1
|
Sun Y, Shang Q. Research hotspots and trends regarding microRNAs in hypertension: a bibliometric analysis. Clin Exp Hypertens 2024; 46:2304017. [PMID: 38230680 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2024.2304017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the research levels, hotspots, and development trends regarding microRNAs in hypertension, this study conducted a visual analysis of studies on miRNA in hypertension based on the Web of Science core collection database using CiteSpace and VOSviewer analysis software along with literature from 2005-2023 as information data. Using citation frequency, centrality, and starting year as metrics, this study analyzed the research objects. It revealed the main research bodies and hotspots and evaluated the sources of literature and the distribution of knowledge from journals and authors. Finally, the potential research directions for miRNAs in hypertension are discussed. The results showed that the research field is in a period of vigorous development, and scholars worldwide have shown strong interest in this research field. A comprehensive summary and analysis of the current research status and application trends will prove beneficial for the advancement of this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- College of traditional Chinese medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qingxin Shang
- College of traditional Chinese medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
van Rooyen D, Lerario AM, Little DW, Ullenbruch MR, Taylor MJ, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Hammer GD, Rainey WE. Chronic activation of adrenal Gq signaling induces Cyp11b2 expression in the zona fasciculata and hyperaldosteronism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 585:112176. [PMID: 38341019 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Hyperaldosteronism is often associated with inappropriate aldosterone production and aldosterone synthase (Cyp11b2) expression. Normally, Cyp11b2 expression is limited to the adrenal zona glomerulosa (ZG) and regulated by angiotensin II which signals through Gq protein-coupled receptors. As cells migrate inwards, they differentiate into 11β-hydroxylase-expressing zona fasciculata (ZF) cells lacking Cyp11b2. The mechanism causing ZG-specific aldosterone biosynthesis is still unclear. We investigated the effect of chronic Gq signaling using transgenic mice with a clozapine N-oxide (CNO)-activated human M3 muscarinic receptor (DREADD) coupled to Gq (hM3Dq) that was expressed throughout the adrenal cortex. CNO raised circulating aldosterone in the presence of a high sodium diet with greater response seen in females compared to males. Immunohistochemistry and transcriptomics indicated disrupted zonal Cyp11b2 expression while Wnt signaling remained unchanged. Chronic Gq-DREADD signaling also induced an intra-adrenal RAAS in CNO-treated mice. Chronic Gq signaling disrupted adrenal cortex zonal aldosterone production associated with ZF expression of Cyp11b2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Desmaré van Rooyen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Antonio M Lerario
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Donald W Little
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew R Ullenbruch
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew J Taylor
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Gary D Hammer
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Cell and Development Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pérez-Coria M, Vázquez-Rivera GE, Gómez-García EF, Mendoza-Carrera F. Sex differences in fetal kidney reprogramming: the case in the renin-angiotensin system. Pediatr Nephrol 2024; 39:645-653. [PMID: 37572115 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
During the early stages of the development of the living multiorgan systems, genome modifications other than sequence variation occur that guide cell differentiation and organogenesis. These modifications are known to operate as a fetal programming code during this period, and recent research indicates that there are some tissue-specific codes in organogenesis whose effects may persist after birth until adulthood. Consequently, the events that disrupt the pre-established epigenetic pattern could induce shifts in organ physiology, with implications on health from birth or later in adult life. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the main causes of mortality worldwide; its etiology is multifactorial, but diabetes, obesity, and hypertension are the main causes of CKD in adults, although there are other risk factors that are mainly associated with an individual's lifestyle. Recent studies suggest that fetal reprogramming in the developing kidney could be implicated in the susceptibility to kidney disease in both childhood and adulthood. Some epigenetic modifications, such as genome methylation status, dysregulation of miRNA, and histone coding alterations in genes related to the regulation of the renin-angiotensin axis, a common denominator in CKD, may have originated during fetal development. This review focuses on epigenetic changes during nephrogenesis and their repercussions on kidney health and disease. In addition, the focus is on the influence of environmental factors during pregnancy, such as maternal metabolic diseases and dietary and metabolic conditions, as well as some sex differences in fetal kidney reprogramming during which dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system is involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pérez-Coria
- Molecular Medicine Division, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Sierra Mojada # 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gloria Elizabeth Vázquez-Rivera
- Molecular Medicine Division, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Sierra Mojada # 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Erika Fabiola Gómez-García
- Facultad de Medicina y Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Francisco Mendoza-Carrera
- Molecular Medicine Division, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Sierra Mojada # 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Baeza-Pérez LG, Cabrera-Becerra SE, Romero-Nava R, Ramos-Tovar E, Hernández-Campos ME, López-Sánchez P. Cardiovascular effect of preeclampsia upon offspring development: Are (Pro) renin-renin receptor ((P)RR) and gender related? IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 27:621-629. [PMID: 38629095 PMCID: PMC11017840 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2024.72486.15790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Preeclampsia (PE) is a complication of pregnancy that might increase progeny risk of cardiovascular and metabolic problems, mainly in males. Renin angiotensin aldosterone system is known to be involved. (Pro) renin/renin receptor ((P)RR) has been shown to participate in cardiovascular pathology. The aim of this work was to evaluate (P)RR expression and function upon cardiovascular and renal tissues from PE dams' offspring. Materials and Methods We used offspring from normal pregnant and preeclamptic rats, evaluating body, heart, aorta and kidney weight, length, and blood pressure along 3 months after birth. Subsets of animals received handle region peptide (HRP) (0.2 mg/Kg, sc). Another group received vehicle. Animals were sacrificed at first, second, and third months of age, tissues were extracted and processed for immunoblot to detect (P)RR, PLZF, β-catenin, DVL-1, and PKCα. (P)RR and PLZF were also measured by RT-PCR. Results We found that offspring developed hypertension. Male descendants remained hypertensive throughout the whole experiment. Female animals tended to recover at second month and returned to normal blood pressure at third month. HRP treatment diminished hypertension in both male and female animals. Morphological evaluations showed changes in heart, aorta, and kidney weight, and HRP reverted this effect. Finally, we found that (P)RR, PLZF, and canonical WNT transduction pathway molecules were stimulated by PE, and HRP treatment abolished this increase. Conclusion These findings suggest that PE can induce hypertension in offspring, and (P)RR seems to play an important role through the canonical WNT pathway and that gender seems to influence this response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Graciela Baeza-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Sto. Tomás, Ciudad de México, México
- These authors contributed eqully to this work
| | - Sandra Edith Cabrera-Becerra
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Sto. Tomás, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rodrigo Romero-Nava
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Sto. Tomás, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Erika Ramos-Tovar
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Sto. Tomás, Ciudad de México, México
- These authors contributed eqully to this work
| | - Maria Elena Hernández-Campos
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Sto. Tomás, Ciudad de México, México
- These authors contributed eqully to this work
| | - Pedro López-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Sto. Tomás, Ciudad de México, México
- These authors contributed eqully to this work
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu T, Zheng Y, Huang Q, Tian S. Paeonol improves renal and vascular angiotensin II type 1 receptor function via inhibiting oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 2023; 45:2182884. [PMID: 36855263 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2023.2182884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress has been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Paeonol, a major phenolic component extracted from Moutan Cortex, exerts a beneficial effect in preventing cardiovascular disease via reducing oxidative stress. The present study investigated the protective mechanism of paeonol against high blood pressure in spontaneous hypertension rats (SHRs). METHODS Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and SHRs received vehicle or peaonol in the drinking water for 5 weeks. Blood pressure was measured by tail-cuff plethysmography and oxidative stress in kidney and vascular tissue was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbed assay. The functions of angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1R) in the kidney and mesenteric artery were measured by natriuresis and vasoconstrictor response, respectively. RESULTS Compared with vehicle-treated WKY rats, vehicle-treated SHRs exhibited higher blood pressure, increased oxidative stress, accompanied by exaggerated diuretic and natriuretic responses to candesartan (AT1 receptor antagonist) and vasoconstrictor responses to angiotensin II (Ang II). Moreover, SHRs had higher ACE and AT1R in the kidney and mesenteric artery, and higher Ang II and lower renin levels. Interestingly, paeonol treatment reduced the candesartan-induced increase in diuresis and natriuresis and vasoconstrictor responses to Ang II, and lowered blood pressure in SHRs, accompanied by reducing AT1R protein expression in the kidney and mesenteric artery of SHR, and Ang II levels in plasma and increasing renin levels in renal cortex. In addition, these changes were associated with reducing oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that paeonol improves renal and vascular AT1R functions by inhibition of oxidative stress, thus lowering blood pressure in SHRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingchun Wu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuhua Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Qianqian Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Shui Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nádasy GL, Balla A, Szekeres M. From Living in Saltwater to a Scarcity of Salt and Water, and Then an Overabundance of Salt-The Biological Roller Coaster to Which the Renin-Angiotensin System Has Had to Adapt: An Editorial. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3004. [PMID: 38002004 PMCID: PMC10669630 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a hormone with much more complex actions than is typical for other agonists with heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- György L. Nádasy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 37-47 Tűzoltó Street, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (G.L.N.); (A.B.)
| | - András Balla
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 37-47 Tűzoltó Street, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (G.L.N.); (A.B.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 2 Magyar Tudósok Körútja, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Szekeres
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 37-47 Tűzoltó Street, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (G.L.N.); (A.B.)
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, 17 Vas Street, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Karimi F, Nematbakhsh M. Renal vascular responses to angiotensin II infusion in two kidneys-one clip hypertensive rats under partial ischemia/reperfusion with and without ischemia preconditioning: the roles of AT1R blockade and co-blockades of AT1R and MasR. Res Pharm Sci 2023; 18:392-403. [PMID: 37614612 PMCID: PMC10443668 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.378086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose The renin-angiotensin system activation, partial ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury, and hypertension contribute to the development of acute kidney injury. The study aims to look at the vascular responses of angiotensin II (Ang II) during Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockade (losartan) or co-blockades of AT1R and Mas receptor (A779) in two kidneys one clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats which subjected to partial IR injury with and without ischemia preconditioning (IPC). Experimental approach Thirty-three 2K1C male Wistar rats with systolic blood pressure ≥ 150 mmHg were divided into three groups of sham, IR, and IPC + IR divided into two sub-groups receiving losartan or losartan + A779. The IR group had 45 min partial kidney ischemia, while the IPC + IR group had two 5 min cycles of partial ischemia followed by 10 min of reperfusion and then 45 min of partial kidney ischemia followed by reperfusion. The sham group was subjected to similar surgical procedures except for IR or IPC. Findings/Results Ang II increased mean arterial pressure in all the groups, but there were no significant differences between the sub-groups. A significant difference was observed in the renal blood flow response to Ang II between two sub-groups of sham and IR groups treated with AT1R blockade alone or co-blockades of AT1R + A779. Conclusion and implications These findings demonstrated the significance of AT1R and Mas receptor following partial renal IR in the renal blood flow responses to Ang II in 2K1C hypertensive rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Karimi
- Department of Physiology, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nematbakhsh
- Water & Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
He D, Peng X, Xie H, Peng R, Li Q, Guo Y, Wang W, He H, Chen Y. Genetic Variations in Angiotensinogen Gene and Risk of Preeclampsia: A Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041509. [PMID: 36836041 PMCID: PMC9966751 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a typical hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) which can cause substantial morbidity and mortality in both pregnant women and fetuses. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) genes are the main HDP-causing genes, and Angiotensinogen (AGT) as the initial substrate can directly reflect the activity of the entire RAS. However, the association between AGT SNPs and PE risk has rarely been confirmed. This study was carried out to determine whether AGT SNPs could affect the risk of PE in 228 cases and 358 controls. The genotyping result revealed that the AGT rs7079 TT carrier was related to increased PE risk. Further stratified analysis illustrated that the rs7079 TT genotype significantly increased the PE risk in subgroups of Age < 35, BMI < 25, Albumin (ALB) ≥ 30 and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) < 30. These findings demonstrated that the rs7079 might be a promising candidate SNP strongly associated with PE susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Heart and Spleen and Prescription Drugs Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xianglan Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Hongkai Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Heart and Spleen and Prescription Drugs Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rui Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Qixuan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Yitong Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Heart and Spleen and Prescription Drugs Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Heart and Spleen and Prescription Drugs Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hong He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Heart and Spleen and Prescription Drugs Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu Q, Zhu D, Zou Y, Wang K, Rao P, Shen Y. Catalpol Attenuates Pulmonary Fibrosis by Inhibiting Ang II/AT1 and TGF-β/Smad-Mediated Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:878601. [PMID: 35685407 PMCID: PMC9171363 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.878601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and devastating chronic lung condition affecting over 3 million people worldwide with a high mortality rate and there are no effective drugs. Angiotensin II (Ang II), as a major effector peptide of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system, has been shown to act in tandem with the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway to promote the infiltration of inflammatory cells, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and profibrotic factors after lung injury, and to participate in the process of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Catalpol (CAT) has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects. However, the effects and mechanisms of CAT on pulmonary fibrosis are not clear. Purpose To assess the effects and mechanisms of catalpol on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Methods We used bleomycin-induced mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis to evaluate the alleviation effect of CAT at 7, 14, 28d, respectively. Next, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunofluorescence, Masson trichrome staining and western blotting were used to study the underlying mechanism of CAT on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Results It's demonstrated that CAT exerted a potent anti-fibrotic function in BLM-induced mice pulmonary fibrosis via alleviating inflammatory, ameliorating collagen deposition, reducing the level of Ang II and HYP and alleviating the degree of EMT. Moreover, CAT attenuate BLM-induced fibrosis by targeting Ang II/AT1 and TGF-β/Smad signaling in vivo. Conclusion CAT may serve as a novel therapeutic candidate for the simultaneous blockade of Ang II and TGF-β pathway to attenuate pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dewei Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peili Rao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhui Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yunhui Shen
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Deja A, Skrzypczyk P, Nowak M, Wrońska M, Szyszka M, Ofiara A, Lesiak-Kosmatka J, Stelmaszczyk-Emmel A, Pańczyk-Tomaszewska M. Evaluation of Active Renin Concentration in A Cohort of Adolescents with Primary Hypertension. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19105960. [PMID: 35627493 PMCID: PMC9141058 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Our study aimed to assess active renin concentration in children with primary hypertension. Thus, we evaluated active renin concentration, clinical parameters, office and ambulatory blood pressure, and biochemical parameters in 51 untreated adolescents with primary hypertension (median: 14.4 [interquartile range—IQR: 13.8–16.8] years) and 45 healthy adolescents. Active renin concentration did not differ between patients with hypertension and healthy children (median: 28.5 [IQR: 21.9–45.2] vs. 24.9 [IQR: 16.8–34.3] [pg/mL], p = 0.055). In the whole group of 96 children, active renin concentration correlated positively with serum potassium and office and ambulatory systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Among children with hypertension, patients with isolated systolic hypertension had lower renin concentration than patients with systolic-diastolic hypertension (26.2 [IQR: 18.6–34.2] vs. 37.8 [IQR: 27.0–49.6] [pg/mL], p = 0.014). The active renin concentration did not differ between patients with isolated systolic hypertension and healthy children. In multivariate analysis, diastolic blood pressure Z-score (beta = 0.238, 95 confidence interval [0.018–0.458], p = 0.035) was the only predictor of active renin concentration in the studied children. We concluded that active renin concentration is positively associated with blood pressure and potassium in children, and diastolic blood pressure was the strongest predictor of renin level. Patients with isolated systolic hypertension may differ from patients with systolic-diastolic hypertension in less severe activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Deja
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (A.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Piotr Skrzypczyk
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (A.O.); (M.P.-T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-317-96-53; Fax: +48-22-317-99-54
| | - Magdalena Nowak
- Student Scientific Group, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.W.)
| | - Małgorzata Wrońska
- Student Scientific Group, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (M.N.); (M.W.)
| | - Michał Szyszka
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (A.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Anna Ofiara
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (A.O.); (M.P.-T.)
| | - Justyna Lesiak-Kosmatka
- Student Scientific Group, Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Stelmaszczyk-Emmel
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lin M, Heizhati M, Gan L, Hong J, Wu T, Xiamili Z, Tong L, Lin Y, Li N. Higher plasma renin activity is associated with increased kidney damage risk in patients with hypertension and glucose metabolic disorders. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2022; 24:750-759. [PMID: 35522256 PMCID: PMC9180335 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The impact of renin on kidney remain unclear among hypertensives with glucose metabolic disorders (GMD). We aimed to evaluate the association between plasma renin activity (PRA) and kidney damage in hypertensive patients with GMD. Overall, 2033 inpatients with hypertension and GMD free of chronic kidney disease (CKD) at baseline were included. CKD was defined using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine protein. PRA was treated as continuous variable, and also dichotomized as high (≥0.65) or low (< 0.65) groups. The association of PRA with incident CKD was evaluated using multivariable Cox model controlling for antihypertensive medications and baseline aldosterone, and traditional parameters. Subgroup and interaction analyses were performed to evaluate heterogeneity. During a median follow‐up of 31 months, 291 participants developed CKD. The incidence was higher in high‐renin group than that in low‐renin group (54.6 vs 36.6/1000 person‐years). Significant association was observed between PRA and incident CKD, and the association was mainly driven by an increased risk for proteinuria. Each standard deviation increment in log‐transformed PRA was associated with 16.7% increased risk of proteinuria (hazard ratio = 1.167, P = .03); compared with low‐renin group, there was 78.4% increased risk for high‐renin group (hazard ratio = 1.784, P = .001). Nonlinear associations were observed between PRA and kidney damage. Higher PRA is associated with greater risk of incident kidney damage, especially for positive proteinuria, in patients with coexistence of hypertension and diabetes, independent of aldosterone. In this patient population with high risk for kidney damage, PRA may serve as an important predictor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Lin
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute; National Health Committee, Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, China
| | - Mulalibieke Heizhati
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute; National Health Committee, Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, China
| | - Lin Gan
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute; National Health Committee, Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, China
| | - Jing Hong
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute; National Health Committee, Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute; National Health Committee, Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, China
| | - Zuhere Xiamili
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute; National Health Committee, Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, China
| | - Ling Tong
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute; National Health Committee, Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, China
| | - Yue Lin
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute; National Health Committee, Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, China
| | - Nanfang Li
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute; National Health Committee, Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pothen L, Verdoy R, De Mulder D, Esfahani H, Farah C, Michel LYM, Dei Zotti F, Bearzatto B, Ambroise J, Bouzin C, Dessy C, Balligand JL. Sustained Downregulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Acta2 After Transient Angiotensin II Infusion: A New Model of "Vascular Memory". Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:854361. [PMID: 35360022 PMCID: PMC8964264 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.854361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a critical role in the development of hypertension. Published evidence on a putative "memory effect" of AngII on the vascular components is however scarce. Aim To evaluate the long-term effects of transient exposure to AngII on the mouse heart and the arterial tissue. Methods Blood pressure, cardiovascular tissue damage and remodeling, and systemic oxidative stress were evaluated in C57/B6/J mice at the end of a 2-week AngII infusion (AngII); 2 and 3 weeks after the interruption of a 2-week AngII treatment (AngII+2W and AngII +3W; so-called "memory" conditions) and control littermate (CTRL). RNAseq profiling of aortic tissues was used to identify potential key regulated genes accounting for legacy effects on the vascular phenotype. RNAseq results were validated by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry in a reproduction cohort of mice. Key findings were reproduced in a homotypic cell culture model. Results The 2 weeks AngII infusion induced cardiac hypertrophy and aortic damage that persisted beyond AngII interruption and despite blood pressure normalization, with a sustained vascular expression of ICAM1, infiltration by CD45+ cells, and cell proliferation associated with systemic oxidative stress. RNAseq profiling in aortic tissue identified robust Acta2 downregulation at transcript and protein levels (α-smooth muscle actin) that was maintained beyond interruption of AngII treatment. Among regulators of Acta2 expression, the transcription factor Myocardin (Myocd), exhibited a similar expression pattern. The sustained downregulation of Acta2 and Myocd was associated with an increase in H3K27me3 in nuclei of aortic sections from mice in the "memory" conditions. A sustained downregulation of ACTA2 and MYOCD was reproduced in the cultured human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells upon transient exposure to Ang II. Conclusion A transient exposure to Ang II produces prolonged vascular remodeling with robust ACTA2 downregulation, associated with epigenetic imprinting supporting a "memory" effect despite stimulus withdrawal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pothen
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roxane Verdoy
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Delphine De Mulder
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hrag Esfahani
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Farah
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lauriane Y. M. Michel
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Flavia Dei Zotti
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Bearzatto
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Centre des Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées (CTMA), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jerome Ambroise
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Centre des Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées (CTMA), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bouzin
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Imaging Platform (2IP), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chantal Dessy
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Balligand
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Coatl-Cuaya H, Tendilla-Beltrán H, de Jesús-Vásquez LM, Garcés-Ramírez L, Gómez-Villalobos MDJ, Flores G. Losartan enhances cognitive and structural neuroplasticity impairments in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 120:102061. [PMID: 34952137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a risk factor for vascular dementia, which is the second most prevalent type of dementia, just behind Alzheimer's disease. This highlights the brain vulnerability due to hypertension, which may increase with aging. Thus, studying how hypertension affects neural cells and behavior, as well as the effects of antihypertensives on these alterations, it's important to understand the hypertension consequences in the brain. The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has been useful for the study of hypertension alterations in diverse organs, including the brain. Thus, we studied the losartan effects on cognitive and structural neuroplasticity impairments in SHR of 10 months of age. In the first instance, we evaluated the losartan effects on exploratory behavior and novel object recognition test (NORT) in the SHR. Then, we assessed the density and morphology of dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) layers 3 and 5, and CA1 of the dorsal Hp (dHp). Our results indicate that in SHR, losartan treatment (2 months, 15 mg/Kg/day) reduces high blood pressure to age-matched vehicle-treated Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat levels. Moreover, losartan improved long-term memory in SHR compared with age-matched vehicle-treated WKY rats, without affecting the locomotor and anxiety behaviors. The behavioral improvement of the SHR can be associated with the increase in the number of dendritic spines and the mushroom spine population in the PFC and the dHp. In conclusion, losartan enhances cognitive impairments by controlling the high blood pressure and improving neuroplasticity in animals with chronic hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heriberto Coatl-Cuaya
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), CDMX, Mexico
| | - Hiram Tendilla-Beltrán
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), CDMX, Mexico
| | | | - Linda Garcés-Ramírez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), CDMX, Mexico
| | | | - Gonzalo Flores
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lami F, Elfadul M, Rashak HA, Al Nsour M, Akhtar H, Khader YS, Hussein AM, Naciri M, Samy S, Ghaleb Y, Taha HA, Aljanabe AH, Ali NA, Zayer RH, Ikram A, Rahman FU, Khan MM, Adam R, Ahmed AY, Afifi S. Risk Factors of COVID-19 Critical Outcomes in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Multicountry Retrospective Study . JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021; 8:e32831. [PMID: 34736222 PMCID: PMC8929409 DOI: 10.2196/32831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The establishment of empirical evidence in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) necessitates the implementation of wide-scale studies to describe the demographic, clinical features, and severity profile of COVID-19 patients. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the patterns of COVID-19 severity and mortality in seven countries and to determine the risk factors of COVID-19 severity and mortality. METHODS This multi-country study was based on a retrospective review of medical records of hospitalized patients confirmed to have COVID-19. This study included data from Iraq, Pakistan, Sudan, Somalia, Morocco, Egypt, and Yemen. All demographic and clinical data were extracted from hospital records (paper files) by trained data collectors. RESULTS A total of 4141 patients were included in this study from seven countries. Comorbidities were reported by nearly half of the patients, with hypertension (HT) (24.7%) and diabetes (22.7%) being the most common. Older age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and heart diseases were significantly associated with COVID-19 severity and mortality. Ever smoking and renal diseases were significantly associated with severity but not mortality, while male gender, respiratory diseases, and malignancy were significantly associated with mortality but not severity. CONCLUSIONS The study confirmed the role of comorbidities and demographic features on the severity and mortality of COVID-19. Understanding the contributing factors ensures attentive care and informs clinical management of patients with poorer prognoses in the early stages of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faris Lami
- University of Baghdad, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Baghdad, IQ
| | - Maisa Elfadul
- University of Medical Sciences amd Technology ,Sudan, Federal Minstry of Health, Airport avenue,, Khartoum, SD
| | | | - Mohannad Al Nsour
- Global Health Development (GHD), The Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET), Amman, JO
| | - Hashaam Akhtar
- Yusra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yusra Medical and Dental Collage, Islamabad, PK
| | - Yousef S Khader
- Department of Community Medicine, Public Health and Family Medicine/ Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Amman, JO
| | | | - Mariam Naciri
- Research Center Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment (BIOBIO), Laboratory of Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, MA
| | - Sahar Samy
- Communicable disease control department - Preventive Sector, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, EG
| | - Yasser Ghaleb
- Ministry of Public Health and Population, Yemen Field Epidemiology Training Program, Sana'a, YE
| | - Hana Ahmad Taha
- Global Health Development (GHD)
- Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Health Protection and Promotion, Amman, JO
| | | | | | - Raheem Hussein Zayer
- Al-Rusafa Health Directorate, Public Health Department, Ministry of Health, Baghdad, IQ
| | | | - Fazal Ur Rahman
- Medical Unit 1 Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, PK
| | | | - Reema Adam
- Federal Ministry of Health, Directorate of Emergency and Humantarian actions, Khartoum, SD
| | | | - Salma Afifi
- Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, EG
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lami F, Elfadul M, Rashak H, Al Nsour M, Akhtar H, Khader Y, Hussein AM, Naciri M, Samy S, Ghaleb Y, Taha H, Hussein A, Ali NA, Hussein R, Ikram A, Rahman FU, Khan MM, Adam R, Ahmed AY, Afifi S. Risk Factors of COVID-19 Critical Outcomes in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Multicountry Retrospective Study (Preprint).. [DOI: 10.2196/preprints.32831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
The establishment of empirical evidence in the Eastern Mediterranean Region necessitates the implementation of wide-scale studies to describe the demographic, clinical features, and severity profile of patients with COVID-19.
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to assess the patterns of COVID-19 severity and mortality in seven countries, and to determine the risk factors of COVID-19 severity and mortality.
METHODS
This multicountry study was based on a retrospective review of medical records of hospitalized patients confirmed to have COVID-19. This study includes data from Iraq, Pakistan, Sudan, Somalia, Morocco, Egypt, and Yemen. All demographic and clinical data were extracted from hospital records (paper files) by trained data collectors.
RESULTS
A total of 4141 patients were included in this study from seven countries. Comorbidities were reported by nearly half of the patients, with hypertension (n=1021, 24.7%) and diabetes (n=939, 22.7%) being the most common. Older age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and heart diseases were significantly associated with COVID-19 severity and mortality. Ever smoking and renal diseases were significantly associated with severity but not mortality, while male gender, respiratory diseases, and malignancy were significantly associated with mortality but not severity.
CONCLUSIONS
The study confirms the role of comorbidities and demographic features on the severity and mortality of COVID-19. Understanding the contributing factors ensures attentive care and informs clinical management of patients with poorer prognoses in the early stages of diseases.
Collapse
|
16
|
Song X, Zou X, Ge W, Hou C, Cao Z, Zhao H, Zhang T, Jin L, Fu Y, Kong W, Yan C, Cai J, Wang J. Blocking FcγRIIB in Smooth Muscle Cells Reduces Hypertension. Circ Res 2021; 129:308-325. [PMID: 33980031 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.318447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Case-Control Studies
- Disease Models, Animal
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Hypertension/genetics
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Hypertension/prevention & control
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Remodeling/drug effects
- Mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Song
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (X.S., X.Z., W.G., C.H., Z.C., H.Z., J.W.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Xuan Zou
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (X.S., X.Z., W.G., C.H., Z.C., H.Z., J.W.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Weipeng Ge
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (X.S., X.Z., W.G., C.H., Z.C., H.Z., J.W.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Cuiliu Hou
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (X.S., X.Z., W.G., C.H., Z.C., H.Z., J.W.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Zhujie Cao
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (X.S., X.Z., W.G., C.H., Z.C., H.Z., J.W.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (X.S., X.Z., W.G., C.H., Z.C., H.Z., J.W.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Department Physiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (T.Z.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Ling Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (L.J., J.C.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Yi Fu
- Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (Y.F., W.K.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education (Y.F., W.K.)
| | - Wei Kong
- Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (Y.F., W.K.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education (Y.F., W.K.)
| | - Chen Yan
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY (C.Y.)
| | - Jun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (L.J., J.C.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (X.S., X.Z., W.G., C.H., Z.C., H.Z., J.W.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jin S, Hu W. Severity of COVID-19 and Treatment Strategy for Patient With Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:602735. [PMID: 33995267 PMCID: PMC8121170 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.602735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was named by the World Health Organization (WHO) in February 2020, has quickly spread to more than 200 countries around the world and was declared as a global pandemic in March 2020. The severity of the disease makes it more prone to severe symptoms and higher mortality rates in patients, especially those who are with comorbidities, including high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes, increases the concern over the consequences of this pandemic. However, initial reports do not clearly describe whether diabetes itself or associated comorbidities or treatment strategies contribute to the severe prognosis of COVID-19 infections. Various clinical trials are being conducted on glucose-lowering agents but to date, there is no standard treatment protocol approved for COVID-19 cases with pre-existing diabetes. This review is aimed to decipher the potential risk factors of COVID-19 involved from existing evidence. Identification of a novel therapeutic strategy could be beneficial for combating SARS-CoV-2, which might be dreadful to debilitating people who have diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weina Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stoyell-Conti FF, Chabbra A, Puthentharayil J, Rigatto K, Speth RC. Chronic administration of pharmacological doses of angiotensin 1-7 and iodoangiotensin 1-7 has minimal effects on blood pressure, heart rate, and cognitive function of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14812. [PMID: 33904655 PMCID: PMC8077095 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the principal cause of death worldwide, with hypertension being the most common cardiovascular disease risk factor. High blood pressure (BP) is also associated with an increased risk of poor cognitive performance and dementia including Alzheimer's disease. Angiotensin 1–7 (Ang 1‐7), a product of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS), exhibits central and peripheral actions to reduce BP. Recent data from our lab reveals that the addition of a non‐radioactive iodine molecule to the tyrosine in position 4 of Ang 1‐7 (iodoAng 1‐7) makes it ~1000‐fold more potent than Ang 1‐7 in competing for the 125I‐Ang 1‐7 binding site (Stoyell‐Conti et al., 2020). Moreover, the addition of the non‐radioactive iodine molecule increases (~4‐fold) iodoAng 1‐7’s ability to bind to the AT1 receptor (AT1R), the primary receptor for Ang II. Preliminary data indicates that iodoAng 1‐7 can also compete for the 125I‐Ang IV binding site with a low micromolar IC50. Thus, our aims were to compare the effects of chronic treatment of the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) with iodoAng 1‐7 (non‐radioactive iodine isotope) and Ang 1‐7 on arterial pressure, heart rate, and cognitive function. For this study, male SHRs were divided into three groups and treated with Saline, Ang 1‐7, or iodoAng 1‐7 administrated subcutaneously using a 28‐day osmotic mini pump. Systolic BP was measured non‐invasively by the tail‐cuff technique. Cognitive function was assessed by Y‐Maze test and novel object recognition (NOR) test. We have demonstrated in SHRs that subcutaneous administration of high doses of iodoAng 1‐7 prevented the increase in heart rate with age, while Ang 1‐7 showed a trend toward preventing the increase in heart rate, possibly by improving baroreflex control of the heart. Conversely, neither Ang 1‐7 nor iodoAng 1‐7 administered subcutaneously affected BP nor cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe F Stoyell-Conti
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Surgery Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alesa Chabbra
- Halmos College of Natural Science & Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Joseph Puthentharayil
- Halmos College of Natural Science & Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Katya Rigatto
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Laboratório de Fisiologia Translacional, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Robert C Speth
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Phthalamide derivatives as ACE/AChE/BuChE inhibitors against cardiac hypertrophy: an in silico, in vitro, and in vivo modeling approach. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
20
|
Li X, Xuan W, Chen D, Gao H, Wang G, Guo Q, Wang Y, Song H, Cai B. Research Progress of Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutic Drugs: Based on Renin-Angiotensin System Axis. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:1315-1338. [PMID: 33164932 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a complicate link to renin-angiotensin system (RAS). It is known that cerebrovascular disease has some connections with AD, but most of the studies are still conducted in parallel or independently. Although previous research came up with large number of hypotheses about the pathogenesis of AD, it does not include the mechanism of RAS-related regulation of AD. It has been found that many components of RAS have been changed in AD. For example, the multifunctional and high-efficiency vasoconstrictor Ang II and Ang III with similar effects are changed under the action of other RAS signal peptides; these signal peptides are believed to help improve nerve injury and cognitive function. These changes may lead to neuropathological changes of AD, and progressive defects of cognitive function, which are association with some hypotheses of AD. The role of RAS in AD gradually attracts our attention, and RAS deserved to be considered carefully in the pathogenesis of AD. This review discusses the mechanisms of RAS participating in the three current hypotheses of AD: neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and amyloid-β protein (Aβ) hypothesis, as well as the drugs that regulate RAS systems already in clinical or in clinical trials. It further demonstrates the importance of RAS in the pathogenesis of AD, not only because of its multiple aspects of participation, which may be accidental, but also because of the availability of RAS drugs, which can be reused as therapies of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Li
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Weiting Xuan
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Dabao Chen
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Huawu Gao
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Guangyun Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Qiaoru Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Biao Cai
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Elkahloun AG, Saavedra JM. Candesartan could ameliorate the COVID-19 cytokine storm. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110653. [PMID: 32942152 PMCID: PMC7439834 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) reducing inflammation and protecting lung and brain function, could be of therapeutic efficacy in COVID-19 patients. METHODS Using GSEA, we compared our previous transcriptome analysis of neurons injured by glutamate and treated with the ARB Candesartan (GSE67036) with transcriptional signatures from SARS-CoV-2 infected primary human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) and lung postmortem (GSE147507), PBMC and BALF samples (CRA002390) from COVID-19 patients. RESULTS Hundreds of genes upregulated in SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 transcriptomes were similarly upregulated by glutamate and normalized by Candesartan. Gene Ontology analysis revealed expression profiles with greatest significance and enrichment, including proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine activity, the NF-kappa B complex, alterations in innate and adaptive immunity, with many genes participating in the COVID-19 cytokine storm. CONCLUSIONS There are similar injury mechanisms in SARS-CoV-2 infection and neuronal injury, equally reduced by ARB treatment. This supports the hypothesis of a therapeutic role for ARBs, ameliorating the COVID-19 cytokine storm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdel G Elkahloun
- Comparative Genomics and Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Juan M Saavedra
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SE402 Med/Dent, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Francescangeli F, De Angelis ML, Baiocchi M, Rossi R, Biffoni M, Zeuner A. COVID-19-Induced Modifications in the Tumor Microenvironment: Do They Affect Cancer Reawakening and Metastatic Relapse? Front Oncol 2020; 10:592891. [PMID: 33194755 PMCID: PMC7649335 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.592891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes an uncontrolled activation of the innate immune response, resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome and systemic inflammation. The effects of COVID-19–induced inflammation on cancer cells and their microenvironment are yet to be elucidated. Here, we formulate the hypothesis that COVID-19–associated inflammation may generate a microenvironment favorable to tumor cell proliferation and particularly to the reawakening of dormant cancer cells (DCCs). DCCs often survive treatment of primary tumors and populate premetastatic niches in the lungs and other organs, retaining the potential for metastatic outgrowth. DCCs reawakening may be promoted by several events associated to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, including activation of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, lymphopenia and an uncontrolled production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Among pro-inflammatory factors produced during COVID-19, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) released by activated neutrophils have been specifically shown to activate premetastatic cancer cells disseminated in the lungs, suggesting they may be involved in DCCs reawakening in COVID-19 patients. If confirmed by further studies, the links between COVID-19, DCCs reactivation and tumor relapse may support the use of specific anti-inflammatory and anti-metastatic therapies in patients with COVID-19 and an active or previous cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Laura De Angelis
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Baiocchi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Rossi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Biffoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ann Zeuner
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Saponaro F, Rutigliano G, Sestito S, Bandini L, Storti B, Bizzarri R, Zucchi R. ACE2 in the Era of SARS-CoV-2: Controversies and Novel Perspectives. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:588618. [PMID: 33195436 PMCID: PMC7556165 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.588618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is related to ACE but turned out to counteract several pathophysiological actions of ACE. ACE2 exerts antihypertensive and cardioprotective effects and reduces lung inflammation. ACE2 is subjected to extensive transcriptional and post-transcriptional modulation by epigenetic mechanisms and microRNAs. Also, ACE2 expression is regulated post-translationally by glycosylation, phosphorylation, and shedding from the plasma membrane. ACE2 protein is ubiquitous across mammalian tissues, prominently in the cardiovascular system, kidney, and intestine. ACE2 expression in the respiratory tract is of particular interest, in light of the discovery that ACE2 serves as the initial cellular target of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronaviruses, including the recent SARS-CoV2, responsible of the COronaVIrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, an intense effort has been made to elucidate the biochemical determinants of SARS-CoV2-ACE2 interaction. It has been determined that SARS-CoV2 engages with ACE2 through its spike (S) protein, which consists of two subunits: S1, that mediates binding to the host receptor; S2, that induces fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane and delivery of the viral genome. Owing to the role of ACE2 in SARS-CoV2 pathogenicity, it has been speculated that medical conditions, i.e., hypertension, and/or drugs, i.e., ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, known to influence ACE2 density could alter the fate of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The debate is still open and will only be solved when results of properly designed experimental and clinical investigations will be made public. An interesting observation is, however that, upon infection, ACE2 activity is reduced either by downregulation or by shedding. These events might precipitate the so-called "cytokine storm" that characterizes the most severe COVID-19 forms. As evidence accumulates, ACE2 appears a druggable target in the attempt to limit virus entry and replication. Strategies aimed at blocking ACE2 with antibodies, small molecules or peptides, or at neutralizing the virus by competitive binding with exogenously administered ACE2, are currently under investigations. In this review, we will present an overview of the state-of-the-art knowledge on ACE2 biochemistry and pathophysiology, outlining open issues in the context of COVID-19 disease and potential experimental and clinical developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simona Sestito
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Storti
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and CNR-NANO, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ranieri Bizzarri
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and CNR-NANO, Pisa, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yousefi M, Shadnoush M, Khorshidian N, Mortazavian AM. Insights to potential antihypertensive activity of berry fruits. Phytother Res 2020; 35:846-863. [PMID: 32959938 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease and causes widespread morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although several antihypertensive drugs have been proposed for management of high blood pressure, changing lifestyle, including diet, has attracted interest recently. In this sense, consumption of fruits and vegetables, which are rich in vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals, has been assigned as an efficient therapeutics. Berry fruits contain various bioactive compounds with potential health implications such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. The main mechanisms responsible for antihypertensive activity mainly arise from the activity of flavonoids, minerals, and vitamins, as well as fibers. The objective of this review is to provide a summary of studies regarding the effect of berry fruits on the hypertensive animals and humans. The mechanisms involved in reducing blood pressure by each group of compounds have been highlighted. It can be concluded that berries' bioactive compounds are efficient in mitigation of hypertension through improvement of vascular function, angiotensin-converting enzyme's (ACE) inhibitory activity, increasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, and nitric oxide (NO) production, besides anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. These fruits can be considered as potential sources of invaluable compounds for development of antihypertensive foods and pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Yousefi
- Food Safety Research Center (Salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Shadnoush
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Khorshidian
- Food Safety Research Center (Salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Amir M Mortazavian
- Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Apicella M, Campopiano MC, Mantuano M, Mazoni L, Coppelli A, Del Prato S. COVID-19 in people with diabetes: understanding the reasons for worse outcomes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 8:782-792. [PMID: 32687793 PMCID: PMC7367664 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30238-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the initial COVID-19 outbreak in China, much attention has focused on people with diabetes because of poor prognosis in those with the infection. Initial reports were mainly on people with type 2 diabetes, although recent surveys have shown that individuals with type 1 diabetes are also at risk of severe COVID-19. The reason for worse prognosis in people with diabetes is likely to be multifactorial, thus reflecting the syndromic nature of diabetes. Age, sex, ethnicity, comorbidities such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease, obesity, and a pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulative state all probably contribute to the risk of worse outcomes. Glucose-lowering agents and anti-viral treatments can modulate the risk, but limitations to their use and potential interactions with COVID-19 treatments should be carefully assessed. Finally, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection itself might represent a worsening factor for people with diabetes, as it can precipitate acute metabolic complications through direct negative effects on β-cell function. These effects on β-cell function might also cause diabetic ketoacidosis in individuals with diabetes, hyperglycaemia at hospital admission in individuals with unknown history of diabetes, and potentially new-onset diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Apicella
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Michele Mantuano
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Mazoni
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Del Prato
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Xu Y, Rong J, Zhang Z. The emerging role of angiotensinogen in cardiovascular diseases. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:68-78. [PMID: 32572956 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensinogen (AGT) is the unique precursor of all angiotensin peptides. Many of the basic understandings of AGT in cardiovascular diseases have come from research efforts to define its effects on blood pressure regulation. The development of novel techniques targeting AGT manipulation such as genetic animal models, adeno-associated viral approaches, and antisense oligonucleotides made it possible to deeply investigate the relationship between AGT and cardiovascular diseases. In this brief review, we provide contemporary insights into the emerging role of AGT in cardiovascular diseases. In light of the recent progress, we emphasize some newly recognized features and mechanisms of AGT in heart failure, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinchuan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiabing Rong
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaocai Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
COVID-19, Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, and the Brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:667-674. [PMID: 32385549 PMCID: PMC7207082 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|