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Lokwani R, Fertil D, Hartigan DR, Josyula A, Ngo TB, Sadtler K. Eosinophils Respond to Extracellular Matrix Treated Muscle Injuries but are Not Required for Macrophage Polarization. Adv Healthc Mater 2025; 14:e2400134. [PMID: 39072935 PMCID: PMC11834370 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The immune response to decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) muscle injury is characterized by Th2 T cells, Tregs, M2-like macrophages, and an abundance of eosinophils. Eosinophils have previously been described as mediators of muscle regeneration but inhibit skin wound healing. In addition to response to wounding, a large number of eosinophils respond to biomaterial-treated muscle injury, specifically in response to decellularized ECM. ECM treatment of muscle wounds has been associated with positive outcomes in tissue regeneration, but the detailed mechanisms of action are still being evaluated. Here, this work investigates the role of these eosinophils in terms of their immunologic phenotype and subsequent effect on the local tissue microenvironment. These cells have a mixed phenotype showing both type-2 and regulatory gene upregulation and but are not required for macrophage polarization. Beyond the local tissue, ECM treatment is seen to induce a transient flux of eosinophils to the lungs but prevented a trauma-associated neutrophilia in the lungs of injured mice. This work believes this local and systemic immunomodulation contributes to the regenerative effects of the material and such distal tissue effects should be considered in therapeutic design and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Lokwani
- Section on ImmunoengineeringCenter for Biomedical Engineering and Technology AccelerationNational Institute of Biomedical Imaging and BioengineeringNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD20892USA
| | - Daphna Fertil
- Section on ImmunoengineeringCenter for Biomedical Engineering and Technology AccelerationNational Institute of Biomedical Imaging and BioengineeringNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD20892USA
| | - Devon R. Hartigan
- Section on ImmunoengineeringCenter for Biomedical Engineering and Technology AccelerationNational Institute of Biomedical Imaging and BioengineeringNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD20892USA
| | - Aditya Josyula
- Section on ImmunoengineeringCenter for Biomedical Engineering and Technology AccelerationNational Institute of Biomedical Imaging and BioengineeringNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD20892USA
| | - Tran B. Ngo
- Section on ImmunoengineeringCenter for Biomedical Engineering and Technology AccelerationNational Institute of Biomedical Imaging and BioengineeringNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD20892USA
| | - Kaitlyn Sadtler
- Section on ImmunoengineeringCenter for Biomedical Engineering and Technology AccelerationNational Institute of Biomedical Imaging and BioengineeringNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD20892USA
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2
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Guo F, Xin Z, Dong Z, Ye Y. Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Transcriptional Profile of the HECT E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene Family in the Hard-Shelled Mussel Mytilus coruscus Gould. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:1085. [PMID: 39202444 PMCID: PMC11353290 DOI: 10.3390/genes15081085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The homologous E6-AP carboxy-terminal structural domain (HECT) contained in E3 ubiquitin ligases (E3s) is a key factor in protein degradation and maintenance of cellular homeostasis in animals. However, the functional roles and evolutionary aspects of the HECT gene family in bivalve mussels remain unclear and warrant further investigation. In this study, we identified 22 HECT genes within the genome of Mytilus coruscus Gould, all containing a conserved HECT structural domain derived from dispersed repeats, distributed unevenly across 11 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis classified M. coruscus HECT genes into six major classes, with amino acid sequences within the same evolutionary clade displaying similar conserved motifs. Homology analysis with HECT genes of four bivalve species revealed that M. coruscus and Mytilus galloprovincialis possessed the largest number of homologous gene pairs, showing a significant correlation between the two in the evolution of the HECT gene family. Homology analysis with HECT genes of four bivalve species revealed that M. coruscus and M. galloprovincialis possessed the largest number of homologous gene pairs, showing a significant correlation between the two in the evolution of the HECT gene family. M. coruscus exhibited pronounced and specific expression in gills and blood tissues. Notably, Mco_UPL3 gene expression was significantly upregulated after 12 h of acute heat stress (33 °C) and 24 h of Vibrio injection (0.4 OD). Gene ontology analysis of the HECT genes in M. coruscus revealed that it is primarily enriched in protein modification and degradation functions. This suggests that HECT genes may play a key role in protein degradation and immunomodulation in M. coruscus. These findings offer valuable insights for the breeding of stress-tolerant traits in M. coruscus. In summary, our data shed light on the potential functions of HECT E3 ligases in response to heat stress and Vibrio infection, providing practical guidance for enhancing resilience through breeding in M. coruscus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China;
| | - Zhenqi Xin
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (Z.X.); (Z.D.)
| | - Zhenyu Dong
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (Z.X.); (Z.D.)
| | - Yingying Ye
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China;
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3
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Zhou Z, Zheng K, Zhou S, Yang Y, Chen J, Jin X. E3 ubiquitin ligases in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and implications for therapies. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:1543-1565. [PMID: 37796337 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is one of the pathogenic factors involved in the oncogenetic development and progression of NPC. E3 ligases, which are key members of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), specifically recognize various oncogenic factors and tumor suppressors and contribute to determining their fate through ubiquitination. Several studies have demonstrated that E3 ligases are aberrantly expressed and mutated in NPC and that these changes are closely associated with the occurrence and progression of NPC. Herein, we aim to thoroughly review the specific action mechanisms by which E3 ligases participate in NPC signaling pathways and discuss their functional relationship with EBV. Moreover, we describe the current progress in and limitations for targeted therapies against E3 ligases in NPC. KEY MESSAGES: • E3 ubiquitin ligases, as members of the UPS system, determine the fate of their substrates and may act either as oncogenic or anti-tumorigenic factors in NPC. • Mutations or dysregulated expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases is closely related to the occurrence, development, and therapeutic sensitivity of NPC, as they play important roles in several signaling pathways affected by EBV infection. • As promising therapeutic targets, E3 ligases may open new avenues for treatment and for improving the prognosis of NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Zhou
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Kaifeng Zheng
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Shao Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Youxiong Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Yinzhou Second Hospital, Ningbo, 315199, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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4
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Systemic CD4 Immunity and PD-L1/PD-1 Blockade Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113241. [PMID: 36362027 PMCID: PMC9655397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PD-L1/PD-1 blockade immunotherapy has changed the therapeutic approaches for the treatment of many cancers. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying its efficacy or treatment failure are still unclear. Proficient systemic immunity seems to be a prerequisite for efficacy, as recently shown in patients and in mouse models. It is widely accepted that expansion of anti-tumor CD8 T cell populations is principally responsible for anti-tumor responses. In contrast, the role of CD4 T cells has been less studied. Here we review and discuss the evidence supporting the contribution of CD4 T cells to anti-tumor immunity, especially recent advances linking CD4 T cell subsets to efficacious PD-L1/PD-1 blockade immunotherapy. We also discuss the role of CD4 T cell memory subsets present in peripheral blood before the start of immunotherapies, and their utility as predictors of response.
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5
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Lin Z, Nie H, Zhang Y, Yin Z, Yan X. Genome-wide identification and analysis of HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase gene family in Ruditapes philippinarum and their involvement in the response to heat stress and Vibrio anguillarum infection. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2022; 43:101012. [PMID: 35849989 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.101012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligase (E3s) plays an important role in ubiquitin proteasome pathway, proteins containing homologous E6-AP carboxyl terminus (HECT) domains. However, the role of HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase in mollusk was rarely explored. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the HECT domain-containing gene in Ruditapes philippinarum to identify and predict the structural and functional characterization of HECT genes in response to abiotic and biotic stress. A total of sixteen members of HECT gene family were identified and analyzed for the gene structure, phylogenetic relation, three-dimensional structure, protein interaction network, and expression patterns. Experimental results demonstrated that Rph.HUWE1, Rph.HECTD1, Rph.Ubr5 were significantly up-regulated in response to heat stress and bacterial challenge. Taken together, our data provide insights into the potential function of HECT E3 ligase in heat stress and Vibrio anguillarum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Lin
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hongtao Nie
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Yanming Zhang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhihui Yin
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiwu Yan
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
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6
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7
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Desrochers G, Cappadocia L, Lussier-Price M, Ton AT, Ayoubi R, Serohijos A, Omichinski JG, Angers A. Molecular basis of interactions between SH3 domain-containing proteins and the proline-rich region of the ubiquitin ligase Itch. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:6325-6338. [PMID: 28235806 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.754440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ligase Itch plays major roles in signaling pathways by inducing ubiquitylation-dependent degradation of several substrates. Substrate recognition and binding are critical for the regulation of this reaction. Like closely related ligases, Itch can interact with proteins containing a PPXY motif via its WW domains. In addition to these WW domains, Itch possesses a proline-rich region (PRR) that has been shown to interact with several Src homology 3 (SH3) domain-containing proteins. We have previously established that despite the apparent surface uniformity and conserved fold of SH3 domains, they display different binding mechanisms and affinities for their interaction with the PRR of Itch. Here, we attempt to determine the molecular bases underlying the wide range of binding properties of the Itch PRR. Using pulldown assays combined with mass spectrometry analysis, we show that the Itch PRR preferentially forms complexes with endophilins, amphyphisins, and pacsins but can also target a variety of other SH3 domain-containing proteins. In addition, we map the binding sites of these proteins using a combination of PRR sub-sequences and mutants. We find that different SH3 domains target distinct proline-rich sequences overlapping significantly. We also structurally analyze these protein complexes using crystallography and molecular modeling. These structures depict the position of Itch PRR engaged in a 1:2 protein complex with β-PIX and a 1:1 complex with the other SH3 domain-containing proteins. Taken together, these results reveal the binding preferences of the Itch PRR toward its most common SH3 domain-containing partners and demonstrate that the PRR region is sufficient for binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurent Cappadocia
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mathieu Lussier-Price
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Anh-Tien Ton
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | - Adrian Serohijos
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - James G Omichinski
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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8
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Modular transcriptional repertoire and MicroRNA target analyses characterize genomic dysregulation in the thymus of Down syndrome infants. Oncotarget 2016; 7:7497-533. [PMID: 26848775 PMCID: PMC4884935 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21-driven transcriptional alterations in human thymus were characterized through gene coexpression network (GCN) and miRNA-target analyses. We used whole thymic tissue--obtained at heart surgery from Down syndrome (DS) and karyotipically normal subjects (CT)--and a network-based approach for GCN analysis that allows the identification of modular transcriptional repertoires (communities) and the interactions between all the system's constituents through community detection. Changes in the degree of connections observed for hierarchically important hubs/genes in CT and DS networks corresponded to community changes. Distinct communities of highly interconnected genes were topologically identified in these networks. The role of miRNAs in modulating the expression of highly connected genes in CT and DS was revealed through miRNA-target analysis. Trisomy 21 gene dysregulation in thymus may be depicted as the breakdown and altered reorganization of transcriptional modules. Leading networks acting in normal or disease states were identified. CT networks would depict the "canonical" way of thymus functioning. Conversely, DS networks represent a "non-canonical" way, i.e., thymic tissue adaptation under trisomy 21 genomic dysregulation. This adaptation is probably driven by epigenetic mechanisms acting at chromatin level and through the miRNA control of transcriptional programs involving the networks' high-hierarchy genes.
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9
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Layman AAK, Oliver PM. Ubiquitin Ligases and Deubiquitinating Enzymes in CD4+ T Cell Effector Fate Choice and Function. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:3975-82. [PMID: 27183634 PMCID: PMC5738552 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human body is exposed to potentially pathogenic microorganisms at barrier sites such as the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. To mount an effective response against these pathogens, the immune system must recruit the right cells with effector responses that are appropriate for the task at hand. Several types of CD4(+) T cells can be recruited, including Th cells (Th1, Th2, and Th17), T follicular helper cells, and regulatory T cells. These cells help to maintain normal immune homeostasis in the face of constantly changing microbes in the environment. Because these cells differentiate from a common progenitor, the composition of their intracellular milieu of proteins changes to appropriately guide their effector function. One underappreciated process that impacts the levels and functions of effector fate-determining factors is ubiquitylation. This review details our current understanding of how ubiquitylation regulates CD4(+) T cell effector identity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awo A K Layman
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Paula M Oliver
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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10
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Katzav S, Schmitz ML. Mutations of c-Cbl in myeloid malignancies. Oncotarget 2016; 6:10689-96. [PMID: 26028666 PMCID: PMC4484412 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Next generation sequencing has shown the frequent occurrence of point mutations in the ubiquitin E3 ligase c-Cbl in myeloid malignancies. Mouse models revealed a causal contribution of c-Cbl for the onset of such neoplasms. The point mutations typically cluster in the linker region and RING finger domain and affect both alleles by acquired uniparental disomy. The fast progress in the detection of c-Cbl mutations is contrasted by our scarce knowledge on their functional consequences. The c-Cbl protein displays several enzymatic functions by promoting the attachment of differentially composed ubiquitin chains and of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 to its target proteins. In addition, c-Cbl functions as an adapter protein and undergoes phosphorylation-dependent inducible conformation changes. Studies on the impact of c-Cbl mutations on its functions as a dynamic and versatile adapter protein, its interactomes and on its various enzymatic activities are now important to allow the identification of druggable targets within the c-Cbl signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulamit Katzav
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - M Lienhard Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse, Giessen, Germany
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11
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O'Leary CE, Lewis EL, Oliver PM. Ubiquitylation as a Rheostat for TCR Signaling: From Targeted Approaches Toward Global Profiling. Front Immunol 2015; 6:618. [PMID: 26732666 PMCID: PMC4679856 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) signaling must be precisely tuned to limit collateral damage and prevent reactivity to self, while still allowing robust protective immune responses that control pathogen invasion. One process that can be used to promote, modify, or terminate TCR signaling is ubiquitylation. During ubiquitylation, ubiquitin is covalently attached to target proteins through a multistep process, in which E3 ubiquitin ligases promote the formation of ubiquitin chains on selected substrates. Ubiquitylation can facilitate protein–protein interactions, direct a protein to a specific subcellular location, or initiate protein destruction. Like phosphorylation, ubiquitylation is a reversible process – deubiquitylating enzymes counteract ligase function by removing ubiquitin chains. This reversibility also allows for ubiquitin chain “editing.” Based on an emerging wealth of information from genetic loss-of-function studies showing that deregulation of ubiquitylation pathways leads to immune dysfunction, it has become increasingly apparent that the dynamic process of ubiquitylation is critical for normal immune cell function. In this review, we will describe how ubiquitylation acts as a key modulator and integrator of signaling downstream of TCR engagement. Specifically, we highlight the known roles of the substrate-specific E3 ligases and deubiquitylating enzymes in TCR signaling and T cell activation. While it is clear that ubiquitin enzymes tune T cell signaling and T cell function, elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which these proteins modulate T cells has met with significant challenges. Identifying substrates of these enzymes has been a particular challenge, and thus substrates of many E3 ligases and deubiquitylating enzymes remain largely unknown. To that end, we discuss the promise, and some practical considerations, of using proteomics-based techniques for unbiased identification of putative substrates of ubiquitin cascade proteins within primary T cells. These methods provide an exciting opportunity for further defining how TCR signals are regulated and for identifying new targets for therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E O'Leary
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Emma L Lewis
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Paula M Oliver
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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12
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Xie A, Zheng X, Khattar M, Schroder P, Stepkowski S, Xia J, Chen W. TCR stimulation without co-stimulatory signals induces expression of "tolerogenic" genes in memory CD4 T cells but does not compromise cell proliferation. Mol Immunol 2014; 63:406-11. [PMID: 25306961 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cells resist co-stimulatory blockade and present a unique therapeutic challenge in transplantation and autoimmune diseases. Herein, we determined whether memory T cells express less "tolerogenic" genes than naïve T cells to reinforce a proliferative response under the deprivation of co-stimulatory signals. The expression of ∼40 tolerogenic genes in memory and naïve CD4(+) T cells was thus assessed during an in vitro TCR stimulation without co-stimulation. Briefly, upon TCR stimulation with an anti-CD3 mAb alone, memory CD4(+) T cells exhibited more proliferation than naïve CD4(+) T cells. To our surprise, at 24h upon anti-CD3 mAb stimulation, memory CD4(+) T cells expressed more than a 5-fold higher level of the transcription factor Egr2 and a 20-fold higher level of the transmembrane E3 ubiquitin ligase GRAIL than those in naïve T cells. Hence, the high-level expression of tolerogenic genes, Egr2 and GRAIL, in memory CD4(+) T cells does not prevent cell proliferation. Importantly, anti-CD3 mAb-stimulated memory CD4(+) T cells expressed high protein/gene levels of phosphorylated STAT5, Nedd4, Bcl-2, and Bcl-XL. Therefore, co-stimulation-independent proliferation of memory CD4(+) T cells may be due to elevated expression of molecules that support cell proliferation and survival, but not lack of tolerogenic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aini Xie
- Center for Immunobiology and Transplantation Research, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Xiong Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Luwan Branch, Shanghai 200020, China
| | - Mithun Khattar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo OH 43614, United States
| | - Paul Schroder
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo OH 43614, United States
| | - Stanislaw Stepkowski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo OH 43614, United States.
| | - Jiahong Xia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China.
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Center for Immunobiology and Transplantation Research, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo OH 43614, United States
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13
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Ramos-Hernández N, Ramon HE, Beal AM, Laroche A, Dekleva EA, Oliver PM. Ndfip1 enforces a requirement for CD28 costimulation by limiting IL-2 production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1536-46. [PMID: 23851689 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the pathways that permit IL-2 production and the full activation of T cells upon Ag encounter are fairly well defined, the negative regulatory circuits that limit these pathways are poorly understood. In this study, we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor Ndfip1 directs one such negative regulatory circuit. T cells lacking Ndfip1 produce IL-2, upregulate IL-2Rα, and proliferate, in the absence of CD28 costimulation. Furthermore, T cells in mice lacking both Ndfip1 and CD28 become activated, produce IL-4, and drive inflammation at barrier surfaces. Ndfip1 constrains T cell activation by limiting the duration of IL-2 mRNA expression after TCR stimulation. Ndfip1 and IL-2 have a similar expression pattern, and, following TCR stimulation, expression of both Ndfip1 and IL-2 requires the activity of NFAT and Erk. Taken together, these data support a negative regulatory circuit in which factors that induce IL-2 expression downstream of TCR engagement also induce the expression of Ndfip1 to limit the extent of IL-2 production and, thus, dampen T cell activation.
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14
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Weissman AM, Shabek N, Ciechanover A. The predator becomes the prey: regulating the ubiquitin system by ubiquitylation and degradation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2011; 12:605-20. [PMID: 21860393 PMCID: PMC3545438 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitylation (also known as ubiquitination) regulates essentially all of the intracellular processes in eukaryotes through highly specific modification of numerous cellular proteins, which is often tightly regulated in a spatial and temporal manner. Although most often associated with proteasomal degradation, ubiquitylation frequently serves non-proteolytic functions. In light of its central roles in cellular regulation, it has not been surprising to find that many of the components of the ubiquitin system itself are regulated by ubiquitylation. This observation has broad implications for pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan M. Weissman
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Nitzan Shabek
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
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15
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Goto E, Yamanaka Y, Ishikawa A, Aoki-Kawasumi M, Mito-Yoshida M, Ohmura-Hoshino M, Matsuki Y, Kajikawa M, Hirano H, Ishido S. Contribution of lysine 11-linked ubiquitination to MIR2-mediated major histocompatibility complex class I internalization. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:35311-9. [PMID: 20833710 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.112763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyubiquitin chain is generated by the sequential addition of ubiquitin moieties to target molecules, a reaction between specific lysine residues that is catalyzed by E3 ubiquitin ligase. The Lys(48)-linked and Lys(63)-linked polyubiquitin chains are well established inducers of proteasome-dependent degradation and signal transduction, respectively. The concept has recently emerged that polyubiquitin chain-mediated regulation is even more complex because various types of atypical polyubiquitin chains have been discovered in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that a novel complex ubiquitin chain functions as an internalization signal for major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) membrane proteins in vivo. Using a tetracycline-inducible expression system and quantitative mass spectrometry, we show that the polyubiquitin chain generated by the viral E3 ubiquitin ligase of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, MIR2, is a Lys(11) and Lys(63) mixed-linkage chain. This novel ubiquitin chain can function as an internalization signal for MHC I through its association with epsin1, an adaptor molecule containing ubiquitin-interacting motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Goto
- Laboratory for Infectious Immunity, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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16
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Alexandropoulos K, Regelmann AG. Regulation of T-lymphocyte physiology by the Chat-H/CasL adapter complex. Immunol Rev 2010; 232:160-74. [PMID: 19909363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Cas family of proteins consists of at least four members implicated in the regulation of diverse cellular processes such as cell proliferation, adhesion, motility, and cancer cell metastasis. Cas family members have conserved C-termini that mediate constitutive heterotypic interactions with members of a different group of proteins, the NSP family. Both the Cas and NSP proteins have conserved domains that mediate protein-protein interactions with other cytoplasmic intermediates. Signaling modules assembled by these proteins in turn regulate signal transduction downstream of a variety of receptors including integrin, chemokine, and antigen receptors. T lymphocytes express the NSP protein NSP3/Chat-H and the Cas protein Hef1/CasL, which are found in a constitutive complex in naive T cells. We recently showed that Chat-H and Hef1/CasL regulate integrin-mediated adhesion and promote T-cell migration and trafficking downstream of activated chemokine receptors. It is currently unclear if the Chat-H/CasL module also plays a role in antigen receptor signaling. Here we review our current knowledge of how Chat-H and Hef1/CasL regulate T-cell physiology and whether this protein complex plays a functional role downstream of T-cell receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Alexandropoulos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, The Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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17
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Differential subcellular localization regulates c-Cbl E3 ligase activity upon Notch3 protein in T-cell leukemia. Oncogene 2009; 29:1463-74. [PMID: 19966856 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Notch3 and pTalpha signaling events are essential for T-cell leukemogenesis and characterize murine and human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genetic ablation of pTalpha expression in Notch3 transgenic mice abrogates tumor development, indicating that pTalpha signaling is crucial to the Notch3-mediated leukemogenesis. Here we report a novel direct interaction between Notch3 and pTalpha. This interaction leads to the recruitment and persistence of the E3 ligase protein c-Cbl to the lipid rafts in Notch3-IC transgenic thymocytes. Conversely, deletion of pTalpha in Notch3 transgenic mice leads to cytoplasmic retention of c-Cbl that targets Notch3 protein to the proteasomal-degradative pathway. It appears that protein kinase C theta (PKCtheta), by regulating tyrosine and serine phosphorylation of Cbl, is able to control its function. We report here that the increased Notch3-IC degradation correlates with higher levels of c-Cbl tyrosine phosphorylation in Notch3-IC/pTalpha(-/-) double-mutant thymocytes, which also display a decreased PKCtheta activity. Our data indicate that pTalpha/pre-T-cell receptor is able to regulate the different subcellular localization of c-Cbl and, by regulating PKCtheta activity, is also able to influence its ubiquitin ligase activity upon Notch3 protein.
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18
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Abstract
Although the critical role of T-cell receptor (TCR) microclusters in T-cell activation is now widely accepted, the mechanisms of regulation of these TCR-rich structures, which also contain enzymes, adapters, and effectors, remain poorly defined. Soon after microcluster formation, several signaling proteins rapidly dissociate from the TCR. Recent studies from our laboratory demonstrated that the movement of the adapters linker for activation of T cells (LAT) and Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76) away from initial microcluster formation sites represents endocytic events. Ubiquitylation, Cbl proteins, and multiple endocytic pathways are involved in the internalization events that disassemble signaling microclusters. Several recent studies have indicated that microcluster movement and centralization plays an important role in signal termination. We suggest that microcluster movement is directly linked to endocytic events, thus implicating endocytosis of microclusters as a means to regulate signaling output of the T cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Balagopalan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Valarie A. Barr
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence E. Samelson
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Nilsson E, Dole G, Skinner MK. Neurotrophin NT3 promotes ovarian primordial to primary follicle transition. Reproduction 2009; 138:697-707. [PMID: 19584175 DOI: 10.1530/rep-09-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins are growth factors that are known to have a role in promoting cell survival and differentiation. The focus of the current study is to examine the role of neurotrophins in regulating ovarian primordial follicle development. Ovaries from 4-day old rats were placed into organ culture and cultured for 10 days in the absence or presence of neurotrophin-3 (NT3), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), or nerve growth factor (NGF). Treatment of ovaries with NT3 resulted in a significant (P<0.01) increase in primordial follicle development (i.e. primordial to primary follicle transition). Treatment with BDNF at high doses of 100-250 ng/ml also significantly (P<0.01) increased primordial follicle development, but NGF had no effect. Immunohistochemical studies determined that NT3 was present in granulosa cells, interstitial tissue, and in the oocytes of primordial and primary follicles. The NT3 receptor NTRK3 was present in oocytes at all stages of development. Analysis of ovaries that contain predominantly primordial follicles demonstrated the transcripts for NT3, NTRK3, NGF, and the BDNF/neurotrophin-4 (NT4) receptor NTRK2 are expressed, while BDNF, NT4, and the NGF receptor NTRK1 are not detectable. Inhibition of the NTRK3 receptor with the tyrphostin AG 879 resulted in oocyte death and a significant (P<0.01) reduction in follicle pool size. Inhibition of the NTRK receptors with K252a slowed primordial to primary follicle transition. A microarray analysis demonstrated that a small number of genes were differentially expressed after NT3 treatment. Observations indicate that the neurotrophin NT3, acting through the NTRK3 receptor in oocytes, promotes the primordial to primary follicle transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Nilsson
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4234, USA
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