Prognostic significance of ADAM17 expression in patients with gastric cancer who underwent curative gastrectomy

The immunological role of ADAMs in the field of gastroenterological chronic inflammatory diseases and cancers: a review

Metalloproteinases cleave transmembrane proteins that play critical roles in inflammation and cancers. Metalloproteinases include a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM), which we previously examined using a fluorescence assay system, and described their association with resistance to systemic therapy in cancer patients. There are also many reports on the relation between ADAM expression and the prognosis of patients with gastroenterological chronic inflammatory diseases and cancers. Inhibiting their immunomodulating activity in chronic inflammation restores innate immunity and potentially prevents the development of various cancers. Among the numerous critical immune system-related molecules, we focus on major histocompatibility complex class I polypeptide-related sequence A (MICA), MICB, intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, TNF-α, IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), and Notch. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of ADAMs in gastroenterological diseases with regard to the immune system. Several Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved inhibitors of ADAMs have been identified, and potential therapies for targeting ADAMs in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases and cancers are discussed. Some ongoing clinical trials for cancers targeting ADAMs are also introduced.

Analysis of A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) Expression as a Prognostic Marker in Ovarian Cancer Patients Undergoing First-Line Treatment Plus Bevacizumab

To find prognostic factors for advanced ovarian cancer patients undergoing first-line therapy with carboplatin, paclitaxel and bevacizumab, we investigated the expression of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) in cancer tissues. ADAM17 has been involved in ovarian cancer development, progression and cell resistance to cisplatin. Tissue microarrays from 309 ovarian cancer patients enrolled in the MITO16A/MANGO-OV2 clinical trial were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for ADAM17 protein expression. Intensity and extent of staining were combined into a semi-quantitative visual grading system (H score) which was related to clinicopathological characteristics of cases and the clinical outcome of patients by univariate and multivariate Cox regression models. ADAM17 immunostaining was detected in most samples, mainly localized in the tumor cells, with variable intensity across the cohort. Kaplan–Meier survival curves, generated according to the best cut-off value for the ADAM17 H score, showed that high ADAM17 expression was associated with worse prognosis for PFS and OS. However, after the application of a shrinkage procedure to adjust for overfitting hazard ratio estimates, the ADAM17 value as prognostic factor was lost. As subgroup analysis suggested that ADAM17 expression could be prognostically relevant in cases with no residual disease at baseline, further studies in this patient category may be worth planning.

ADAM12 as a Clinical Prognostic Indicator Associated with Tumor Immune Infiltration in Lung Adenocarcinoma

Twenty-two functional α-disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) have been identified in humans, 12 of which have proteolytic activity. The role of ADAMs in cancer has attracted increasing attention. However, the expression and significance of ADAMs in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remain unclear. Most recently, we investigated the transcriptional data of ADAMs and related overall survival in patients with LUAD based on several databases, including TCGA, cBioPortal, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, LinkedOmics, KEGG, TIMER, and TISIDB. Knockdown of ADAM12 was performed in vitro to verify its biological function. According to our findings, 10 ADAMs exhibited significant differential expression in LUAD compared with cancer-adjacent normal tissues. ADAM12 expression was significantly higher in LUAD tissues than in paracancerous tissues, and lower ADAM12 expression was associated with better survival. Genetic alterations of ADAM12 mainly included missense mutations, amplifications, and deep deletions. ADAM12 and positively correlated genes were mainly enriched in protein digestion and absorption, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, and adhesion plaques. ADAM12 had a moderate correlation with immune cell markers EBIP1, CCNB1, EXO1, KNTC1, PRC1, and FAM198B. Prognostic model was established based on ADAM12 and immune-related genes. In vitro experiments revealed that knocking down ADAM12 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. ADAM12 potentially plays an important role in the occurrence of LUAD and may be utilized as an immunotherapy target and a valuable prognostic biomarker for LUAD.

NGF/TRKA Promotes ADAM17-Dependent Cleavage of P75 in Ovarian Cells: Elucidating a Pro-Tumoral Mechanism

Nerve growth factor (NGF) and its high-affinity receptor TRKA are overexpressed in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) displaying a crucial role in the disease progression. Otherwise, NGF interacts with its low-affinity receptor P75, activating pro-apoptotic pathways. In neurons, P75 could be cleaved by metalloproteinases (α and γ-secretases), leading to a decrease in P75 signaling. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate whether the shedding of P75 occurs in EOC cells and whether NGF/TRKA could promote the cleavage of the P75 receptor. The immunodetection of the α-secretase, ADAM17, TRKA, P75, and P75 fragments was assessed by immunohisto/cytochemistry and Western blot in biopsies and ovarian cell lines. The TRKA and secretases' inhibition was performed using specific inhibitors. The results show that P75 immunodetection decreased during EOC progression and was negatively correlated with the presence of TRKA in EOC biopsies. NGF/TRKA increases ADAM17 levels and the fragments of P75 in ovarian cells. This effect is abolished when cells are previously treated with ADAM17, γ-secretase, and TRKA inhibitors. These results indicate that NGF/TRKA promotes the shedding of P75, involving the activation of secretases such as ADAM17. Since ADAM17 has been proposed as a screening marker for early detection of EOC, our results contribute to understanding better the role of ADAM17 and NGF/TRKA in EOC pathogenesis, which includes the NGF/TRKA-mediated cleavage of P75.

Expression of Immune Checkpoints in Malignant Tumors: Therapy Targets and Biomarkers for the Gastric Cancer Prognosis

To increase the effectiveness of anticancer therapy based on immune checkpoint (IC) inhibition, some ICs are being investigated in addition to those used in clinic. We reviewed data on the relationship between PD-L1, B7-H3, B7-H4, IDO1, Galectin-3 and -9, CEACAM1, CD155, Siglec-15 and ADAM17 expression with cancer development in complex with the results of clinical trials on their inhibition. Increased expression of the most studied ICs—PD-L1, B7-H3, and B7-H4—is associated with poor survival; their inhibition is clinically significant. Expression of IDO1, CD155, and ADAM17 is also associated with poor survival, including gastric cancer (GC). The available data indicate that CD155 and ADAM17 are promising targets for immune therapy. However, the clinical trials of anti-IDO1 antibodies have been unsatisfactory. Expression of Galectin-3 and -9, CEACAM1 and Siglec-15 demonstrates a contradictory relationship with patient survival. The lack of satisfactory results of these IC inhibitor clinical trials additionally indicates the complex nature of their functioning. In conclusion, in many cases it is important to analyze the expression of other participants of the immune response besides target IC. The PD-L1, B7-H3, B7-H4, IDO1 and ADAM17 may be considered as candidates for prognosis markers for GC patient survival.

Adamalizyny jako potencjalne biomarkery w wybranych nowotworach złośliwych przewodu pokarmowego

Nowotwory złośliwe przewodu pokarmowego zajmują czołowe miejsce zarówno wśród przyczyn zachorowań jak i zgonów z powodu chorób nowotworowych na świecie. Wciąż poszukuje się potencjalnych biomarkerów, które mogłyby posłużyć jako czynniki predykcyjne i prognostyczne w tych nowotworach. Wśród białek, które mogłyby pełnić taką rolę, wymienia się adamalizyny. Liczne białka z tej rodziny są zaangażowane w wielu etapach nowotworzenia, od procesu różnicowania się pojedynczych komórek, wzrost i progresję guza do tworzenia przerzutów odległych. Dzieje się to m.in. poprzez ścieżki sygnałowe związane z aktywacją insulinopodobnych czynników wzrostu, naskórkowych czynników wzrostu czy oddziaływanie na czynnik martwicy nowotworu TNF-α. Szczególnie istotna w wyjaśnieniu patomechanizmu rozwoju raków gruczołowych przewodu pokarmowego wydaje się ścieżka sygnałowa związana z aktywacją cytokin prozapalnych. Przewlekły stan zapalny jest bowiem dobrze udokumentowanym czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju tej grupy chorób nowotworowych.

Poznanie roli białek z rodziny adamalizyn w rozwoju i patogenezie nowotworów złośliwych przewodu pokarmowego wymaga wciąż dalszych badań. W artykule podjęto próbę syntezy aktualnej wiedzy na temat wykorzystania wybranych białek z rodziny adamalizyn jako biomarkerów nowotworów złośliwych przewodu pokarmowego.

Prognostic Significance of ADAM17 for Gastric Cancer Survival: A Meta-Analysis

Background and objectives: The prognostic role of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 17 has been widely assessed in gastric cancer. However, the results are inconsistent. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the prognostic significance of ADAM17 and its association with clinicopathological parameters. Methods: The databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were searched for relevant articles published up to April 2020. The reported hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled to evaluate the strength of the association. Stata 12.1 was used to perform statistical analyses. Results: Seven studies, including 1757 patients, were screened for the meta-analysis. Compared with the high ADAM17 expression group, the pooled HR was higher in the low ADAM17 expression group (HR = 2.04, 95% CI 1.66-2.50; I2 = 18.1%; p = 0.299). High ADAM17 expression was also related to the tumor node metastasis (TNM) stages (OR = 4.09, 95% CI 1.85-9.04; I2 = 84.1%; p = 0.000), lymph node metastasis (OR = 3.08, 95% CI 1.13-8.36; I2 = 79.7%; p = 0.007), and ages (OR = 1.65, 95% CI 1.24-2.21; I2 = 0%; p = 0.692) of the gastric patients. Conclusions: This meta-analysis revealed that ADAM17 is a significant biomarker for poor prognosis in gastric cancer.

Interferon-γ induced PD-L1 expression and soluble PD-L1 production in gastric cancer

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) plays an essential role in tumor cell escape from anti-tumor immunity in various types of cancer, including gastric cancer (GC). The present study investigated the intracellular and membrane-bound expression of PD-L1 in the GC cell lines MKN1, MKN74, KATO III and OCUM-1. Furthermore, soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) level in the supernatant of GC cells and the serum of patients with GC and healthy controls was determined by ELISA. Interferon (IFN)-γ treatment of cells resulted in increased cytoplasmic expression of PD-L1 in GC cells in a dose-dependent manner, except for MKN74 cells; however, there was no association between tumor necrosis factor-α treatment and enhanced PD-L1 expression. Concordant with these findings, results from flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that membrane-bound PD-L1 expression was also increased following GC cell treatment with IFN-γ in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, significant sPD-L1 overproduction was observed only in the culture supernatant of OCUM-1 cells. Serum level of sPD-L1 was significantly increased in patients with GC, in particular in stage IV patients, compared with healthy controls. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that IFN-γ treatment increased the intracellular and membrane-bound PD-L1 expression in GC cells. In addition, sPD-L1 was detected not only in the supernatant of GC cells but also in the serum of patients with GC. Further investigation on the underlying mechanism of regulation of PD-L1 expression and sPD-L1 production is required.

Reciprocal control of ADAM17/EGFR/Akt signaling and miR-145 drives GBM invasiveness

INTRODUCTION

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most devastating brain malignancies worldwide and is considered to be incurable. However, the mechanisms underlying its aggressiveness remain unclear.

METHODS

The expression of ADAM17 in tissue samples was detected by immunohistochemistry. Knockdown and rescue experiments were used to demonstrate the regulatory effect of ADAM17 on the invasion ability of GBM cells. Western Blot and qPCR were used to detect the expression of related proteins and RNAs. Moreover, a luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify whether miR-145 directly binds to the 3'-UTR of ADAM17.

RESULTS

We revealed that ADAM17 was overexpressed in GBM tissues and correlated positively with poor prognosis. The knockdown of ADAM17 obviously suppressed the invasiveness of GBM cell lines. Furthermore, we found that knockdown of ADAM17 decreased activation of EGFR/Akt/C/EBP-β signaling, and consequently upregulated miR-145 expression in GBM cell lines. Notably, miR-145 directly targeted the ADAM17 3'-UTR and suppressed expression levels of ADAM17.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings define an ADAM17/EGFR/miR-145 feedback loop that drives the GBM invasion. Reciprocal regulation between ADAM17 and miR-145 results in aberrant activation of EGFR signaling, suggesting that inhibition of ADAM17 expression can be an ideal therapeutic strategy for the treatment of GBM.

A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 8 as a Potential Blood Biomarker for Early Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer

PURPOSE

We aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 8 (ADAM 8) as a potential blood biomarker for gastric cancer (GC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Blood ADAM 8 was measured by ELISA. Cytokines/chemokines [interleukin-23 (IL-23), stromal cell-derived factor 1α/CXC chemokine ligand 12 (SDF-1α/CXCL12), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L)] were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay. They were compared among five groups; normal/gastritis, high-risk, early GC (EGC), advanced GC (AGC) without distant metastasis, and AGC with distant metastasis by one-way analysis of variance in both training (n=80) and validation dataset (n=241). Clinicopathological features of GC and GC-associated cytokines were evaluated for their correlations with blood ADAM 8. To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy to predict GC, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and logistic regression were used.

RESULTS

Blood ADAM 8 significantly increased along GC carcinogenesis in both training (ANOVA, p<0.001) and validation dataset (p<0.001). It was significantly higher in EGC compared to high-risk (post-hoc Bonferroni, p=0.041) and normal (p<0.001). It was also higher in AGC compared with high-risk (p<0.001) and normal (p<0.001) groups. However, no significant difference was found between cancer groups. Blood ADAM 8 was correlated with N-stage (Spearman's correlation, γ_s=0.320, p=0.011), but not with T-stage or M-stage. Pearson's correlations showed blood ADAM 8 was closely correlated with pre-inflammatory cytokines, IL-23 (p=0.036) and SDF-1α/CXCL12 (p=0.037); however, it was not correlated with pro-angiogenic cytokine IL-8 (p=0.313), and sCD40L (p=0.702). ROC curve and logistic regression demonstrated that blood ADAM 8 showed higher diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity, 73.7%; specificity, 86.2%) than CEA (sensitivity, 23.1%; specificity, 91.4%). Combination of ADAM 8 and CEA further increased the diagnostic accuracy to predict GC (sensitivity, 81.8%; specificity, 84.0%).

CONCLUSION

Blood ADAM 8 is a promising biomarker for early detection of GC.

The metalloprotease ADAM17 in inflammation and cancer

Proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins is an important post-translational modification that regulates the biological function of numerous transmembrane proteins. Among the 560 proteases encoded in the human genome, the metalloprotease A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) has gained much attention in recent years and has emerged as a central regulatory hub in inflammation, immunity and cancer development. In order to do so, ADAM17 cleaves a variety of substrates, among them the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R), the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and most ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This review article provides an overview of the functions of ADAM17 with a special focus on its cellular regulation. It highlights the importance of ADAM17 to understand the biology of IL-6 and TNFα and their role in inflammatory diseases. Finally, the role of ADAM17 in the formation and progression of different tumor entities is discussed.

ADAM17 promotes lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer via activation of the Notch and Wnt signaling pathways

Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing proteins (ADAMs) have been implicated in cell adhesion, signaling and migration. The aim of the present study was to identify key members of the ADAM protein family associated with the metastasis of gastric cancer and to evaluate their clinical significance. A total of 193 patients with gastric cancer and positive lymph node metastasis were enrolled. Key members of the ADAM family associated with lymph node metastasis were identified. The correlations between survival times and the clinicopathological features of patients were investigated. Furthermore, ADAM17 expression in gastric cancer cells with different metastatic potentials was determined. ADAM17 was overexpressed in BGC-823 cells and suppressed in SGC-7901 cells to further investigate its effects on cell viability and migration. The key pathways associated with ADAM17 were identified by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). It was found that ADAM9 and ADAM17 were significantly upregulated in gastric cancer and positive metastatic lymph node tissues. Further, there was a strong correlation between the survival times of patients and ADAM17 expression. ADAM17 was upregulated in gastric cancer cells with high metastatic potential. The viability of BGC-823 cells significantly increased following ADAM17 overexpression, whereas the viability and migration of SGC-7901 cells decreased following ADAM17 suppression. GSEA and western blot analysis revealed a positive correlation between the Notch and Wnt signaling pathways with ADAM17 expression. In conclusion, the increased expression of ADAM17 promoted the progression of gastric cancer, potentially via Notch and/or Wnt signaling pathway activation, and ADAM17 may serve as a useful prognostic marker.

ADAM-17 is a poor prognostic indicator for patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma and is regulated by FoxM1

Background

A-disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) are members of a family of multidomain transmembrane and secreted proteins. Specific ADAMs are upregulated in human cancers and correlated with tumor progression and poor outcome, but rarely studied in human hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC). This study aimed to explore the expression profiles of ADAMs and their potential underlying mechanisms promoting cancer progression.

Methods

mRNA expression of ADAM-9, − 10, − 11, − 12, − 15, − 17, − 28, and − 33 was analyzed in human hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC) samples. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was used to detect the expression of ADAM-10, − 17, − 28, and FoxM1 in HC. The regulation of ADAM-17 by FoxM1 and their functional study was investigated in vivo and in vitro.

Results

ADAM-10, − 17, and − 28 were upregulated in tumors compared with matched non-cancerous tissues. IHC analysis revealed increased expression of ADAM-10, − 17, and − 28 in HC cells, and ADAM17 seems to be an independent prognostic factor. ADAM-17 is regulated by FoxM1. A decrease in the expression of ADAM-17 by silencing FoxM1 led to an inhibition of cell proliferation, tumor growth, and the production of tumor necrosis factor α. IHC analysis showed co-expression of FoxM1 and ADAM-17 in HC specimens.

Conclusions

The findings of the present study show an important role of the cross-talk among FoxM1, ADAM-17, and TNFa in HC development and progression.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4294-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

ADAM-17/FHL2 colocalisation suggests interaction and role of these proteins in colorectal cancer

FHL2 is a multifunctional scaffolding protein; its expression is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. ADAM-17 is a metalloprotease implicated in ectodomain shedding. FHL2 regulates ADAM-17 plasma membrane localisation, and FHL2 deficiency leads to decreased activity of ADAM-17 in mouse macrophages. Presence and relationship of the ADAM-17/FHL2 complex with colorectal cancer progression is unknown. We studied FHL2 and ADAM-17 expression in several colon cancer cell lines by immunocytochemistry and western blot. To highlight the interaction between both molecules, we used the Duolink^® kit for proximity ligation assay on SW480 cells. We also performed proximity ligation assay on biopsies and surgical specimens of colorectal adenocarcinoma and on matched normal mucosa. Furthermore, biopsies of colorectal adenoma with matched normal mucosa were selected. For quantification, pictures of the malignant, adenomatous and normal tissues were taken. Proximity ligation assay signals were quantified. Mean numbers of proximity ligation assay signals and of proximity ligation assay signals/nucleus were calculated. All cell lines showed FHL2 immunoreactivity; strongest positivity was observed in SW480 cells. ADAM-17 was expressed in all cell lines. Proximity ligation assay signals were present in SW480 cells. Quantitative analysis revealed that the interaction between FHL2 and ADAM-17 is more frequent in malignant than in normal tissue (p = 0.005). The mean number of ADAM-17/FHL2 proximity ligation assay signals was higher in colorectal adenocarcinoma than in adenoma with low-grade dysplasia (p = 0.0004). FHL2 interacts with ADAM-17 in normal, dysplastic and malignant colon epithelial cells. Colocalisation of these proteins is more frequent in malignant than in normal and dysplastic cells, suggesting a role for ADAM-17/FHL2 complex in the development of colorectal cancer.

The role of ADAM17 in tumorigenesis and progression of breast cancer

A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family members are known to process the target membrane-bound molecules through the quick induction of their protease activities under interaction with other molecules, which have diverse roles in tissue morphogenesis and pathophysiological remodeling. Among these, ADAM17 is a membrane-bound protease that sheds the extracellular domain of various receptors or its ligands from the cell membrane and subsequently activates downstream signaling transduction pathways. Importantly, breast cancer remains a mainspring of cancer-induced death in women, and numerous regulatory pathways have been implicated in the formation of breast cancer. Substantial evidence has demonstrated that an obvious increased in ADAM17 cell surface expression has been discovered in breast cancer and was shown to be associated with mammary tumorigenesis, invasiveness, and drug resistance. Over the last decades, it has received more than its share of attention that ADAM17 plays a potential role in breast cancer, including cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and trastuzumab resistance. In our review, we discuss the mechanisms through which ADAM17 acts on breast cancer tumorigenesis and progression. Thus, this will provide further impetus for exploiting ADAM17 as a new target for breast cancer treatment.

PDIA6 regulation of ADAM17 shedding activity and EGFR-mediated migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells

OBJECTIVE

In patients with glioblastoma, local invasion of tumor cells causes recurrence and shortens survival. The goal of this study was to determine whether protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) A6 regulates migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells and the associated factors.

METHODS

U87MG cells were treated with either PDIA6 or ADAM17 small interfering RNA (siRNA) fragments or with both types of siRNA fragments, and expression was confirmed by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Migration and invasion were assessed using a wound-healing assay, a Matrigel assay, and an organotypic culture system. After the U87MG cells were treated with siRNAs and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase–2 (MMP-2), membrane Type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), integrin, phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (pFAK), and phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR) was detected by Western blotting and zymography.

RESULTS

U87MG cell migration and invasion increased significantly after inhibition of PDIA6. The MMP-2 activation ratio and ADAM17 activity (as a sheddase of the proligand) increased, and expression of pEGFR, pFAK, integrin α5β3, and MT1-MMP was induced, compared with control levels. Furthermore, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGFR signaling ligand) was highly expressed in PDIA6-knockdown cells. After siPDIA6-transfected U87MG cells were treated with EGFR signaling inhibitors, expression of pFAK, MMP-2, and MT1-MMP decreased and invasion decreased significantly. Simultaneous double-knockdown of PDIA6 and ADAM17 reduced pEGFR and pFAK expression, compared with control levels.

CONCLUSIONS

The authors propose that inhibiting PDIA6 could transduce EGFR signaling by activating and inducing ADAM17 during migration and invasion of U87MG glioblastoma cells. The results of this study suggest that PDIA6 is an important component of EGFR-mediated migration and invasion of U87MG cells. This is the first report of the effects of PDIA6 on migration and invasion in glioblastoma.

Expression of Migration-Related Genes in Human Colorectal Cancer and Activity of a Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 17

INTRODUCTION

The ability to form metastases which depends on the mechanisms of cell migration is an important element of the progression of cancer. In the present study we analyzed the genes involved in the regulation of migration in colon cancer cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 20 pairs of surgically removed tumoral and healthy (marginal) tissues samples from colorectal cancer patients at clinical stages I-II and III-IV were analyzed. The isolation of RNA from CRC and normal tissues and its subsequent molecular analysis were performed according to manufacturer's instructions. Microarray data analysis was performed using the GeneSpring 11.5 platform and Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM). In SAM analysis to identify significantly differentially expressed genes score and q-value parameters were used.

RESULTS

The largest increase in expression of genes was shown by MMP9, ADAM17, EphA2, and TIMP.

CONCLUSIONS

Presented genes, especially ADAM17, MMP9, EphA2, TIMP1, ICAM 11, and CD4, may be used as prognostic markers of advanced stages of colorectal cancer, contributing to the development of new lines of therapy focused on reducing metastasis of the primary tumor.