the cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway of inflammation contributes to the development and progression of a variety of cancers, including squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx (OSCC). Although there have been promising results from studies examining the utility of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of OSCC, this strategy has been met with only variable success and these drugs are also associated with toxicities that make them inappropriate for some OSCC patients. Improved inflammation-targeting therapies require continued study of the mechanisms linking inflammation and progression of OSCC. In this review, a synopsis of OSCC biology will be provided, and recent insights into inflammation related mechanisms of OSCC pathobiology will be discussed. The roles of prostaglandin E2 and cluster of differentiation factor 147 (CD147) will be presented, and evidence for their interactions in OSCC will be explored. Through continued investigation into the protumourigenic pathways of OSCC, more treatment modalities targeting inflammation-related pathways can be designed with the hope of slowing tumour progression and improving patient prognosis in patients with this aggressive form of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Hamed Shaker Nasry
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Juan Carlos Rodriguez-Lecompte
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Chelsea K Martin
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
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Novel cinnamaldehyde-based aspirin derivatives for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2869-2874. [PMID: 30037494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Current treatments of CRC involve anti-cancer agents with relatively good efficacy but unselectively target both cancer and non-cancer cells. Thus, there is a need to discover and develop novel CRC therapeutics that have potent anti-cancer effects, but show reduced off-target cell effects. Here, a novel series of cinnamaldehyde-based aspirin derivatives were designed and synthesized. Biological evaluation indicated that the most active compound 1f exhibited more than 10-fold increase in the anti-proliferation efficacy in HCT-8 cells compared to the parent compounds. Its effects were similarly reproduced in another CRC cell line, DLD-1, but with 7- to 11-fold less inhibitory activity in non-tumorigenic colon cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed that 1f induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, which was further validated with immunoblot analysis of the relative protein levels of cleaved caspase 3 and PARP as well as the ROS production in CRC cells. More so, 1f significantly inhibited the growth of implanted CRC in vivo in mouse xenograft model. Taken together, our results show that cinnamaldehyde-based aspirin derivatives such as 1f show promise as novel anti-CRC agent for further pharmaceutical development.
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Immunity and Inflammation: From Jekyll to Hyde. Exp Gerontol 2018; 107:98-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Akkad S, Serpell CJ. Degradable Polymers and Nanoparticles Built from Salicylic Acid. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800182. [PMID: 29786901 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As more evidence emerges supporting the possibility that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, especially aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid), might have a role in the prevention and management of certain types of cancer, there have been several attempts to fabricate salicylic acid-based polymers that can be employed in the targeted therapy of tumors. The primary disadvantage so far has been in use of nontherapeutic polymeric backbones that constitute the majority of the therapeutic particle's size. The focus of this research is the creation of a biodegradable polymer consisting only of salicylic acid, and its use as the main building block in targeted nanotherapeutics that would consequently provide both high local dose and sustained release of the active moiety. This work demonstrates the synthesis and degradation of polysalicylates, and modulation of their size and hydrolytic stability through the formation of nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Akkad
- School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK
| | - Christopher J Serpell
- School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK
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Exploring the biophysical properties of phytosterols in the plasma membrane for novel cancer prevention strategies. Biochimie 2018; 153:150-161. [PMID: 29730298 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a global problem with no sign that incidences are reducing. The great costs associated with curing cancer, through developing novel treatments and applying patented therapies, is an increasing burden to developed and developing nations alike. These financial and societal problems will be alleviated by research efforts into prevention, or treatments that utilise off-patent or repurposed agents. Phytosterols are natural components of the diet found in an array of seeds, nuts and vegetables and have been added to several consumer food products for the management of cardio-vascular disease through their ability to lower LDL-cholesterol levels. In this review, we provide a connected view between the fields of structural biophysics and cellular and molecular biology to evaluate the growing evidence that phytosterols impair oncogenic pathways in a range of cancer types. The current state of understanding of how phytosterols alter the biophysical properties of plasma membrane is described, and the potential for phytosterols to be repurposed from cardio-vascular to oncology therapeutics. Through an overview of the types of biophysical and molecular biology experiments that have been performed to date, this review informs the reader of the molecular and biophysical mechanisms through which phytosterols could have anti-cancer properties via their interactions with the plasma cell membrane. We also outline emerging and under-explored areas such as computational modelling, improved biomimetic membranes and ex vivo tissue evaluation. Focus of future research in these areas should improve understanding, not just of phytosterols in cancer cell biology but also to give insights into the interaction between the plasma membrane and the genome. These fields are increasingly providing meaningful biological and clinical data but iterative experiments between molecular biology assays, biosynthetic membrane studies and computational membrane modelling improve and refine our understanding of the role of different sterol components of the plasma membrane.
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A Temporal Examination of Platelet Counts as a Predictor of Prognosis in Lung, Prostate, and Colon Cancer Patients. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6564. [PMID: 29700384 PMCID: PMC5920102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets, components of hemostasis, when present in excess (>400 K/μL, thrombocytosis) have also been associated with worse outcomes in lung, ovarian, breast, renal, and colorectal cancer patients. Associations between thrombocytosis and cancer outcomes have been made mostly from single-time-point studies, often at the time of diagnosis. Using laboratory data from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), we examined the potential benefits of using longitudinal platelet counts in improving patient prognosis predictions. Ten features (summary statistics and engineered features) were derived to describe the platelet counts of 10,000+ VA lung, prostate, and colon cancer patients and incorporated into an age-adjusted LASSO regression analysis to determine feature importance, and predict overall or relapse-free survival, which was compared to the previously used approach of monitoring for thrombocytosis near diagnosis (Postdiag AG400 model). Temporal features describing acute platelet count increases/decreases were found to be important in cancer survival and relapse-survival that helped stratify good and bad outcomes of cancer patient groups. Predictions of overall and relapse-free survival were improved by up to 30% compared to the Postdiag AG400 model. Our study indicates the association of temporally derived platelet count features with a patients' prognosis predictions.
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Vestibular Schwannoma Growth With Aspirin and Other Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. Otol Neurotol 2018; 38:1158-1164. [PMID: 28692590 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the use of aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) impact the growth of vestibular schwannoma (VS). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. SETTING Single academic, tertiary care center. PATIENTS Patients with VS who underwent at least two magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies before intervention. INTERVENTION(S) Serial MRI studies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) VS tumor growth, defined as more than or equal to 2 mm increase in the maximum tumor diameter between consecutive MRI studies, or between the first and last available study. Mean growth rate was also calculated, defined as the change in tumor size divided by length of follow-up. RESULTS A total of 564 VS patients met inclusion criteria, with 234 (41.2%) taking some type of NSAID. Aspirin use was not associated with VS tumor growth, presenting tumor diameter, or mean VS growth rate. Further, aspirin dosage did not impact growth outcomes or presenting tumor diameter. A total of 96 (17.0%) patients took an NSAID other than aspirin. Neither non-aspirin NSAID use nor degree of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selectivity, including aspirin, was significantly associated with VS tumor growth, presenting tumor diameter, or mean VS growth rate. CONCLUSIONS While previous studies have suggested a relationship between aspirin usage and VS growth, we found no significant association in our series of 564 observed VS. Furthermore, there was no apparent relationship between aspirin dosage, non-aspirin NSAID use, and COX-2 selectivity with VS growth, presenting tumor diameter at presentation, or mean VS growth rate.
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Kosmidis C, Sapalidis K, Koletsa T, Kosmidou M, Efthimiadis C, Anthimidis G, Varsamis N, Michalopoulos N, Koulouris C, Atmatzidis S, Liavas L, Strati TM, Koimtzis G, Tsakalidis A, Mantalovas S, Zarampouka K, Florou M, Giannakidis DE, Georgakoudi E, Baka S, Zarogoulidis P, Man YG, Kesisoglou I. Interferon-γ and Colorectal Cancer: an up-to date. J Cancer 2018; 9:232-238. [PMID: 29344268 PMCID: PMC5771329 DOI: 10.7150/jca.22962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer still remains the third cause of cancer death among cancer patients. Early diagnosis is crucial and they can be either endoscopic or with blood biomarkers. Endoscopic methods consist of gastroscopy and colonoscopy, however; in recent years, endoscopic ultrasound is being used. The microenvironment is very important for the successful delivery of the treatment. Several proteins and hormones play a crucial role in the efficiency of the treatment. In the current mini review we will focus on interferon-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoforos Kosmidis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Konstantinos Sapalidis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Triantafyllia Koletsa
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Kosmidou
- 1st Internal Medicine Division, University Hospital of Ioannina, University of Ioaninna, Medical School
| | | | - George Anthimidis
- Surgery Department, "Interbalkan" European Medical Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Varsamis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Nikolaos Michalopoulos
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Charilaos Koulouris
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Stefanos Atmatzidis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Lazaros Liavas
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Titika-Marina Strati
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Georgios Koimtzis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Alexandros Tsakalidis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Stylianos Mantalovas
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Katerina Zarampouka
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Florou
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Dimitrios E Giannakidis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Eleni Georgakoudi
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
| | - Sofia Baka
- Oncology Department, "Interbalkan" European Medical Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paul Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary - Oncology Department, "Theageneio" Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Yan-Gao Man
- Research Laboratory and International Collaboration, Bon Secours Cancer Institute, VA, USA
| | - Isaac Kesisoglou
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School
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Aspirin use and endometrial cancer risk and survival. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 148:222-232. [PMID: 29132875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) as a chemo-preventive and adjuvant therapeutic agent for cancers is generating attention. Mounting evidence indicates that aspirin reduces the incidence and mortality of certain obesity-related cancers, particularly colorectal cancer. In endometrial cancer, previous studies examining the effect of aspirin remain inconsistent as to the reduction in the risk of endometrial cancer. While some evidence indicates protective effects in obese women, other studies have showed a potential deleterious effect of these medications on endometrial cancer outcomes. However, exposure measurement across studies has been inconsistent in recording dose, duration, and frequency of use; thus making comparisons difficult. In this article, we review the evidence for the association between endometrial cancer and obesity, the pharmacological differences between regular- and low-dose aspirin, as well as the potential anti-tumor mechanism of aspirin, supporting a possible therapeutic effect on endometrial cancer. A proposed mechanism behind decreased cancer mortality in endometrial cancer may be a result of inhibition of metastasis via platelet inactivation and possible prostaglandin E2 suppression by aspirin. Additionally, aspirin use in particular may have a secondary benefit for obesity-related comorbidities including cardiovascular disease in women with endometrial cancer. Although aspirin-related bleeding needs to be considered as a possible adverse effect, the benefits of aspirin therapy may exceed the potential risk in women with endometrial cancer. The current evidence reviewed herein has resulted in conflicting findings regarding the potential effect on endometrial cancer outcomes, thus indicating that future studies in this area are needed to resolve the effects of aspirin on endometrial cancer survival, particularly to identify specific populations that might benefit from aspirin use.
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Dąbrowski M, Szymańska-Garbacz E, Miszczyszyn Z, Dereziński T, Czupryniak L. Differences in risk factors of malignancy between men and women with type 2 diabetes: A retrospective case-control study. Oncotarget 2017; 8:66940-66950. [PMID: 28978007 PMCID: PMC5620147 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this multicenter, retrospective, case-control study was to identify differences in risk factors of malignancy between men and women with type 2 diabetes. RESULTS Among women the most prevalent malignancies were: breast and uterine cancers (35.6% and 14.4% respectively), while among men there were: colorectal and prostate cancers (24.5% and 13.3% respectively). In both gender metformin use was associated with lower cancer risk. Obesity and insulin treatment in dose-dependent and time-varying manner were associated with significantly increased risk of malignancy in females. In men, unexpectedly, cardiovascular disease was more prevalent in control group. Other variables did not show significant association with malignancy risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS 118 women and 98 men with type 2 diabetes mellitus who developed cancer after diagnosis of diabetes and the same number of strictly age matched controls with type 2 diabetes and without malignancy were included into the study. Diabetes duration, antidiabetic medications use, glycated hemoglobin level, body mass index, smoking habits, occupation, presence of comorbidities and aspirin use were included into analyses. CONCLUSIONS Metformin demonstrated protective effect against cancer in both sexes. Obesity and insulin treatment seem to have greater impact on cancer risk among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Dąbrowski
- University of Rzeszow, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Nursing and Health Sciences, Rzeszów, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Leszek Czupryniak
- Warsaw Medical University, Department of Internal Diseases and Diabetology, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract
Cancer is a major health issue worldwide, and the global burden of cancer is expected to increase in the coming years. Whereas the limited success with current therapies has driven huge investments into drug development, the average number of FDA approvals per year has declined since the 1990s. This unmet need for more effective anti-cancer drugs has sparked a growing interest for drug repurposing, i.e. using drugs already approved for other indications to treat cancer. As such, data both from pre-clinical experiments, clinical trials and observational studies have demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy for compounds within a wide range of drug classes other than cancer. Whereas some of them induce cancer cell death or suppress various aspects of cancer cell behavior in established tumors, others may prevent cancer development. Here, we provide an overview of promising candidates for drug repurposing in cancer, as well as studies describing the biological mechanisms underlying their anti-neoplastic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sleire
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Hilde Elise Førde
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Inger Anne Netland
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lina Leiss
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Bente Sandvei Skeie
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei, 71, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Øyvind Enger
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei, 71, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
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Yang YS, Kornelius E, Chiou JY, Lai YR, Lo SC, Peng CH, Huang CN. Low-Dose Aspirin Reduces Breast Cancer Risk in Women with Diabetes: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study in Taiwan. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2017; 26:1278-1284. [PMID: 28537451 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2016.6040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Low-dose aspirin is commonly used for preventing cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes, but its association with cancer remains controversial. This study used a nationwide population-based reimbursement database to investigate the relationship between low-dose aspirin use and breast cancer incidence in women with diabetes. METHODS This retrospective cohort study was conducted using data retrieved from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2011. Women diagnosed as having diabetes with low-dose aspirin use (75-165 mg daily) were identified as the study population, whereas those without low-dose aspirin use were selected as the comparison group. RESULTS We analyzed 148,739 patients with diabetes. Their mean age (standard deviation) was 63.3 (12.8) years. A total of 27,378 patients were taking aspirin. Overall, the use of aspirin in patients with diabetes reduced the risk of breast cancer by 18% (hazard ratio [HR], 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71-0.94) after adjustment for potential confounders, namely age and comorbidities. Specifically, a cumulative dose of aspirin exceeding 88,900 mg was observed to reduce the risk of breast cancer by 47% (HR, 0.53, 95% CI, 0.43-0.67); however, low (<8,600 mg) and medium (8,600-88,900 mg) cumulative doses of aspirin did not reduce the risk of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a cumulative aspirin dosage of more than 88,900 mg daily was associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer in women with diabetes. However, additional studies are necessary to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sun Yang
- 1 Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan .,2 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Edy Kornelius
- 1 Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan .,2 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Yuan Chiou
- 3 School of Health Policy and Management, Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Rung Lai
- 4 Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chang Lo
- 2 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Huei Peng
- 5 Division of Basic Medical Research, Hung Kuang University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ning Huang
- 1 Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan .,2 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung, Taiwan
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A taspine derivative supresses Caco-2 cell growth by competitively targeting EphrinB2 and regulating its pathway. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1526-34. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Thorat MA. Individualised benefit-harm balance of aspirin as primary prevention measure - a good proof-of-concept, but could have been better…. BMC Med 2016; 14:101. [PMID: 27383519 PMCID: PMC4936221 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Guidelines from different organisations regarding the use of aspirin for primary prevention vary despite being based on similar evidence. Translating these in practice presents a further major challenge. The benefit-harm balance tool developed by Puhan et al. (BMC Med 13:250, 2015) for aspirin can overcome some of these difficulties and is therefore an important step towards personalised medicine. Although a good proof-of-concept, this tool has some important limitations that presently preclude its use in practice or for further research. One of the major benefits of aspirin that has become apparent in the last decade or so is its effect in preventing cancer and cancer-related deaths. However, this benefit is clear and consistent in randomised as well as observational evidence only for specific cancers. Additionally, it has long lag-time and carry-over periods. These nuances of aspirin's effects demand a specific and a more sophisticated model such as a time-varying model. Further refinement of this tool with respect to these aspects is merited to make it ready for evaluation in qualitative and quantitative studies with the goal of clinical utility.Please see related article: http://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-015-0493-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangesh A Thorat
- Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK. .,Breast Services, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Whittington Hospital, Magdala Avenue, London, N19 5NF, UK.
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Mocellin S, Goodwin A, Pasquali S. Risk-reducing medication for primary breast cancer: a network meta-analysis. Hippokratia 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mocellin
- University of Padova; Dept. Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology; Via Giustiniani 2 Padova Veneto Italy 35128
- IOV-IRCCS; Istituto Oncologico Veneto; Padova Italy 35100
| | - Annabel Goodwin
- The University of Sydney, Concord Repatriation General Hospital; Concord Clinical School; Concord NSW Australia 2137
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital; Medical Oncology Department; Concord Australia
- Sydney Local Health District and South Western Sydney Local Health District; Cancer Genetics Department; Sydney Australia
| | - Sandro Pasquali
- Veneto Institute of Oncology - IRCCS; Surgical Oncology Unit; Via Gattamelata 64 Padova Italy 35128
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Imaoka T, Ishii N, Kawaguchi I, Homma-Takeda S, Doi K, Daino K, Nakanishi I, Tagami K, Kokubo T, Morioka T, Hosoki A, Takabatake M, Yoshinaga S. Biological measures to minimize the risk of radiotherapy-associated second cancer: A research perspective. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:289-301. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2016.1152413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Radiobiology for Children's Health Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, Chiba, Japan
- Radiation Effect Accumulation and Prevention Project, Fukushima Projects Headquarters, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Ishii
- Waste Management Research Team, Research Center for Radiation Protection, Chiba, Japan
| | - Isao Kawaguchi
- Regulatory Sciences Research Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shino Homma-Takeda
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Radiobiology for Children's Health Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, Chiba, Japan
- Radiation Effect Accumulation and Prevention Project, Fukushima Projects Headquarters, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Doi
- Regulatory Sciences Research Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
- Project for Human Health, Fukushima Projects Headquarters, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Daino
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Radiobiology for Children's Health Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, Chiba, Japan
- Radiation Effect Accumulation and Prevention Project, Fukushima Projects Headquarters, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ikuo Nakanishi
- Advanced Radiation Biology Research Program, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiko Tagami
- Waste Management Research Team, Research Center for Radiation Protection, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kokubo
- Department of Technical Support and Development, Research Development and Support Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Morioka
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Radiobiology for Children's Health Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, Chiba, Japan
- Radiation Effect Accumulation and Prevention Project, Fukushima Projects Headquarters, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayaka Hosoki
- Radiation Effect Accumulation and Prevention Project, Fukushima Projects Headquarters, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaru Takabatake
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Radiobiology for Children's Health Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinji Yoshinaga
- Regulatory Sciences Research Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
- Project for Human Health, Fukushima Projects Headquarters, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
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Hsieh CC, Huang YS. Aspirin Breaks the Crosstalk between 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and 4T1 Breast Cancer Cells by Regulating Cytokine Production. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147161. [PMID: 26794215 PMCID: PMC4721678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide. The obesity process is normally accompanied by chronic, low-grade inflammation. Infiltration by inflammatory cytokines and immune cells provides a favorable microenvironment for tumor growth, migration, and metastasis. Epidemiological evidence has shown that aspirin is an effective agent against several types of cancer. The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects of aspirin on 3T3-L1 adipocytes, 4T1 murine breast cancer cells, and their crosstalk. The results showed that aspirin treatment inhibited differentiation and lipid accumulation by 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and decreased the secretion of the inflammatory adipokine MCP-1 after stimulation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or conditioned medium from RAW264.7 cells. In 4T1 cells, treatment with aspirin decreased cell viability and migration, possibly by suppressing MCP-1 and VEGF secretion. Subsequently, culture of 4T1 cells in 3T3-L1 adipocyte-conditioned medium (Ad-CM) and co-culture of 3T3-L1 and 4T1 cells using a transwell plate were performed to clarify the relationship between these two cell lines. Aspirin exerted its inhibitory effects in the transwell co-culture system, as well as the conditioned-medium model. Aspirin treatment significantly inhibited the proliferation of 4T1 cells, and decreased the production of MCP-1 and PAI-1 in both the Ad-CM model and co-culture system. Aspirin inhibited inflammatory MCP-1 adipokine production by 3T3-L1 adipocytes and the cell growth and migration of 4T1 cells. It also broke the crosstalk between these two cell lines, possibly contributing to its chemopreventive properties in breast cancer. This is the first report that aspirin’s chemopreventive activity supports the potential application in auxiliary therapy against obesity-related breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chien Hsieh
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yu-Shan Huang
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Becht E, Giraldo NA, Germain C, de Reyniès A, Laurent-Puig P, Zucman-Rossi J, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Sautès-Fridman C, Fridman WH. Immune Contexture, Immunoscore, and Malignant Cell Molecular Subgroups for Prognostic and Theranostic Classifications of Cancers. Adv Immunol 2016; 130:95-190. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Friis S, Kesminiene A, Espina C, Auvinen A, Straif K, Schüz J. European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Medical exposures, including hormone therapy, and cancer. Cancer Epidemiol 2015; 39 Suppl 1:S107-19. [PMID: 26390952 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The 4th edition of the European Code against Cancer recommends limiting - or avoiding when possible - the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) because of the increased risk of cancer, nevertheless acknowledging that prescription of HRT may be indicated under certain medical conditions. Current evidence shows that HRT, generally prescribed as menopausal hormone therapy, is associated with an increased risk of cancers of the breast, endometrium, and ovary, with the risk pattern depending on factors such as the type of therapy (oestrogen-only or combined oestrogen-progestogen), duration of treatment, and initiation according to the time of menopause. Carcinogenicity has also been established for anti-neoplastic agents used in cancer therapy, immunosuppressants, oestrogen-progestogen contraceptives, and tamoxifen. Medical use of ionising radiation, an established carcinogen, can provide major health benefits; however, prudent practices need to be in place, with procedures and techniques providing the needed diagnostic information or therapeutic gain with the lowest possible radiation exposure. For pharmaceutical drugs and medical radiation exposure with convincing evidence on their carcinogenicity, health benefits have to be balanced against the risks; potential increases in long-term cancer risk should be considered in the context of the often substantial and immediate health benefits from diagnosis and/or treatment. Thus, apart from HRT, no general recommendations on reducing cancer risk were given for carcinogenic drugs and medical radiation in the 4th edition of European Code against Cancer. It is crucial that the application of these measures relies on medical expertise and thorough benefit-risk evaluation. This also pertains to cancer-preventive drugs, and self-medication with aspirin or other potential chemopreventive drugs is strongly discouraged because of the possibility of serious, potentially lethal, adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Friis
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, and Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ausrele Kesminiene
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Carolina Espina
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Anssi Auvinen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; STUK-Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Research and Environmental Surveillance, FI-00881 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France.
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