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Gaspar EB, dos Santos LR, do Egito AA, dos Santos MG, Mantovani C, Rieger JDSG, Abrantes GADS, Suniga PAP, Favacho JDM, Pinto IB, Nassar AFDC, dos Santos FL, de Araújo FR. Assessment of the Virulence of the Burkholderia mallei Strain BAC 86/19 in BALB/c Mice. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2597. [PMID: 37894255 PMCID: PMC10609534 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei is an aerobic, Gram-negative, non-motile bacillus. As an obligate mammalian pathogen, it primarily affects solipeds. Although rarely transmitted to humans, the disease it causes, glanders, is classified as a zoonosis. The bacterium was officially eradicated in Brazil in 1969; however, it reemerged after three decades. This study aims to assess the virulence of a specific B. mallei strain, isolated in Brazil, in BALB/c mice through intranasal infection. The strain, B. mallei BAC 86/19, was obtained from the tracheal secretion of a young mare displaying positive serology but no clinical signs of glanders. Post-mortem examinations revealed macroscopic lesions consistent with the disease, however. In mice, the LD50 was determined to be approximately 1.59 × 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/animal. Mice exposed to either 0.1 × LD50 or 1 × LD50 displayed transient weight loss, which resolved after three or five days, respectively. B. mallei persisted within the liver and lung for five days post-infection and in the spleen for seven days. These findings underscore the detectable virulence of the Brazilian B. mallei BAC 86/19 strain in mice, which are relatively resilient hosts. This research points to the importance of the continued investigation of the virulence mechanisms and potential countermeasures associated with B. mallei infections, including their Brazilian isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuelle Baldo Gaspar
- Embrapa South Livestock, BR-153, Km 632, 9 Vila Industrial, Rural Area, Mailbox 242, Bagé 96401-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Lenita Ramires dos Santos
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Rádio Maia Ave., 830, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (L.R.d.S.); (A.A.d.E.); (M.G.d.S.); (F.R.d.A.)
| | - Andréa Alves do Egito
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Rádio Maia Ave., 830, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (L.R.d.S.); (A.A.d.E.); (M.G.d.S.); (F.R.d.A.)
| | - Maria Goretti dos Santos
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Rádio Maia Ave., 830, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (L.R.d.S.); (A.A.d.E.); (M.G.d.S.); (F.R.d.A.)
| | - Cynthia Mantovani
- Embrapa Beef Cattle/Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply Scholarship, Embrapa Beef Cattle, Rádio Maia Ave., 830, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (C.M.); (J.d.S.G.R.); (G.A.d.S.A.); (I.B.P.)
| | - Juliana da Silva Gomes Rieger
- Embrapa Beef Cattle/Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply Scholarship, Embrapa Beef Cattle, Rádio Maia Ave., 830, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (C.M.); (J.d.S.G.R.); (G.A.d.S.A.); (I.B.P.)
| | - Guilherme Augusto de Sousa Abrantes
- Embrapa Beef Cattle/Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply Scholarship, Embrapa Beef Cattle, Rádio Maia Ave., 830, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (C.M.); (J.d.S.G.R.); (G.A.d.S.A.); (I.B.P.)
| | - Paula Adas Pereira Suniga
- MAI/DAI Scholarship, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Costa e Silva Ave., Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil;
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science-FAMEZ/UFMS, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Senador Filinto Muller Ave., 2443, Campo Grande 79074-460, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Ingrid Batista Pinto
- Embrapa Beef Cattle/Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply Scholarship, Embrapa Beef Cattle, Rádio Maia Ave., 830, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (C.M.); (J.d.S.G.R.); (G.A.d.S.A.); (I.B.P.)
| | | | - Fernando Leandro dos Santos
- UFPE Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife 52171-900, PE, Brazil;
| | - Flábio Ribeiro de Araújo
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Rádio Maia Ave., 830, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (L.R.d.S.); (A.A.d.E.); (M.G.d.S.); (F.R.d.A.)
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Knox A, Zerna G, Beddoe T. Current and Future Advances in the Detection and Surveillance of Biosecurity-Relevant Equine Bacterial Diseases Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2663. [PMID: 37627456 PMCID: PMC10451754 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Horses play an important role throughout the world, whether for work, culture, or leisure, providing an ever-growing significant contribution to the economy. The increase in importation and movement of horses, both nationally and internationally, has inevitably allowed for the global equine industry to grow. Subsequently, however, the potential for transmission of fatal equine bacterial diseases has also escalated, and devasting outbreaks continue to occur. To prevent such events, disease surveillance and diagnosis must be heightened throughout the industry. Current common, or "gold-standard" techniques, have shown to be inadequate at times, thus requiring newer technology to impede outbreaks. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has proven to be a reliable, rapid, and accessible tool in both diagnostics and surveillance. This review will discuss equine bacterial diseases of biosecurity relevance and their current diagnostic approaches, as well as their respective LAMP assay developments. Additionally, we will provide insight regarding newer technology and advancements associated with this technique and their potential use for the outlined diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3082, Australia; (A.K.); (G.Z.)
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Dehghan Rahimabadi P, Nazari A, Kamyabi M, Mosavari N. Serological and Bacteriological Surveillance of Glanders Among Horses in Central Region of Iran. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 127:104535. [PMID: 37448262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Glanders is the oldest and very contagious disease among horses caused by Burkholderia mallei. The disease occurs as a chronic form in horses. Hence, because of the prolonged shedding, numerous horses can potentially get infected by one horse with glanders. Glanders is endemic in Iran and this causes occasional occurrence in horse population of the country. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of B.mallei infection in horses in two central provinces of Iran. A total of 517 serum samples were collected from stable horses in Tehran and Alborz provinces. Among the studied horses, seven presented fever, anorexia, dyspnea, subcutaneous abscesses, nasal and cutaneous discharges, emaciation, and lymphadenopathy. Nasal and ocular discharges and subcutaneous abscesses were sampled for bacterial culture and PCR. The sera were examined by means of complement fixation test (CFT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Seropositive cases were further examined by Mallein test. The results derived from the present study indicated that only 1.35% of the studied horses were positive in CFT, iELISA and Mallein test, of which only in 42.85% B.mallei was successfully cultured on blood agar and glycerinated nutrient media and confirmed by PCR. Periodic serological tests along with quarantine can benefit reduction of the occurrence of the disease in horses in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Nazari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Kamyabi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Nader Mosavari
- Department of Tuberculin and Mallein, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
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Systematic monitoring of glanders-infected horses by complement fixation test, bacterial isolation, and PCR. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 10:100147. [PMID: 33089006 PMCID: PMC7566944 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A modified PCR protocol improved the diagnostic sensibility for glanders. Horses with chronic glanders disease may show false negative serology results. The cold CFT is recommended in Brazilian equine health program. Burkholderia mallei isolation and detection were performed in São Paulo state, Brazil.
Glanders is an equine zoonosis caused by Burkholderia mallei that is responsible for considerable economic loss. Complement fixation testing (CFT) using warm or cold incubation are recommended by the OIE, but many routinely used detection tests may present misleading results. To increase accuracy of glanders diagnosis and establish an appropriate protocol in collaboration with the National Equine Health Program, seven horses positive for glanders kept in isolation in Brazil were examined fortnightly by CFT, microbiological screening, and molecular testing. Warm and cold serologies with USDA and c.c.Pro antigens, respectively, were performed on 132 samples using the US Department of Agriculture protocol. The warm and cold serologies showed, respectively,12.9% and 17.3% seroreactive, 85.7% and 65.2% non-reactive, 0.8% and 3% inconclusive, and 0% and 2.3% anticomplementary. The agreement of CFT protocols was moderate. Of 213 clinical samples submitted to selective culture (167 nasal swabs, 5 ocular swabs, 3 lymph node punctures, and 38 tissue samples from four horses that died), 1.9% tested positive for B. mallei. Fourteen samples and one nasal swab (7%) tested positive with PCR. Cold CFT with the USDA and c.c.Pro antigens, in combination with PCR to increase sensitivity, may be useful for diagnosis of chronic glanders.
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